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Dreyfus affair

Index Dreyfus affair

The Dreyfus Affair (l'affaire Dreyfus) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. [1]

270 relations: A. S. Byatt, Abel Gance, Action Française, Adelphi Theatre, Adrien Albert Marie de Mun, Albert Clemenceau, Alfred Dreyfus, Algeria, Algiers, AlloCiné, Alphonse Bertillon, Alsace, American Broadcasting Company, An Officer and a Spy, Anarchism, Anarchy, Anatole France, Anthropometry, Antisemitism, Archives Nationales (France), Armand du Paty de Clam, Arms race, Arthur Meyer (journalist), Auguste Mercier, Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, École Militaire, École normale supérieure (Paris), École Polytechnique, École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, Édouard Drumont, Élysée Palace, Émile Combes, Émile Duclaux, Émile Durkheim, Émile Loubet, Émile Zola, Émile Zurlinden, Île de Ré, Île Royale, Basel, Benny Morris, Bernard Lazare, Brigadier general, Brussels, Candide, Canon de 75 modèle 1897, Capital punishment in France, Caran d'Ache, Carmaux, Cashiering, ..., Casus belli, Catholic Church, Chamber of Deputies (France), Charles Andler, Charles Chanoine, Charles Dupuy, Charles Maurras, Charles Péguy, Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen, Charles-Arthur Gonse, Château de Vincennes, Chemin des Dames, Cherche-Midi prison, Claude Monet, Clericalism, Colmar, Confession (law), Cour d'assises, Court of Cassation (France), Croix de Guerre, Dagbladet, Daniel Halévy, Deputy (legislator), Der Judenstaat, Devil's Island, Dreyfus (1931 film), Edgar Demange, Edvard Grieg, England, Espionage, Exoneration, Exposition Universelle (1900), Félix Faure, Félix Fénéon, Ferdinand Brunetière, Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, Fernand Gregh, Fernand Labori, Final Solution, First Zionist Congress, Florence Earle Coates, Fort Mont-Valérien, Fort Neuf de Vincennes, François Mitterrand, François Simiand, Franco-Prussian War, Franco-Russian Alliance, French Army, French Constitution of 1848, French Guiana, French nationalism, French Section of the Workers' International, French Socialist Party (1902), French Third Republic, Gabriel Hanotaux, Gabriel Monod, Gaston, Marquis de Galliffet, Général, George Whyte, Georges Clemenceau, Georges Courteline, Georges Ernest Boulanger, Georges Picquart, Georges Sorel, Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux, Germany, Graphology, Henri Brisson, Henri Giscard d'Estaing, Henri Poincaré, Herzl Museum, Hilsner Affair, History of the Jews in Alsace, History of the Jews in Austria, Hubert-Joseph Henry, HuffPost, Human Rights League (France), Hypnosis, I Accuse!, In Search of Lost Time, Intellectual, Israel, Italy, J'accuse (1919 film), J'accuse…!, Jacques Chirac, Jacques Marie Eugène Godefroy Cavaignac, Jean Casimir-Perier, Jean Jaurès, Jean Sandherr, Jean-Baptiste Billot, Jean-Denis Bredin, Jewish emancipation, Jewish state, Joseph Reinach, Jules Ferry, Jules Guérin, Jules Méline, Jules Renard, Kate Taylor (novelist), L'Aurore, La Croix, La Libre Parole, La Revue Blanche, Laurent Tailhade, Law enforcement in France, Léon Blum, Léon Bourgeois, Le Figaro, Le Havre, Le Petit Journal (newspaper), Le Temps, Legion of Honour, Legitimists, Leo Frank, Les Rougon-Macquart, Lie, Life imprisonment, Lois scélérates, Longchamp Racecourse, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Louis André, Louis Begley, Louis Lépine, Lucien Herr, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Ludovic Trarieux, Marcel Proust, Marie François Sadi Carnot, Marquis de Morès, Mathieu Dreyfus, Maurice Barrès, Maurice Paléologue, Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen, Menahem Mendel Beilis, Michael Burns (American actor), Michel Winock, Military governor of Paris, Miscarriage of justice, Monarchism in France, Montparnasse Cemetery, Moselle, Mulhouse, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme, National Assembly (France), Nationalism, Neue Freie Presse, New Caledonia, News media, Norwegians, Octave Mirbeau, Open letter, Orléanist, Oscar Wilde, Panama scandals, Panthéon, Paris, Paschal Grousset, Paul Adolphe Marie Prosper Granier de Cassagnac, Paul Déroulède, Paul Léautaud, Paul Valéry, Paul Viollet, Penguin Island (novel), Picric acid, Pierre Birnbaum, Pierre Louÿs, Pierre Milza, Pierre Napoléon Bonaparte, Pierre Quillard, Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, Piers Paul Read, Place de la Concorde, Political crime, Political scandal, Prison, Protestantism, Public opinion, Quiberon Bay, Raoul Le Mouton de Boisdeffre, Raymond Poincaré, Rennes, Robert Harris (novelist), Roger Martin du Gard, Saint-Pol-Roux, Salvation's Islands, Sarah Bernhardt, Sébastien Faure, Secular humanism, Sensationalism, Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage, Seymour Hicks, Shorthand, Silent film, Socialist Party of France (1902), Staff (military), Stéphane Mallarmé, Strasbourg, The Children's Book, The Dreyfus Affair (film series), The Life of Emile Zola, The Prague Cemetery, Theodor Herzl, Treason, Tunisia, Umberto Eco, United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, Verdun, Versailles, Yvelines, Vichy France, Victor Bérard, Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay, Victor Noir, W. S. Gilbert, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, William Terriss, World War I, Zionism, 16 May 1877 crisis, 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. Expand index (220 more) »

A. S. Byatt

Dame Antonia Susan Duffy HonFBA (née Drabble; born 24 August 1936), known professionally as A. S. Byatt, is an English novelist, poet and Booker Prize winner.

