Table of Contents
300 relations: Adaptive response, Adduct, Adenosine diphosphate ribose, Adenosine triphosphate, AGT II, Alkylation, Animal, AP endonuclease, AP site, Apoptosis, Aromaticity, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related, Ataxia–telangiectasia, ATM serine/threonine kinase, ATP hydrolysis, Aziz Sancar, B-cell receptor, Bacteria, Bacteriophage, Basal metabolic rate, Base excision repair, Base pair, Beta-secretase 1, Biomolecule, Bloom syndrome, BRCA1, BRCA2, Breast cancer, C-Jun N-terminal kinases, Caenorhabditis elegans, Calorie restriction, Cancer, Cancer epigenetics, Carbohydrate, Carcinogenesis, Catalysis, Cell (biology), Cell cycle, Cell cycle checkpoint, Cell division, Cell nucleus, Cell signaling, Cellular senescence, CHD1L, CHD4, CHEK1, Chemotherapy, Chromatid, Chromatin, Chromatin remodeling, ... Expand index (250 more) »
Adaptive response
The adaptive response is a DNA damage response pathway prevalent across bacteria that protects DNA from damage by external agents or by errors during replication.
See DNA repair and Adaptive response
Adduct
In chemistry, an adduct (alternatively, a contraction of "addition product") is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components.
Adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) is an ester molecule formed into chains by the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase.
See DNA repair and Adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
See DNA repair and Adenosine triphosphate
AGT II
O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase II (O6 AGT II) previously known as O6 Guanine transferase (ogt) is a bacterial protein that is involved in DNA repair together with Ada (also known as O6 AGT I).
Alkylation
Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group.
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia.
AP endonuclease
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease is an enzyme that is involved in the DNA base excision repair pathway (BER).
See DNA repair and AP endonuclease
AP site
In biochemistry and molecular genetics, an AP site (apurinic/apyrimidinic site), also known as an abasic site, is a location in DNA (also in RNA but much less likely) that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base, either spontaneously or due to DNA damage. DNA repair and aP site are molecular genetics.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from falling off) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast.
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.
See DNA repair and Aromaticity
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related
Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR, also known as ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) or FRAP-related protein 1 (FRP1), is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the ATR gene.
See DNA repair and Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related
Ataxia–telangiectasia
Ataxia–telangiectasia (AT or A–T), also referred to as ataxia–telangiectasia syndrome or Louis–Bar syndrome, is a rare, neurodegenerative disease causing severe disability.
See DNA repair and Ataxia–telangiectasia
ATM serine/threonine kinase
ATM serine/threonine kinase or Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, symbol ATM, is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks (canonical pathway), oxidative stress, topoisomerase cleavage complexes, splicing intermediates, R-loops and in some cases by single-strand DNA breaks.
See DNA repair and ATM serine/threonine kinase
ATP hydrolysis
ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released after splitting these bonds, for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy.
See DNA repair and ATP hydrolysis
Aziz Sancar
Aziz Sancar (born 8September 1946) is a Turkish molecular biologist specializing in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints, and circadian clock.
See DNA repair and Aziz Sancar
B-cell receptor
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is a transmembrane protein on the surface of a B cell.
See DNA repair and B-cell receptor
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.
See DNA repair and Bacteriophage
Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.
See DNA repair and Basal metabolic rate
Base excision repair
Base excision repair (BER) is a cellular mechanism, studied in the fields of biochemistry and genetics, that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle.
See DNA repair and Base excision repair
Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. DNA repair and base pair are molecular genetics.
Beta-secretase 1
Beta-secretase 1, also known as beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1, beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), membrane-associated aspartic protease 2, memapsin-2, aspartyl protease 2, and ASP2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BACE1 gene.
See DNA repair and Beta-secretase 1
Biomolecule
A biomolecule or biological molecule is loosely defined as a molecule produced by a living organism and essential to one or more typically biological processes.
See DNA repair and Biomolecule
Bloom syndrome
Bloom syndrome (often abbreviated as BS in literature) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by short stature, predisposition to the development of cancer, and genomic instability.
See DNA repair and Bloom syndrome
BRCA1
Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRCA1 gene.
BRCA2
BRCA2 and BRCA2 are human genes and their protein products, respectively.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue.
See DNA repair and Breast cancer
C-Jun N-terminal kinases
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), were originally identified as kinases that bind and phosphorylate c-Jun on Ser-63 and Ser-73 within its transcriptional activation domain.
See DNA repair and C-Jun N-terminal kinases
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments.
See DNA repair and Caenorhabditis elegans
Calorie restriction
Calorie restriction (also known as caloric restriction or energy restriction) is a dietary regimen that reduces the energy intake from foods and beverages without incurring malnutrition. DNA repair and calorie restriction are senescence.
