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221 relations: A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, Acts of the Apostles, Aleph, Alexander II of Russia, Alexandrian text-type, Allen Wikgren, Allgemeine Zeitung, Antipatris, Apocrypha, Archimandrite, Armitage Robinson, Bart D. Ehrman, Biblical manuscript, Book of Esther, Book of Genesis, Book of Isaiah, Book of Jeremiah, Book of Joel, Book of Judith, Book of Lamentations, Book of Leviticus, Book of Malachi, Book of Numbers, Book of Revelation, Book of Tobit, Book of Wisdom, Bookbinding, Books of Chronicles, Books of Samuel, British Library, British Museum, Bruce M. Metzger, Burnett Hillman Streeter, Byzantine text-type, Caesarea, Caesarea Maritima, Carlo Maria Martini, Catholic epistles, Chyhyryn, Codex, Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Athous Lavrensis, Codex Bezae, Codex Bobiensis, Codex Climaci Rescriptus, Codex Corbeiensis I, Codex Corbeiensis II, Codex Cyprius, Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, Codex Koridethi, ..., Codex Laudianus, Codex Palatinus, Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus, Codex Purpureus Sarzanensis, Codex Regius (New Testament), Codex Sangallensis 48, Codex Sangermanensis I, Codex Vaticanus, Codex Vercellensis, Codex Veronensis, Codex Washingtonianus, Colophon (publishing), Comparison of codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, Constantin von Tischendorf, Constantine Simonides, Constantine the Great, Curetonian Gospels, David C. Parker, Deuterocanonical books, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Editio Octava Critica Maior, Egypt, Epistle, Epistle of Barnabas, Epistle to the Hebrews, Epistle to the Romans, Esdras, Eusebian Canons, Eusebius, Ezra–Nehemiah, Family 1, Family 13, Fenton Hort, Fifty Bibles of Constantine, Frederic G. Kenyon, Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, George Bell & Sons, Gordon Fee, Gorgias Press, Gospel, Gospel of John, Gospel of Luke, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Matthew, Great uncial codices, Greek diacritics, Greek language, Haplography, Healing the centurion's servant, Henry Bradshaw (scholar), Herman C. Hoskier, Hexapla, Homeoteleuton, Hyperspectral imaging, Institute for New Testament Textual Research, Iota, Iotacism, J. Rendel Harris, Jerome, Jesus and the woman taken in adultery, John Burgon, Kirsopp Lake, Koine Greek, Kurt Aland, Lectionary 10, Lectionary 13, Lectionary 185, Lectionary 300, Lectionary 48, Lectionary 6, Leipzig University, Leipzig University Library, List of New Testament uncials, Luke 22:43–44, Magdalen papyrus, Mark 16, Martyr, Matthew 5:44, Matthew 7:22, Minuscule 104, Minuscule 1739, Minuscule 2053, Minuscule 2062, Minuscule 2174, Minuscule 22, Minuscule 28, Minuscule 326, Minuscule 33, Minuscule 336, Minuscule 424, Minuscule 495, Minuscule 496, Minuscule 59, Minuscule 614, Minuscule 69, Minuscule 700, Minuscule 81, Minuscule 892 (Gregory-Aland), Mount Athos, Mount Tabor, National Library of Russia, New Testament, Nomina sacra, Novum Testamentum Graece, Old Testament, Origen, Overline, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Pagination, Palaeography, Palestine (region), Pamphilus of Caesarea, Papyrus 106, Papyrus 45, Papyrus 47, Papyrus 66, Papyrus 75, Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 208 + 1781, Parchment, Patronage, Pauline epistles, Pierre Batiffol, Porphyrius Uspensky, Psalms, Robert Bringhurst, Roman emperor, Ruble, Russia, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Saint Petersburg, Samaria, Scribal abbreviation, Scriptio continua, Scriptorium, Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, Septuagint, Sinai Peninsula, Sirach, Soviet Union, St. Panteleimon Monastery, Stichometry, Stress (linguistics), Syriac Sinaiticus, Terminus post quem, Textual criticism, Textus Receptus, The Guardian, The Independent, The Shepherd of Hermas, Theodore Cressy Skeat, Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima, Torah, Tsar, Typographic ligature, Ultraviolet, Uncial 0278, Uncial 0296, Uncial script, Units of paper quantity, Vellum, Victor Gardthausen, Vitaliano Donati, Vladimir Beneshevich, Vulgate, Western non-interpolations, Western text-type, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1 Maccabees, 2 Esdras, 4 Maccabees. Expand index (171 more) »
A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament
A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament: For the Use of Biblical Students is one of the books of Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (1813–1891), biblical scholar and textual critic.
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Acts of the Apostles
Acts of the Apostles (Πράξεις τῶν Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis tôn Apostólōn; Actūs Apostolōrum), often referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.
