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215 relations: A. C. Cuza, Alexandru A. Philippide, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Allies of World War II, Anarchism, Anomie, Anti-fascism, Anti-intellectualism, Antisemitism, Aryan race, Atheism, Austria-Hungary, Authoritarianism, Axis powers, Balkans, Being, Belles-lettres, Bellu Cemetery, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Bourgeoisie, Boyar, Bucharest, Butoiești, Capitalism, Carl Stumpf, Carol I National College, Carol I of Romania, Carol II of Romania, Catechism, Centre-left politics, Centrism, Chemistry, Christianity and other religions, Conservatism, Constantin Costa-Foru, Constantin Ion Parhon, Constantin Mille, Constantin Schifirneț, Constantin Titel Petrescu, Convorbiri Literare, Cosmopolitanism, Craiova, Cuvântul, Dem I. Dobrescu, Democracy, Dimitrie Gusti, Doctorate, Epistemology, Estate (land), Ethnic group, ..., Eufrosin Poteca, Eugenics, Evolution, Exclusivism, Externalization, Ștefan Zeletin, Far East, Far-right politics, Fascism, First five-year plan, Folklore of Romania, France, Friedrich Nietzsche, Garabet Ibrăileanu, Gândirea, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, George Coșbuc, German Empire, Gheorghe Adamescu, Gheorghe Țițeica, Grigore Iunian, Grigore Tocilescu, Gustav Weigand, Henri Bergson, Henri H. Stahl, Henric Sanielevici, Heredity, Hierarchy, Hindu philosophy, Historical race concepts, Holism, Horia Sima, Human rights, Idealism, Immanuel Kant, Imperialism, Indian nationalism, Individualism, Initiative (enterprise), Intellectual, Introduction to Metaphysics (Bergson), Introspection, Ion A. Rădulescu-Pogoneanu, Ion Antonescu, Ion I. C. Brătianu, Ion Luca Caragiale, Ion Mihalache, Iorgu Iordan, Iron Guard, Junimea, Kantianism, King of the Romanians, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of Romania, Latin honors, Lazăr Șăineanu, Leipzig, Leipzig University, Liberalism, Liberalism and radicalism in Romania, List of members of the Romanian Academy, List of purged members of the Romanian Academy, Literary society, Logic, Lucian Blaga, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Malaria, Marshall Plan, Mehedinți County, Metaphor, Metaphysics, Mihai Eminescu, Mihai Ralea, Mihail Ghelmegeanu, Mircea Eliade, Mircea Vulcănescu, Miron Constantinescu, Modernism, Modernization theory, Motru, Munich, Mysticism, Nae Ionescu, National Legionary State, National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875), National Peasants' Party, National Renaissance Front, National Theatre Bucharest, Nationalism, Nationality, Nazi Germany, Nichifor Crainic, Nicolae Bănescu, Nicolae Iorga, Nicolae L. Lupu, Nuremberg trials, One-party state, Ontology, Ovid Densusianu, Parliamentary system, Person, Personalism, Personality psychology, Petre Andrei, Petre P. Negulescu, Phanariotes, Philosophy of history, Physiology, Poporanism, Popular science, Psyche (psychology), Psychiatry, Racism, Radu D. Rosetti, Regulamentul Organic, Right Hegelians, Right-wing politics, Romania, Romania in the Middle Ages, Romania in World War II, Romanian Academy, Romanian language, Romanian Old Kingdom, Romanian Orthodox Church, Romanian People's Tribunals, Romanians, Satyagraha, Scholarship, Secularism, Simion Mehedinți, Social class, Socialism, Socialist Republic of Romania, Sociology, Soviet occupation of Romania, Soviet Union, Spirituality, Spiru Haret, Stalinism, Subjectivism, Switzerland, Theology, Titu Maiorescu, Totalitarianism, Traian Bratu, Tudor Vianu, Uniform, Universal suffrage, University of Bucharest, University of Paris, University of Vienna, V. A. Urechia, Völkerpsychologie, Victor Eftimiu, Virgil Madgearu, Vocation, War crime, Western world, Westernization, Wilhelm Wundt, Working class, World War II, Young Hegelians, Zigu Ornea, 1923 Constitution of Romania. Expand index (165 more) »
A. C. Cuza
Alexandru C. Cuza (November 8, 1857 – 1947), also known as A. C. Cuza, was a Romanian far-right politician and theorist.