See DNA repair and Calorie restriction
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer epigenetics
Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence, but instead involve a change in the way the genetic code is expressed.
See DNA repair and Cancer epigenetics
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
See DNA repair and Carbohydrate
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
See DNA repair and Carcinogenesis
Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See DNA repair and Cell (biology)
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequential series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells. DNA repair and cell cycle are cellular processes.
Cell cycle checkpoint
Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression.
See DNA repair and Cell cycle checkpoint
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. DNA repair and cell division are cellular processes.
See DNA repair and Cell division
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
See DNA repair and Cell nucleus
Cell signaling
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment.
See DNA repair and Cell signaling
Cellular senescence
Cellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. DNA repair and Cellular senescence are cellular processes and senescence.
See DNA repair and Cellular senescence
CHD1L
Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 1-like (ALC1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHD1L gene.
CHD4
Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHD4 gene.
CHEK1
Checkpoint kinase 1, commonly referred to as Chk1, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that, in humans, is encoded by the CHEK1 gene.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated chemo, sometimes CTX and CTx) is the type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) in a standard regimen.
See DNA repair and Chemotherapy
Chromatid
A chromatid (Greek khrōmat- 'color' + -id) is one half of a duplicated chromosome. DNA repair and chromatid are molecular genetics.
Chromatin
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. DNA repair and Chromatin are molecular genetics.
Chromatin remodeling
Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression.
See DNA repair and Chromatin remodeling
Chromosomal crossover
Chromosomal crossover, or crossing over, is the exchange of genetic material during sexual reproduction between two homologous chromosomes' non-sister chromatids that results in recombinant chromosomes. DNA repair and Chromosomal crossover are cellular processes and molecular genetics.
See DNA repair and Chromosomal crossover
Chromosomal rearrangement
In genetics, a chromosomal rearrangement is a mutation that is a type of chromosome abnormality involving a change in the structure of the native chromosome.
See DNA repair and Chromosomal rearrangement
Chromosome
A chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
Cockayne syndrome
Cockayne syndrome (CS), also called Neill-Dingwall syndrome, is a rare and fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by growth failure, impaired development of the nervous system, abnormal sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity), eye disorders and premature aging.
See DNA repair and Cockayne syndrome
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).
See DNA repair and Colorectal cancer
Conserved sequence
In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). DNA repair and conserved sequence are molecular genetics.
See DNA repair and Conserved sequence
Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light.
CpG site
The CpG sites or CG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction. DNA repair and CpG site are molecular genetics.
CRISPR
CRISPR (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea.
Crosslinking of DNA
In genetics, crosslinking of DNA occurs when various exogenous or endogenous agents react with two nucleotides of DNA, forming a covalent linkage between them.
See DNA repair and Crosslinking of DNA
CUL4A
Cullin-4A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CUL4A gene.
Cyclic compound
A cyclic compound (or ring compound) is a term for a compound in the field of chemistry in which one or more series of atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring.
See DNA repair and Cyclic compound
Cyclin
Cyclins are proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK).
Cyclin-dependent kinase
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a predominant group of serine/threonine protein kinases involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and its progression, ensuring the integrity and functionality of cellular machinery.
See DNA repair and Cyclin-dependent kinase
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein (also known as CKIs, CDIs, or CDKIs) is a protein that inhibits the enzyme cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and Cyclin activity by stopping the cell cycle if there are unfavorable conditions, therefore, acting as tumor suppressors.
See DNA repair and Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Cytosine
Cytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
D-loop
In molecular biology, a displacement loop or D-loop is a DNA structure where the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule are separated for a stretch and held apart by a third strand of DNA.
DDB1
DNA damage-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DDB1 gene.
DDB2
DNA damage-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DDB2 gene.
Deamination
Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule.
See DNA repair and Deamination
Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus radiodurans is a bacterium, an extremophile and one of the most radiation-resistant organisms known.
See DNA repair and Deinococcus radiodurans
Depurination
Depurination is a chemical reaction of purine deoxyribonucleosides, deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, and ribonucleosides, adenosine or guanosine, in which the β-N-glycosidic bond is hydrolytically cleaved releasing a nucleic base, adenine or guanine, respectively. DNA repair and Depurination are molecular genetics and mutation.
See DNA repair and Depurination
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. DNA repair and Directionality (molecular biology) are molecular genetics.
See DNA repair and Directionality (molecular biology)
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
DNA adduct
In molecular genetics, a DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical.