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Aleph
Aleph (or alef or alif) is the first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician 'Ālep 𐤀, Hebrew 'Ālef א, Aramaic Ālap 𐡀, Syriac ʾĀlap̄ ܐ, Arabic ا, Urdu ا, and Persian.
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Alexander II of Russia
Alexander II (p; 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia from the 2nd March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.
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Alexandrian text-type
The Alexandrian text-type (also called Neutral or Egyptian), associated with Alexandria, is one of several text-types used in New Testament textual criticism to describe and group the textual characters of biblical manuscripts.
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Allen Wikgren
Allen Paul Wikgren (3 December 1906 – 7 May 1998) was an American New Testament scholar at the University of Chicago.
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Allgemeine Zeitung
The Allgemeine Zeitung was the leading political daily journal in Germany in the first part of the 19th century.
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Antipatris
Antipatris (Αντιπατρίς) was a city built during the first century BC by Herod the Great, who named it in honour of his father, Antipater.
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Apocrypha
Apocrypha are works, usually written, of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin.
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Archimandrite
The title archimandrite (ἀρχιμανδρίτης archimandritis), primarily used in the Eastern Orthodox and the Eastern Catholic churches, originally referred to a superior abbot whom a bishop appointed to supervise several 'ordinary' abbots (each styled hegumenos) and monasteries, or to the abbot of some especially great and important monastery.
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Armitage Robinson
Joseph Armitage Robinson, KCVO, FBA, DD (9 January 1858 – 7 May 1933) was a priest in the Church of England and scholar.
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Bart D. Ehrman
Bart Denton Ehrman (born October 5, 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the development of early Christianity.
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Biblical manuscript
A biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible.
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Book of Esther
The Book of Esther, also known in Hebrew as "the Scroll" (Megillah), is a book in the third section (Ketuvim, "Writings") of the Jewish Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and in the Christian Old Testament.
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Book of Genesis
The Book of Genesis (from the Latin Vulgate, in turn borrowed or transliterated from Greek "", meaning "Origin"; בְּרֵאשִׁית, "Bərēšīṯ", "In beginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) and the Old Testament.
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Book of Isaiah
The Book of Isaiah (ספר ישעיהו) is the first of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Major Prophets in the Christian Old Testament.
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Book of Jeremiah
The Book of Jeremiah (ספר יִרְמְיָהוּ; abbreviated Jer. or Jerm. in citations) is the second of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and the second of the Prophets in the Christian Old Testament.
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Book of Joel
The Book of Joel is part of the Hebrew Bible.
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Book of Judith
The Book of Judith is a deuterocanonical book, included in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian Old Testament of the Bible, but excluded from Jewish texts and assigned by Protestants to the Apocrypha.
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Book of Lamentations
The Book of Lamentations (אֵיכָה, ‘Êykhôh, from its incipit meaning "how") is a collection of poetic laments for the destruction of Jerusalem.
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Book of Leviticus
The Book of Leviticus is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament.
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Book of Malachi
Malachi (or Malachias; מַלְאָכִי, Malʾaḫi, Mál'akhî) is the last book of the Neviim contained in the Tanakh, the last of the Twelve Minor Prophets (canonically) and the final book of the Neviim.
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Book of Numbers
The Book of Numbers (from Greek Ἀριθμοί, Arithmoi; בְּמִדְבַּר, Bəmiḏbar, "In the desert ") is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible, and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah.
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Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation, often called the Revelation to John, the Apocalypse of John, The Revelation, or simply Revelation or Apocalypse (and often misquoted as Revelations), is a book of the New Testament that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology.
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Book of Tobit
The Book of Tobit is a book of scripture that is part of the Catholic and Orthodox biblical canons, pronounced canonical by the Council of Hippo (in 393), Councils of Carthage of 397 and 417, Council of Florence (in 1442) and confirmed for Roman Catholics by the Council of Trent (1546).
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Book of Wisdom
The Wisdom of Solomon or Book of Wisdom is a Jewish work, written in Greek, composed in Alexandria (Egypt).
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Bookbinding
Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book of codex format from an ordered stack of paper sheets that are folded together into sections or sometimes left as a stack of individual sheets.
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Books of Chronicles
In the Christian Bible, the two Books of Chronicles (commonly referred to as 1 Chronicles and 2 Chronicles, or First Chronicles and Second Chronicles) generally follow the two Books of Kings and precede Ezra–Nehemiah, thus concluding the history-oriented books of the Old Testament, often referred to as the Deuteronomistic history.
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Books of Samuel
The Books of Samuel, 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel.
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British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and the largest national library in the world by number of items catalogued.
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British Museum
The British Museum, located in the Bloomsbury area of London, United Kingdom, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture.