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Alexandru A. Philippide
Alexandru A. Philippide (April 1, 1900 – February 8, 1979) was a Romanian poet.
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Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
The Alexandru Ioan Cuza University (Romanian: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”; acronym: UAIC) is a public university located in Iași, Romania.
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Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).
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Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions.
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Anomie
Anomie is a "condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals".
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Anti-fascism
Anti-fascism is opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals.
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Anti-intellectualism
Anti-intellectualism is hostility to and mistrust of intellect, intellectuals, and intellectualism commonly expressed as deprecation of education and philosophy, and the dismissal of art, literature, and science as impractical and even contemptible human pursuits.
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Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
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Aryan race
The Aryan race was a racial grouping used in the period of the late 19th century and mid-20th century to describe people of European and Western Asian heritage.
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Atheism
Atheism is, in the broadest sense, the absence of belief in the existence of deities.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.
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Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.
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Axis powers
The Axis powers (Achsenmächte; Potenze dell'Asse; 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Axis and the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allied forces.
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Balkans
The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.
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Being
Being is the general concept encompassing objective and subjective features of reality and existence.
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Belles-lettres
Belles-lettres or belles lettres is a category of writing, originally meaning beautiful or fine writing.
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Bellu Cemetery
Șerban Vodă cemetery (commonly known as Bellu cemetery) is the largest and most famous cemetery in Bucharest, Romania.
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Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (26 February 1838 &ndash) was a Romanian writer and philologist, who pioneered many branches of Romanian philology and history.
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Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.
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Boyar
A boyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Kievan, Moscovian, Wallachian and Moldavian and later, Romanian aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes (in Bulgaria, tsars), from the 10th century to the 17th century.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre.
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Butoiești
Butoiești is a commune located in Mehedinți County, Romania.
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Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
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Carl Stumpf
Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher and psychologist.
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Carol I National College
The Carol I National College (Colegiul Național Carol I din Craiova) is a high school located in central Craiova, Romania, on Ioan Maiorescu Street.
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Carol I of Romania
Carol I (20 April 1839 – 27 September (O.S.) / 10 October (N.S.) 1914), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was the monarch of Romania from 1866 to 1914.
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Carol II of Romania
Carol II (15 October 18934 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until his enforced abdication on 6 September 1940.
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Catechism
A catechism (from κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts.
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Centre-left politics
Centre-left politics or center-left politics (American English), also referred to as moderate-left politics, is an adherence to views leaning to the left-wing, but closer to the centre on the left–right political spectrum than other left-wing variants.
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Centrism
In politics, centrism—the centre (British English/Canadian English/Australian English) or the center (American English/Philippine English)—is a political outlook or specific position that involves acceptance or support of a balance of a degree of social equality and a degree of social hierarchy, while opposing political changes which would result in a significant shift of society either strongly to the left or the right.
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Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.
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Christianity and other religions
Christianity and other religions documents Christianity's relationship with other world religions, and the differences and similarities.
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Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
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Constantin Costa-Foru
Constantin Gheorghe Costa-Foru (October 26, 1856 - August 15, 1935) was a Romanian journalist, lawyer and human rights activist.
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Constantin Ion Parhon
Constantin Ion Parhon (15 October 1874 – 9 August 1969) was a Romanian neuropsychiatrist, endocrinologist and politician.
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Constantin Mille
Constantin Mille (December 21, 1861 – February 20, 1927) was a Romanian journalist, novelist, poet, lawyer, and socialist militant, as well as a prominent human rights activist.
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Constantin Schifirneț
Constantin Schifirneţ (born August 29, 1945 in Bahna, Neamţ County, son of Maria Schifirneţ, born Movileanu, and of Neculai Schifirneţ) is a Romanian sociologist and historian of philosophy.
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Constantin Titel Petrescu
Constantin Titel Petrescu (February 5, 1888 – September 2, 1957) was a Romanian politician and lawyer.
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Convorbiri Literare
Convorbiri Literare (meaning Literary Talk in English) is a Romanian literary magazine published in Romania.
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Cosmopolitanism
Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality.
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Craiova
No description.
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Cuvântul
Cuvântul (meaning "The Word") was a daily newspaper, published by philosopher Nae Ionescu in Bucharest, Romania, from 1926 to 1934, and again in 1938.