DNA damage (naturally occurring)
DNA damage is an alteration in the chemical structure of DNA, such as a break in a strand of DNA, a nucleobase missing from the backbone of DNA, or a chemically changed base such as 8-OHdG. DNA repair and DNA damage (naturally occurring) are cellular processes, molecular genetics, mutation and senescence.
See DNA repair and DNA damage (naturally occurring)
DNA damage theory of aging
The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damage. DNA repair and DNA damage theory of aging are senescence.
See DNA repair and DNA damage theory of aging
DNA end resection
DNA end resection, also called 5′–3′ degradation, is a biochemical process where the blunt end of a section of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is modified by cutting away some nucleotides from the 5' end to produce a 3' single-stranded sequence.
See DNA repair and DNA end resection
DNA glycosylase
DNA glycosylases are a family of enzymes involved in base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3.2.2.
See DNA repair and DNA glycosylase
DNA ligase
DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
DNA ligase 3
DNA ligase 3 also DNA ligase III, is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the LIG3 gene.
See DNA repair and DNA ligase 3
DNA ligase 4
DNA ligase 4 also DNA ligase IV, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LIG4 gene.
See DNA repair and DNA ligase 4
DNA methylation
DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.
See DNA repair and DNA methylation
DNA methyltransferase
In biochemistry, the DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase, DNMT) family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA.
See DNA repair and DNA methyltransferase
DNA mismatch repair
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage. DNA repair and DNA mismatch repair are mutation.
See DNA repair and DNA mismatch repair
DNA oxidation
DNA oxidation is the process of oxidative damage of deoxyribonucleic acid.
See DNA repair and DNA oxidation
DNA polymerase
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA.
See DNA repair and DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase eta
DNA polymerase eta (Pol η), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POLH gene.
See DNA repair and DNA polymerase eta
DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. DNA repair and DNA repair are cellular processes, molecular genetics, mutation and senescence.
DNA repair protein XRCC4
DNA repair protein XRCC4 (hXRCC4) also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC4 gene.
See DNA repair and DNA repair protein XRCC4
DNA repair-deficiency disorder
A DNA repair-deficiency disorder is a medical condition due to reduced functionality of DNA repair. DNA repair and DNA repair-deficiency disorder are mutation and senescence.
See DNA repair and DNA repair-deficiency disorder
DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA repair and DNA replication are cellular processes, molecular genetics and senescence.
See DNA repair and DNA replication
DNA replication stress
DNA replication stress refers to the state of a cell whose genome is exposed to various stresses. DNA repair and DNA replication stress are molecular genetics.
See DNA repair and DNA replication stress
DNA supercoil
DNA supercoiling refers to the amount of twist in a particular DNA strand, which determines the amount of strain on it.
See DNA repair and DNA supercoil
Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic radiation, organized by frequency or wavelength.
See DNA repair and Electromagnetic spectrum
Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within a living system such as an organism, tissue, or cell.
See DNA repair and Endogeny (biology)
Endonuclease
In molecular biology, endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain (namely DNA or RNA).
See DNA repair and Endonuclease
Epigenetics
In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence.
See DNA repair and Epigenetics
ERCC1
DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERCC1 gene.
ERCC4
ERCC4 is a protein designated as DNA repair endonuclease XPF that in humans is encoded by the ERCC4 gene.
Error detection and correction
In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction (EDAC) or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.
See DNA repair and Error detection and correction
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See DNA repair and Escherichia coli
ETS1
Protein C-ets-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ETS1 gene.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Extremophile
An extremophile is an organism that is able to live (or in some cases thrive) in extreme environments, i.e., environments with conditions approaching or stretching the limits of what known life can adapt to, such as extreme temperature, pressure, radiation, salinity, or pH level.
See DNA repair and Extremophile
Fanconi anemia
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare, autosomal recessive, genetic disease resulting in impaired response to DNA damage in the FA/BRCA pathway.
See DNA repair and Fanconi anemia
Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1
Flap endonuclease 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FEN1 gene.
See DNA repair and Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
G0 phase
The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle.
G1 phase
The G1 phase, gap 1 phase, or growth 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division.
G2 phase
G2 phase, Gap 2 phase, or Growth 2 phase, is the third subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis.
Gamete
A gamete (ultimately) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually.
Gamma ray
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings.
Gene conversion
Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion event.
See DNA repair and Gene conversion
Gene dosage
Gene dosage is the number of copies of a particular gene present in a genome.
See DNA repair and Gene dosage
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype. DNA repair and gene expression are cellular processes and molecular genetics.
See DNA repair and Gene expression
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells. DNA repair and gene therapy are molecular genetics.
See DNA repair and Gene therapy
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.
Genome instability
Genome instability (also genetic instability or genomic instability) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage. DNA repair and genome instability are mutation.
See DNA repair and Genome instability
Germline
In biology and genetics, the germline is the population of a multicellular organism's cells that develop into germ cells.
Germline mutation
A germline mutation, or germinal mutation, is any detectable variation within germ cells (cells that, when fully developed, become sperm and ova). DNA repair and germline mutation are mutation.
See DNA repair and Germline mutation
Great Oxidation Event
The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) or Great Oxygenation Event, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Revolution, Oxygen Crisis or Oxygen Holocaust, was a time interval during the Earth's Paleoproterozoic era when the Earth's atmosphere and shallow seas first experienced a rise in the concentration of free oxygen.
See DNA repair and Great Oxidation Event
H2AFX
H2A histone family member X (usually abbreviated as H2AX) is a type of histone protein from the H2A family encoded by the H2AFX gene.
H3K36me3
H3K36me3 is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H3.
Hayflick limit
The Hayflick limit, or Hayflick phenomenon, is the number of times a normal somatic, differentiated human cell population will divide before cell division stops. DNA repair and Hayflick limit are senescence.
See DNA repair and Hayflick limit
HEK 293 cells
Human embryonic kidney 293 cells, also often referred to as HEK 293, HEK-293, 293 cells, are an immortalised cell line derived from HEK cells isolated from a female fetus in the 1970s.
See DNA repair and HEK 293 cells
Helicase
Helicases are a class of enzymes thought to be vital to all organisms.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is a hereditary predisposition to colon cancer.
See DNA repair and Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA, which comes in multiple varieties. DNA repair and Heterochromatin are molecular genetics.
See DNA repair and Heterochromatin
Histone
In biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaeal phyla.
Histone-modifying enzymes
Histone-modifying enzymes are enzymes involved in the modification of histone substrates after protein translation and affect cellular processes including gene expression.
See DNA repair and Histone-modifying enzymes
HMGA1
High-mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGA1 gene.
HMGA2
High-mobility group AT-hook 2, also known as HMGA2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the HMGA2 gene.
Homogeneity and heterogeneity
Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts relating to the uniformity of a substance, process or image.
See DNA repair and Homogeneity and heterogeneity
Homologous chromosome
A pair of homologous chromosomes, or homologs, is a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization.
See DNA repair and Homologous chromosome
Homologous recombination
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which genetic information is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of double-stranded or single-stranded nucleic acids (usually DNA as in cellular organisms but may be also RNA in viruses).
See DNA repair and Homologous recombination
Hoogsteen base pair
A Hoogsteen base pair is a variation of base-pairing in nucleic acids such as the A•T pair.
See DNA repair and Hoogsteen base pair
Hot spring
A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth.
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria).
See DNA repair and Human mitochondrial genetics
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
See DNA repair and Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
Immune system
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
See DNA repair and Immune system
Indirect DNA damage
Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly.
See DNA repair and Indirect DNA damage
Intercalation (biochemistry)
In biochemistry, intercalation is the insertion of molecules between the planar bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
See DNA repair and Intercalation (biochemistry)
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (US, ionising radiation in the UK), including nuclear radiation, consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them.
See DNA repair and Ionizing radiation
Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
Lesion
A lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by injury or diseases.
Leukemia
Leukemia (also spelled leukaemia; pronounced) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and produce high numbers of abnormal blood cells.
LexA repressor
The LexA repressor or LexA (Locus for X-ray sensitivity A) is a transcriptional repressor that represses SOS response genes coding primarily for error-prone DNA polymerases, DNA repair enzymes and cell division inhibitors.
See DNA repair and LexA repressor
Li–Fraumeni syndrome
Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare, autosomal dominant, hereditary disorder that predisposes carriers to cancer development.
See DNA repair and Li–Fraumeni syndrome
Life expectancy
Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. DNA repair and life expectancy are senescence.
See DNA repair and Life expectancy
Life extension
Life extension is the concept of extending the human lifespan, either modestly through improvements in medicine or dramatically by increasing the maximum lifespan beyond its generally-settled biological limit of around 125 years.
See DNA repair and Life extension
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
Longevity
Longevity may refer to especially long-lived members of a population, whereas life expectancy is defined statistically as the average number of years remaining at a given age. DNA repair and Longevity are senescence.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
Malignancy
Malignancy is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
Maximum life span
Maximum life span (or, for humans, maximum reported age at death) is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a population have been observed to survive between birth and death. DNA repair and maximum life span are senescence.
See DNA repair and Maximum life span
MDC1
Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 is a 2080 amino acid long protein that in humans is encoded by the MDC1 gene located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 6.
Messenger RNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. DNA repair and messenger RNA are molecular genetics.
See DNA repair and Messenger RNA
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. DNA repair and Metabolism are cellular processes.
Metaphase
Metaphase (and) is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase).
Methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine methyltransferase
Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase (MGMT), also known as O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase AGT, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MGMT gene.
See DNA repair and Methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine methyltransferase
Methylation
Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.
See DNA repair and Methylation
Mi-2/NuRD complex
In the field of molecular biology, the Mi-2/NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase) complex, is a group of associated proteins with both ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and histone deacetylase activities.
See DNA repair and Mi-2/NuRD complex
Microhomology-mediated end joining
Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), also known as alternative nonhomologous end-joining (Alt-NHEJ) is one of the pathways for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA.
See DNA repair and Microhomology-mediated end joining
MicroRNA
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides.
MiR-155
MiR-155 is a microRNA that in humans is encoded by the MIR155 host gene or MIR155HG.
Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2
Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2 (postmeiotic segregation increased 2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PMS2 gene.
See DNA repair and Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2
Missense mutation
In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. DNA repair and missense mutation are mutation.
See DNA repair and Missense mutation
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
See DNA repair and Mitochondrion
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
MLH1
DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1 or MutL protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLH1 gene located on chromosome 3. DNA repair and MLH1 are mutation.
Molecular lesion
A molecular lesion or point lesion is damage to the structure of a biological molecule such as DNA, RNA, or protein.
See DNA repair and Molecular lesion
Mouse
A mouse (mice) is a small rodent.
MRE11A
Double-strand break repair protein MRE11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MRE11 gene.
MTOR
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene.
Mutagen
In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. DNA repair and mutagen are mutation.
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
Mutation Research (journal)
Mutation Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes research papers in the area of mutation research which focus on fundamental mechanisms underlying the phenotypic and genotypic expression of genetic damage.
See DNA repair and Mutation Research (journal)
Naked mole-rat
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), also known as the sand puppy, is a burrowing rodent native to the Horn of Africa and parts of Kenya, notably in Somali regions.
See DNA repair and Naked mole-rat
Nanometre
molecular scale. The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American spelling), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) of a meter (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Nature Portfolio.
See DNA repair and Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Neoplasm
A neoplasm is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
Nick (DNA)
A nick is a discontinuity in a double stranded DNA molecule where there is no phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides of one strand typically through damage or enzyme action.
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died.
See DNA repair and Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.
See DNA repair and Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Non-coding DNA
Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.
See DNA repair and Non-coding DNA
Non-homologous end joining
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA.
See DNA repair and Non-homologous end joining
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.
See DNA repair and Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.
See DNA repair and Nucleic acid sequence
Nucleic acid thermodynamics
Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA).
See DNA repair and Nucleic acid thermodynamics
Nucleotide excision repair
Nucleotide excision repair is a DNA repair mechanism.
See DNA repair and Nucleotide excision repair
Nutrient sensing
Nutrient sensing is a cell's ability to recognize and respond to fuel substrates such as glucose.
See DNA repair and Nutrient sensing
Olaparib
Olaparib, sold under the brand name Lynparza, is a medication for the maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adults.
Operon
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.
Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.
Oxidative deamination
Oxidative deamination is a form of deamination that generates α-keto acids and other oxidized products from amine-containing compounds, and occurs primarily in the liver.
See DNA repair and Oxidative deamination
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (UK, US) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
See DNA repair and Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. DNA repair and Oxidative stress are senescence.
See DNA repair and Oxidative stress
Oxoguanine glycosylase
8-Oxoguanine glycosylase, also known as OGG1, is a DNA glycosylase enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the OGG1 gene.
See DNA repair and Oxoguanine glycosylase
P21
p21Cip1 (alternatively p21Waf1), also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) that is capable of inhibiting all cyclin/CDK complexes, though is primarily associated with inhibition of CDK2.
P53
p53, also known as Tumor protein P53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory protein that is often mutated in human cancers.
Palindrome
A palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or other sequence of symbols that reads the same backwards as forwards, such as madam or racecar, the date "22/02/2022" and the sentence: "A man, a plan, a canal – Panama".
PARP1
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP-1) also known as NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 or poly synthase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARP1 gene.
Paul L. Modrich
Paul Lawrence Modrich (born June 13, 1946) is an American biochemist, James B. Duke Professor of Biochemistry at Duke University and Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
See DNA repair and Paul L. Modrich
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), also called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer.
See DNA repair and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Phosphorylation
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion.
See DNA repair and Phosphorylation
Photolyase
Photolyases are DNA repair enzymes that repair damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
See DNA repair and Photosynthesis
Plant
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic.
Pleiotropy
Pleiotropy (from Greek, 'more', and, 'way') occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.
Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome. DNA repair and point mutation are mutation.
See DNA repair and Point mutation
POLI
DNA polymerase iota is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLI gene.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is a class of organic compounds that is composed of multiple aromatic rings.
See DNA repair and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Polymer
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules linked together into chains of repeating subunits.
Polymerase
In biochemistry, a polymerase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids.
Post-translational modification
In molecular biology, post-translational modification (PTM) is the covalent process of changing proteins following protein biosynthesis.
See DNA repair and Post-translational modification
Postreplication repair
Postreplication repair is the repair of damage to the DNA that takes place after replication.
See DNA repair and Postreplication repair
Potassium bromate
Potassium bromate is a bromate of potassium and takes the form of white crystals or powder.
See DNA repair and Potassium bromate
Potassium chromate
Potassium chromate is the inorganic compound with the formula K2CrO4.
See DNA repair and Potassium chromate
Precambrian
The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pC, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon.
See DNA repair and Precambrian
Processivity
In molecular biology and biochemistry, processivity is an enzyme's ability to catalyze "consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate".
See DNA repair and Processivity
Progeria
Progeria is a specific type of progeroid syndrome, also known as Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome or Hutchinson–Gilford progeroid syndrome (HGPS). DNA repair and Progeria are senescence.
Progeroid syndromes
Progeroid syndromes (PS) are a group of rare genetic disorders that mimic physiological aging, making affected individuals appear to be older than they are. DNA repair and Progeroid syndromes are senescence.
See DNA repair and Progeroid syndromes
Programmed cell death
Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. DNA repair and Programmed cell death are senescence.
See DNA repair and Programmed cell death
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication.
See DNA repair and Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter.
See DNA repair and Promoter (genetics)
Proofreading (biology)
The term proofreading is used in genetics to refer to the error-correcting processes, first proposed by John Hopfield and Jacques Ninio, involved in DNA replication, immune system specificity, and enzyme-substrate recognition among many other processes that require enhanced specificity.
See DNA repair and Proofreading (biology)
Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Protein dimer
In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex or multimer formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.
See DNA repair and Protein dimer
Protein kinase
A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules.
See DNA repair and Protein kinase
Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.
See DNA repair and Protein primary structure
Protein tertiary structure
Protein tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a protein.
See DNA repair and Protein tertiary structure
Purine
Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings (pyrimidine and imidazole) fused together.
Pyrimidine dimer
Pyrimidine dimers represent molecular lesions originating from thymine or cytosine bases within DNA, resulting from photochemical reactions. DNA repair and Pyrimidine dimer are mutation and senescence.
See DNA repair and Pyrimidine dimer
RAD18
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RAD18 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RAD18 gene.
RAD51
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 is a protein encoded by the gene RAD51.
Radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy (RT, RTx, or XRT) is a treatment using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer therapy to either kill or control the growth of malignant cells.
See DNA repair and Radiation therapy
Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. DNA repair and radical (chemistry) are senescence.
See DNA repair and Radical (chemistry)
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
See DNA repair and Radioactive decay
Reactive oxygen species
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide. DNA repair and reactive oxygen species are senescence.
See DNA repair and Reactive oxygen species
RecA
RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein essential for the repair and maintenance of DNA in bacteria.
REPAIRtoire
REPAIRtoire is a database of resources for systems biology of DNA damage and repair.
See DNA repair and REPAIRtoire
Repressor
In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
RNF8
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF8 gene.
S phase
S phase (Synthesis phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungal microorganisms).
See DNA repair and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Senescence
Senescence or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms. DNA repair and Senescence are cellular processes.
Shock response spectrum
A Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) is a graphical representation of a shock, or any other transient acceleration input, in terms of how a Single Degree Of Freedom (SDOF) system (like a mass on a spring) would respond to that input.
See DNA repair and Shock response spectrum
Short hairpin RNA
A short hairpin RNA or small hairpin RNA (shRNA/Hairpin Vector) is an artificial RNA molecule with a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence target gene expression via RNA interference (RNAi).
See DNA repair and Short hairpin RNA
SiDNA
Signal interfering DNA (siDNA) is a class of short modified double stranded DNA molecules, 8–64 base pairs in length.
Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.
See DNA repair and Signal transduction
Sirtuin 6
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6 or Sirt6) is a stress responsive protein deacetylase and mono-ADP ribosyltransferase enzyme encoded by the SIRT6 gene.
SOS response
The SOS response is a global response to DNA damage in which the cell cycle is arrested and DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced.
See DNA repair and SOS response
Spirochaete
A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (also called Spirochaetes), which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) Gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells.
See DNA repair and Spirochaete
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the relationship between the weights of reactants and products before, during, and following chemical reactions.
See DNA repair and Stoichiometry
Structural motif
In a chain-like biological molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid, a structural motif is a common three-dimensional structure that appears in a variety of different, evolutionarily unrelated molecules.
See DNA repair and Structural motif
Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide anion radical into normal molecular oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide.
See DNA repair and Superoxide dismutase
T-cell receptor
The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
See DNA repair and T-cell receptor
Telomere
A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences associated with specialized proteins at the ends of linear chromosomes (see Sequences).
TET enzymes
The TET enzymes are a family of ten-eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenases.
See DNA repair and TET enzymes
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See DNA repair and The New York Times
Thermophile
A thermophile is an organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between.
See DNA repair and Thermophile
Thymine
---> Thymine (symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T.
Tomas Lindahl
Tomas Robert Lindahl FRS FMedSci (born 28 January 1938) is a Swedish-British scientist specialising in cancer research.
See DNA repair and Tomas Lindahl
Topoisomerase
DNA topoisomerases (or topoisomerases) are enzymes that catalyze changes in the topological state of DNA, interconverting relaxed and supercoiled forms, linked (catenated) and unlinked species, and knotted and unknotted DNA.
See DNA repair and Topoisomerase
Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
Toxin
A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms.
TP53BP1
Tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 also known as p53-binding protein 1 or 53BP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53BP1 gene.
Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. DNA repair and Transcription (biology) are cellular processes.
See DNA repair and Transcription (biology)
Trichothiodystrophy
Trichothiodystrophy (TTD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterised by brittle hair and intellectual impairment.
See DNA repair and Trichothiodystrophy
Tumor suppressor gene
A tumor suppressor gene (TSG), or anti-oncogene, is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication.
See DNA repair and Tumor suppressor gene
Tumour heterogeneity
Tumour heterogeneity describes the observation that different tumour cells can show distinct morphological and phenotypic profiles, including cellular morphology, gene expression, metabolism, motility, proliferation, and metastatic potential.
See DNA repair and Tumour heterogeneity
Two-hit hypothesis
The Knudson hypothesis, also known as the two-hit hypothesis, is the hypothesis that most tumor suppressor genes require both alleles to be inactivated, either through mutations or through epigenetic silencing, to cause a phenotypic change.
See DNA repair and Two-hit hypothesis
Ubiquitin ligase
A ubiquitin ligase (also called an E3 ubiquitin ligase) is a protein that recruits an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that has been loaded with ubiquitin, recognizes a protein substrate, and assists or directly catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 to the protein substrate.
See DNA repair and Ubiquitin ligase
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.
See DNA repair and Ultraviolet
UvrABC endonuclease
UvrABC endonuclease is a multienzyme complex in bacteria involved in DNA repair by nucleotide excision repair, and it is, therefore, sometimes called an excinuclease.
See DNA repair and UvrABC endonuclease
V(D)J recombination
V(D)J recombination (variable–diversity–joining rearrangement) is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation.
See DNA repair and V(D)J recombination
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride is an organochloride with the formula H2C.
See DNA repair and Vinyl chloride
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
Wavelength
In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
Werner syndrome
Werner syndrome (WS) or Werner's syndrome, also known as "adult progeria",James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
See DNA repair and Werner syndrome
X-ray
X-rays (or rarely, X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder in which there is a decreased ability to repair DNA damage such as that caused by ultraviolet (UV) light.
See DNA repair and Xeroderma pigmentosum
XRCC1
DNA repair protein XRCC1, also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC1 gene.
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
6-O-Methylguanine
6-O-Methylguanine is a derivative of the nucleobase guanine in which a methyl group is attached to the oxygen atom.
See DNA repair and 6-O-Methylguanine
7-Methylguanosine
7-Methylguanosine (m7G) is a modified purine nucleoside.
See DNA repair and 7-Methylguanosine
8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) is an oxidized derivative of deoxyguanosine.
See DNA repair and 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine
References
Also known as DNA damage, DNA damage checkpoint, DNA damage checkpoints, DNA damage repair, DNA damaging agent, DNA lesion, DNA lesions, DNA repair gene, DNA repair genes, DNA repair-deficiency disorders, DNA-damage response, Dna repair enzymes, Double strand break, Double strand breaks, Double-strand break, Double-strand breaks, Double-stranded break, Excision repair, Excision repair mechanism, Self-repair mechanisms, Single strand break, Single-strand break, Single-stranded break, Translation polymerase, Translesion, Translesion DNA synthesis, Translesion synthesis, Types of DNA lesions.
, Chromosomal crossover, Chromosomal rearrangement, Chromosome, Cockayne syndrome, Colorectal cancer, Conserved sequence, Cosmic ray, CpG site, CRISPR, Crosslinking of DNA, CUL4A, Cyclic compound, Cyclin, Cyclin-dependent kinase, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein, Cytoplasm, Cytosine, D-loop, DDB1, DDB2, Deamination, Deinococcus radiodurans, Depurination, Directionality (molecular biology), DNA, DNA adduct, DNA damage (naturally occurring), DNA damage theory of aging, DNA end resection, DNA glycosylase, DNA ligase, DNA ligase 3, DNA ligase 4, DNA methylation, DNA methyltransferase, DNA mismatch repair, DNA oxidation, DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase eta, DNA repair, DNA repair protein XRCC4, DNA repair-deficiency disorder, DNA replication, DNA replication stress, DNA supercoil, Electromagnetic spectrum, Endogeny (biology), Endonuclease, Epigenetics, ERCC1, ERCC4, Error detection and correction, Escherichia coli, ETS1, Eukaryote, Evolution, Extremophile, Fanconi anemia, Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1, Fossil, Fungus, G0 phase, G1 phase, G2 phase, Gamete, Gamma ray, Gene, Gene conversion, Gene dosage, Gene expression, Gene therapy, Genome, Genome instability, Germline, Germline mutation, Great Oxidation Event, H2AFX, H3K36me3, Hayflick limit, HEK 293 cells, Helicase, Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, Heterochromatin, Histone, Histone-modifying enzymes, HMGA1, HMGA2, Homogeneity and heterogeneity, Homologous chromosome, Homologous recombination, Hoogsteen base pair, Hot spring, Human, Human mitochondrial genetics, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydrolysis, Immune system, Indirect DNA damage, Intercalation (biochemistry), Ionizing radiation, Kinase, Lesion, Leukemia, LexA repressor, Li–Fraumeni syndrome, Life expectancy, Life extension, Lipid, Longevity, Lymphoma, Malignancy, Mammal, Maximum life span, MDC1, Messenger RNA, Metabolism, Metaphase, Methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine methyltransferase, Methylation, Mi-2/NuRD complex, Microhomology-mediated end joining, MicroRNA, MiR-155, Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2, Missense mutation, Mitochondrion, Mitosis, MLH1, Molecular lesion, Mouse, MRE11A, MTOR, Mutagen, Mutation, Mutation Research (journal), Naked mole-rat, Nanometre, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, Neoplasm, Nick (DNA), Nobel Prize, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Non-coding DNA, Non-homologous end joining, Nucleic acid, Nucleic acid sequence, Nucleic acid thermodynamics, Nucleotide excision repair, Nutrient sensing, Olaparib, Operon, Organelle, Oxidative deamination, Oxidative phosphorylation, Oxidative stress, Oxoguanine glycosylase, P21, P53, Palindrome, PARP1, Paul L. Modrich, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Phosphorylation, Photolyase, Photosynthesis, Plant, Pleiotropy, Point mutation, POLI, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Polymer, Polymerase, Post-translational modification, Postreplication repair, Potassium bromate, Potassium chromate, Precambrian, Processivity, Progeria, Progeroid syndromes, Programmed cell death, Prokaryote, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Promoter (genetics), Proofreading (biology), Protease, Protein, Protein dimer, Protein kinase, Protein primary structure, Protein tertiary structure, Purine, Pyrimidine dimer, RAD18, RAD51, Radiation, Radiation therapy, Radical (chemistry), Radioactive decay, Reactive oxygen species, RecA, REPAIRtoire, Repressor, RNA, RNF8, S phase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Senescence, Shock response spectrum, Short hairpin RNA, SiDNA, Signal transduction, Sirtuin 6, SOS response, Spirochaete, Stoichiometry, Structural motif, Superoxide dismutase, T-cell receptor, Telomere, TET enzymes, The New York Times, Thermophile, Thymine, Tomas Lindahl, Topoisomerase, Toxicity, Toxin, TP53BP1, Transcription (biology), Trichothiodystrophy, Tumor suppressor gene, Tumour heterogeneity, Two-hit hypothesis, Ubiquitin ligase, Ultraviolet, UvrABC endonuclease, V(D)J recombination, Vertebrate, Vinyl chloride, Virus, Wavelength, Werner syndrome, X-ray, Xeroderma pigmentosum, XRCC1, Yeast, 6-O-Methylguanine, 7-Methylguanosine, 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine.