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158 relations: Acetaldehyde, Acetamide, Acetic acid, Acetic anhydride, Acetone, Acid, Acid anhydride, Adenine, Adenosine diphosphate, Adenosine triphosphate, Adhesive, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Alkali, Alkali metal, Alkaline earth metal, Allotropes of oxygen, Aluminium, Aluminium oxide, Amide, Amino acid, Anodizing, Anthraquinone, Antifreeze, Argon, Autoxidation, Bauxite, Biomolecule, Bone, Caesium, Calcium carbonate, Calcium phosphate, Carbohydrate, Carbon dioxide, Carbonyl group, Carboxylic acid, Carotene, Catalysis, Chemical bond, Chemical polarity, Chlorate, Chromate and dichromate, Citric acid, Corrosion, Corundum, Covalent bond, Crust (geology), Detergent, Diethyl ether, Dimethyl sulfoxide, ..., Dimethylformamide, Dioxygen difluoride, Dioxygenyl, Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate, Dipole, DNA, Electrolysis, Electron, Electronegativity, Epoxide, Epoxy, Ester, Ethanol, Ether, Ethyl acetate, Ethylene, Ethylene glycol, Ethylene oxide, Fat, Fatty acid, Feldspar, Formaldehyde, Formic acid, Furan, Getter, Glutaraldehyde, Glycerol, Gold, Gold(III) oxide, Granite, Helium, Hematite, Heteropoly acid, Hydrogen, Hydrogen bond, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroxylapatite, Hypofluorous acid, Ion, Iron, Iron oxide, Iron(III) oxide, Isopropyl alcohol, Ketone, Krypton, Limestone, Metal, Methanol, Molybdenum, Neon, Nitrate, Nitrogen oxide, Noble gas, Octet rule, Organic chemistry, Organic compound, Oxidation state, Oxide, Oxygen, Oxygen difluoride, Oxygen fluoride, Ozonide, Passivation (chemistry), Peracetic acid, Perchlorate, Permanganate, Peroxide, Phenol, Phosphate, Phosphoric acid, Phosphorus pentoxide, Phosphotungstic acid, Platinum, Platinum hexafluoride, Polyoxometalate, Potassium, Potassium superoxide, Protein, Purine, Pyrimidine, Pyrogallol, Reactive oxygen species, RNA, Rock (geology), Rust, Sand, Silicate, Silicon, Silicon dioxide, Sodium, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium oxide, Sodium peroxide, Solubility, Solvent, Squalene, Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, Superoxide, Tetrahydrofuran, Titanium, Transition metal, Tungsten, Vacuum tube, Van der Waals force, Water, Xenon, Xenon hexafluoroplatinate, 1,4-Dioxane. Expand index (108 more) »
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde (systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me.
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Acetamide
Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2.
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Acetic acid
Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).
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Acetic anhydride
Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3CO)2O.
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Acetone
Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO.
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Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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Acid anhydride
An acid anhydride is formed when two acid structures combine with loss of a water molecule.
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Adenine
Adenine (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative).
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Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells.
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
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Adhesive
An adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, is any substance applied to one surface, or both surfaces, of two separate items that binds them together and resists their separation.
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Alcohol
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.
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Aldehyde
An aldehyde or alkanal is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.
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Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qaly “ashes of the saltwort”) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element.
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Alkali metal
The alkali metals are a group (column) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.
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Alkaline earth metal
The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table.
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Allotropes of oxygen
There are several known allotropes of oxygen.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Aluminium oxide
Aluminium oxide (British English) or aluminum oxide (American English) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula 23.
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Amide
An amide (or or), also known as an acid amide, is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups).
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Anodizing
Anodizing (spelled anodising in British English) is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts.
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Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone, also called anthracenedione or dioxoanthracene, is an aromatic organic compound with formula.
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Antifreeze
An antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid and increases its boiling point.
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Argon
Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18.
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Autoxidation
Autoxidation is any oxidation that occurs in open air or in presence of oxygen (and sometimes UV radiation) and forms peroxides and hydroperoxides.
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Bauxite
Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content.
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Biomolecule
A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules and ions that are present in organisms, essential to some typically biological process such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development.
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Bone
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
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Caesium
Caesium (British spelling and IUPAC spelling) or cesium (American spelling) is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55.
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Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.
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Calcium phosphate
Calcium phosphate is a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions.
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Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbonyl group
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C.
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Carboxylic acid
A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(.