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Dem I. Dobrescu
Dem I. Dobrescu (usual rendition of Demetru Ion Dobrescu; 1869—1948) was a Romanian left-wing politician who served as Mayor of Bucharest between February 1929 and January 1934.
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Democracy
Democracy (δημοκρατία dēmokraa thetía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.
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Dimitrie Gusti
Dimitrie Gusti (13 February 1880 – 30 October 1955) was a Romanian sociologist, ethnologist, historian, and voluntarist philosopher; a professor at the University of Iaşi and the University of Bucharest, he served as Romania's Minister of Education in 1932-1933.
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Doctorate
A doctorate (from Latin docere, "to teach") or doctor's degree (from Latin doctor, "teacher") or doctoral degree (from the ancient formalism licentia docendi) is an academic degree awarded by universities that is, in most countries, a research degree that qualifies the holder to teach at the university level in the degree's field, or to work in a specific profession.
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Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.
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Estate (land)
Historically, an estate comprises the houses, outbuildings, supporting farmland, and woods that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property, such as a country house or mansion.
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Ethnic group
An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation.
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Eufrosin Poteca
Eufrosin Poteca (born Radu Poteca; 1786 – 10 December 1858) was a Romanian philosopher, theologian, and translator, professor at the Saint Sava Academy of Bucharest.
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Eugenics
Eugenics (from Greek εὐγενής eugenes 'well-born' from εὖ eu, 'good, well' and γένος genos, 'race, stock, kin') is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Exclusivism
Exclusivism is the practice of being exclusive; mentality characterized by the disregard for opinions and ideas other than one's own, or the practice of organizing entities into groups by excluding those entities which possess certain traits.
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Externalization
In Freudian psychology, externalization (or externalisation) is an unconscious defense mechanism by which an individual "projects" his or her own internal characteristics onto the outside world, particularly onto other people.
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Ștefan Zeletin
Ștefan Zeletin (born Ștefan Motăș; June 19, 1882 – July 20, 1934) was a Romanian philosopher, sociologist, liberal economist and political theorist.
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Far East
The Far East is a geographical term in English that usually refers to East Asia (including Northeast Asia), the Russian Far East (part of North Asia), and Southeast Asia.
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Far-right politics
Far-right politics are politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of more extreme nationalist, and nativist ideologies, as well as authoritarian tendencies.
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Fascism
Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
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First five-year plan
The first five-year plan (I пятилетний план, первая пятилетка) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, created by General Secretary Joseph Stalin and based on his policy of Socialism in One Country.
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Folklore of Romania
A feature of Romanian culture is the special relationship between folklore and the learned culture, determined by two factors.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist and a Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.
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Garabet Ibrăileanu
Garabet Ibrăileanu (May 23, 1871 – March 11, 1936) was a Romanian-Armenian literary critic and theorist, writer, translator, sociologist, Iaşi University professor (1908-1934), and, together with Paul Bujor and Constantin Stere, for long main editor of the Viața Românească literary magazine between 1906 and 1930.
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Gândirea
Gândirea ("The Thinking"), known during its early years as Gândirea Literară - Artistică - Socială ("The Literary - Artistic - Social Thinking"), was a Romanian literary, political and art magazine.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and the most important figure of German idealism.
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George Coșbuc
George Coșbuc (20 September 1866 – 9 May 1918) was a Romanian poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best remembered for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life, its many travails but also its occasions for joy.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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Gheorghe Adamescu
Gheorghe Adamescu (July 23, 1869–March 4, 1942) was a Romanian literary historian and bibliographer.
