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Congo Free State

Index Congo Free State

The Congo Free State, also known as the Independent State of the Congo (État indépendant du Congo), was a large state and absolute monarchy in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908. [1]

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Table of Contents

  1. 224 relations: Abir Congo Company, Absolute monarchy, Adam Hochschild, Africa, African Studies Review, African trypanosomiasis, Alabama, Alfred Sharpe, American Colonization Society, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Angola, Arthur Conan Doyle, Aruwimi River, Atrocities in the Congo Free State, Austria-Hungary, Équateur (former province), Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar, Batetela rebellion, Battle of Rejaf, Belgian Anti-Slavery Society, Belgian Congo, Belgian Federal Parliament, Belgium, Berlin Conference, Bertrand Russell, Blackwood's Magazine, Boma (enclosure), Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Booker T. Washington, British Central Africa Protectorate, British South Africa Company, Brussels, Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90, Brussels Conference Act of 1890, Brussels Geographic Conference, Cambridge University Press, Canadians, Cape Colony, Capital punishment, Casement Report, Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cause célèbre, Cecil Rhodes, Centime, Central Africa, Central African Republic, Chester A. Arthur, Christian de Bonchamps, Civilizing mission, Colonial Charter on the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State, ... Expand index (174 more) »

  2. 1885 establishments in the Congo Free State
  3. 1908 disestablishments in Africa
  4. Belgian colonisation in Africa
  5. Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations
  6. Blue and yellow flags
  7. Former Belgian colonies
  8. History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by period
  9. Leopold II of Belgium
  10. Political history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  11. States and territories disestablished in 1908
  12. States and territories established in 1885

Abir Congo Company

The Abir Congo Company (founded as the Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company and later known as the Compagnie du Congo Belge) was a company that exploited natural rubber in the Congo Free State, the private property of King Leopold II of Belgium. Congo Free State and Abir Congo Company are Belgian colonisation in Africa and Leopold II of Belgium.

See Congo Free State and Abir Congo Company

Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.

See Congo Free State and Absolute monarchy

Adam Hochschild

Adam Hochschild (born October 5, 1942) is an American author, journalist, historian and lecturer.

See Congo Free State and Adam Hochschild

Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.

See Congo Free State and Africa

African Studies Review

The African Studies Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering African studies.

See Congo Free State and African Studies Review

African trypanosomiasis

African trypanosomiasis is an insect-borne parasitic infection of humans and other animals.

See Congo Free State and African trypanosomiasis

Alabama

Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

See Congo Free State and Alabama

Alfred Sharpe

Sir Alfred Sharpe (19 May 1853 – 10 December 1935) was Commissioner and Consul-General for the British Central Africa Protectorate and first Governor of Nyasaland.

See Congo Free State and Alfred Sharpe

American Colonization Society

The American Colonization Society (ACS), initially the Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, was an American organization founded in 1816 by Robert Finley to encourage and support the repatriation of freeborn people of color and emancipated slaves to the continent of Africa.

See Congo Free State and American Colonization Society

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (السودان الإنجليزي المصري) was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt between 1899 and 1956, corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day South Sudan and Sudan.

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Angola

Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-central coast of Southern Africa.

See Congo Free State and Angola

Arthur Conan Doyle

Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer and physician.

See Congo Free State and Arthur Conan Doyle

Aruwimi River

The Aruwimi River (Mto Aruwimi, Rivière Aruwimi) is a tributary of the Congo River, located to the north and east of the Congo.

See Congo Free State and Aruwimi River

Atrocities in the Congo Free State

From 1885 to 1908, many atrocities were committed in the Congo Free State (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo) under the absolute rule of King Leopold II of Belgium. Congo Free State and atrocities in the Congo Free State are Leopold II of Belgium.

See Congo Free State and Atrocities in the Congo Free State

Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.

See Congo Free State and Austria-Hungary

Équateur (former province)

Équateur (French for "Equator") was a province in the northwest of the Belgian Congo and the successor Republic of the Congo, now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See Congo Free State and Équateur (former province)

Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar

Sayyid Barghash bin Said al-Busaidi (1836 – 26 March 1888) (برغش بن سعيد البوسعيدي), an Omani Sultan and the son of Said bin Sultan, was the second Sultan of Zanzibar.

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Batetela rebellion

The Batetela rebellion (Révolte des Batetela) was a series of three military mutinies and a subsequent low-level insurgency which was attributed to members of the Tetela ethnic group in the Congo Free State between 1895 and 1908.

See Congo Free State and Batetela rebellion

Battle of Rejaf

The Battle of Rejaf, also known as the Battle of Bedden, was fought on 17 February 1897 between the Belgian-led forces of the Congo Free State and Mahdist rebels in Rejaf (now in present-day South Sudan). Congo Free State and Battle of Rejaf are Belgian colonisation in Africa, former Belgian colonies and former colonies in Africa.

See Congo Free State and Battle of Rejaf

Belgian Anti-Slavery Society

The Belgian Anti-Slavery Society (Société antiesclavagiste de Belgique, Antislavernijmaatschappij van België) was a 19th-century organization, with the goal of putting an end to the Arab slave trade in the African continent.