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Bruce M. Metzger
Bruce Manning Metzger (February 9, 1914 – February 13, 2007) was an American biblical scholar, Bible translator and textual critic who was a longtime professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the American Bible Society and United Bible Societies.
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Burnett Hillman Streeter
Burnett Hillman Streeter (17 November 1874 – 10 September 1937) was a British biblical scholar and textual critic.
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Byzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type (also called Majority Text, Traditional Text, Ecclesiastical Text, Constantinopolitan Text, Antiocheian Text, or Syrian Text) is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts.
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Caesarea
Caesarea (קֵיסָרְיָה, Kaysariya or Qesarya; قيسارية, Qaysaria; Καισάρεια) is a town in north-central Israel.
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Caesarea Maritima
Caesarea Maritima (Greek: Παράλιος Καισάρεια Parálios Kaisáreia), also known as Caesarea Palestinae, is an Israeli National Park in the Sharon plain, including the ancient remains of the coastal city of Caesarea.
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Carlo Maria Martini
Carlo Maria Martini, S.J. (15 February 1927 – 31 August 2012) was an Italian Jesuit and cardinal of the Catholic Church.
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Catholic epistles
The catholic epistles (also called the universal epistles or general epistles) are epistles of the New Testament.
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Chyhyryn
Chyhyryn (Чигири́н) is a city and important historic site located in the Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine.
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Codex
A codex (from the Latin caudex for "trunk of a tree" or block of wood, book), plural codices, is a book constructed of a number of sheets of paper, vellum, papyrus, or similar materials.
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Codex Alexandrinus
The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, MS Royal 1. D. V-VIII; Gregory-Aland no. A or 02, Soden δ 4) is a fifth-century manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity.
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Codex Athous Lavrensis
Codex Athous Laurae designated by Ψ or 044 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 6 (von Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament on parchment.
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Codex Bezae
The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis, designated by siglum Dea or 05 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 5 (von Soden), is a codex of the New Testament dating from the 5th century written in an uncial hand on vellum.
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Codex Bobiensis
Codex Bobiensis or Bobbiensis (Siglum k, Nr. 1 by Beuron) is one of the oldest Old Latin manuscripts of the New Testament.
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Codex Climaci Rescriptus
Codex Climaci rescriptus, known as Uncial 0250 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament as well as a Christian Palestinian Aramaic uncial manuscript of the Old and New Testament.
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Codex Corbeiensis I
The Codex Corbeiensis I, designated by ff1 or 9 (in the Beuron system), is an 8th, 9th, or 10th-century Latin New Testament manuscript.
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Codex Corbeiensis II
The Codex Corbeiensis II, designated by ff2 or 8 (in the Beuron system), is a 5th-century Latin Gospel Book.
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Codex Cyprius
Codex Cyprius, designated by Ke or 017 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 71 (von Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, on parchment.
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Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Paris, National Library of France, Greek 9; Gregory-Aland no. C or 04, von Soden δ 3) is a fifth-century Greek manuscript of the Bible, sometimes referred to as one of the four great uncials (see Codex Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus and Vaticanus).
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Codex Koridethi
The Codex Koridethi, also named Codex Coridethianus, designated by Θ, 038, or Theta (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 050 (Soden), is a 9th-century manuscript of the four Gospels.
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Codex Laudianus
Codex Laudianus, designated by Ea or 08 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1001 (von Soden), called Laudianus after the former owner, Archbishop William Laud.
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Codex Palatinus
The Codex Palatinus, designated by e or 2 (in Beuron system), is a 5th-century Latin Gospel Book.
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Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus
Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus, designated by N or 022 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 19 (Soden), is a 6th-century Greek New Testament codex gospel book.
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Codex Purpureus Sarzanensis
The Codex Sarzanensis, or Codex Saretianus, designated by j or 22 (in Beuron system), is a 5th or 6th century Latin Gospel Book.
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Codex Regius (New Testament)
Codex Regius designated by siglum Le or 019 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 56 (von Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th century.
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Codex Sangallensis 48
Codex Sangallensis, designated by Δ or 037 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 76 (von Soden), is a diglot Greek-Latin uncial manuscript of the four Gospels.
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Codex Sangermanensis I
The Codex Sangermanensis I, designated by g1 or 7 (in Beuron system), is a Latin manuscript, dated AD 822 of portions of the Old Testament and the New Testament.
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Codex Vaticanus
The Codex Vaticanus (The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; no. B or 03 Gregory-Aland, δ 1 von Soden) is regarded as the oldest extant manuscript of the Greek Bible (Old and New Testament), one of the four great uncial codices.
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Codex Vercellensis
The title Codex Vercellensis Evangeliorum refers to two manuscript codices preserved in the cathedral library of Vercelli, in the Piedmont Region, Italy.