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Gheorghe Țițeica
Gheorghe Țițeica (4 October 1873 in Turnu Severin – 5 February 1939) publishing as George or Georges Tzitzeica) was a Romanian mathematician with important contributions in geometry. He is recognized as the founder of the Romanian school of differential geometry. He showed an early interest in science, as well as music and literature. Țițeica was an accomplished violinist, having studied music since childhood: music was to remain his hobby. While studying at the Carol I High School in Craiova, he contributed to the school's magazine, writing the columns on mathematics and studies of literary critique. After graduation, he obtained a scholarship at the preparatory school in Bucharest, where he also was admitted as a student of the mathematics department of the Faculty of Sciences. In June 1895, he graduated with a Bachelor of Mathematics. In the summer of 1896, after a stint as a substitute teacher at the Bucharest theological seminary, Țițeica passed his exams for promotion to a secondary school position, becoming teacher in Galaţi. In 1897, on the advice of teachers and friends, Țițeica completed his studies at a preparatory school in Paris. Among his mates were Henri Lebesgue and Paul Montel. On 30 June 1899 he defended his doctoral thesis titled Sur les congruences cycliques et sur les systemes triplement conjugues, on the framework of oblique curvature, before a board of examiners led by Gaston Darboux. Upon his return to Romania, Țițeica was appointed assistant professor at the University of Bucharest. He was promoted to full professor on 4 May 1900, retaining this position until his death in 1939. He also taught mathematics at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest. In 1913, at age 40, Țițeica was elected as a permanent member of the Romanian Academy, replacing Spiru Haret. Later he was appointed in leading roles: in 1922, vice-president of the scientific section, in 1928, vice-president and in 1929 secretary general. Țițeica was also president of the Mathematical Association of Romania, of the Romanian Association of Science and of the Association of the development and the spreading of science. He was a vice-president of the Polytechnics Association of Romania and member of the High Council of Public Teaching. Țițeica was elected correspondent of the Association of Sciences of Liège and doctor honoris causa of the University of Warsaw. He was the president of the geometry section at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Toronto (1924), Zürich (1932), and Oslo (1936). In 1926, 1930 and 1937 he gave a series of lectures as titular professor at the Faculty of Sciences in Sorbonne. He also gave many lectures at the University of Brussels (1926) and the University of Rome (1927). Țițeica wrote about 400 articles, of which 96 are scientific projects, most addressing problems of differential geometry. Carrying on the researches of the American geometer of German origin Ernest Wilczynski, Țițeica discovered a new category of surfaces and a new category of curves which now carry his name; his contributions represent the beginning of a new chapter in mathematics, namely the affine differential geometry. He also studied R-networks in n-dimensional space, defined through Laplace equations. Țițeica had three children, the youngest of whom was the physicist Șerban Țițeica.
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Grigore Iunian
Grigore Iunian (September 30, 1882 – 1939) was a Romanian left-wing politician and lawyer.
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Grigore Tocilescu
Grigore George Tocilescu (26 October 1850 – 18 September 1909) was a Romanian historian, archaeologist, epigrapher and folkorist, member of Romanian Academy.
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Gustav Weigand
Gustav Weigand (1 February 1860 – 8 July 1930), was a German linguist and specialist in Balkan languages, especially Romanian and Aromanian.
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Henri Bergson
Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French-Jewish philosopher who was influential in the tradition of continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until World War II.
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Henri H. Stahl
Henri H. Stahl (also known as Henry H. Stahl or H. H. Stahl; 1901 – 9 September 1991) was a Romanian Marxist cultural anthropologist, ethnographer, sociologist, and social historian.
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Henric Sanielevici
Henric Sanielevici (first name also Henri, Henry or Enric, last name also Sanielevich; September 21, 1875 – February 19, 1951) was a Romanian journalist and literary critic, also remembered for his work in anthropology, ethnography, sociology and zoology.
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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Hierarchy
A hierarchy (from the Greek hierarchia, "rule of a high priest", from hierarkhes, "leader of sacred rites") is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally.
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Hindu philosophy
Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India.
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Historical race concepts
The concept of race as a rough division of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) has a long and complicated history.
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Holism
Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic) and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts.
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Horia Sima
Horia Sima (July 3, 1907 – May 25, 1993) was a Romanian nationalist-fascist politician.
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Human rights
Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.
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Idealism
In philosophy, idealism is the group of metaphysical philosophies that assert that reality, or reality as humans can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
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Imperialism
Imperialism is a policy that involves a nation extending its power by the acquisition of lands by purchase, diplomacy or military force.
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Indian nationalism
Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Raj.
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Individualism
Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.
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Initiative (enterprise)
An initiative represents an enterprise's readiness to embark on a new venture.
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Intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about society and proposes solutions for its normative problems.
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Introduction to Metaphysics (Bergson)
"Introduction to Metaphysics" (French: "Introduction à la Métaphysique") is a 1903 essay about the concept of reality by Henri Bergson.
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Introspection
Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.
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Ion A. Rădulescu-Pogoneanu
Ion A. Rădulescu-Pogoneanu (born Ion A. Rădulescu; 1870–1945) was a Romanian pedagogue.
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Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu (– June 1, 1946) was a Romanian soldier and authoritarian politician who, as the Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II, presided over two successive wartime dictatorships.
