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Table of Contents

1. 589 relations: A, A Dictionary of the English Language, Accent (sociolinguistics), Accusative case, Acronym, Adpositional phrase, Aeon (magazine), Affirmation and negation, Affricate, African Americans, African-American English, African-American Vernacular English, Afrikaans, Agreement (linguistics), Alabama, Alain de Botton, Alex Salmond, Alfred the Great, Allophone, Alveolar consonant, American and British English spelling differences, American English, American Revolution, American Revolutionary War, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Analytic language, Anaphora (linguistics), Angles (tribe), Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, Anglo-Norman language, Anglo-Saxon runes, Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo-Saxons, Ans van Kemenade, Approximant, Archaism, Arundhati Roy, ASEAN, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Aspirated consonant, Atlantic Canada, Augustinians, Australia, Australian English, Australian English phonology, Auxiliary verb, Aviation, Æ, B, ... Expand index (539 more) » « Shrink index

2. Analytic languages
3. Anglic languages
4. Fusional languages
5. Germanic languages
6. Lingua francas
7. Stress-timed languages

A

A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide.

See English language and A

A Dictionary of the English Language

A Dictionary of the English Language, sometimes published as Johnson's Dictionary, was published on 15 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson.

See English language and A Dictionary of the English Language

Accent (sociolinguistics)

In sociolinguistics, an accent is a way of pronouncing a language that is distinctive to a country, area, social class, or individual.

See English language and Accent (sociolinguistics)

Accusative case

In grammar, the accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb.

See English language and Accusative case

Acronym

An acronym is an abbreviation of a phrase that usually consists of the initial letter of each word in all caps with no punctuation.

See English language and Acronym

Adpositional phrase

An adpositional phrase is a syntactic category that includes prepositional phrases, postpositional phrases, and circumpositional phrases.

See English language and Adpositional phrase

Aeon (magazine)

Aeon is a digital magazine of ideas, philosophy and culture.

See English language and Aeon (magazine)

Affirmation and negation

In linguistics and grammar, affirmation (abbreviated) and negation are ways in which grammar encodes positive and negative polarity into verb phrases, clauses, or other utterances.

See English language and Affirmation and negation

Affricate

An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal).

See English language and Affricate

African Americans

African Americans, also known as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa.

See English language and African Americans

African-American English

African-American English (or AAE; or '''Ebonics''', also known as Black American English or simply Black English in American linguistics) is the set of English sociolects spoken by most Black people in the United States and many in Canada; most commonly, it refers to a dialect continuum ranging from African-American Vernacular English to a more standard American English.

See English language and African-American English

African-American Vernacular English

African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is the variety of English natively spoken, particularly in urban communities, by most working- and middle-class African Americans and some Black Canadians.

See English language and African-American Vernacular English

Afrikaans

Afrikaans is a West Germanic language, spoken in South Africa, Namibia and (to a lesser extent) Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. English language and Afrikaans are analytic languages and stress-timed languages.

See English language and Afrikaans

Agreement (linguistics)

In linguistics, agreement or concord (abbreviated) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates.

See English language and Agreement (linguistics)

Alabama

Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

See English language and Alabama

Alain de Botton

Alain de Botton (born 20 December 1969) is a Swiss-born British author and public speaker.

See English language and Alain de Botton

Alex Salmond

Alexander Elliot Anderson Salmond (born 31 December 1954) is a Scottish politician, economist and television host, who served as First Minister of Scotland from 2007 to 2014.

See English language and Alex Salmond

Alfred the Great

Alfred the Great (also spelled Ælfred; – 26 October 899) was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 until his death in 899.

See English language and Alfred the Great

Allophone

In phonology, an allophone (from the Greek ἄλλος,, 'other' and φωνή,, 'voice, sound') is one of multiple possible spoken soundsor phonesused to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language.

See English language and Allophone

Alveolar consonant

Alveolar (UK also) consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the upper teeth.

See English language and Alveolar consonant

American and British English spelling differences

Despite the various English dialects spoken from country to country and within different regions of the same country, there are only slight regional variations in English orthography, the two most notable variations being British and American spelling.

See English language and American and British English spelling differences

American English

American English (AmE), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.

See English language and American English

American Revolution

The American Revolution was a rebellion and political movement in the Thirteen Colonies which peaked when colonists initiated an ultimately successful war for independence against the Kingdom of Great Britain.

See English language and American Revolution

American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

See English language and American Revolutionary War

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary is a dictionary of Old English (also known as Anglo-Saxon).

See English language and An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

Analytic language

An analytic language is a type of natural language in which a series of root/stem words is accompanied by prepositions, postpositions, particles and modifiers, using affixes very rarely. English language and analytic language are analytic languages.

See English language and Analytic language

Anaphora (linguistics)

In linguistics, anaphora is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (its antecedent).

See English language and Anaphora (linguistics)

Angles (tribe)

The Angles were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period.

See English language and Angles (tribe)

Anglo-Frisian languages

The Anglo-Frisian languages are the Anglic (English, Scots, Fingallian†, and Yola†) and Frisian (North Frisian, East Frisian, and West Frisian) varieties of the West Germanic languages.

See English language and Anglo-Frisian languages

Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland

The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland took place during the late 12th century, when Anglo-Normans gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land from the Irish, over which the kings of England then claimed sovereignty, all allegedly sanctioned by the papal bull Laudabiliter.