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Carotene
The term carotene (also carotin, from the Latin carota, "carrot") is used for many related unsaturated hydrocarbon substances having the formula C40Hx, which are synthesized by plants but in general cannot be made by animals (with the exception of some aphids and spider mites which acquired the synthesizing genes from fungi).
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Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.
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Chemical bond
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
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Chemical polarity
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.
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Chlorate
The chlorate anion has the formula.
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Chromate and dichromate
Chromate salts contain the chromate anion,.
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Citric acid
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the chemical formula.
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Corrosion
Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide.
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Corundum
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium and chromium.
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Covalent bond
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
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Crust (geology)
In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.
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Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
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Diethyl ether
Diethyl ether, or simply ether, is an organic compound in the ether class with the formula, sometimes abbreviated as (see Pseudoelement symbols).
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Dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2SO.
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Dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NC(O)H.
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Dioxygen difluoride
Dioxygen difluoride is a compound of fluorine and oxygen with the molecular formula.
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Dioxygenyl
The dioxygenyl ion,, is a rarely-encountered oxycation in which both oxygen atoms have a formal oxidation state of +. It is formally derived from oxygen by the removal of an electron: The energy change for this process is called the ionization energy of the oxygen molecule.
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Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate
Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate is a compound with formula O2PtF6.
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Dipole
In electromagnetism, there are two kinds of dipoles.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Electrolysis
In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity, symbol ''χ'', is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons (or electron density) towards itself.
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Epoxide
An epoxide is a cyclic ether with a three-atom ring.
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Epoxy
Epoxy is either any of the basic components or the cured end products of epoxy resins, as well as a colloquial name for the epoxide functional group.
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Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Ether
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
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Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acetate (systematically ethyl ethanoate, commonly abbreviated EtOAc or EA) is the organic compound with the formula, simplified to.
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Ethylene
Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or H2C.
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Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2OH)2.
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Ethylene oxide
Ethylene oxide, called oxirane by IUPAC, is an organic compound with the formula. It is a cyclic ether and the simplest epoxide: a three-membered ring consisting of one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms. Ethylene oxide is a colorless and flammable gas with a faintly sweet odor. Because it is a strained ring, ethylene oxide easily participates in a number of addition reactions that result in ring-opening. Ethylene oxide is isomeric with acetaldehyde and with vinyl alcohol. Ethylene oxide is industrially produced by oxidation of ethylene in the presence of silver catalyst. The reactivity that is responsible for many of ethylene oxide's hazards also make it useful. Although too dangerous for direct household use and generally unfamiliar to consumers, ethylene oxide is used for making many consumer products as well as non-consumer chemicals and intermediates. These products include detergents, thickeners, solvents, plastics, and various organic chemicals such as ethylene glycol, ethanolamines, simple and complex glycols, polyglycol ethers, and other compounds. Although it is a vital raw material with diverse applications, including the manufacture of products like polysorbate 20 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) that are often more effective and less toxic than alternative materials, ethylene oxide itself is a very hazardous substance. At room temperature it is a flammable, carcinogenic, mutagenic, irritating, and anaesthetic gas. As a toxic gas that leaves no residue on items it contacts, ethylene oxide is a surface disinfectant that is widely used in hospitals and the medical equipment industry to replace steam in the sterilization of heat-sensitive tools and equipment, such as disposable plastic syringes. It is so flammable and extremely explosive that it is used as a main component of thermobaric weapons; therefore, it is commonly handled and shipped as a refrigerated liquid to control its hazardous nature.Rebsdat, Siegfried and Mayer, Dieter (2005) "Ethylene Oxide" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim..
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Fat
Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with carbohydrate and protein.
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Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
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Feldspar
Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up about 41% of the Earth's continental crust by weight.
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Formaldehyde
No description.
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Formic acid
Formic acid, systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid.
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Furan
Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen.
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Getter
A getter is a deposit of reactive material that is placed inside a vacuum system, for the purpose of completing and maintaining the vacuum.
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Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant and medication.
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Glycerol
Glycerol (also called glycerine or glycerin; see spelling differences) is a simple polyol compound.
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Gold
Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.
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Gold(III) oxide
Gold(III) oxide (Au2O3) is the most stable oxide of gold.
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Granite
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.
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Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.
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Hematite
Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is the mineral form of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of several iron oxides.
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Heteropoly acid
A heteropoly acid is a class of acid made up of a particular combination of hydrogen and oxygen with certain metals and non-metals.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is a partially electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen (H) which is bound to a more electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and another adjacent atom bearing a lone pair of electrons.