See Congo Free State and Belgian Anti-Slavery Society

Belgian Congo

The Belgian Congo (Congo belge,; Belgisch-Congo) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960 and became the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). Congo Free State and Belgian Congo are Belgian colonisation in Africa, Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations, former Belgian colonies, former colonies in Africa, history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by period and political history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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Belgian Federal Parliament

The Federal Parliament is the bicameral parliament of Belgium.

See Congo Free State and Belgian Federal Parliament

Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

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Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 met on 15 November 1884 and, after an adjournment, concluded on 26 February 1885 with the signature of a General Act, by Keith, Arthur Berriedale, 1919, p. 52.

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Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual.

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Blackwood's Magazine

Blackwood's Magazine was a British magazine and miscellany printed between 1817 and 1980.

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Boma (enclosure)

A boma is a livestock enclosure, community enclosure, stockade, corral, small fort or a district government office, commonly used in many parts of the African Great Lakes region, as well as Central and Southern Africa.

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Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Boma is a port town on the Congo River, some upstream from the Atlantic Ocean, in the Kongo Central Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), adjacent to the border with Angola.

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Booker T. Washington

Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, and orator.

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British Central Africa Protectorate

The British Central Africa Protectorate (BCA) was a British protectorate proclaimed in 1889 and ratified in 1891 that occupied the same area as present-day Malawi: it was renamed Nyasaland in 1907.

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British South Africa Company

The British South Africa Company (BSAC or BSACo) was chartered in 1889 following the amalgamation of Cecil Rhodes' Central Search Association and the London-based Exploring Company Ltd, which had originally competed to capitalize on the expected mineral wealth of Mashonaland but united because of common economic interests and to secure British government backing.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.

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Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90

The Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference of 1889-1890 was held from 18 November 1889 to 2 July 1890 in Brussels and concluded with the adoption of the Brussels Conference Act of 1890 on the prohibition of slave trade and slavery in Africa.

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Brussels Conference Act of 1890

The Brussels Conference Act of 1890 (full title: Convention Relative to the Slave Trade and Importation into Africa of Firearms, Ammunition, and Spiritous Liquors) was a collection of anti-slavery measures signed in Brussels on 2 July 1890 (and which entered into force on 31 August 1891) to, as the act itself puts it, "put an end to Negro Slave Trade by land as well as by sea, and to improve the moral and material conditions of existence of the native races".

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Brussels Geographic Conference

The Brussels Geographic Conference was held in Brussels, Belgium in September 1876 at the request of King Leopold II of Belgium.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Canadians

Canadians (Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada.

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Cape Colony

The Cape Colony (Kaapkolonie), also known as the Cape of Good Hope, was a British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope.

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Capital punishment

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.

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Casement Report

The Casement Report was a 1904 document written at the behest of the British Government by Roger Casement (1864–1916)—a British diplomat and future Irish independence fighter—detailing abuses in the Congo Free State which was under the private ownership of King Leopold II of Belgium.

See Congo Free State and Casement Report

Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Catholicism has a major presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

See Congo Free State and Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cause célèbre

A cause célèbre (pl. causes célèbres, pronounced like the singular) is an issue or incident arousing widespread controversy, outside campaigning, and heated public debate.

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Cecil Rhodes

Cecil John Rhodes (5 July 185326 March 1902) was an English mining magnate and politician in southern Africa who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896.

See Congo Free State and Cecil Rhodes

Centime

Centime (from centesimus) is French for "cent", and is used in English as the name of the fraction currency in several Francophone countries (including Switzerland, Algeria, Belgium, Morocco and France).

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Central Africa

Central Africa is a subregion of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions.

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Central African Republic

The Central African Republic (CAR), formerly known as Ubangi-Shari, is a landlocked country in Central Africa.

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Chester A. Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885.

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Christian de Bonchamps

The Marquis Christian de Bonchamps (15 June 1860 – 9 December 1919) was a French explorer in Africa and a colonial officer in the French Empire during the late 19th- early 20th-century epoch known as the "Scramble for Africa", who played an important role in two of the more notorious incidents of the period.

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Civilizing mission

The civilizing mission (misión civilizadora; Missão civilizadora; Mission civilisatrice) is a political rationale for military intervention and for colonization purporting to facilitate the Westernization or Japanization of indigenous peoples, especially in the period from the 15th to the 20th centuries.

See Congo Free State and Civilizing mission

Colonial Charter on the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State

The Colonial Charter on the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State (Charte coloniale de 1908) was approved by the Belgian Parliament on 18 October 1908. Congo Free State and colonial Charter on the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State are Belgian colonisation in Africa.

See Congo Free State and Colonial Charter on the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State

Colonization of the Congo Basin

Colonization of the Congo Basin refers to the European colonization of the Congo Basin of tropical Africa.

See Congo Free State and Colonization of the Congo Basin

Colony

A colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule.

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Commodity

In economics, a commodity is an economic good, usually a resource, that specifically has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.