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Ion I. C. Brătianu
Ion I. C. Brătianu (also known as Ionel Brătianu; 20 August 1864 – 24 November 1927) was a Romanian politician, leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL), Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, and Foreign Minister on several occasions; he was the eldest son of statesman and PNL leader Ion Brătianu, the brother of Vintilă and Dinu Brătianu, and the father of Gheorghe I. Brătianu.
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Ion Luca Caragiale
Ion Luca Caragiale (commonly referred to as I. L. Caragiale; According to his birth certificate, published and discussed by Constantin Popescu-Cadem in Manuscriptum, Vol. VIII, Nr. 2, 1977, p.179-184 – 9 June 1912) was a Wallachian, later Romanian playwright, short story writer, poet, theater manager, political commentator and journalist.
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Ion Mihalache
Ion Mihalache (March 3, 1882 – February 5, 1963) was a Romanian agrarian politician, the founder and leader of the Peasants' Party (PȚ) and a main figure of its successor, the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ).
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Iorgu Iordan
Iorgu Iordan (also known as Jorgu Jordan or Iorgu Jordan; –September 20, 1986) was a Romanian linguist, philologist, diplomat, journalist, and left-wing agrarian, later communist, politician.
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Iron Guard
The Iron Guard (Garda de fier) is the name most commonly given to a far-right movement and political party in Romania in the period from 1927 into the early part of World War II.
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Junimea
Junimea was a Romanian literary society founded in Iaşi in 1863, through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti and Iacob Negruzzi.
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Kantianism
Kantianism is the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia).
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King of the Romanians
The King of the Romanians (Romanian: Regele Românilor) or King of Romania (Romanian: Regele României), was the title of the monarch of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947, when Romania was proclaimed the Romanian People's Republic following Michael I's forced abdication.
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Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946—when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.
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Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania (Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe which existed from 1881, when prince Carol I of Romania was proclaimed King, until 1947, when King Michael I of Romania abdicated and the Parliament proclaimed Romania a republic.
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Latin honors
Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned.
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Lazăr Șăineanu
Lazăr Șăineanu (also spelled Șeineanu, born Eliezer Schein;Leopold, p.383, 417 Francisized Lazare Sainéan,, Alexandru Mușina,, in România Literară, Nr. 19/2003 or Sainéanu; April 23, 1859 – May 11, 1934) was a Romanian-born philologist, linguist, folklorist and cultural historian.
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Leipzig
Leipzig is the most populous city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany.
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Leipzig University
Leipzig University (Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany.
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
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Liberalism and radicalism in Romania
This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Romania.
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List of members of the Romanian Academy
This is a list of members of the Romanian Academy.
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List of purged members of the Romanian Academy
In 1948, the new Romanian Communist regime undertook a political purge of the members of the Romanian Academy.
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Literary society
A literary society is a group of people interested in literature.
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Logic
Logic (from the logikḗ), originally meaning "the word" or "what is spoken", but coming to mean "thought" or "reason", is a subject concerned with the most general laws of truth, and is now generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of valid inference.
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Lucian Blaga
Lucian Blaga (9 May 1895 – 6 May 1961) was a Romanian philosopher, poet, playwright and novelist.
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Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (also referred to as LMU or the University of Munich, in German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) is a public research university located in Munich, Germany.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion (nearly $ billion in US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.
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Mehedinți County
Mehedinți is a county (județ) of Romania on the border with Serbia and Bulgaria.
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Metaphor
A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another for rhetorical effect.
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Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.
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Mihai Eminescu
Mihai Eminescu (born Mihail Eminovici; 15 January 1850 – 15 June 1889) was a Romantic poet, novelist and journalist, generally regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet.
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Mihai Ralea
Mihai Dumitru Ralea (also known as Mihail Ralea, Michel Raléa, or Mihai Rale;Straje, p. 586 May 1, 1896 – August 17, 1964) was a Romanian social scientist, cultural journalist, and political figure.
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Mihail Ghelmegeanu
Mihail Ghelmegeanu (June 25, 1896 – 1984) was a Romanian politician.
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Mircea Eliade
Mircea Eliade (– April 22, 1986) was a Romanian historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago.
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Mircea Vulcănescu
Mircea Aurel Vulcănescu (3 March 1904, Bucharest – 28 October 1952, Aiud) was a Romanian philosopher, economist, ethics teacher and sociologist.