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Codex Veronensis
The Codex Veronensis, designated by siglum b or 4 (in the Beuron system), is 5th century Latin Gospel Book.
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Codex Washingtonianus
The Codex Washingtonianus or Codex Washingtonensis, designated by W or 032 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 014 (Soden), also called the Washington Manuscript of the Gospels, and The Freer Gospel, contains the four biblical gospels and was written in Greek on vellum in the 4th or 5th century.
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Colophon (publishing)
In publishing, a colophon is a brief statement containing information about the publication of a book such as the place of publication, the publisher, and the date of publication.
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Comparison of codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus
Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus, two of great uncial codices, representatives of the Alexandrian text-type, are considered excellent manuscript witnesses of the text of the New Testament.
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Constantin von Tischendorf
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin (von) Tischendorf (18 January 1815 – 7 December 1874) was a world-leading biblical scholar in his time.
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Constantine Simonides
Constantine Simonides (1820–1890), was a palaeographer and dealer of icons, known as a man of extensive learning, with significant knowledge of manuscripts and miraculous calligraphy.
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Constantine the Great
Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus; Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας; 27 February 272 ADBirth dates vary but most modern historians use 272". Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59. – 22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor of Illyrian and Greek origin from 306 to 337 AD.
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Curetonian Gospels
The Curetonian Gospels, designated by the siglum syrcur, are contained in a manuscript of the four gospels of the New Testament in Old Syriac.
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David C. Parker
David Charles Parker OBE (b.1953) is the Edward Cadbury Professor of Theology in 2005-2017 and the Director of the Institute for Textual Scholarship and Electronic Editing at the Department of Theology and Religion, University of Birmingham.
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Deuterocanonical books
The deuterocanonical books (from the Greek meaning "belonging to the second canon") is a term adopted in the 16th century by the Roman Catholic Church to denote those books and passages of the Christian Old Testament, as defined in 1546 by the Council of Trent, that were not found in the Hebrew Bible.
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Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft
The Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft ("German Bible Society") is a religious foundation regulated by public law.
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Editio Octava Critica Maior
Editio Octava Critica Maior is a critical edition of the Greek New Testament produced by Constantin von Tischendorf.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Epistle
An epistle (Greek ἐπιστολή, epistolē, "letter") is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant and formal didactic letter.
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Epistle of Barnabas
The Epistle of Barnabas (Επιστολή Βαρνάβα, איגרת בארנבס) is a Greek epistle written between.
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Epistle to the Hebrews
The Epistle to the Hebrews, or Letter to the Hebrews, or in the Greek manuscripts, simply To the Hebrews (Πρὸς Έβραίους) is one of the books of the New Testament.
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Epistle to the Romans
The Epistle to the Romans or Letter to the Romans, often shortened to Romans, is the sixth book in the New Testament.
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Esdras
Esdras (Ἔσδρας) is a Greco-Latin variation of the name of Hebrew Ezra the Scribe (עזרא).
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Eusebian Canons
Eusebian canons, Eusebian sections or Eusebian Apparatus, also known as Ammonian Sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Eusebius
Eusebius of Caesarea (Εὐσέβιος τῆς Καισαρείας, Eusébios tés Kaisareías; 260/265 – 339/340), also known as Eusebius Pamphili (from the Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμϕίλου), was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist. He became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima about 314 AD. Together with Pamphilus, he was a scholar of the Biblical canon and is regarded as an extremely learned Christian of his time. He wrote Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel, and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the Biblical text. As "Father of Church History" (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs. During the Council of Antiochia (325) he was excommunicated for subscribing to the heresy of Arius, and thus withdrawn during the First Council of Nicaea where he accepted that the Homoousion referred to the Logos. Never recognized as a Saint, he became counselor of Constantine the Great, and with the bishop of Nicomedia he continued to polemicize against Saint Athanasius of Alexandria, Church Fathers, since he was condemned in the First Council of Tyre in 335.
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Ezra–Nehemiah
Ezra–Nehemiah is a book in the Hebrew Bible found in the Ketuvim section, originally with the Hebrew title of Ezra.
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Family 1
Family 1 is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 12th to the 15th century.
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Family 13
Family 13, also known Ferrar Group (f13, von Soden calls the group Ii), is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 11th to the 15th century, which display a distinctive pattern of variant readings — especially placing the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery in the Gospel of Luke, rather than in the Gospel of John 7:53-8:11.
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Fenton Hort
Fenton John Anthony Hort (23 April 1828 – 30 November 1892) was an Irish-born theologian and editor, with Brooke Foss Westcott of a critical edition of The New Testament in the Original Greek.
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Fifty Bibles of Constantine
The Fifty Bibles of Constantine were Bibles in the Greek language commissioned in 331 by Constantine I and prepared by Eusebius of Caesarea.