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Abel Gance

Abel Gance (25 October 188910 November 1981) was a French film director and producer, writer and actor.

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Action Française

Action française (AF; French Action) is a French right-wing political movement.

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Adelphi Theatre

The Adelphi Theatre is a London West End theatre, located on the Strand in the City of Westminster.

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Adrien Albert Marie de Mun

Adrien Albert Marie, Comte de Mun (28 February 18416 October 1914), was a French political figure and Social Reformer of the nineteenth century.

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Albert Clemenceau

Albert Clemenceau (23 February 1861 – 23 July 1955) was a French lawyer and politician.

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Alfred Dreyfus

Alfred Dreyfus (9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French Jewish artillery officer whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most tense political dramas in modern French history with a wide echo in all Europe.

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Algeria

Algeria (الجزائر, familary Algerian Arabic الدزاير; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ; Dzayer; Algérie), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast.

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Algiers

Algiers (الجزائر al-Jazā’er, ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻ, Alger) is the capital and largest city of Algeria.

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AlloCiné

AlloCiné (ScreenRush) is a company which provides information on French cinema, especially centering on novelties' promotion with DVD, Blu-ray and VOD information.

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Alphonse Bertillon

Alphonse Bertillon (24 April 1853 – 13 February 1914) was a French police officer and biometrics researcher who applied the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement creating an identification system based on physical measurements.

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Alsace

Alsace (Alsatian: ’s Elsass; German: Elsass; Alsatia) is a cultural and historical region in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.

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American Broadcasting Company

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of Disney–ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.

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An Officer and a Spy

An Officer and a Spy is a 2013 historical fiction thriller by the English writer and journalist Robert Harris.

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Anarchism

Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions.

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Anarchy

Anarchy is the condition of a society, entity, group of people, or a single person that rejects hierarchy.

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Anatole France

italic (born italic,; 16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924) was a French poet, journalist, and successful novelist with several best-sellers.

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Anthropometry

Anthropometry (from Greek ἄνθρωπος anthropos, "human", and μέτρον metron, "measure") refers to the measurement of the human individual.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.

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Archives Nationales (France)

The Archives Nationales (Archives nationales de France), also known as the French Archives or the National Archives, preserve France's official archives apart from the archives of the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as these two ministries have their own archive services, the Defence Historical Service (Service historique de la défense) and the Diplomatic Archives (Archives diplomatiques) respectively.

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Armand du Paty de Clam

Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Armand Auguste Ferdinand Mercier du Paty de Clam (21 February 1853, Paris – 3 September 1916, Versailles) was a French army officer, an amateur graphologist, and a key figure in the Dreyfus affair.

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Arms race

An arms race, in its original usage, is a competition between two or more states to have the best armed forces.

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Arthur Meyer (journalist)

Arthur Meyer (16 June 1844 in Le Havre – 2 February 1924 in Paris) was a French press baron.

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Auguste Mercier

Auguste Mercier (8 December 1833, Arras – 3 March 1921, Paris) was a French general and Minister of War at the time of the Dreyfus Affair.

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Auguste Scheurer-Kestner

Auguste Scheurer-Kestner (11 February 1833 in Mulhouse (Haut Rhin) – 19 September 1899 in Bagnères-de-Luchon (Haute Garonne)) was a chemist, industrialist, a Protestant and an Alsatian politician.

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École Militaire

The École Militaire ("military school") is a vast complex of buildings housing various military training facilities in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, southeast of the Champ de Mars.

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École normale supérieure (Paris)

The École normale supérieure (also known as Normale sup', Ulm, ENS Paris, l'École and most often just as ENS) is one of the most selective and prestigious French grandes écoles (higher education establishment outside the framework of the public university system) and a constituent college of Université PSL.

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École Polytechnique

École Polytechnique (also known as EP or X) is a French public institution of higher education and research in Palaiseau, a suburb southwest of Paris.

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École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr

The École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM, literally the "Special Military School of Saint-Cyr") is the foremost French military academy.

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Édouard Drumont

Édouard Adolphe Drumont (3 May 1844 – 5 February 1917) was a French journalist and writer.

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Élysée Palace

The Élysée Palace (Palais de l'Élysée) is the official residence of the President of France.

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Émile Combes

Émile Justin Louis Combes (6 September 1835 – 25 May 1921) was a French statesman and freemason who led the Bloc des gauches's cabinet from June 1902 – January 1905.

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Émile Duclaux

Émile Duclaux (24 June 1840 – May 2, 1904) was a French microbiologist and chemist born in Aurillac, Cantal.

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Émile Durkheim

David Émile Durkheim (or; April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist.

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Émile Loubet

Émile François Loubet (30 December 1838 – 20 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France and later President of France.

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Émile Zola

Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was a French novelist, playwright, journalist, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.

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Émile Zurlinden

Émile Auguste François Thomas Zurlinden (3 November 1837, Colmar, Haut-Rhin – 9 March 1929) was French Minister of War between 28 January 1895 and 1 November 1895 and again between 5 September 1898 and 17 September 1898 when he succeeded Godefroy Cavaignac.

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Île de Ré

Île de Ré (variously spelled Rhé, Rhéa or Rhea; in English Isle of Rhé) is an island off the west coast of France near La Rochelle, on the northern side of the Pertuis d'Antioche strait.

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Île Royale

Île Royale (Royal Island) is the largest and westernmost island of the three Salvation's Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of French Guiana.

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Basel

Basel (also Basle; Basel; Bâle; Basilea) is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine.

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Benny Morris

Benny Morris (בני מוריס; born 8 December 1948) is an Israeli historian.