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Miron Constantinescu
Miron Constantinescu (13 December 1917 – 18 July 1974) was a Romanian communist politician, a leading member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR, known as PMR for a period of his lifetime), as well as a Marxist sociologist, historian, academic, and journalist. Initially close to Communist Romania's leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, he became increasingly critical of the latter's Stalinist policies during the 1950s, and was sidelined together with Iosif Chișinevschi. Reinstated under Nicolae Ceaușescu, he became a member of the Romanian Academy.
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Modernism
Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Modernization theory
Modernization theory is used to explain the process of modernization within societies.
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Motru
Motru is a city in Romania, Gorj County.
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Munich
Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.
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Mysticism
Mysticism is the practice of religious ecstasies (religious experiences during alternate states of consciousness), together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rites, myths, legends, and magic may be related to them.
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Nae Ionescu
Nae Ionescu (born Nicolae C. Ionescu; – 15 March 1940) was a Romanian philosopher, logician, mathematician, professor, and journalist.
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National Legionary State
The National Legionary State (Statul Național Legionar) was the Romanian government from September 6, 1940 to January 23, 1941.
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National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)
The National Liberal Party (Partidul Național Liberal, PNL) was the first organised political party in Romania, a major force in the country's politics from its foundation in 1875 to World War II.
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National Peasants' Party
The National Peasants' Party (Partidul Național Țărănesc or PNȚ) was a Romanian political party, formed in 1926 through the fusion of the Romanian National Party (Partidul Național Român) from Transylvania and the Peasants' Party (Partidul Țărănesc) from the prewar kingdom.
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National Renaissance Front
The National Renaissance Front (Frontul Renașterii Naționale, FRN; also translated as Front of National Regeneration, Front of National Rebirth, Front of National Resurrection, or Front of National Renaissance) was a Romanian political party created by King Carol II in 1938 as the single monopoly party of government following his decision to ban all other political parties and suspend the 1923 Constitution, and the passing of the 1938 Constitution of Romania.
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National Theatre Bucharest
The National Theatre Bucharest (Teatrul Naţional "Ion Luca Caragiale" Bucureşti) is one of the national theatres of Romania, located in the capital city of Bucharest.
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Nationalism
Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.
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Nationality
Nationality is a legal relationship between an individual person and a state.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Nichifor Crainic
Nichifor Crainic (pseudonym of Ion Dobre; 22 December 1889, Bulbucata, Giurgiu County – 20 August 1972, Mogoșoaia) was a Romanian writer, editor, philosopher, poet and theologian famed for his traditionalist activities.
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Nicolae Bănescu
Nicolae Bănescu (December 16, 1878 in Călărași – September 11, 1971 in Bucharest) was a Romanian historian, elected a titular member of the Romanian Academy in 1936.
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Nicolae Iorga
Nicolae Iorga (sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. January 17, 1871 – November 27, 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, poet and playwright.
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Nicolae L. Lupu
Nicolae L. Lupu (November 4, 1876 – 1947) was a Romanian left-wing politician and social physician.
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Nuremberg trials
The Nuremberg trials (Die Nürnberger Prozesse) were a series of military tribunals held by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war after World War II.
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One-party state
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of state in which one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution.
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Ontology
Ontology (introduced in 1606) is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
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Ovid Densusianu
Ovid Densusianu (also known under his pen name Ervin; 29 December 1873, Făgăraș – 9 June 1938, Bucharest) was a Romanian poet, philologist, linguist, folklorist, literary historian and critic, şef de şcoală poetică, university professor and journalist.
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Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.
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Person
A person is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility.
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Personalism
Personalism is a philosophical school of thought searching to describe the uniqueness of 1) God as Supreme Person or 2) a human person in the world of nature, specifically in relation to animals. One of the main points of interest of personalism is human subjectivity or self-consciousness, experienced in a person's own acts and inner happenings—in "everything in the human being that is internal, whereby each human being is an eyewitness of its own self". Other principles.
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Personality psychology
Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation among individuals.
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Petre Andrei
Petre Andrei (June 29, 1891–October 4, 1940) was a Romanian sociologist, philosopher and politician.
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Petre P. Negulescu
Petre Paul Negulescu (October 18, 1870 – September 28, 1951) was a Romanian philosopher and conservative politician, known as a disciple and continuator of Titu Maiorescu.