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Concession (contract)

A concession or concession agreement is a grant of rights, land, property, or facility by a government, local authority, corporation, individual or other legal entity.

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Congo Arab war

The Congo Arab war or Arab war was a colonial war fought between the Congo Free State and Arab-Swahili warlords associated with the Arab slave trade in the eastern regions of the Congo basin between 1892 and 1894. Congo Free State and Congo Arab war are Belgian colonisation in Africa.

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Congo Basin

The Congo Basin (Bassin du Congo) is the sedimentary basin of the Congo River.

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Congo Free State propaganda war

There was a worldwide media propaganda campaign waged by both King Leopold II of Belgium and the critics of the Congo Free State and its atrocities. Congo Free State and Congo Free State propaganda war are Leopold II of Belgium.

See Congo Free State and Congo Free State propaganda war

Congo Reform Association

The Congo Reform Association (CRA) was a political and humanitarian activist group that sought to promote reform of the Congo Free State, a private territory in Central Africa under the absolute sovereignty of King Leopold II. Active from 1904 to 1913, the association formed in opposition to the institutionalised practices of Congo Free State's 'rubber policy', which encouraged the need to minimise expenditure and maximise profit with no political constraints – fostering a system of coercion and terror unparalleled in contemporary colonial Africa.

See Congo Free State and Congo Reform Association

Congo River

The Congo River, formerly also known as the Zaire River, is the second-longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the third-largest river in the world by discharge volume, following the Amazon and Ganges rivers. It is the world's deepest recorded river, with measured depths of around.

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Congress of Berlin

The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire.

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Connecticut

Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

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Constitutional monarchy

Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.

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Corvée

Corvée is a form of unpaid forced labour that is intermittent in nature, lasting for limited periods of time, typically only a certain number of days' work each year.

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David Livingstone

David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, and an explorer in Africa.

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De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

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Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, Congo-Zaire, or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country in Central Africa.

See Congo Free State and Democratic Republic of the Congo

Detroit

Detroit is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Diogo Cão

Diogo Cão (– 1486), also known as Diogo Cam, was a Portuguese mariner and one of the most notable explorers of the fifteenth century.

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Districts of the Congo Free State

The Districts of the Congo Free State were the primary administrative divisions of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908.

See Congo Free State and Districts of the Congo Free State

Dugout canoe

A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed-out tree.

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Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

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E. D. Morel

Edmund Dene Morel (born Georges Edmond Pierre Achille Morel Deville; 10 July 1873 – 12 November 1924) was a French-born British journalist, author, pacifist and politician.

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Early day motion

In the Westminster parliamentary system, an early day motion (EDM) is a motion, expressed as a single sentence, tabled by a member of Parliament, which the Government (in charge of parliamentary business) has not yet scheduled for debate.

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Elder Dempster Lines

Elder Dempster Lines was a UK shipping company that traded from 1932 to 2000, but had its origins in the mid-19th century.

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Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The national emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has changed several times since 1997.

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Emile Vandervelde

Emile Vandervelde (25 January 1866 – 27 December 1938) was a Belgian socialist politician.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

See Congo Free State and Europe

Excess mortality

In epidemiology, the excess deaths or excess mortality is a measure of the increase in the number deaths during a time period and/or in a certain group, as compared to the expected value or statistical trend during a reference period (typically of five years) or in a reference population.

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Federal Government of Belgium

The Federal Government of Belgium (Federale regering, Gouvernement fédéral, Föderalregierung) exercises executive power in the Kingdom of Belgium.

See Congo Free State and Federal Government of Belgium

First Brazilian Republic

The First Brazilian Republic, also referred to as the Old Republic (República Velha), officially the Republic of the United States of Brazil, refers to the period of Brazilian history from 1889 to 1930.

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Force Publique

The Force Publique ("Public Force"; Openbare Weermacht) was the military of the Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo from 1885 to 1960. Congo Free State and Force Publique are Leopold II of Belgium.

See Congo Free State and Force Publique

Forced labour

Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families.

See Congo Free State and Forced labour

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) is the ministry of foreign affairs and a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.

See Congo Free State and Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

Franc

The franc is any of various units of currency.

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Francis de Winton

Major-General Sir Francis Walter de Winton (21 June 1835 – 16 December 1901) was a British Army officer, colonial administrator and courtier in the Household of the Duke of York.

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Francis Dhanis

Francis Ernest Joseph Marie Dhanis (11 March 1861 – 13 November 1909) was a Belgian colonial civil servant and soldier noted for his service for the Congo Free State during the Congo Arab War and Batetela Rebellion.

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Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main ("Frank ford on the Main") is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.

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Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

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George Washington Williams

George Washington Williams (October 16, 1849 – August 2, 1891) was a soldier in the American Civil War and in Mexico before becoming a Baptist minister, politician, lawyer, journalist, and writer on African-American history.

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German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

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German South West Africa

German South West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, though Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. Congo Free State and German South West Africa are former colonies in Africa.

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Gongo Lutete

Ngongo Lutete (or Gongo Lutete or Ngongo Leteta) was a Songye leader and chieftain during the late 19th century.

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Google Books

Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.

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Government of the United Kingdom

The Government of the United Kingdom (formally His Majesty's Government, abbreviated to HM Government) is the central executive authority of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

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Governor

A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.

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Gustave Moynier

Gustave Moynier (21 September 1826 – 21 August 1910) was a Swiss jurist who was active in many charitable organizations in Geneva.

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Harper (publisher)

Harper is an American publishing house, the flagship imprint of global publisher, HarperCollins, based in New York City.

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Harry Johnston

Sir Henry Hamilton Johnston (12 June 1858 – 31 July 1927) was a British explorer, botanist, artist, colonial administrator, and linguist who travelled widely across Africa to speak some of the languages spoken by people on that continent.

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Heart of Darkness

Heart of Darkness is an 1899 novella by Polish-English novelist Joseph Conrad in which the sailor Charles Marlow tells his listeners the story of his assignment as steamer captain for a Belgian company in the African interior.

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Henry Morton Stanley

Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 – 10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American explorer, journalist, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of Central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone.

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Henry Shelton Sanford

Henry Shelton Sanford (June 15, 1823 – May 21, 1891) was an American diplomat and businessman from Connecticut who served as United States Minister to Belgium from 1861 to 1869.

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Herbert Ward (sculptor)

Herbert Ward (11 January 1863, London – 5 August 1919, Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a British sculptor, illustrator, writer, and explorer in Africa.

See Congo Free State and Herbert Ward (sculptor)

Hevea brasiliensis

Hevea brasiliensis, the Pará rubber tree, sharinga tree, seringueira, or most commonly, rubber tree or rubber plant, is a flowering plant belonging to the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, originally native to the Amazon basin, but is now pantropical in distribution due to introductions.

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Hippolyte d'Ursel

Count Marie Hippolyte Adrien Ludovic d'Ursel (Brussels, 17 November 1850 – 9 December 1937) was a Belgian politician and historian.

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Hippopotamus

The hippopotamus (hippopotamuses or hippopotami; Hippopotamus amphibius), also shortened to hippo (hippos), further qualified as the common hippopotamus, Nile hippopotamus, or river hippopotamus, is a large semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa.

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House of Commons of the United Kingdom

The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Howard University Press

Howard University Press (HUP) was a publisher that was part of Howard University, founded in 1972.

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Human cannibalism

Human cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings.

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Indian Ocean slave trade

The Indian Ocean slave trade, sometimes known as the East African slave trade, was multi-directional slave trade and has changed over time.

See Congo Free State and Indian Ocean slave trade

International African Association

The International African Association (in full, "International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa"; in French Association Internationale Africaine, and in full Association Internationale pour l'Exploration et la Civilisation de l'Afrique Centrale) was a front organization established by the guests at the Brussels Geographic Conference of 1876, an event hosted by King Leopold II of Belgium. Congo Free State and International African Association are Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations, Leopold II of Belgium and political history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See Congo Free State and International African Association

International Association of the Congo

The International Association of the Congo (Association internationale du Congo), also known as the International Congo Society, was an association founded on 17 November 1879 by Leopold II of Belgium to further his interests in the Congo. Congo Free State and international Association of the Congo are Belgian colonisation in Africa, Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations, former Belgian colonies, former colonies in Africa, Leopold II of Belgium and political history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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International Committee of the Red Cross

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a three-time Nobel Prize laureate.

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International Law Institute

The International Law Institute, also known as the ILI, was founded as part of Georgetown University in 1955.

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Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem

Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem (born 7 February 1944, Ipamu), is a Congolese historian and linguist.

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Ituri Province

Ituri Province (Jimbo la Ituri in Swahili) is one of the 21 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning.

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Ivory

Ivory is a hard, white material from the tusks (traditionally from elephants) and teeth of animals, that consists mainly of dentine, one of the physical structures of teeth and tusks.

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Jan Vansina

Jan M. J. Vansina (14 September 1929 – 8 February 2017) was a Belgian historian and anthropologist regarded as an authority on the history of Central Africa, especially of what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi.

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John Boyd Dunlop

John Boyd Dunlop (5 February 1840 – 23 October 1921) was a Scottish inventor and veterinary surgeon who spent most of his career in Ireland.

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John T. Morgan

John Tyler Morgan (June 20, 1824 – June 11, 1907) was an American politician who was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and later was elected for six terms as the U.S. Senator (1877–1907) from the state of Alabama.

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Joseph Conrad

Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski,; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British novelist and story writer.

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Journal of Belgian History

The Journal of Belgian History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Centre for Historical Research and Documentation on War and Contemporary Society (Cegesoma).

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Katanga Province

Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914.

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Khartoum

Khartoum or Khartum (al-Khurṭūm, pronounced al.xur.tˤuːm) is the capital of Sudan.

See Congo Free State and Khartoum

King Leopold's Ghost

King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa (1998) is a best-selling popular history book by Adam Hochschild that explores the exploitation of the Congo Free State by King Leopold II of Belgium between 1885 and 1908, as well as the large-scale atrocities committed during that period.

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King Leopold's Soliloquy

King Leopold's Soliloquy is a 1905 pamphlet by American author Mark Twain. Congo Free State and King Leopold's Soliloquy are Belgian colonisation in Africa.

See Congo Free State and King Leopold's Soliloquy

Kingdom of Italy

The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.

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Kingdom of Portugal

The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic.

See Congo Free State and Kingdom of Portugal

Kodok

Kodok or Kothok (كودوك), formerly known as Fashoda, is a town in the Fashoda County of Upper Nile State, in the Greater Upper Nile region of South Sudan.

See Congo Free State and Kodok

Lado Enclave

The Lado Enclave (Enclave de Lado; Lado-Enclave) was a leased territory administered by the Congo Free State and later by the Belgian Congo that existed from 1894 until 1910, situated on the west bank of the Upper Nile in what is now South Sudan and northwest Uganda. Congo Free State and Lado Enclave are former Belgian colonies and former colonies in Africa.

See Congo Free State and Lado Enclave

Landolphia owariensis

Landolphia owariensis is a species of liana from the family Apocynaceae found in tropical Africa.

See Congo Free State and Landolphia owariensis

Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a multilingual country where an estimated total of 242 languages are spoken.

See Congo Free State and Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Latin America

Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.

See Congo Free State and Latin America

Léon Fiévez

Léon Fiévez (30 April 1855 – 27 May 1939) was a Belgian official of the Congo Free State.

See Congo Free State and Léon Fiévez

Leopold II of Belgium

Leopold II (Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor; Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor; 9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909, and the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908.

See Congo Free State and Leopold II of Belgium

List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo

This is a list of European colonial administrators responsible for the territory of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo).

See Congo Free State and List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo

Liverpool

Liverpool is a cathedral, port city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England.

See Congo Free State and Liverpool

Lokandu

Lokandu is a community in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the Lualaba River downstream from Kindu.

See Congo Free State and Lokandu

London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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London School of Economics

The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) is a public research university in London, England, and amember institution of the University of London.

See Congo Free State and London School of Economics

Louis-Napoléon Chaltin

Louis-Napoléon Chaltin (1857–1933) was a Belgian career soldier and colonial official notable for his service in the Congo Free State during the late 19th century.

See Congo Free State and Louis-Napoléon Chaltin

Lualaba River

The Lualaba River (Nzâdi Luâlâmba, Mto Lualamba) flows entirely within the eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See Congo Free State and Lualaba River

Lusambo

Lusambo (Mji wa Lusambo) is the capital city of Sankuru province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See Congo Free State and Lusambo

Macmillan Publishers

Macmillan Publishers (occasionally known as the Macmillan Group; formally Macmillan Publishers Ltd in the UK and Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC in the US) is a British publishing company traditionally considered to be one of the 'Big Five' English language publishers (along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins and Simon & Schuster).

See Congo Free State and Macmillan Publishers

Mahdist State

The Mahdist State, also known as Mahdist Sudan or the Sudanese Mahdiyya, was a state based on a religious and political movement launched in 1881 by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah (later Muhammad al-Mahdi) against the Khedivate of Egypt, which had ruled Sudan since 1821. Congo Free State and Mahdist State are states and territories established in 1885.

See Congo Free State and Mahdist State

Mahdist War

The Mahdist War (ath-Thawra al-Mahdiyya; 1881–1899) was a war between the Mahdist Sudanese, led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah, who had proclaimed himself the "Mahdi" of Islam (the "Guided One"), and the forces of the Khedivate of Egypt, initially, and later the forces of Britain.

See Congo Free State and Mahdist War

Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.

See Congo Free State and Malaria

Maniema

Maniema Province (Jimbo la Maniema, in Swahili) is one of 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See Congo Free State and Maniema

Mark Twain

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, and essayist.

See Congo Free State and Mark Twain

Matadi–Kinshasa Railway

The Matadi–Kinshasa Railway (French: Chemin de fer Matadi-Kinshasa) is a railway line in Kongo Central province between Kinshasa, the capital of Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the port of Matadi.

See Congo Free State and Matadi–Kinshasa Railway

Missionary

A missionary is a member of a religious group who is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.

See Congo Free State and Missionary

Mongala River

The Mongala River (Mto Mongala) in the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo is a right tributary of the Congo River.

See Congo Free State and Mongala River

Most favoured nation

In international economic relations and international politics, most favoured nation (MFN) is a status or level of treatment accorded by one state to another in international trade.

See Congo Free State and Most favoured nation

Msiri

Msiri (c. 1830 – December 20, 1891) founded and ruled the Yeke Kingdom (also called the Garanganze or Garenganze kingdom) in south-east Katanga (now in DR Congo) from about 1856 to 1891.

See Congo Free State and Msiri

Natural rubber

Rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, caucho, or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds.

See Congo Free State and Natural rubber

Novel

A novel is an extended work of narrative fiction usually written in prose and published as a book.

See Congo Free State and Novel

Nyangwe

Nyangwe is a town on the right bank of the Lualaba River, in the Maniema Province in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (territory of Kasongo).

See Congo Free State and Nyangwe

Omer Bodson

Omer Bodson (5 January 1856 – 20 December 1891) was the Belgian officer who shot and killed Msiri, King of Garanganze (Katanga) on 20 December 1891 at Bunkeya in what is now the DR Congo.

See Congo Free State and Omer Bodson

Order of the Crown (Belgium)

The Order of the Crown (Ordre de la Couronne, Kroonorde) is a national order of the Kingdom of Belgium.

See Congo Free State and Order of the Crown (Belgium)

Otto von Bismarck

Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898; born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck) was a Prussian statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany.

See Congo Free State and Otto von Bismarck

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

See Congo Free State and Ottoman Empire

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See Congo Free State and Oxford University Press

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, and may also legislate for the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories.

See Congo Free State and Parliament of the United Kingdom

Paternalism

Paternalism is action that limits a person's or group's liberty or autonomy and is intended to promote their own good.

See Congo Free State and Paternalism

Personal union

A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.

See Congo Free State and Personal union

Plantation

Plantations are farms specializing in cash crops, usually mainly planting a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on.

See Congo Free State and Plantation

Pool Malebo

The Pool Malebo, formerly Stanley Pool, also known as Mpumbu, Lake Nkunda or Lake Nkuna by local indigenous people in pre-colonial times, is a lake-like widening in the lower reaches of the Congo River.

See Congo Free State and Pool Malebo

Postage stamp

A postage stamp is a small piece of paper issued by a post office, postal administration, or other authorized vendors to customers who pay postage (the cost involved in moving, insuring, or registering mail).

See Congo Free State and Postage stamp

Price

A price is the (usually not negative) quantity of payment or compensation expected, required, or given by one party to another in return for goods or services.

See Congo Free State and Price

Prime Minister of Belgium

The prime minister of Belgium (Eerste minister van België; Premier ministre de Belgique; Premierminister von Belgien) or the premier of Belgium is the head of the federal government of Belgium, and the most powerful person in Belgian politics.

See Congo Free State and Prime Minister of Belgium

Proclamation of the Congo Free State

The Congo Free State was a state in Africa created and headed by the former Belgian monarch, Leopold II as a personal union with Belgium. Congo Free State and Proclamation of the Congo Free State are Belgian colonisation in Africa.

See Congo Free State and Proclamation of the Congo Free State

Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.

See Congo Free State and Project Gutenberg

R. J. Rummel

Rudolph Joseph Rummel (October 21, 1932 – March 2, 2014) was an American political scientist, a statistician and professor at Indiana University, Yale University, and University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

See Congo Free State and R. J. Rummel

Rainforest

Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire.

See Congo Free State and Rainforest

Rape

Rape is a type of sexual assault involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without their consent.

See Congo Free State and Rape

Rejaf

Rejaf, also Rajāf or Rageef, is a community in Central Equatoria in South Sudan, on the west bank of the White Nile.

See Congo Free State and Rejaf

Republic of the Congo

The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, West Congo, Congo Republic, ROC, ROTC, or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country located on the western coast of Central Africa to the west of the Congo River.

See Congo Free State and Republic of the Congo

Resource depletion

Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished.

See Congo Free State and Resource depletion

Roger Casement

Roger David Casement (Ruairí Dáithí Mac Easmainn; 1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916), known as Sir Roger Casement, CMG, between 1911 and 1916, was a diplomat and Irish nationalist executed by the United Kingdom for treason during World War I. He worked for the British Foreign Office as a diplomat, becoming known as a humanitarian activist, and later as a poet and Easter Rising leader.

See Congo Free State and Roger Casement

Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences

The Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences (RAOS) (Académie royale des sciences d'outre-mer (ARSOM); Koninklijke Academie voor Overzeese Wetenschappen (KAOW)) is a Belgian federal academy that contributes to the progress of scientific knowledge about overseas regions.

See Congo Free State and Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences

Royal Museum for Central Africa

The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) (Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika (KMMA); Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale (MRAC); Königliches Museum für Zentralafrika (KMZA)), communicating under the name AfricaMuseum since 2018, is an ethnography and natural history museum situated in Tervuren in Flemish Brabant, Belgium, just outside Brussels. Congo Free State and royal Museum for Central Africa are Belgian colonisation in Africa and Leopold II of Belgium.

See Congo Free State and Royal Museum for Central Africa

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

See Congo Free State and Russian Empire

Sidney Langford Hinde

Sidney Langford Hinde, (23 July 1863 – 18 October 1930) was a medical doctor and colonial administrator in East Africa.

See Congo Free State and Sidney Langford Hinde

Sjambok

The sjambok or litupa is a heavy leather whip.

See Congo Free State and Sjambok

Slavery

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.

See Congo Free State and Slavery

Songye people

The Songye people, sometimes written Songe, are a Bantu ethnic group from the central Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See Congo Free State and Songye people

South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

See Congo Free State and South Africa

South Sudan

South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa.

See Congo Free State and South Sudan

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania.

See Congo Free State and Southeast Asia

Southern United States

The Southern United States, sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States.

See Congo Free State and Southern United States

Sovereign state

A sovereign state is a state that has the highest authority over a territory.

See Congo Free State and Sovereign state

Stairs Expedition to Katanga

The Stairs Expedition to Katanga (1891−92), led by Captain William Stairs, was the winner in a race between two imperial powers, the British South Africa Company BSAC and the Congo Free State, to claim Katanga, a vast mineral-rich territory in Central Africa for colonization.

See Congo Free State and Stairs Expedition to Katanga

Stanley Falls District

Stanley Falls District (District des Stanley Falls, District Stanley Falls) was a district of the Congo Free State.

See Congo Free State and Stanley Falls District

Sultanate of Zanzibar

The Sultanate of Zanzibar (Usultani wa Zanzibar, translit), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was an East African Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. Congo Free State and Sultanate of Zanzibar are former monarchies of Africa.

See Congo Free State and Sultanate of Zanzibar

Swahili coast

The Swahili coast (Pwani ya Waswahili) is a coastal area of East Africa, bordered by the Indian Ocean and inhabited by the Swahili people.

See Congo Free State and Swahili coast

Swahili people

The Swahili people (WaSwahili, وَسوَحِيلِ) comprise mainly Bantu, Afro-Arab, and Comorian ethnic groups inhabiting the Swahili coast, an area encompassing the Zanzibar archipelago and mainland Tanzania's seaboard, littoral Kenya, northern Mozambique, the Comoros Islands, and northwest Madagascar.

See Congo Free State and Swahili people

Swedish soldiers in the Congo Free State

Between the years of 1885 and 1908, many Swedish soldiers would aid king Leopold II in his colonization of the Congo attracted by better pay and opportunities. Congo Free State and Swedish soldiers in the Congo Free State are Belgian colonisation in Africa.

See Congo Free State and Swedish soldiers in the Congo Free State

Tanganyika Province

Tanganyika (Jimbo la Tanganyika) is one of the 21 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning.

See Congo Free State and Tanganyika Province

Tanzania

Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, (formerly Swahililand) is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region.

See Congo Free State and Tanzania

Telegraphy

Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

See Congo Free State and Telegraphy

Tetela people

The indigenous people within the kasai basin up to Maniema understood themselves to be descendants of "AnKutshu Membele", then in the 20th century many accepted the imposed term Tetela (or Batetela in the plural).

See Congo Free State and Tetela people

Théophile Wahis

Lieutenant-General Baron Théophile Wahis (27 April 1844 – 26 January 1921) was a Belgian soldier and colonial civil servant who served as Governor-General of the Congo Free State and, subsequently, the Belgian Congo for two terms between 1891 and 1912.

See Congo Free State and Théophile Wahis

The Crime of the Congo

The Crime of the Congo is a 1909 book by British writer and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, about human rights abuses in the Congo Free State, a private state established and controlled by the King of the Belgians, Leopold II.

See Congo Free State and The Crime of the Congo

The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

See Congo Free State and The Guardian

Tippu Tip

Tippu Tip, or Tippu Tib (c. 1837 – June 14, 1905), real name Ḥamad ibn Muḥammad ibn Jumʿah ibn Rajab ibn Muḥammad ibn Saʿīd al Murjabī (حمد بن محمد بن جمعة بن رجب بن محمد بن سعيد المرجبي), was an Afro-Omani ivory and slave owner and trader, explorer, governor and plantation owner.

See Congo Free State and Tippu Tip

Uganda

Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa.

See Congo Free State and Uganda

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe that was established by the union in 1801 of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland.

See Congo Free State and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See Congo Free State and United States

University College Dublin

University College Dublin (commonly referred to as UCD) (Coláiste na hOllscoile, Baile Átha Cliath) is a public research university in Dublin, Ireland, and a member institution of the National University of Ireland.

See Congo Free State and University College Dublin

Verney Lovett Cameron

Verney Lovett Cameron (1 July 184424 March 1894) was an English traveller in Central Africa and the first European to cross (1875) equatorial Africa from sea to sea.

See Congo Free State and Verney Lovett Cameron

Vers l'avenir

("Towards the Future"), less commonly known by its Dutch title Naar wijd en zijd, is a Belgian nationalist song which was also the national anthem of the Congo Free State.

See Congo Free State and Vers l'avenir

Vivi, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Vivi is a village in the Bas-Congo province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See Congo Free State and Vivi, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Walthère Frère-Orban

Hubert Joseph Walthère Frère-Orban (24 April 1812 – 2 January 1896) was a Belgian liberal statesman.

See Congo Free State and Walthère Frère-Orban

Welsh Americans

Welsh Americans (Americanwyr Cymreig) are an American ethnic group whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Wales, United Kingdom.

See Congo Free State and Welsh Americans

Westport, Connecticut

Westport is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, along the Long Island Sound within Connecticut's Gold Coast.

See Congo Free State and Westport, Connecticut

William Grant Stairs

William Grant Stairs (1 July 1863 – 9 June 1892) was a Canadian-British explorer, soldier, and adventurer who had a leading role in two of the most controversial expeditions in the Scramble for Africa.

See Congo Free State and William Grant Stairs

William Henry Sheppard

William Henry Sheppard (March 8, 1865 – November 25, 1927) was one of the earliest African Americans to become a missionary for the Presbyterian Church.

See Congo Free State and William Henry Sheppard

William Morrison (missionary)

William McCutchan Morrison (1867–1918) was an American Presbyterian missionary best known for his involvement with a campaign for reform in the Congo.

See Congo Free State and William Morrison (missionary)

Yeke Kingdom

The Yeke Kingdom (also called the Garanganze or Garenganze kingdom) of the Garanganze people in Katanga, DR Congo, was short-lived, existing from about 1856 to 1891 under one king, Msiri, but it became for a while the most powerful state in south-central Africa, controlling a territory of about half a million square kilometres.

See Congo Free State and Yeke Kingdom

Zanzibar

Zanzibar is an insular semi-autonomous region which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Congo Free State and Zanzibar are former monarchies of Africa.

See Congo Free State and Zanzibar

Zappo Zap

The Zappo Zaps were a group of Songye people from the eastern Kasaï region in what today is the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See Congo Free State and Zappo Zap

See also

1885 establishments in the Congo Free State

1908 disestablishments in Africa

Belgian colonisation in Africa

Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Blue and yellow flags

Former Belgian colonies

History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by period

Leopold II of Belgium

Political history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

States and territories disestablished in 1908

States and territories established in 1885

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State

Also known as Annexation of the Congo, Belgian Congo Company, Congo Independent State, État indépendant du Congo, Free Congo State, Free State of Congo, Heads of State of the Congo Free State, Independent State of the Congo, King Leopold's Congo, List of heads of state of the Congo Free State, The Congo Free State.

, Colonization of the Congo Basin, Colony, Commodity, Concession (contract), Congo Arab war, Congo Basin, Congo Free State propaganda war, Congo Reform Association, Congo River, Congress of Berlin, Connecticut, Constitutional monarchy, Copper, Corvée, David Livingstone, De facto, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Detroit, Diogo Cão, Districts of the Congo Free State, Dugout canoe, Dutch language, E. D. Morel, Early day motion, Elder Dempster Lines, Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Emile Vandervelde, Europe, Excess mortality, Federal Government of Belgium, First Brazilian Republic, Force Publique, Forced labour, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Franc, Francis de Winton, Francis Dhanis, Frankfurt, French language, French Third Republic, Genocide, George Washington Williams, German Empire, German South West Africa, Gongo Lutete, Google Books, Government of the United Kingdom, Governor, Greenwood Publishing Group, Gustave Moynier, Harper (publisher), Harry Johnston, Heart of Darkness, Henry Morton Stanley, Henry Shelton Sanford, Herbert Ward (sculptor), Hevea brasiliensis, Hippolyte d'Ursel, Hippopotamus, House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Howard University Press, Human cannibalism, Indian Ocean slave trade, International African Association, International Association of the Congo, International Committee of the Red Cross, International Law Institute, Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem, Ituri Province, Ivory, Jan Vansina, John Boyd Dunlop, John T. Morgan, Joseph Conrad, Journal of Belgian History, Katanga Province, Khartoum, King Leopold's Ghost, King Leopold's Soliloquy, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of Portugal, Kodok, Lado Enclave, Landolphia owariensis, Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Latin America, Léon Fiévez, Leopold II of Belgium, List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo, Liverpool, Lokandu, London, London School of Economics, Louis-Napoléon Chaltin, Lualaba River, Lusambo, Macmillan Publishers, Mahdist State, Mahdist War, Malaria, Maniema, Mark Twain, Matadi–Kinshasa Railway, Missionary, Mongala River, Most favoured nation, Msiri, Natural rubber, Novel, Nyangwe, Omer Bodson, Order of the Crown (Belgium), Otto von Bismarck, Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, Parliament of the United Kingdom, Paternalism, Personal union, Plantation, Pool Malebo, Postage stamp, Price, Prime Minister of Belgium, Proclamation of the Congo Free State, Project Gutenberg, R. J. Rummel, Rainforest, Rape, Rejaf, Republic of the Congo, Resource depletion, Roger Casement, Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Russian Empire, Sidney Langford Hinde, Sjambok, Slavery, Songye people, South Africa, South Sudan, Southeast Asia, Southern United States, Sovereign state, Stairs Expedition to Katanga, Stanley Falls District, Sultanate of Zanzibar, Swahili coast, Swahili people, Swedish soldiers in the Congo Free State, Tanganyika Province, Tanzania, Telegraphy, Tetela people, Théophile Wahis, The Crime of the Congo, The Guardian, Tippu Tip, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United States, University College Dublin, Verney Lovett Cameron, Vers l'avenir, Vivi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Walthère Frère-Orban, Welsh Americans, Westport, Connecticut, William Grant Stairs, William Henry Sheppard, William Morrison (missionary), Yeke Kingdom, Zanzibar, Zappo Zap.