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Frederic G. Kenyon
Sir Frederic George Kenyon (15 January 1863 – 23 August 1952) was a British palaeographer and biblical and classical scholar.
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Frederick Augustus II of Saxony
Frederick Augustus II (full name: Frederick Augustus Albert Maria Clemens Joseph Vincenz Aloys Nepomuk Johann Baptista Nikolaus Raphael Peter Xavier Franz de Paula Venantius Felix) (18 May 1797 in Dresden – 9 August 1854 in Brennbüchel, Karrösten, Tyrol) was King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin.
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George Bell & Sons
George Bell & Sons was a book publishing house located in London, United Kingdom, from 1839 to 1986.
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Gordon Fee
Gordon Donald Fee (born May 1934) is an American-Canadian Christian theologian and an ordained minister of the Assemblies of God (USA).
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Gorgias Press
Gorgias Press is an independent academic publisher of books and journals covering a range of religious and language studies that include Syriac language, Eastern Christianity, Ancient Near East, Arabic and Islam, Early Christianity, Judaism, and more.
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Gospel
Gospel is the Old English translation of Greek εὐαγγέλιον, evangelion, meaning "good news".
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Gospel of John
The Gospel According to John is the fourth of the canonical gospels.
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Gospel of Luke
The Gospel According to Luke (Τὸ κατὰ Λουκᾶν εὐαγγέλιον, to kata Loukan evangelion), also called the Gospel of Luke, or simply Luke, is the third of the four canonical Gospels.
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Gospel of Mark
The Gospel According to Mark (τὸ κατὰ Μᾶρκον εὐαγγέλιον, to kata Markon euangelion), is one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels.
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Gospel of Matthew
The Gospel According to Matthew (translit; also called the Gospel of Matthew or simply, Matthew) is the first book of the New Testament and one of the three synoptic gospels.
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Great uncial codices
The great uncial codices or four great uncials are the only remaining uncial codices that contain (or originally contained) the entire text of the Greek Bible (Old and New Testament).
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Greek diacritics
Greek orthography has used a variety of diacritics starting in the Hellenistic period.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Haplography
Haplography (from Greek: haplo- 'single' + -graphy 'writing'), also known as lipography, is a scribal or typographical error where a letter or group of letters that should be written twice is written once.
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Healing the centurion's servant
Healing the centurion's servant is one of the miracles said to have been performed by Jesus of Nazareth as related in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.
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Henry Bradshaw (scholar)
Henry Bradshaw (2 February 1831 – 10 February 1886) was a British scholar and librarian.
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Herman C. Hoskier
Herman Charles Hoskier (1864–1938), was a biblical scholar, British textual critic, and son of a merchant banker, Herman Hoskier (1832–1904).
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Hexapla
Hexapla (Ἑξαπλᾶ, "sixfold") is the term for a critical edition of the Hebrew Bible in six versions, four of them translated into Greek, preserved only in fragments.
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Homeoteleuton
Homeoteleuton, also spelled homoeoteleuton and homoioteleuton (from the Greek ὁμοιοτέλευτον,Silva Rhetoricae (2006). homoioteleuton, "like ending"), is the repetition of endings in words.
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Hyperspectral imaging
Hyperspectral imaging, like other spectral imaging, collects and processes information from across the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Institute for New Testament Textual Research
The Institute for New Testament Textual Research (Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung — INTF) at the University of Münster, Westphalia, Germany, is to research the textual history of the New Testament and to reconstruct its Greek initial text on the basis of the entire manuscript tradition, the early translations and patristic citations; furthermore the preparation of an Editio Critica Maior based on the entire tradition of the New Testament in Greek manuscripts, early versions and New Testament quotations in ancient Christian literature.
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Iota
Iota (uppercase Ι, lowercase ι) is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Iotacism
Iotacism (ιωτακισμός, iotakismos) is the process by which a number of vowels and diphthongs in Ancient Greek converged in pronunciation so they all now sound like iota in Modern Greek.
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J. Rendel Harris
James Rendel Harris (Plymouth, Devon, 27 January 1852 – 1 March 1941) was an English biblical scholar and curator of manuscripts, who was instrumental in bringing back to light many Syriac Scriptures and other early documents.
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Jerome
Jerome (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; c. 27 March 347 – 30 September 420) was a priest, confessor, theologian, and historian.
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Jesus and the woman taken in adultery
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery (or Pericope Adulterae, Pericope de Adultera) is a passage (pericope) found in the Gospel of John, that has been the subject of much scholarly discussion.
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John Burgon
John William Burgon (21 August 18134 August 1888) was an English Anglican divine who became the Dean of Chichester Cathedral in 1876.
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Kirsopp Lake
Kirsopp Lake (7 April 187210 November 1946) was a New Testament scholar and Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard Divinity School.
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Koine Greek
Koine Greek,.
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Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland FBA, (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism.
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Lectionary 10
Lectionary 10, designated by siglum ℓ 10 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering).
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Lectionary 13
Lectionary 13, designated by siglum ℓ 13 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering).
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Lectionary 185
Lectionary 185, designated by siglum ℓ 185 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves.
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Lectionary 300
Lectionary 300 (Gregory-Aland), designated by siglum ℓ 300 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, written on parchment.
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Lectionary 48
Lectionary 48, designated by siglum ℓ 48 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering).
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Lectionary 6
Lectionary 6, designated by siglum ℓ 6 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering).
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Leipzig University
Leipzig University (Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany.
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Leipzig University Library
Leipzig University Library (Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig), known also as Bibliotheca Albertina, is the central library of the University of Leipzig.
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List of New Testament uncials
A New Testament uncial is a section of the New Testament in Greek or Latin majuscule letters, written on parchment or vellum.
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Luke 22:43–44
Christ's agony at Gethsemane is a passage in the Gospel of Luke (22:43–44), describing a prayer of Jesus, after which he receives strength from an angel, on the Mount of Olives prior to his betrayal and arrest.
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Magdalen papyrus
The "Magdalen" papyrus was purchased in Luxor, Egypt in 1901 by Reverend Charles Bousfield Huleatt (1863–1908), who identified the Greek fragments as portions of the Gospel of Matthew (Chapter 26:23 and 31) and presented them to Magdalen College, Oxford, where they are cataloged as P. Magdalen Greek 17 (Gregory-Aland \mathfrak64) and whence they have their name.
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Mark 16
Mark 16 is the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
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Martyr
A martyr (Greek: μάρτυς, mártys, "witness"; stem μάρτυρ-, mártyr-) is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a belief or cause as demanded by an external party.
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Matthew 5:44
Matthew 5:44 is the 44th verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount.
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Matthew 7:22
Matthew 7:22 is the twenty-second verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount.
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Minuscule 104
Minuscule 104 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 103 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves.
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Minuscule 1739
Minuscule 1739 (per Gregory-Aland numbering), α 78 (per von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves (23 cm by 17.5 cm).
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Minuscule 2053
Minuscule 2053 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Oα31 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 138 parchment leaves (26.8 by 21 cm).
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Minuscule 2062
Minuscule 2062 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Oα42 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 29 paper leaves (34.4 by 25.5 cm).
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Minuscule 2174
Minuscule 2174 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves.
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Minuscule 22
Minuscule 22 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 288 (Soden), known also as Codex Colbertinus 2467.
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Minuscule 28
Minuscule 28 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 168 (Soden), formerly known as Colbertinus 4705, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum.
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Minuscule 326
Minuscule 326 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 257 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment.
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Minuscule 33
Minuscule 33 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 48 (Soden), before the French Revolution was called Codex Colbertinus 2844.
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Minuscule 336
Minuscule 336 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 500 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper.
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Minuscule 424
Minuscule 424 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Ο12 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment.
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Minuscule 495
Minuscule 495 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 243 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment.
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Minuscule 496
Minuscule 496 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 360 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment.
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Minuscule 59
Minuscule 59 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 272 (Von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves.
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Minuscule 614
Minuscule 614 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 364 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment.
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Minuscule 69
Minuscule 69 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 505 (Soden), known as Codex Leicester, or Codex Leicestrensis, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper and parchment leaves.
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Minuscule 700
Minuscule 700 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 133 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the Gospels.
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Minuscule 81
Minuscule 81 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), or α162 (in the Soden numbering) is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment.
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Minuscule 892 (Gregory-Aland)
Minuscule 892 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1016 (Soden).
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Mount Athos
Mount Athos (Άθως, Áthos) is a mountain and peninsula in northeastern Greece and an important centre of Eastern Orthodox monasticism.
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Mount Tabor
Mount Tabor (جبل الطور, Jabal aṭ-Ṭūr; Latin: Itabyrium, Koine Greek: Όρος Θαβώρ, "Oros Thabor") is located in Lower Galilee, Israel, at the eastern end of the Jezreel Valley, west of the Sea of Galilee.
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National Library of Russia
The National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg (known as the Imperial Public Library from 1795 to 1917; Russian Public Library from 1917 to 1925; State Public Library from 1925 to 1992 (since 1932 named after M.Saltykov-Shchedrin); NLR), is not only the oldest public library in the nation, but also the first national library in the country.
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New Testament
The New Testament (Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, trans. Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē; Novum Testamentum) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible.
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Nomina sacra
In Christian scribal practice, Nomina sacra (singular: nomen sacrum from Latin sacred name) is the abbreviation of several frequently occurring divine names or titles, especially in Greek manuscripts of Holy Scripture.
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Novum Testamentum Graece
Novum Testamentum Graece is the Latin name of a compendium source document of the New Testament in its original Greek-language, and the modern day standard for translations and analysis.
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Old Testament
The Old Testament (abbreviated OT) is the first part of Christian Bibles, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God.
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Origen
Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was a Hellenistic scholar, ascetic, and early Christian theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria.
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Overline
An overline, overscore, or overbar, is a typographical feature of a horizontal line drawn immediately above the text.
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Oxford
Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Pagination
Pagination is the process of dividing a document into discrete pages, either electronic pages or printed pages.
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Palaeography
Palaeography (UK) or paleography (US; ultimately from παλαιός, palaiós, "old", and γράφειν, graphein, "to write") is the study of ancient and historical handwriting (that is to say, of the forms and processes of writing, not the textual content of documents).
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Palestine (region)
Palestine (فلسطين,,; Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Palaestina; פלשתינה. Palestina) is a geographic region in Western Asia.
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Pamphilus of Caesarea
Saint Pamphilus (Πάμφιλος; latter half of the 3rd century – February 16, 309), was a presbyter of Caesarea and chief among biblical scholars of his generation.
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Papyrus 106
Papyrus 106 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by \mathfrak106, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek.
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Papyrus 45
Papyrus 45 (\mathfrak45 or P. Chester Beatty I) is an early New Testament manuscript which is a part of the Chester Beatty Papyri.
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Papyrus 47
Papyrus 47 (Gregory-Aland), signed by \mathfrak47, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek.
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Papyrus 66
Papyrus 66 (also referred to as \mathfrak66) is a near complete codex of the Gospel of John, and part of the collection known as the Bodmer Papyri.
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Papyrus 75
Papyrus 75 (\mathfrak75, Papyrus Bodmer XIV–XV) is an early Greek New Testament papyrus.
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Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 208 + 1781
Papyrus 5 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by siglum, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek.
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Parchment
Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats.
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Patronage
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another.
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Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the 13 New Testament books which have the name Paul (Παῦλος) as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle.
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Pierre Batiffol
Pierre Batiffol (27 January 1861, Toulouse, France – 13 January 1929, Paris, France) – was a French Catholic priest and prominent theologian, specialising in Church history.
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Porphyrius Uspensky
Bishop Porphyrius (Епископ Порфирий, secular name Konstantin Aleksandrovich Uspensky, Константин Александрович Успенский; 8 September 1804 - 19 April 1885), was a Russian traveller, theologian, orientalist, archaeologist and byzantinologist, founder of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem and also discovered several ancient codices.
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Psalms
The Book of Psalms (תְּהִלִּים or, Tehillim, "praises"), commonly referred to simply as Psalms or "the Psalms", is the first book of the Ketuvim ("Writings"), the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament.
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Robert Bringhurst
Robert Bringhurst Appointments to the Order of Canada (2013).
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Roman emperor
The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC).
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Ruble
The ruble or rouble (p) is or was a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Saint Catherine's Monastery
Saint Catherine's Monastery (دير القدّيسة كاترين; Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης), officially "Sacred Monastery of the God-Trodden Mount Sinai" (Ιερά Μονή του Θεοβαδίστου Όρους Σινά), lies on the Sinai Peninsula, at the mouth of a gorge at the foot of Mount Sinai, near the town of Saint Catherine, Egypt.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Samaria
Samaria (שֹׁמְרוֹן, Standard, Tiberian Šōmərôn; السامرة, – also known as, "Nablus Mountains") is a historical and biblical name used for the central region of ancient Land of Israel, also known as Palestine, bordered by Galilee to the north and Judaea to the south.
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Scribal abbreviation
Scribal abbreviations or sigla (singular: siglum or sigil) are the abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in Latin, and later in Greek and Old Norse.
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Scriptio continua
Scriptio continua (Latin for "continuous script"), also known as scriptura continua or scripta continua, is a style of writing without spaces, or other marks between the words or sentences.
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Scriptorium
Scriptorium, literally "a place for writing", is commonly used to refer to a room in medieval European monasteries devoted to the writing, copying and illuminating of manuscripts by monastic scribes.
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Second Epistle to the Thessalonians
The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, often referred to as Second Thessalonians (US) or Two Thessalonians (UK) (and written 2 Thessalonians) is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
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Septuagint
The Septuagint or LXX (from the septuāgintā literally "seventy"; sometimes called the Greek Old Testament) is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew.
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Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (now usually) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia.
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Sirach
The Book of the All-Virtuous Wisdom of Yeshua ben Sira, commonly called the Wisdom of Sirach or simply Sirach, and also known as the Book of Ecclesiasticus (abbreviated Ecclus.) or Ben Sira, is a work of ethical teachings, from approximately 200 to 175 BCE, written by the Jewish scribe Ben Sira of Jerusalem, on the inspiration of his father Joshua son of Sirach, sometimes called Jesus son of Sirach or Yeshua ben Eliezer ben Sira.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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St. Panteleimon Monastery
Saint Panteleimon Monastery (Монастырь Святого Пантелеймона; Μονή Αγίου Παντελεήμονος, Moní Agíou Panteleímonos), known as Rossikon (Ро́ссикон, Rossikon; Ρωσσικόν, Rossikón), is a Russian Orthodox monastery built on the southwest side of the peninsula of Mount Athos in Macedonia, Northern Greece.
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Stichometry
Stichometry refers to the practice of counting lines in texts: Ancient Greeks and Romans measured the length of their books in lines, just as modern books are measured in pages.
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Stress (linguistics)
In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.
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Syriac Sinaiticus
The Syriac Sinaitic (syrs), known also as the Sinaitic Palimpsest, of Saint Catherine's Monastery is a late 4th-century manuscript of 358 pages, containing a translation of the four canonical gospels of the New Testament into Syriac, which have been overwritten by a vita (biography) of female saints and martyrs with a date corresponding to AD 778.
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Terminus post quem
Terminus post quem ("limit after which", often abbreviated to TPQ) and terminus ante quem ("limit before which", abbreviated to TAQ) specify the known limits of dating for events.
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Textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books.
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Textus Receptus
Textus Receptus (Latin: "received text") is the name given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The Independent
The Independent is a British online newspaper.
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The Shepherd of Hermas
The Shepherd of Hermas (Ποιμὴν τοῦ Ἑρμᾶ, Poimēn tou Herma; sometimes just called The Shepherd) is a Christian literary work of the late 1st or mid-2nd century, considered a valuable book by many Christians, and considered canonical scripture by some of the early Church fathers such as Irenaeus.
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Theodore Cressy Skeat
Theodore Cressy Skeat (15 February 1907 — 25 June 2003) was a librarian at the British Museum, where he worked as Assistant Keeper (from 1931), Deputy Keeper (from 1948), and Keeper of Manuscripts and Egerton Librarian (from 1961 to 1972) after studies in Cambridge and a spell at the British School of Archaeology in Athens.
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Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima
The Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima, or simply the Library of Caesarea, was the library of the Christians of Caesarea Maritima in Palestine in ancient times.
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Torah
Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") has a range of meanings.
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Tsar
Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.
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Typographic ligature
In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined as a single glyph.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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Uncial 0278
Uncial 0278 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament.
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Uncial 0296
Uncial 0296 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament.
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Uncial script
Uncial is a majusculeGlaister, Geoffrey Ashall.
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Units of paper quantity
Various measures of paper quantity have been and are in use.
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Vellum
Vellum is prepared animal skin or "membrane" used as a material for writing on.
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Victor Gardthausen
Victor Emil Gardthausen (26 August 1843 – 27 December 1925) was a German ancient historian, palaeographer, librarian, and Professor from Leipzig University.
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Vitaliano Donati
Vitaliano Donati (8 September 1717 – 26 February 1762), born in Padua in Italy, was an Italian doctor, archeologist, and botanist.
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Vladimir Beneshevich
Vladimir Nicolayevich Beneshevich (Владимир Николаевич Бенешевич; August 9, 1874 – January 17, 1938) was a scholar of Byzantine history and canon law, and a philologer and paleographer of the manuscripts in that sphere.
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Vulgate
The Vulgate is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible that became the Catholic Church's officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible during the 16th century.
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Western non-interpolations
Western non-interpolations is the term named by F. J. A. Hort of the shortest texts of all the New Testament text types.
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Western text-type
The Western text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts.
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William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
Wm.
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1 Maccabees
1 Maccabees is a book of the Bible written in Hebrew by a Jewish author after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom by the Hasmonean dynasty, about the latter part of the 2nd century BC.
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2 Esdras
2 Esdras (also called 4 Esdras, Latin Esdras, or Latin Ezra) is the name of an apocalyptic book in many English versions of the BibleIncluding the KJB, RSV, NRSV, NEB, REB, and GNB (see Naming conventions below).
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4 Maccabees
The book of 4 Maccabees is a homily or philosophic discourse praising the supremacy of pious reason over passion.
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Redirects here:
Codex Aleph, Codex Frederico-Augustanus, Codex Sinaiaticus, Codex Siniaticus, Codex sinaiticus, Oldest bible, Sinai Book, Sinaitic Manuscript, Sinaitic codex, Sinaiticus, Sinaiticus codex.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus