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Phanariotes
Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Φαναριώτες, Fanarioți, Fenerliler) were members of prominent Greek families in PhanarEncyclopædia Britannica,Phanariote, 2008, O.Ed.
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Philosophy of history
Philosophy of history is the philosophical study of history and the past.
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Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.
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Poporanism
Poporanism is a Romanian version of nationalism and populism.
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Popular science
Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience.
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Psyche (psychology)
In psychology, the psyche is the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious.
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Psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders.
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Racism
Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.
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Radu D. Rosetti
Radu D. Rosetti or Rossetti (December 13Constantin Ciopraga, Literatura română între 1900 și 1918, pp. 296–297. Iași: Editura Junimea, 1970 or December 18,Călinescu, p. 593 1874 – 1964) was a Romanian poet, playwright, and short story writer, also distinguished as an attorney and activist.
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Regulamentul Organic
Regulamentul Organic (Organic Regulation; Règlement Organique; r)The name also has plural versions in all languages concerned, referring to the dual nature of the document; however, the singular version is usually preferred.
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Right Hegelians
The Right Hegelians (Rechtshegelianer), Old Hegelians (Althegelianer), or the Hegelian Right (die Hegelsche Rechte), were those followers of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in the early 19th century who took his philosophy in a politically and religiously conservative direction.
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Right-wing politics
Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Romania in the Middle Ages
The Middle Ages in Romania began with the withdrawal of the Mongols, the last of the migrating populations to invade the territory of modern Romania, after their attack of 1241–1242.
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Romania in World War II
Following the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, the Kingdom of Romania under King Carol II officially adopted a position of neutrality.
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Romanian Academy
The Romanian Academy (Academia Română) is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866.
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Romanian language
Romanian (obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; autonym: limba română, "the Romanian language", or românește, lit. "in Romanian") is an East Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language.
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Romanian Old Kingdom
The Romanian Old Kingdom (Vechiul Regat or just Regat; Regat or Altreich) is a colloquial term referring to the territory covered by the first independent Romanian nation state, which was composed of the Romanian Principalities—Wallachia and Moldavia.
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Romanian Orthodox Church
The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română) is an autocephalous Orthodox Church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches and ranked seventh in order of precedence.
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Romanian People's Tribunals
The two Romanian People's Tribunals (Tribunalele Poporului), the Bucharest People's Tribunal and the Northern Transylvania People's Tribunal (which sat in Cluj) were set up by the post-World War II government of Romania, overseen by the Allied Control Commission to try suspected war criminals, in line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement with Romania which said: "The Romanian Government and High Command undertake to collaborate with the Allied (Soviet) High Command in the apprehension and trial of persons accused of war crimes".
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Romanians
The Romanians (români or—historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism—rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation native to Romania, that share a common Romanian culture, ancestry, and speak the Romanian language, the most widespread spoken Eastern Romance language which is descended from the Latin language. According to the 2011 Romanian census, just under 89% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians. In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, the Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well.Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook By David Levinson, Published 1998 – Greenwood Publishing Group.At the time of the 1989 census, Moldova's total population was 4,335,400. The largest nationality in the republic, ethnic Romanians, numbered 2,795,000 persons, accounting for 64.5 percent of the population. Source:: "however it is one interpretation of census data results. The subject of Moldovan vs Romanian ethnicity touches upon the sensitive topic of", page 108 sqq. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central, respectively Eastern Europe, particularly in Hungary, Czech Republic, Ukraine (including Moldovans), Serbia, and Bulgaria. Today, estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from 26 to 30 million according to various sources, evidently depending on the definition of the term 'Romanian', Romanians native to Romania and Republic of Moldova and their afferent diasporas, native speakers of Romanian, as well as other Eastern Romance-speaking groups considered by most scholars as a constituent part of the broader Romanian people, specifically Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians, and Vlachs in Serbia (including medieval Vlachs), in Croatia, in Bulgaria, or in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Satyagraha
Satyagraha सत्याग्रह; satya: "truth", graha: "insistence" or "holding firmly to") or holding onto truth or truth force – is a particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948). He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles in South Africa for Indian rights. Satyagraha theory influenced Martin Luther King Jr.'s and James Bevel's campaigns during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, and many other social justice and similar movements. Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.
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Scholarship
A scholarship is an award of financial aid for a student to further their education.