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Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
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Hydroxylapatite
Hydroxylapatite, also called hydroxyapatite (HA), is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), but is usually written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities.
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Hypofluorous acid
Hypofluorous acid, HOF, is the only known oxoacid of fluorine and the only known oxoacid which the main atom gains electrons from oxygen to create a negative oxidation state.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Iron oxide
Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen.
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Iron(III) oxide
Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe2O3.
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Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name propan-2-ol; commonly called isopropanol) is a compound with the chemical formula C3H8O.
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Ketone
In chemistry, a ketone (alkanone) is an organic compound with the structure RC(.
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Krypton
Krypton (from translit "the hidden one") is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36.
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Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.
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Metal
A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.
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Methanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH).
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Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42.
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Neon
Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10.
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Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula and a molecular mass of 62.0049 u.
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Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen oxide may refer to a binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or a mixture of such compounds.
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Noble gas
The noble gases (historically also the inert gases) make up a group of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity.
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Octet rule
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electron configuration as a noble gas.
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Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Oxidation state
The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound.
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Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Oxygen difluoride
Oxygen difluoride is the chemical compound with the formula OF2.
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Oxygen fluoride
Oxygen fluorides are compounds of elements Oxygen and Fluorine with the general formula OnF2, where n.
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Ozonide
Ozonide is the unstable, reactive polyatomic anion analog of ozone or any of several classes of organic organic peroxide compounds similar formed by the reaction of ozone with an unsaturated compound.
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Passivation (chemistry)
Passivation, in physical chemistry and engineering, refers to a material becoming "passive," that is, less affected or corroded by the environment of future use.
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Peracetic acid
Peracetic acid (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
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Perchlorate
A perchlorate is the name for a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion,.
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Permanganate
A permanganate is the general name for a chemical compound containing the manganate(VII) ion,.
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Peroxide
Peroxide is a compound with the structure R-O-O-R. The O−O group in a peroxide is called the peroxide group or peroxo group.
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Phenol
Phenol, also known as phenolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.
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Phosphate
A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid.
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Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a mineral (inorganic) and weak acid having the chemical formula H3PO4.
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Phosphorus pentoxide
Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5).
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Phosphotungstic acid
Phosphotungstic acid (PTA), tungstophosphoric acid (TPA), is a heteropoly acid with the chemical formula 31240.
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Platinum
Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78.
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Platinum hexafluoride
Platinum hexafluoride is the chemical compound with the formula PtF6.
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Polyoxometalate
In chemistry, a polyoxometalate (abbreviated POM) is a polyatomic ion, usually an anion, that consists of three or more transition metal oxyanions linked together by shared oxygen atoms to form closed 3-dimensional frameworks.
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Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.
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Potassium superoxide
Potassium superoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Purine
A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.
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Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine.
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Pyrogallol
Pyrogallol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3.
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Reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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Rock (geology)
Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
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Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture.
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Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
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Silicate
In chemistry, a silicate is any member of a family of anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula, where 0 ≤ x Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures, including chains and rings (as in polymeric metasilicate), double chains (as in, and sheets (as in. In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to mean silicate minerals, ionic solids with silicate anions; as well as rock types that consist predominantly of such minerals. In that context, the term also includes the non-ionic compound silicon dioxide (silica, quartz), which would correspond to x.
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.
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Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
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Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
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Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions. Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·n. The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, it is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes.
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Sodium oxide
Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Na2O.
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Sodium peroxide
Sodium peroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2O2.
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Solubility
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.
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Solvent
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution.
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Squalene
Squalene is a natural 30-carbon organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil (hence its name, as Squalus is a genus of sharks), although plant sources (primarily vegetable oils) are now used as well, including amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ, and olives.
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Standard conditions for temperature and pressure
Standard conditions for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data.
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Superoxide
A superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide anion, which has the chemical formula.
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Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4O.
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Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.
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Transition metal
In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has three possible meanings.
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Tungsten
Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.
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Vacuum tube
In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a tube (North America), or valve (Britain and some other regions) is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container.
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Van der Waals force
In molecular physics, the van der Waals forces, named after Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, are distance-dependent interactions between atoms or molecules.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Xenon
Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54.
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Xenon hexafluoroplatinate
Xenon hexafluoroplatinate is the product of the reaction of platinum hexafluoride and xenon, in an experiment that proved the chemical reactivity of the noble gases.
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1,4-Dioxane
1,4-Dioxane is a heterocyclic organic compound, classified as an ether.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compounds_of_oxygen