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Bernard Lazare

Bernard Lazare (15 June 1865 – 1 September 1903) was a French Jewish literary critic, political journalist, polemicist, and anarchist.

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Brigadier general

Brigadier general (Brig. Gen.) is a senior rank in the armed forces.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Candide

Candide, ou l'Optimisme, is a French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment.

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Canon de 75 modèle 1897

The French 75 mm field gun was a quick-firing field artillery piece adopted in March 1898.

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Capital punishment in France

Capital punishment in France (French: peine de mort en France) is banned by Article 66-1 of the Constitution of the French Republic, voted as a constitutional amendment by the Congress of the French Parliament on 19 February 2007 and simply stating "No one can be sentenced to death" (French: Nul ne peut être condamné à mort).

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Caran d'Ache

Caran d'Ache was the pseudonym of the 19th century French satirist and political cartoonist Emmanuel Poiré (6 November 1858 – 25 February 1909).

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Carmaux

Carmaux is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

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Cashiering

Cashiering (or degradation ceremony), generally within military forces, is a ritual dismissal of an individual from some position of responsibility for a breach of discipline.

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Casus belli

Casus belli is a Latin expression meaning "an act or event that provokes or is used to justify war" (literally, "a case of war").

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Chamber of Deputies (France)

Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés) was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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Charles Andler

Charles Philippe Théodore Andler (11 March 1866, Strasbourg – 1 April 1933, Malesherbes, Loiret) was a French Germanist and philosopher.

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Charles Chanoine

Charles Sulpice Jules Chanoine (December 18, 1835, Dijon, Côte-d'Or – January 9, 1915) was a French military officer who played an important role in the Far East, and later became Minister of War.

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Charles Dupuy

Charles Alexandre Dupuy (5 November 1851 – 23 July 1923) was a French statesman, three times prime minister.

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Charles Maurras

Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic.

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Charles Péguy

Charles Pierre Péguy (7 January 1873 – 5 September 1914) was a noted French poet, essayist, and editor.

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Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen

Charles Arthur Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen, (10 November 1832 – 10 August 1900) was an Irish statesman of the 19th century, and Lord Chief Justice of England.

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Charles-Arthur Gonse

Major General Charles-Arthur Gonse (19 September 1838, Paris – 18 December 1917, Cormeilles-en-Parisis), was Deputy Chief of Staff under the authority of General Raoul Le Mouton de Boisdeffre during the Dreyfus affair.

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Château de Vincennes

The Château de Vincennes is a massive 14th and 17th century French royal fortress in the town of Vincennes, to the east of Paris, now a suburb of the metropolis.

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Chemin des Dames

In France, the Chemin des Dames (literally, the "ladies' path") is part of the D18 and runs east and west in the département of Aisne, between in the west, the Route Nationale 2, (Laon to Soissons) and in the east, the D1044 at Corbeny.

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Cherche-Midi prison

The Cherche-Midi prison was a French military prison located in Paris, France.

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Claude Monet

Oscar-Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein air landscape painting.

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Clericalism

Clericalism is the application of the formal, church-based, leadership or opinion of ordained clergy in matters of either the church or broader political and sociocultural import.

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Colmar

Colmar (Alsatian: Colmer; German during 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is the third-largest commune of the Alsace region in north-eastern France.

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Confession (law)

In the law of criminal evidence, a confession is a statement by a suspect in crime which is adverse to that person.

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Cour d'assises

A French cour d'assises or Assize Court is a criminal trial court with original and appellate limited jurisdiction to hear cases involving defendants accused of felonies, or crimes in French.

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Court of Cassation (France)

The Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation) founded in 1804 is one of France's courts of last resort having jurisdiction over all matters triable in the judicial stream with scope of certifying questions of law and review in determining miscarriages of justice.

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Croix de Guerre

The Croix de Guerre (Cross of War) is a military decoration of France.

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Dagbladet

Dagbladet (lit.: The Daily Magazine) is Norway's sixth largest newspaper with a circulation of 46,250 copies in 2016, down from a peak of 228,834 in 1994.

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Daniel Halévy

Daniel Halévy (12 December 1872 – 4 February 1962) was a French historian.

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Deputy (legislator)

A deputy is a legislator in many countries, particularly those with legislatures styled as a 'Chamber of Deputies' or 'National Assembly'.

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Der Judenstaat

Der Judenstaat (German, literally The Jews' State, commonly rendered as The Jewish State) is a pamphlet written by Theodor Herzl and published in February 1896 in Leipzig and Vienna by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung.

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Devil's Island

The penal colony of Cayenne (French: Bagne de Cayenne), commonly known as Devil's Island (Île du Diable), was a French penal colony that operated in the 19th and 20th century in the Salvation's Islands of French Guiana.

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Dreyfus (1931 film)

Dreyfus is a 1931 British film on the Dreyfus affair, translated from the play by Wilhelm Herzog and Hans Rehfisch and the 1930 German film Dreyfus.

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Edgar Demange

Edgar Demange (April 22, 1841 in Versailles – February 1925 in Paris) was a French jurist.

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Edvard Grieg

Edvard Hagerup Grieg (15 June 18434 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Espionage

Espionage or spying, is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information without the permission of the holder of the information.

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Exoneration

Exoneration occurs when the conviction for a crime is reversed, either through demonstration of innocence, a flaw in the conviction, or otherwise.

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Exposition Universelle (1900)

The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next.

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Félix Faure

Félix François Faure (30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899.

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Félix Fénéon

Félix Fénéon (22 June 1861, Turin, Italy – 29 February 1944, Châtenay-Malabry) was a Parisian anarchist and art critic during the late 19th century.

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Ferdinand Brunetière

Ferdinand Brunetière (19 July 1849 – 9 December 1906) was a French writer and critic.

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Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy

Charles Marie Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy (16 December 1847 – 21 May 1923) was an officer in the French Army from 1870 to 1898.

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Fernand Gregh

Fernand Gregh (14 October 1873, Paris – 5 January 1960, Paris) was a French poet and literary critic.

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Fernand Labori

Fernand-Gustave-Gaston Labori (April 18, 1860 – March 14, 1917) was a French attorney.

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Final Solution

The Final Solution (Endlösung) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (die Endlösung der Judenfrage) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II.

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First Zionist Congress

First Zionist Congress (הקונגרס הציוני הראשון) was the inaugural congress of the Zionist Organization (ZO) (to become the World Zionist Organization (WZO) in 1960) held in Basel (Basle), Switzerland, from August 29 to August 31, 1897.

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Florence Earle Coates

Florence Van Leer Earle Nicholson Coates (July 1, 1850 – April 6, 1927) was an American poet.

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Fort Mont-Valérien

The Fort Mont-Valérien (French: Forteresse du Mont-Valérien) is a fortress in Suresnes, a western Paris suburb, built in 1841 as part of the city's ring of modern fortifications.

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Fort Neuf de Vincennes

The Fort Neuf de Vincennes ("New Vincennes Fort") is a fortification built on the grounds of the Château de Vincennes, on the east side of Paris.

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François Mitterrand

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office of any French president.

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François Simiand

François Joseph Charles Simiand (18 April 1873 – 13 April 1935) was a French sociologist and economist best known as a participant in the Année Sociologique.

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Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, Guerre franco-allemande), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1871) or in Germany as 70/71, was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Franco-Russian Alliance

The Franco-Russian Alliance, or Russo-French Rapprochement, was an alliance formed by the agreements of 1891–93; it lasted until 1917.

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French Army

The French Army, officially the Ground Army (Armée de terre) (to distinguish it from the French Air Force, Armée de L'air or Air Army) is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces.

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French Constitution of 1848

The Constitution of 1848 is the constitution passed in France on 4 November 1848 by the National Assembly, the constituent body of the Second French Republic.

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French Guiana

French Guiana (pronounced or, Guyane), officially called Guiana (Guyane), is an overseas department and region of France, on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas.

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French nationalism

French nationalism promotes the cultural unity of the French nation.

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French Section of the Workers' International

The French Section of the Workers' International (Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, SFIO) was a French socialist political party founded in 1905 and replaced in 1969 by the current Socialist Party (PS).

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French Socialist Party (1902)

The French Socialist Party (Parti socialiste français, PSF) was founded in 1902.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

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Gabriel Hanotaux

Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux, known as Gabriel Hanotaux (19 November 1853 – 11 April 1944) was a French statesman and historian.

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Gabriel Monod

Gabriel Monod (7 March 1844 – 10 April 1912) was a French historian, the nephew of Adolphe Monod.

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Gaston, Marquis de Galliffet

Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet, Prince de Martigues (Paris, 23 January 1830 – 8 July 1909), was a French general, best known for having taken part in the repression of the 1871 Paris Commune.

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Général

Général is the French word for general.

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George Whyte

George R. Whyte (born 11 July 1933 in Budapest; died 31 August 2012 in London) was an author, composer, dramatist and art collector.

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Georges Clemenceau

Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French politician, physician, and journalist who was Prime Minister of France during the First World War.

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Georges Courteline

Georges Courteline born Georges Victor Marcel Moinaux (25 June 1858 – 25 June 1929) was a French dramatist and novelist, a satirist notable for his sharp wit and cynical humor.

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Georges Ernest Boulanger

Georges Ernest Jean-Marie Boulanger (29 April 1837 – 30 September 1891), nicknamed Général Revanche, was a French general and politician.

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Georges Picquart

Marie Georges Picquart (6 September 1854, Strasbourg, France – 19 January 1914, Amiens, France) was a French army officer and Minister of War.

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Georges Sorel

Georges Eugène Sorel (2 November 1847 – 29 August 1922) was a French philosopher and theorist of Sorelianism.

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Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux

George Gabriel de Pellieux (6 September 1842 - 15 July 1900) was a French army officer who was best known for ignoring evidence during the Dreyfus affair, a scandal in which a Jewish officer was convicted of treason on the basis of a forgery.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Graphology

Graphology (or graphoanalysis, but not graphanalysis) is the analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of handwriting claiming to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics.

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Henri Brisson

Eugène Henri Brisson (31 July 183514 April 1912) was a French statesman, Prime Minister of France for a period in 1885-1886 and again in 1898.

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Henri Giscard d'Estaing

Henri Giscard d'Estaing (born 17 October 1956) is a French business figure and son of former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

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Henri Poincaré

Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science.

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Herzl Museum

The Herzl Museum is a museum in Jerusalem, which deals with activities and vision of Theodor Herzl.

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Hilsner Affair

The Hilsner Affair (also known as the Hilsner Trial, Hilsner Case or Polná Affair) was a series of anti-semitic trials following an accusation of blood libel against Leopold Hilsner, a Jewish inhabitant of the town of Polná in Bohemia, Austria-Hungary in 1899 and 1900.

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History of the Jews in Alsace

The history of the Jews in Alsace is one of the oldest in Europe.

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History of the Jews in Austria

The history of the Jews in Austria probably begins with the exodus of Jews from Judea under Roman occupation.

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Hubert-Joseph Henry

Hubert-Joseph Henry (2 June 1846 in Pogny, Marne – 31 August 1898 at Fort Mont-Valérien) was a French Lieutenant-Colonel in 1897 involved in the Dreyfus affair.

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HuffPost

HuffPost (formerly The Huffington Post and sometimes abbreviated HuffPo) is a liberal American news and opinion website and blog that has both localized and international editions.

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Human Rights League (France)

The Human Rights League (Ligue des droits de l’homme or LDH) of France, is a Human Rights NGO association to observe, defend and promulgation of Rights Man within the French Republic in all spheres of public life.

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Hypnosis

Hypnosis is a state of human consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.

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I Accuse!

I Accuse! is a British-American 1958 CinemaScope biographical drama film directed by and starring José Ferrer.

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In Search of Lost Time

In Search of Lost Time (À la recherche du temps perdu) – previously also translated as Remembrance of Things Past – is a novel in seven volumes, written by Marcel Proust (1871–1922).

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Intellectual

An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about society and proposes solutions for its normative problems.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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J'accuse (1919 film)

J'accuse is a 1919 French silent film directed by Abel Gance.

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J'accuse…!

"J'accuse...!" ("I accuse...!") was an open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper L'Aurore by the influential writer Émile Zola.

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.

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Jacques Marie Eugène Godefroy Cavaignac

Jacques Marie Eugène Godefroy Cavaignac (May 21, 1853 – September 25, 1905), known as Godefroy Cavaignac, French politician, was born in Paris.

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Jean Casimir-Perier

Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier (8 November 1847 – 11 March 1907) was a French politician who served as President of the French Third Republic.

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Jean Jaurès

Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès, commonly referred as Jean Jaurès (3 September 185931 July 1914) was a French Socialist leader.

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Jean Sandherr

Colonel Nicolas Jean Robert Conrad Auguste Sandherr (6 June 1846 – 24 May 1897) was a French military officer involved in the Dreyfus Affair.

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Jean-Baptiste Billot

Jean-Baptiste Billot (15 August 1828, Chaumeil, Corrèze – 31 May 1907, Paris) was a French general and politician.

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Jean-Denis Bredin

Jean-Denis Bredin (born 17 May 1929) is a French attorney and founding partner of the firm Bredin Prat.

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Jewish emancipation

Jewish emancipation was the external (and internal) process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which Jewish people were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights on a communal, not merely individual, basis.

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Jewish state

The "Jewish state" is a political term used to describe the nation state of Israel.

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Joseph Reinach

Joseph Reinach (30 September 1856 – 18 April 1921) was a French author and politician.

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Jules Ferry

Jules François Camille Ferry (5 April 183217 March 1893) was a French statesman and republican.

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Jules Guérin

Jules Guérin (14 September 1860 – 10 February 1910) was a French journalist and anti-Semitic activist.

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Jules Méline

Félix Jules Méline (20 May 183821 December 1925) was a French statesman, prime minister from 1896 to 1898.

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Jules Renard

Pierre-Jules Renard or Jules Renard (22 February 1864 – 22 May 1910) was a French author and member of the Académie Goncourt, most famous for the works Poil de carotte (Carrot Top, 1894) and Les Histoires Naturelles (Nature Stories, 1896).

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Kate Taylor (novelist)

Katherine Mary Taylor (born 1962 in Boulogne-Billancourt, France) is a Canadian critic and novelist, a cultural journalist at The Globe and Mail newspaper and author of three novels, Mme Proust and the Kosher Kitchen, A Man in Uniform and Serial Monogamy.

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L'Aurore

L’Aurore (French for “The Dawn”) was a literary, liberal, and socialist newspaper published in Paris, France, from 1897 to 1916.

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La Croix

La Croix (English: The Cross) is a daily French general-interest Roman Catholic newspaper. It is published in Paris and distributed throughout France, with a circulation of just under 110,000 as of 2009.

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La Libre Parole

La Libre Parole or La Libre Parole illustrée (French; The Free Word) was a French antisemitic political newspaper (1892, in Paris – June 1924) founded in 1892 by the journalist and polemicist Édouard Drumont.

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La Revue Blanche

La Revue blanche was a French art and literary magazine run between 1889 and 1903.

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Laurent Tailhade

Laurent Tailhade (16 April 1854 – 2 November 1919) was a French satirical poet, anarchist polemicist, essayist, and translator, active in Paris in the 1890s and early 1900s.

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Law enforcement in France

Law enforcement in France has a long history dating back to AD 570, when night watch systems were commonplace.

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Léon Blum

André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French politician, identified with the moderate left, and three times Prime Minister of France.

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Léon Bourgeois

Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois (21 May 185129 September 1925) was a French statesman.

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Le Figaro

Le Figaro is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826 and published in Paris.

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Le Havre

Le Havre, historically called Newhaven in English, is an urban French commune and city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northwestern France.

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Le Petit Journal (newspaper)

Le Petit Journal was a conservative daily Parisian newspaper founded by Moïse Polydore Millaud; published from 1863 to 1944.

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Le Temps

Le Temps (literally "The Times") is a Swiss French-language daily newspaper published in Berliner format in Geneva by Le Temps SA.

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Legion of Honour

The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.

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Legitimists

The Legitimists (Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution.

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Leo Frank

Leo Max Frank (April 17, 1884August 17, 1915) was an American factory superintendent who was convicted in 1913 of the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan, in Atlanta, Georgia.

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Les Rougon-Macquart

Les Rougon-Macquart is the collective title given to a cycle of twenty novels by French writer Émile Zola.

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Lie

A lie is a statement used intentionally for the purpose of deception.

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Life imprisonment

Life imprisonment (also known as imprisonment for life, life in prison, a life sentence, a life term, lifelong incarceration, life incarceration or simply life) is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural life or until paroled.

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Lois scélérates

The lois scélérates ("villainous laws") – a pejorative name – were a set of French laws restricting the 1881 freedom of the press laws passed under the Third Republic (1870–1940), after several bombings and assassination attempts carried out by anarchist proponents of "propaganda of the deed".

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Longchamp Racecourse

The ParisLongchamp Racecourse (Hippodrome de Longchamp) is a 57 hectare horse-racing facility located on the Route des Tribunes in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, France.

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Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales

The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales is the head of the judiciary and President of the Courts of England and Wales.

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Louis André

Louis André (28 March 1838, Nuits-Saint-Georges, Côte-d'Or – 18 March 1913) was France's Minister of War from 1900 until 1904.

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Louis Begley

Louis Begley (born October 6, 1933) is a Polish-born Jewish American novelist.

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Louis Lépine

Louis Jean-Baptiste Lépine was a lawyer, politician and inventor who was Préfet de Police with the Paris Police Prefecture from 1893 to 1897 and again from 1899 to 1913.

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Lucien Herr

Lucien Herr (17 January 1864 – 18 May 1926) was a French intellectual, librarian at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, and mentor to a number of well-known socialist politicians and writers, including Jean Jaurès and Charles Péguy.

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Lucien Lévy-Bruhl

Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (10 April 1857 – 13 March 1939) was a French scholar trained in philosophy, who made contributions to the budding fields of sociology and ethnology.

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Ludovic Trarieux

Ludovic Trarieux (30 November 1840 in Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente – 13 March 1904) was a French Republican statesman, prominent Dreyfusard, and pioneer of international human rights.

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Marcel Proust

Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922), known as Marcel Proust, was a French novelist, critic, and essayist best known for his monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time; earlier rendered as Remembrance of Things Past), published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927.

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Marie François Sadi Carnot

Marie François Sadi Carnot (11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.

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Marquis de Morès

Antoine-Amédée-Marie-Vincent Manca Amat de Vallombrosa, Marquis de Morès et de Montemaggiore (June 14, 1858 – June 9, 1896), commonly known as the Marquis de Morès, was a famous duelist, frontier ranchman in the Badlands of Dakota Territory during the final years of the American Old West era, a railroad pioneer in Vietnam, and an anti-Semitic politician in his native France.

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Mathieu Dreyfus

Mathieu Dreyfus (1857-1930) was an Alsatian Jewish industrialist and the older brother of Alfred Dreyfus, a French military officer falsely convicted of treason in what became known as the Dreyfus Affair.

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Maurice Barrès

Auguste-Maurice Barrès (19 August 1862 – 4 December 1923) was a French novelist, journalist and politician.

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Maurice Paléologue

Maurice Paléologue (13 January 1859 – 18 November 1944) was a French diplomat, historian, and essayist.

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Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen

Maximilian Friedrich Wilhelm August Leopold von Schwartzkoppen (24 February 1850 – 8 January 1917) was a Prussian military officer.

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Menahem Mendel Beilis

Menahem Mendel Beilis (sometimes spelled Beiliss;Blood Accusation: The Strange History of the Beiliss Case, Samuel, Maurice, Alfred A. Knopf, 1966. Менахем Мендель Бейлис, מנחם מענדל בייליס; 1874 – 7 July 1934) was a Russian Jew accused of ritual murder in Kiev in the Russian Empire in a notorious 1913 trial, known as the "Beilis trial" or "Beilis affair".

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Michael Burns (American actor)

Michael Thornton Burns (born December 30, 1947) is an American professor emeritus of history at Mount Holyoke College, as well as a published author and former television and film child actor.

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Michel Winock

Michel Winock (born 19 March 1937) is a French historian, specializing in the history of the French Republic, intellectual movements, antisemitism, nationalism and the far right movements of France.

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Military governor of Paris

The Military Governor of Paris has a very old and prestigious post in the French Army.

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Miscarriage of justice

A miscarriage of justice is primarily the conviction and punishment of a person for a crime they did not commit.

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Monarchism in France

Monarchism in France is the advocacy of restoring the monarchy (mostly constitutional monarchy) in France, which was abolished after the 1870 defeat by Prussia, arguably before that in 1848 with the establishment of the French Second Republic.

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Montparnasse Cemetery

Montparnasse Cemetery (Cimetière du Montparnasse) is a cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, part of the city's 14th arrondissement.

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Moselle

The Moselle (la Moselle,; Mosel; Musel) is a river flowing through France, Luxembourg, and Germany.

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Mulhouse

Mulhouse (Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse,;; i.e. mill house) is a city and commune in eastern France, close to the Swiss and German borders.

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Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme

The Musée d’Art et d’Histoire du Judaïsme or mahJ (French: "Museum of Jewish Art and History") is the largest French museum of Jewish art and history.

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National Assembly (France)

The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat).

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Nationalism

Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.

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Neue Freie Presse

Neue Freie Presse ("New Free Press") was a Viennese newspaper founded by Adolf Werthner together with the journalists Max Friedländer and Michael Etienne on 1 September 1864 after the staff had split from the newspaper Die Presse.

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New Caledonia

New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie)Previously known officially as the "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies" (Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances), then simply as the "Territory of New Caledonia" (French: Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), the official French name is now only Nouvelle-Calédonie (Organic Law of 19 March 1999, article 222 IV — see). The French courts often continue to use the appellation Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie.

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News media

The news media or news industry are forms of mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public.

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Norwegians

Norwegians (nordmenn) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Norway.

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Octave Mirbeau

Octave Mirbeau (16 February 1848 – 16 February 1917) was a French journalist, art critic, travel writer, pamphleteer, novelist, and playwright, who achieved celebrity in Europe and great success among the public, while still appealing to the literary and artistic avant-garde.

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Open letter

An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally.

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Orléanist

The Orléanists were a French right-wing (except for 1814–1830) faction which arose out of the French Revolution as opposed to Legitimists.

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Oscar Wilde

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright.

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Panama scandals

The Panama scandals (also known as the Panama Canal Scandal or Panama Affair) was a corruption affair that broke out in the French Third Republic in 1892, linked to the building of the Panama Canal.

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Panthéon

The Panthéon (pantheon, from Greek πάνθειον (ἱερόν) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Paschal Grousset

Jean François Paschal Grousset (7 April 1844, Corte – 9 April 1909, Paris) was a French politician, journalist, translator and science fiction writer.

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Paul Adolphe Marie Prosper Granier de Cassagnac

Paul Adolphe Marie Prosper Granier de Cassagnac (1843, Paris1904, Saint-Viâtre) was the son of Adolphe Granier de Cassagnac, and while still young associated with his father in both politics and journalism.

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Paul Déroulède

Paul Déroulède (2 September 1846 – 30 January 1914) was a French author and politician, one of the founders of the nationalist League of Patriots.

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Paul Léautaud

Paul Léautaud (18 January 1872 – 22 February 1956) was a French writer and theater critic for Mercure de France, signing his often caustic reviews with the pseudonym Maurice Boissard.

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Paul Valéry

Ambroise Paul Toussaint Jules Valéry (30 October 1871 – 20 July 1945) was a French poet, essayist, and philosopher.

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Paul Viollet

Paul Marie Viollet (24 October 1840, Tours, France – 22 November 1914, Paris) was a French historian.

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Penguin Island (novel)

Penguin Island (1908; L'Île des Pingouins) is a satirical fictional history by Nobel Prize–winning French author Anatole France.

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Picric acid

Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (O2N)3C6H2OH.

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Pierre Birnbaum

Pierre Birnbaum (1940, Lourdes) is a French historian and sociologist.

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Pierre Louÿs

Pierre Louÿs (10 December 1870 – 6 June 1925) was a French poet and writer, most renowned for lesbian and classical themes in some of his writings.

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Pierre Milza

Pierre Milza (b. 16 April 1932 in Paris; d. 28 February 2018 in Saint-Malo) was a French historian.

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Pierre Napoléon Bonaparte

Prince Pierre-Napoléon Bonaparte (11 October 1815 – 7 April 1881) was born in Rome, Italy, the son of Prince Lucien Bonaparte and his second wife Alexandrine de Bleschamp.

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Pierre Quillard

Pierre Quillard (born Paris, 14 July 1864 - died Neuilly-sur-Seine, 4 February 1912) was a French symbolist poet, playwright, translator (from Greek), and journalist.

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Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau

Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (2 December 1846 – 10 August 1904) was a French Republican politician.

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Piers Paul Read

Piers Paul Read FRSL (born 7 March 1941) is an award-winning British novelist, historian and biographer.

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Place de la Concorde

The Place de la Concorde is one of the major public squares in Paris, France.

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Political crime

In criminology, a political crime or political offence is an offence involving overt acts or omissions (where there is a duty to act), which prejudice the interests of the state, its government, or the political system.

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Political scandal

A political scandal is an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage.

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Prison

A prison, also known as a correctional facility, jail, gaol (dated, British English), penitentiary (American English), detention center (American English), or remand center is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.

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Public opinion

Public opinion consists of the desires, wants, and thinking of the majority of the people; it is the collective opinion of the people of a society or state on an issue or problem.

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Quiberon Bay

The Baie de Quiberon is an area of sheltered water on the south coast of Brittany.

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Raoul Le Mouton de Boisdeffre

Raoul François Charles Le Mouton de Boisdeffre, or more commonly Raoul de Boisdeffre (6 February 1839, Alençon – 24 August 1919, Paris) was a French army general.

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Raymond Poincaré

Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served three times as 58th Prime Minister of France, and as President of France from 1913 to 1920.

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Rennes

Rennes (Roazhon,; Gallo: Resnn) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine.

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Robert Harris (novelist)

Robert Dennis Harris (born 7 March 1957) is an English novelist.

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Roger Martin du Gard

Roger Martin du Gard (23 March 1881 – 22 August 1958) was a French novelist, winner of the 1937 Nobel Prize for Literature.

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Saint-Pol-Roux

Paul-Pierre Roux, called Saint-Pol-Roux (15 January 1861, quartier de Saint-Henry, Marseille - 18 October 1940, Brest) was a French Symbolist poet.

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Salvation's Islands

The Salvation's Islands (French: Îles du Salut, so called because the missionaries went there to escape plague on the mainland; sometimes mistakenly called Safety Islands) are a group of small islands of volcanic origin about off the coast of French Guiana, north of Kourou, in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Sarah Bernhardt

Sarah Bernhardt (22 or 23 October 1844 – 26 March 1923) was a French stage actress who starred in some of the most popular French plays of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including La Dame Aux Camelias by Alexandre Dumas, ''fils'', Ruy Blas by Victor Hugo, Fédora and La Tosca by Victorien Sardou, and L'Aiglon by Edmond Rostand.

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Sébastien Faure

Sébastien Faure (born 6 January 1858 in Saint-Étienne, Loire, France; died 14 July 1942 in Royan, Charente-Maritime, France) was a French anarchist, freethought and secularist activist and a principal proponent of synthesis anarchism.

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Secular humanism

Secular humanism is a philosophy or life stance that embraces human reason, ethics, and philosophical naturalism while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision making.

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Sensationalism

Sensationalism is a type of editorial bias in mass media in which events and topics in news stories and pieces are overhyped to present biased impressions on events, which may cause a manipulation to the truth of a story.

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Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage

The Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service), abbreviated SDECE, was France's external intelligence agency from 6 November 1944 to 2 April 1982, when it was replaced by the Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE).

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Seymour Hicks

Sir Edward Seymour Hicks (30 January 1871 – 6 April 1949), better known as Seymour Hicks, was a British actor, music hall performer, playwright, screenwriter, actor-manager and producer.

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Shorthand

Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language.

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Silent film

A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound (and in particular, no spoken dialogue).

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Socialist Party of France (1902)

The Socialist Party of France (Parti socialiste de France) was founded in 1902, during a congress in Commentry, by the merger of the Marxist French Workers' Party led by Jules Guesde and the Blanquist Central Revolutionary Committee of Édouard Vaillant.

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Staff (military)

A military staff (often referred to as general staff, army staff, navy staff, or air staff within the individual services) is a group of officers, enlisted and civilian personnel that are responsible for the administrative, operational and logistical needs of its unit.

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Stéphane Mallarmé

Stéphane Mallarmé (18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic.

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Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Alsatian: Strossburi; Straßburg) is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament.

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The Children's Book

The Children's Book is a 2009 novel by British writer A.S. Byatt.

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The Dreyfus Affair (film series)

The Dreyfus Affair (L'affaire Dreyfus), also known as Dreyfus Court-Martial, is an 1899 series of short silent docudramas, conceived and directed by Georges Méliès.

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The Life of Emile Zola

The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about French author Émile Zola, played by Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle.

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The Prague Cemetery

The Prague Cemetery (Il cimitero di Praga) is the sixth novel by Italian author Umberto Eco.

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Theodor Herzl

Theodor Herzl (תאודור הֶרְצֵל Te'odor Hertsel, Herzl Tivadar; 2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904), Hebrew name given at his brit milah Binyamin Ze'ev (בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב), also known in Hebrew as, Chozeh HaMedinah (lit. "Visionary of the State") was an Austro-Hungarian journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern political Zionism.

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Treason

In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more extreme acts against one's nation or sovereign.

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Tunisia

Tunisia (تونس; Berber: Tunes, ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ; Tunisie), officially the Republic of Tunisia, (الجمهورية التونسية) is a sovereign state in Northwest Africa, covering. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains, and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert. Much of the rest of the country's land is fertile soil. Its of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and, by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel, feature the African mainland's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. It is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a high human development index. It has an association agreement with the European Union; is a member of La Francophonie, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, the OIC, the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States. In addition, Tunisia is also a member state of the United Nations and a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Close relations with Europe in particular with France and with Italy have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation and industrial modernization. In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC; these immigrants founded Carthage. A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years, introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater. After several attempts starting in 647, the Muslims conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, followed by the Ottoman Empire between 1534 and 1574. The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881. Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, followed by parliamentary elections. The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014.

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Umberto Eco

Umberto Eco (5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian novelist, literary critic, philosopher, semiotician, and university professor.

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United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted the Plan as Resolution 181 (II). The resolution recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish States and a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem. The Partition Plan, a four-part document attached to the resolution, provided for the termination of the Mandate, the progressive withdrawal of British armed forces and the delineation of boundaries between the two States and Jerusalem. Part I of the Plan stipulated that the Mandate would be terminated as soon as possible and the United Kingdom would withdraw no later than 1 August 1948. The new states would come into existence two months after the withdrawal, but no later than 1 October 1948. The Plan sought to address the conflicting objectives and claims of two competing movements, Palestinian nationalism and Jewish nationalism, or Zionism. Molinaro, Enrico The Holy Places of Jerusalem in Middle East Peace Agreements Page 78 The Plan also called for Economic Union between the proposed states, and for the protection of religious and minority rights. The Plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, despite its perceived limitations. Arab leaders and governments rejected it and indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division, arguing that it violated the principles of national self-determination in the UN Charter which granted people the right to decide their own destiny.Sami Hadawi, Olive Branch Press, (1989)1991 p.76. Immediately after adoption of the Resolution by the General Assembly, a civil war broke out and the plan was not implemented.

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Verdun

Verdun (official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a small city in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

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Versailles, Yvelines

Versailles is a city in the Yvelines département in Île-de-France region, renowned worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles, designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

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Victor Bérard

Victor Bérard (Morez, 10 August 1864 – Paris, 13 November 1931) was a French diplomat and politician.

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Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay

Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay (30 January 1831 – 30 June 1913) was a French politician.

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Victor Noir

Victor Noir, (27 July 1848 in Attigny, Vosges – 11 January 1870 in Paris), was a French journalist who is famous for the manner of his death and its political consequences.

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W. S. Gilbert

Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (18 November 1836 – 29 May 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for his collaboration with composer Arthur Sullivan, which produced fourteen comic operas.

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Wilhelm II, German Emperor

Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

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William Terriss

William Terriss (20 February 1847 – 16 December 1897), born as William Charles James Lewin, was an English actor, known for his swashbuckling hero roles, such as Robin Hood, as well as parts in classic dramas and comedies.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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Zionism

Zionism (צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut after Zion) is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine).

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16 May 1877 crisis

The 16 May 1877 crisis (Crise du seize mai) was a constitutional crisis in the French Third Republic concerning the distribution of power between the President and the legislature.

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1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (French) was passed by the Chamber of Deputies on 9 December 1905.

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Redirects here:

"l'affaire Dreyfus", Affaire Dreyfus, Anti-Dreyfusard, Anti-Dreyfusards, Antidreyfusard, Captain Alfred, Dreyfus Affair, Dreyfus Case, Dreyfus Case ("l'affaire Dreyfus"), Dreyfus Trial, Dreyfus case, Dreyfusard, Dreyfusite, Dreyfuss Affair, Dreyfuss affair, Dryfus affair, L'Affaire Dreyfus, L'affaire Dreyfus, Public scandal of the Dreyfus Affair, The Dreyfus Affair, The Dreyfus Case, The Dreyfuss Affair, The public scandal of the Dreyfus Affair.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair

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