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Secularism
Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the attainment of such is termed secularity).
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Simion Mehedinți
Simion Mehedinți (October 19, 1868 – December 14, 1962 in Soveja) was a Romanian geographer and member of the Romanian Academy.
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Social class
A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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Socialist Republic of Romania
The Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România, RSR) refers to Romania under Marxist-Leninist one-party Communist rule that existed officially from 1947 to 1989.
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Soviet occupation of Romania
The Soviet occupation of Romania refers to the period from 1944 to August 1958, during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Spirituality
Traditionally, spirituality refers to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man," oriented at "the image of God" as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world.
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Spiru Haret
Spiru C. Haret (15 February 1851 – 17 December 1912) was a Romanian-Armenian mathematician, astronomer and politician.
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Stalinism
Stalinism is the means of governing and related policies implemented from the 1920s to 1953 by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953).
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Subjectivism
Subjectivism is the doctrine that "our own mental activity is the only unquestionable fact of our experience.", instead of shared or communal, and that there is no external or objective truth.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Theology
Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.
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Titu Maiorescu
Titu Liviu Maiorescu (15 February 1840 – 18 June 1917) was a Romanian literary critic and politician, founder of the Junimea Society.
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Totalitarianism
Benito Mussolini Totalitarianism is a political concept where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to control every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.
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Traian Bratu
Traian Bratu (October 25, 1875–July 21, 1940) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian scholar of German language and literature.
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Tudor Vianu
Tudor Vianu (January 8, 1898 – May 21, 1964) was a Romanian literary critic, art critic, poet, philosopher, academic, and translator.
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Uniform
A uniform is a type of clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity.
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Universal suffrage
The concept of universal suffrage, also known as general suffrage or common suffrage, consists of the right to vote of all adult citizens, regardless of property ownership, income, race, or ethnicity, subject only to minor exceptions.
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University of Bucharest
The University of Bucharest (Universitatea din București), commonly known after its abbreviation UB in Romania, is a public university founded in 1864 by decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Saint Sava Academy into the current University of Bucharest, making it the second oldest modern university in Romania.
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University of Paris
The University of Paris (Université de Paris), metonymically known as the Sorbonne (one of its buildings), was a university in Paris, France, from around 1150 to 1793, and from 1806 to 1970.
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University of Vienna
The University of Vienna (Universität Wien) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria.
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V. A. Urechia
V.
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Völkerpsychologie
Völkerpsychologie a method of psychology that was discovered in the nineteenth century by the famous psychologist, Wilhelm Wundt.
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Victor Eftimiu
Victor Eftimiu (24 January 1889 – 27 November 1972) was a Romanian poet and playwright.
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Virgil Madgearu
Virgil Traian N. Madgearu (December 14, 1887 – November 27, 1940) was a Romanian economist, sociologist, and left-wing politician, prominent member and main theorist of the Peasants' Party and of its successor, the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ).
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Vocation
A vocation is an occupation to which a person is specially drawn or for which they are suited, trained, or qualified.
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War crime
A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility.
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Western world
The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.
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Westernization
Westernization (US) or Westernisation (UK), also Europeanization/Europeanisation or occidentalization/occidentalisation (from the Occident, meaning the Western world; see "occident" in the dictionary), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values.
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Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology.
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Working class
The working class (also labouring class) are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and industrial work.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Young Hegelians
The Young Hegelians (Junghegelianer), or Left Hegelians (Linkshegelianer), or the Hegelian Left (die Hegelsche Linke), were a group of German intellectuals who, in the decade or so after the death of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in 1831, reacted to and wrote about his ambiguous legacy.
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Zigu Ornea
Zigu Ornea (born Zigu Orenstein Andrei Vasilescu,, in, Vol. II, Nr. 1, January–June 2008, p.85 or OrnsteinGeorge Ardeleanu,, in Observator Cultural, Nr. 363, March 2007 and commonly known as Z. Ornea; August 28, 1930 – November 14, 2001) was a Romanian cultural historian, literary critic, biographer and book publisher.
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1923 Constitution of Romania
The 1923 Constitution of Romania, also called the Constitution of Union, was intended to align the organisation of the state on the basis of universal male suffrage and the new realities that arose after the Great Union of 1918.
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Redirects here:
Constantin Radulescu-Motru, Constantin Rădulescu Motru.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Rădulescu-Motru