See English language and Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland

Anglo-Norman language

Anglo-Norman (Anglo-Normaund), also known as Anglo-Norman French, was a dialect of Old Norman that was used in England and, to a lesser extent, other places in Great Britain and Ireland during the Anglo-Norman period.

See English language and Anglo-Norman language

Anglo-Saxon runes

Anglo-Saxon runes or Anglo-Frisian runes are runes that were used by the Anglo-Saxons and Medieval Frisians (collectively called Anglo-Frisians) as an alphabet in their native writing system, recording both Old English and Old Frisian (rūna, ᚱᚢᚾᚪ, "rune").

See English language and Anglo-Saxon runes

Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain

The settlement of Great Britain by diverse Germanic peoples led to the development of a new Anglo-Saxon cultural identity and shared Germanic language, Old English, which was most closely related to Old Frisian on the other side of the North Sea.

See English language and Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain

Anglo-Saxons

The Anglo-Saxons, the English or Saxons of Britain, were a cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.

See English language and Anglo-Saxons

Ans van Kemenade

Ans van Kemenade (born 1954 in Eindhoven) is a Dutch professor of English linguistics at the Radboud University Nijmegen specializing in the history of the English language.

See English language and Ans van Kemenade

Approximant

Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.

See English language and Approximant

Archaism

In language, an archaism is a word, a sense of a word, or a style of speech or writing that belongs to a historical epoch beyond living memory, but that has survived in a few practical settings or affairs.

See English language and Archaism

Arundhati Roy

Suzanna Arundhati Roy (born 24 November 1961) is an Indian author best known for her novel The God of Small Things (1997), which won the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1997 and became the best-selling book by a non-expatriate Indian author.

See English language and Arundhati Roy

ASEAN

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly abbreviated as ASEAN, is a political and economic union of 10 states in Southeast Asia.

See English language and ASEAN

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.

See English language and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Aspirated consonant

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.

See English language and Aspirated consonant

Atlantic Canada

Atlantic Canada, also called the Atlantic provinces (provinces de l'Atlantique), is the region of Eastern Canada comprising the provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec.

See English language and Atlantic Canada

Augustinians

Augustinians are members of several religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, written in about 400 AD by Augustine of Hippo.

See English language and Augustinians

Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.

See English language and Australia

Australian English

Australian English (AusE, AusEng, AuE, AuEng, en-AU) is the set of varieties of the English language native to Australia.

See English language and Australian English

Australian English phonology

Australian English (AuE) is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians.

See English language and Australian English phonology

Auxiliary verb

An auxiliary verb (abbreviated) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it occurs, so as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc.

See English language and Auxiliary verb

Aviation

Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry.

See English language and Aviation

Æ

Æ (lowercase: æ) is a character formed from the letters a and e, originally a ligature representing the Latin diphthong ae.

See English language and Æ

B

B, or b, is the second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and B

Bantu languages

The Bantu languages (English:, Proto-Bantu: *bantʊ̀) are a language family of about 600 languages that are spoken by the Bantu peoples of Central, Southern, Eastern and Southeast Africa.

See English language and Bantu languages

Barbados

Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region next to North America and north of South America, and is the most easterly of the Caribbean islands.

See English language and Barbados

BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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Belize

Belize (Bileez) is a country on the north-eastern coast of Central America.

See English language and Belize

Beowulf

Beowulf (Bēowulf) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines.

See English language and Beowulf

Bilabial consonant

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips.

See English language and Bilabial consonant

Binomial nomenclature

In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.

See English language and Binomial nomenclature

Bisayan languages

The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines.

See English language and Bisayan languages

Bislish

Bislish is a portmanteau of the words Bisaya and English, which refers to any of the Visayan languages of the Philippines macaronically infused with English terms.

See English language and Bislish

Boston accent

A Boston accent is a local accent of Eastern New England English, native specifically to the city of Boston and its suburbs.

See English language and Boston accent

Braj Kachru

Braj Bihari Kachru (15 May 1932 – 29 July 2016) was an Indian-American linguist.

See English language and Braj Kachru

Breathy voice

Breathy voice (also called murmured voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like sound.

See English language and Breathy voice

British colonization of the Americas

The British colonization of the Americas is the history of establishment of control, settlement, and colonization of the continents of the Americas by England, Scotland, and, after 1707, Great Britain.

See English language and British colonization of the Americas

British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

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British English

British English is the set of varieties of the English language native to the island of Great Britain.

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British Isles

The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland), and over six thousand smaller islands.

See English language and British Isles

British Latin

British Latin or British Vulgar Latin was the Vulgar Latin spoken in Great Britain in the Roman and sub-Roman periods.

See English language and British Latin

British occupation of Manila

The British occupation of Manila was an episode in the colonial history of the Philippines when the Kingdom of Great Britain occupied the Spanish colonial capital of Manila and the nearby port of Cavite for eighteen months, from the 6th October 1762 to the first week of April 1764.

See English language and British occupation of Manila

C

C, or c, is the third letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and C

Cajun English

Cajun English, or Cajun Vernacular English, is a dialect of American English spoken by Cajuns living in Southern Louisiana.

See English language and Cajun English

California English

California English (or Californian English) collectively refers to varieties of American English native to California.

See English language and California English

Calque

In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation.

See English language and Calque

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

See English language and Cambridge University Press

Canada

Canada is a country in North America.

See English language and Canada

Canadian English

Canadian English (CanE, CE, en-CA) encompasses the varieties of English used in Canada.

See English language and Canadian English

Canadian raising

Canadian raising (also sometimes known as English diphthong raising) is an allophonic rule of phonology in many varieties of North American English that changes the pronunciation of diphthongs with open-vowel starting points.

See English language and Canadian raising

Caribbean Community

The Caribbean Community (CARICOM or CC) is an intergovernmental organisation that is a political and economic union of 15 member states (14 nation-states and one dependency) and five associated members throughout the Americas, The Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean.

See English language and Caribbean Community

Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands is a self-governing British Overseas Territory, and the largest by population.

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Cædmon's Hymn

Cædmon's Hymn is a short Old English poem attributed to Cædmon, a supposedly illiterate and unmusical cow-herder who was, according to the Northumbrian monk Bede (d. 735), miraculously empowered to sing in honour of God the Creator.

See English language and Cædmon's Hymn

Celtic language decline in England

Prior to the 5th century AD, most people in Great Britain spoke the Brythonic languages, but these numbers declined sharply throughout the Anglo-Saxon period (between the fifth and eleventh centuries), when Brythonic languages were displaced by the West Germanic dialects that are now known collectively as Old English.

See English language and Celtic language decline in England

Celtic languages

The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from Proto-Celtic.

See English language and Celtic languages

Central consonant

A central consonant, also known as a median consonant, is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue.

See English language and Central consonant

Chain shift

In historical linguistics, a chain shift is a set of sound changes in which the change in pronunciation of one speech sound (typically, a phoneme) is linked to, and presumably causes, a change in pronunciation of other sounds.

See English language and Chain shift

Charles University

Charles University (CUNI; Univerzita Karlova, UK; Universitas Carolina; Karls-Universität), or historically as the University of Prague (Universitas Pragensis), is the largest and best-ranked university in the Czech Republic. It is one of the oldest universities in the world in continuous operation, the first university north of the Alps and east of Paris.

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Chicano English

Chicano English, or Mexican-American English, is a dialect of American English spoken primarily by Mexican Americans (sometimes known as Chicanos), particularly in the Southwestern United States ranging from Texas to California,Newman, Michael.

See English language and Chicano English

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (born 15 September 1977) is a Nigerian author who is regarded as a central figure in postcolonial feminist literature.

See English language and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Chuck Zito

Charles Alfred Zito Jr. (born March 1, 1953) is an American actor, stuntman, celebrity bodyguard and former outlaw biker who was president of the New York chapter of the Hells Angels.

See English language and Chuck Zito

Clade

In biological phylogenetics, a clade, also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.

See English language and Clade

Cleft sentence

A cleft sentence is a complex sentence (one having a main clause and a dependent clause) that has a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence.

See English language and Cleft sentence

Clipping (phonetics)

In phonetics, clipping is the process of shortening the articulation of a phonetic segment, usually a vowel.

See English language and Clipping (phonetics)

Clitic

In morphology and syntax, a clitic (backformed from Greek ἐγκλιτικός "leaning" or "enclitic"Crystal, David. A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.) is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.

See English language and Clitic

Close vowel

A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in U.S. terminology), is any in a class of vowel sounds used in many spoken languages.

See English language and Close vowel

Cockney

Cockney is a dialect of the English language, mainly spoken in London and its environs, particularly by Londoners with working-class and lower middle-class roots.

See English language and Cockney

Code-switching

In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation.

See English language and Code-switching

Cohesion (linguistics)

Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning.

See English language and Cohesion (linguistics)

Colon (letter)

The colon alphabetic letter is used in a number of languages and phonetic transcription systems, for vowel length in Americanist Phonetic Notation, for the vowels and in a number of languages of Delhi, India, and for grammatical tone in several languages of Africa.

See English language and Colon (letter)

Common Brittonic

Common Brittonic (Brythoneg; Brythonek; Predeneg), also known as British, Common Brythonic, or Proto-Brittonic, is an extinct Celtic language spoken in Britain and Brittany.

See English language and Common Brittonic

Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations, often simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is an international association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire from which it developed.

See English language and Commonwealth of Nations

Comparison (grammar)

Comparison is a feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages whereby adjectives and adverbs are rendered in an inflected or periphrastic way to indicate a comparative degree, property, quality, or quantity of a corresponding word, phrase, or clause.

See English language and Comparison (grammar)

Consonant cluster

In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound, is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel.

See English language and Consonant cluster

Constructed language

A constructed language (shortened to conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, orthography, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a work of fiction.

See English language and Constructed language

Controlled natural language

Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are subsets of natural languages that are obtained by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity.

See English language and Controlled natural language

Copula (linguistics)

In linguistics, a copula /‘kɑpjələ/ (copulas or copulae; abbreviated) is a word or phrase that links the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue" or the phrase was not being in the sentence "It was not being cooperative." The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things.

See English language and Copula (linguistics)

Corpus linguistics

Corpus linguistics is an empirical method for the study of language by way of a text corpus (plural corpora).

See English language and Corpus linguistics

Cot–caught merger

The cot–caught merger, also known as the merger or low back merger, is a sound change present in some dialects of English where speakers do not distinguish the vowel phonemes in words like cot versus caught.

See English language and Cot–caught merger

Council of Europe

The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.

See English language and Council of Europe

Count noun

In linguistics, a count noun (also countable noun) is a noun that can be modified by a quantity and that occurs in both singular and plural forms, and that can co-occur with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, etc.

See English language and Count noun

County Wexford

County Wexford (Contae Loch Garman) is a county in Ireland.

See English language and County Wexford

Court of Chancery

The Court of Chancery was a court of equity in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to avoid a slow pace of change and possible harshness (or "inequity") of the common law.

See English language and Court of Chancery

Creole language

A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing into a new form (often a pidgin), and then that form expanding and elaborating into a full-fledged language with native speakers, all within a fairly brief period.

See English language and Creole language

D

D, or d, is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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D. J. Shockley

Donald Eugene "D.

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Damien Hirst

Damien Steven Hirst (né Brennan; born 7 June 1965) is an English artist and art collector.

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Danelaw

The Danelaw (also known as the Danelagh; Danelagen; Dena lagu) was the part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons.

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Danny Baker

Danny Baker (born 22 June 1957) is an English comedy writer, journalist, radio DJ and screenwriter.

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David Crystal

David Crystal, (born 6 July 1941) is a British linguist who works on the linguistics of the English language.

See English language and David Crystal

De Gruyter

Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter, is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.

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Definiteness

In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases that distinguishes between referents or senses that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and those that are not (indefinite noun phrases).

See English language and Definiteness

Deixis

In linguistics, deixis is the use of words or phrases to refer to a particular time (e.g. then), place (e.g. here), or person (e.g. you) relative to the context of the utterance.

See English language and Deixis

Denotation

In linguistics and philosophy, the denotation of a word or expression is its strictly literal meaning.

See English language and Denotation

Dental consonant

A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as,. In some languages, dentals are distinguished from other groups, such as alveolar consonants, in which the tongue contacts the gum ridge.

See English language and Dental consonant

Dependent-marking language

A dependent-marking language has grammatical markers of agreement and case government between the words of phrases that tend to appear more on dependents than on heads.

See English language and Dependent-marking language

Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be.

See English language and Dialect continuum

Digraph (orthography)

A digraph or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.

See English language and Digraph (orthography)

Diphthong

A diphthong, also known as a gliding vowel or a vowel glide, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.

See English language and Diphthong

Diplomacy

Diplomacy comprises spoken or written communication by representatives of state, intergovernmental, or non-governmental institutions intended to influence events in the international system.

See English language and Diplomacy

Discourse

Discourse is a generalization of the notion of a conversation to any form of communication.

See English language and Discourse

Discourse marker

A discourse marker is a word or a phrase that plays a role in managing the flow and structure of discourse.

See English language and Discourse marker

Do-support

Do-support (sometimes referred to as do-insertion or periphrastic do), in English grammar, is the use of the auxiliary verb do (or one of its inflected forms e.g. does), to form negated clauses and constructions which require subject–auxiliary inversion, such as questions.

See English language and Do-support

Dublin

Dublin is the capital of the Republic of Ireland and also the largest city by size on the island of Ireland.

See English language and Dublin

Dummy pronoun

A dummy pronoun, also known as an expletive pronoun, is a deictic pronoun that fulfills a syntactical requirement without providing a contextually explicit meaning of its referent.

See English language and Dummy pronoun

Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language. English language and Dutch language are Germanic languages and stress-timed languages.

See English language and Dutch language

E

E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Early Modern English

Early Modern English (sometimes abbreviated EModEFor example, or EMnE) or Early New English (ENE) is the stage of the English language from the beginning of the Tudor period to the English Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century.

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East Midlands English

East Midlands English is a dialect, including local and social variations spoken in most parts of East Midlands England.

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Eastern New England English

Eastern New England English, historically known as the Yankee dialect since at least the 19th century, is the traditional regional dialect of Maine, New Hampshire, and the eastern half of Massachusetts.

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Economic Cooperation Organization

The Economic Cooperation Organization or ECO is a Eurasian political and economic intergovernmental organization that was founded in 1985 in Tehran by the leaders of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey.

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Eleanor Catton

Eleanor Catton (born 1985) is a New Zealand novelist and screenwriter.

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Emery Emery

Emery Emery (born December 25, 1963) is an American comedian, film editor and producer, and outspoken atheist, known for his contribution to numerous comedy-related films and TV shows, his two podcasts, Skeptically Yours, and the award-winning Ardent Atheist.

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End of Roman rule in Britain

The end of Roman rule in Britain was the transition from Roman Britain to post-Roman Britain.

See English language and End of Roman rule in Britain

English alphabet

Modern English is written with a Latin-script alphabet consisting of 26 letters, with each having both uppercase and lowercase forms.

See English language and English alphabet

English as a second or foreign language

English as a second or foreign language refers to the use of English by individuals whose native language is different, commonly among students learning to speak and write English.

See English language and English as a second or foreign language

English Braille

English Braille, also known as Grade 2 Braille, is the braille alphabet used for English.

See English language and English Braille

English coordinators

English coordinators (also known as coordinating conjunctions) are conjunctions that connect words, phrases, or clauses with equal syntactic importance.

See English language and English coordinators

English grammar

English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language.

See English language and English grammar

English language in England

The English language spoken and written in England encompasses a diverse range of accents and dialects.

See English language and English language in England

English language in Northern England

The spoken English language in Northern England has been shaped by the region's history of settlement and migration, and today encompasses a group of related accents and dialects known as Northern England English (or, simply, Northern (English) in the United Kingdom).

See English language and English language in Northern England

English modal auxiliary verbs

The English modal auxiliary verbs are a subset of the English auxiliary verbs used mostly to express modality (properties such as possibility and obligation).

See English language and English modal auxiliary verbs

English orthography

English orthography is the writing system used to represent spoken English, allowing readers to connect the graphemes to sound and to meaning.

See English language and English orthography

English people

The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language, a West Germanic language, and share a common ancestry, history, and culture.

See English language and English people

English phonology

English phonology is the system of speech sounds used in spoken English.

See English language and English phonology

English phrasal verbs

In the traditional grammar of Modern English, a phrasal verb typically constitutes a single semantic unit consisting of a verb followed by a particle (examples: turn down, run into or sit up), sometimes collocated with a preposition (examples: get together with, run out of or feed off of).

See English language and English phrasal verbs

English subjunctive

While the English language lacks distinct inflections for mood, an English subjunctive is recognized in most grammars.

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English subordinators

English subordinators (also known as subordinating conjunctions or complementizers) are words that mostly mark clauses as subordinate.

See English language and English subordinators

English words of Greek origin

The Greek language has contributed to the English lexicon in five main ways.

See English language and English words of Greek origin

English-based creole languages

An English-based creole language (often shortened to English creole) is a creole language for which English was the lexifier, meaning that at the time of its formation the vocabulary of English served as the basis for the majority of the creole's lexicon.

See English language and English-based creole languages

English-language idioms

An idiom is a common word or phrase with a figurative, non-literal meaning that is understood culturally and differs from what its composite words' denotations would suggest; i.e. the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words (although some idioms do retain their literal meanings – see the example "kick the bucket" below).

See English language and English-language idioms

English-language spelling reform

For centuries, there have been movements to reform the spelling of the English language.

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English-language vowel changes before historic /l/

In the history of English phonology, there have been many diachronic sound changes affecting vowels, especially involving phonemic splits and mergers.

See English language and English-language vowel changes before historic /l/

English-only movement

The English-only movement, also known as the Official English movement, is a political movement that advocates for the exclusive use of the English language in official United States government communication through the establishment of English as the only official language in the United States.

See English language and English-only movement

English-speaking world

The English-speaking world comprises the 88 countries and territories in which English is an official, administrative, or cultural language.

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Englishisation

Englishisation refers to the introduction of English-language influences into other languages.

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Entertainment

Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight.

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Epic poetry

An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.

See English language and Epic poetry

Epicenity

Epicenity is the lack of gender distinction, often reducing the emphasis on the masculine to allow the feminine.

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Essex

Essex is a ceremonial county in the East of England, and one of the home counties.

See English language and Essex

Estuary English

Estuary English is an English accent, continuum of accents, or continuum of accent features associated with the area along the River Thames and its estuary, including London, since the late 20th century.

See English language and Estuary English

Eth

Eth (uppercase: Ð, lowercase: ð; also spelled edh or eð), known as ðæt in Old English, is a letter used in Old English, Middle English, Icelandic, Faroese (in which it is called edd), and Elfdalian.

See English language and Eth

European Free Trade Association

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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F

F, or f, is the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and F

Faroese language

Faroese is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of which 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere. English language and Faroese language are stress-timed languages and subject–verb–object languages.

See English language and Faroese language

Filipinos

Filipinos (Mga Pilipino) are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines.

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Fingallian

Fingallian or the Fingal dialect is an extinct language formerly spoken in Fingal, Ireland. English language and Fingallian are Anglic languages.

See English language and Fingallian

Finite verb

A finite verb is the form of a verb that immediately complements a subject unless its clause is expressed in the imperative mood, which typically omits specific mention of the subject.

See English language and Finite verb

First language

A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.

See English language and First language

Flapping

Flapping or tapping, also known as alveolar flapping, intervocalic flapping, or t-voicing, is a phonological process involving a voiced alveolar tap or flap; it is found in many varieties of English, especially North American, Cardiff, Ulster, Australian and New Zealand English, where the voiceless alveolar stop consonant phoneme is pronounced as a voiced alveolar flap, a sound produced by briefly tapping the alveolar ridge with the tongue, when placed between vowels.

See English language and Flapping

Focus (linguistics)

In linguistics, focus (abbreviated) is a grammatical category that conveys which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information.

See English language and Focus (linguistics)

Foreign language

A foreign language is a language that is not an official language of, nor typically spoken in, a specific country.

See English language and Foreign language

Fortis and lenis

In linguistics, fortis and lenis (and; Latin for "strong" and "weak"), sometimes identified with 'tense' and 'lax', are pronunciations of consonants with relatively greater and lesser energy, respectively.

See English language and Fortis and lenis

French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. English language and French language are Fusional languages, lingua francas and subject–verb–object languages.

See English language and French language

Fricative

A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

See English language and Fricative

Frisia

Frisia is a cross-border cultural region in Northwestern Europe.

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Frisian languages

The Frisian languages are a closely related group of West Germanic languages, spoken by about 400,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany.

See English language and Frisian languages

G

G, or g, is the seventh letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide.

See English language and G

Gender neutrality

Gender neutrality (adjective form: gender-neutral), also known as gender-neutralism or the gender neutrality movement, is the idea that policies, language, and other social institutions (social structures or gender roles) should avoid distinguishing roles according to people's sex or gender.

See English language and Gender neutrality

General American English

General American English, known in linguistics simply as General American (abbreviated GA or GenAm), is the umbrella accent of American English spoken by a majority of Americans, encompassing a continuum rather than a single unified accent.

See English language and General American English

Genitive case

In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun.

See English language and Genitive case

Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer (– 25 October 1400) was an English poet, author, and civil servant best known for The Canterbury Tales.

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Geoffrey Rush

Geoffrey Roy Rush (born 6 July 1951) is an Australian actor.

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Geordie

Geordie is an English dialect spoken in the Tyneside area of North East England, especially connected with Newcastle upon Tyne, and sometimes known in linguistics as Tyneside English or Newcastle English.

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George Best

George Best (22 May 1946 – 25 November 2005) was a Northern Irish professional footballer who played as a winger, spending most of his club career at Manchester United.

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George III

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820.

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Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia, officially the State of Georgia, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

See English language and Georgia (U.S. state)

German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol. English language and German language are Fusional languages and stress-timed languages.

See English language and German language

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.

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Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.

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Germanic strong verb

In the Germanic languages, a strong verb is a verb that marks its past tense by means of changes to the stem vowel. English language and Germanic strong verb are Germanic languages.

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Germanic weak verb

In the Germanic languages, weak verbs are by far the largest group of verbs, and are therefore often regarded as the norm (the regular verbs). English language and Germanic weak verb are Germanic languages.

See English language and Germanic weak verb

Germans

Germans are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language.

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Globish (Nerrière)

Globish is a name for a subset of the English language formalized in 2004 by Jean-Paul Nerrière.

See English language and Globish (Nerrière)

Glossary of botanical terms

This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general.

See English language and Glossary of botanical terms

Glottal consonant

Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation.

See English language and Glottal consonant

Going-to future

The going-to future is a grammatical construction used in English to refer to various types of future occurrences.

See English language and Going-to future

Grammatical aspect

In linguistics, aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how a verbal action, event, or state, extends over time.

See English language and Grammatical aspect

Grammatical case

A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording.

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Grammatical mood

In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality.

See English language and Grammatical mood

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more").

See English language and Grammatical number

Grammatical person

In linguistics, grammatical person is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically, the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).

See English language and Grammatical person

Grammatical tense

In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference.

See English language and Grammatical tense

Great Britain

Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.

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Great Vowel Shift

The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English.

See English language and Great Vowel Shift

Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean. English language and Greek language are Fusional languages and subject–verb–object languages.

See English language and Greek language

Grimm's law

Grimm's law, also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift, is a set of sound laws describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the first millennium BC, first discovered by Rasmus Rask but systematically put forward by Jacob Grimm.

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GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

The GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development is a regional organization of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova.

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H

H, or h, is the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, including the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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H-dropping

H-dropping or aitch-dropping is the deletion of the voiceless glottal fricative or "H-sound",.

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Hard and soft C

In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, including English, a distinction between hard and soft occurs in which represents two distinct phonemes.

See English language and Hard and soft C

Hard and soft G

In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, the letter is used in different contexts to represent two distinct phonemes that in English are called hard and soft.

See English language and Hard and soft G

Henry Sweet

Henry Sweet (15 September 1845 – 30 April 1912) was an English philologist, phonetician and grammarian.

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Henry V of England

Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England from 1413 until his death in 1422.

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Hiberno-English

Hiberno-English or Irish English (IrE), also formerly sometimes called Anglo-Irish, is the set of English dialects native to Ireland, here including the whole island: both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

See English language and Hiberno-English

Hispanophone

Hispanophone refers to anything related to the Spanish language.

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History of Anglo-Saxon England

Anglo-Saxon England or Early Medieval England, existing from the 5th to the 11th centuries from soon after the end of Roman Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066, consisted of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 927, when it was united as the Kingdom of England by King Æthelstan (r. 927–939).

See English language and History of Anglo-Saxon England

History of the Scots language

The history of the Scots language refers to how Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland developed into modern Scots.

See English language and History of the Scots language

I

I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and I

Icelandic language

Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland, where it is the national language. English language and Icelandic language are subject–verb–object languages.

See English language and Icelandic language

Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022

The Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022 (c. 45) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom providing "official recognition of the status of the Irish language" in Northern Ireland, with Ulster Scots being an officially recognised minority language.

See English language and Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request.

See English language and Imperative mood

India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

See English language and India

Indian English

Indian English (IE) is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora.

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Indigenous language

An indigenous language, or autochthonous language, is a language that is native to a region and spoken by its indigenous peoples.

See English language and Indigenous language

Indo-European ablaut

In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (from German Ablaut) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE). English language and Indo-European ablaut are Germanic languages.

See English language and Indo-European ablaut

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

See English language and Indo-European languages

Inflection

In linguistic morphology, inflection (less commonly, inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness.

See English language and Inflection

Inland Northern American English

Inland Northern (American) English, also known in American linguistics as the Inland North or Great Lakes dialect, is an American English dialect spoken primarily by White Americans in a geographic band reaching from the major urban areas of Upstate New York westward along the Erie Canal and through much of the U.S.

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International auxiliary language

An international auxiliary language (sometimes acronymized as IAL or contracted as auxlang) is a language meant for communication between people from all different nations, who do not share a common first language.

See English language and International auxiliary language

International Criminal Court

The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands.

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International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.

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International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité international olympique, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland.

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International Organization for Standardization

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental, international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries.

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International Organization of Turkic Culture

The International Organization of Turkic Culture or TÜRKSOY is an international cultural organization of countries with Turkic populations, speaking languages belonging to the Turkic language family.

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International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.

See English language and International Phonetic Alphabet

International scientific vocabulary

International scientific vocabulary (ISV) comprises scientific and specialized words whose language of origin may or may not be certain, but which are in current use in several modern languages (that is, translingually, whether in naturalized, loanword, or calque forms).

See English language and International scientific vocabulary

International trade

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services.

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Interrogative

An interrogative clause is a clause whose form is typically associated with question-like meanings.

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Interrogative word

An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question, such as what, which, when, where, who, whom, whose, why, whether and how.

See English language and Interrogative word

Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe.

See English language and Ireland

Isochrony

Isochrony is the postulated rhythmic division of time into equal portions by a language.

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Isolating language

An isolating language is a type of language with a morpheme per word ratio close to one, and with no inflectional morphology whatsoever.

See English language and Isolating language

J

J, or j, is the tenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and J

Jamaica

Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At, it is the third largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the island containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and south-east of the Cayman Islands (a British Overseas Territory).

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Jamaican English

Jamaican English, including Jamaican Standard English, is a variety of English native to Jamaica and is the official language of the country.

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Jamaican Patois

Jamaican Patois (locally rendered Patwah and called Jamaican Creole by linguists) is an English-based creole language with West African, Taíno, Irish, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, Hindustani, Portuguese, Chinese, and German influences, spoken primarily in Jamaica and among the Jamaican diaspora. English language and Jamaican Patois are analytic languages.

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James VI and I

James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.

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Jamestown, Virginia

The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

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Jargon

Jargon or technical language is the specialized terminology associated with a particular field or area of activity.

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John Bishop

John Joseph Bishop (born 30 November 1966) is an English comedian, presenter, actor and former semi pro footballer.

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John Key

Sir John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) is a New Zealand retired politician who served as the 38th prime minister of New Zealand from 2008 to 2016 and as leader of the New Zealand National Party from 2006 to 2016.

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John Trevisa

Polychronicon Ranulphi Higdin, Monachi Cestrensis, 1865 John Trevisa (or John of Trevisa; Ioannes Trevisa; fl. 1342–1402 AD) was a Cornish writer and professional translator.

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Journal of the International Phonetic Association

The Journal of the International Phonetic Association (JIPA) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that appears three times a year.

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Julia Gillard

Julia Eileen Gillard (born 29 September 1961) is an Australian former politician who served as the 27th prime minister of Australia from 2010 to 2013.

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Jutes

The Jutes were one of the Germanic tribes who settled in Great Britain after the departure of the Romans.

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Jutland

Jutland (Jylland, Jyske Halvø or Cimbriske Halvø; Jütland, Kimbrische Halbinsel or Jütische Halbinsel) is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein).

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K

K, or k, is the eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Kentish Old English

Kentish was a southern dialect of Old English spoken in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent.

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Khoe languages

The Khoe languages are the largest of the non-Bantu language families indigenous to Southern Africa.

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King James Version

on the title-page of the first edition and in the entries in works like the "Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church", etc.--> The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version (AV), is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I.

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Kingdom of Great Britain

The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800.

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Kingdom of Lindsey

The Kingdom of Lindsey or Linnuis (Lindesege) was a lesser Anglo-Saxon kingdom, which was absorbed into Northumbria in the 7th century.

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Koiné language

In linguistics, a koine or koiné language or dialect (pronounced) is a standard or common dialect that has arisen as a result of the contact, mixing, and often simplification of two or more mutually intelligible varieties of the same language.

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L

L, or l, is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Labiodental consonant

In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth, such as and.

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Lancashire dialect

The Lancashire dialect (or colloquially, Lanky) refers to the Northern English vernacular speech of the English county of Lancashire.

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Language acquisition

Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language.

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Language change

Language change is the process of alteration in the features of a single language, or of languages in general, across a period of time.

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Language contact

Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other.

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Language death

In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker.

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Language family

A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.

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Languages of Ireland

There are a number of languages used in Ireland.

See English language and Languages of Ireland

Languages of New Zealand

English is the predominant language and a de facto official language of New Zealand.

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Languages of the European Union

The European Union (EU) has 24 official languages, of which threeEnglish, French and Germanhave the status of "procedural" languages of the European Commission (whereas the European Parliament accepts all official languages as working languages).

See English language and Languages of the European Union

Languages of the United Kingdom

English, in various dialects, is the most widely spoken language of the United Kingdom, but a number of regional and migrant languages are also spoken. Regional indigenous languages are Scots and Ulster Scots and the Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and, as a revived language with few speakers, Cornish.

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Languages of the United States

The United States does not have an official language at the federal level, but the most commonly used language is English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language.

See English language and Languages of the United States

Languages used on the Internet

Slightly over half of the homepages of the most visited websites on the World Wide Web are in English, with varying amounts of information available in many other languages.

See English language and Languages used on the Internet

Langues d'oïl

The langues d'oïl (The diaeresis over the 'i' indicates the two vowels are sounded separately) are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands.

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Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

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Lateral consonant

A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. English language and Latin are Fusional languages.

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Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.

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Latin script

The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia.

See English language and Latin script

Le Morte d'Arthur

Le Morte d'Arthur (originally written as le morte Darthur; Anglo-Norman French for "The Death of Arthur") is a 15th-century Middle English prose reworking by Sir Thomas Malory of tales about the legendary King Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table, along with their respective folklore.

See English language and Le Morte d'Arthur

Leeward Islands

The Leeward Islands are a group of islands situated where the northeastern Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean.

See English language and Leeward Islands

Letter case

Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (or more formally majuscule) and smaller lowercase (or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages.

See English language and Letter case

Letterform

A letterform, letter-form or letter form, is a term used especially in typography, palaeography, calligraphy and epigraphy to mean a letter's shape.

See English language and Letterform

Lexical set

A lexical set is a group of words that share a particular phonological feature.

See English language and Lexical set

Lexicography

Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines.

See English language and Lexicography

Lexis (linguistics)

In linguistics, the term lexis (from λέξις 'word') designates the complete set of all possible words in a language, or a particular subset of words that are grouped by some specific linguistic criteria.

See English language and Lexis (linguistics)

LGBT culture

LGBT culture is a culture shared by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals.

See English language and LGBT culture

Lingua franca

A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages. English language and lingua franca are lingua francas.

See English language and Lingua franca

Linguistic imperialism

Linguistic imperialism or language imperialism is occasionally defined as "the transfer of a dominant language to other people".

See English language and Linguistic imperialism

Linguistic purism in English

Purism in the linguistic field (linguistic purism) is the historical trend of languages to conserve intact their lexical structure of word families, in opposition to foreign influences which are considered contamination of purity. English language and linguistic purism in English are Germanic languages.

See English language and Linguistic purism in English

Linking and intrusive R

Linking R and intrusive R are sandhi phenomena where a rhotic consonant is pronounced between two consecutive vowels with the purpose of avoiding a hiatus, that would otherwise occur in the expressions, such as tuner amp, although in isolation tuner is pronounced the same as tuna in non-rhotic varieties of English.

See English language and Linking and intrusive R

List of countries and territories where English is an official language

The following is a list of countries and territories where English is an official language used in citizen interactions with government officials.

See English language and List of countries and territories where English is an official language

List of dialects of English

Dialects are linguistic varieties that may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, and other aspects of grammar.

See English language and List of dialects of English

List of English words of French origin

A great number of words of French origin have entered the English language, to the extent that many Latin words have come to the English language.

See English language and List of English words of French origin

List of English words of Old Norse origin

Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language, primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries (see also Danelaw).

See English language and List of English words of Old Norse origin

List of Greek and Latin roots in English

The English language uses many Greek and Latin roots, stems, and prefixes.

See English language and List of Greek and Latin roots in English

List of languages by number of native speakers

Human languages ranked by their number of native speakers are as follows.

See English language and List of languages by number of native speakers

List of languages by total number of speakers

This is a list of languages by total number of speakers.

See English language and List of languages by total number of speakers

List of Latin words with English derivatives

This is a list of Latin words with derivatives in English (and other modern languages).

See English language and List of Latin words with English derivatives

Liverpool

Liverpool is a cathedral, port city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England.

See English language and Liverpool

Loanword

A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing.

See English language and Loanword

Logistics

Logistics is the part of supply chain management that deals with the efficient forward and reverse flow of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption according to the needs of customers.

See English language and Logistics

Louisiana

Louisiana (Louisiane; Luisiana; Lwizyàn) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States.

See English language and Louisiana

Low German

Low German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands.

See English language and Low German

Low-Back-Merger Shift

The Low-Back-Merger Shift is a chain shift of vowel sounds found in several dialects of North American English, beginning in the last quarter of the 20th century and most significantly involving the low back merger accompanied by the lowering and backing of the front lax vowels:,, and.

See English language and Low-Back-Merger Shift

M

M, or m, is the thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and M

Malaysia

Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia.

See English language and Malaysia

Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Manchester

Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England, which had a population of 552,000 at the 2021 census.

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Manchester dialect

Manchester dialect or Manchester English, known informally as Mancunian or Manc, is the English accent and dialect variations native to Manchester and some of the Greater Manchester area of England.

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Manila

Manila (Maynila), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynila), is the capital and second-most-populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City.

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Manually coded English

Manually Coded English (MCE) is an umbrella term referring to a number of invented manual codes intended to visually represent the exact grammar and morphology of spoken English.

See English language and Manually coded English

Maori Language Act 1987

The Māori Language Act 1987 was a piece of legislation passed by the Parliament of New Zealand that gave official language status to the Māori language (te reo Māori), and gave speakers a right to use it in legal settings such as courts.

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Margaret Atwood

Margaret Eleanor Atwood (born November 18, 1939) is a Canadian novelist, poet, and literary critic.

See English language and Margaret Atwood

Martha Roby

Martha Kehres Roby (née Dubina; born July 26, 1976) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the U.S. representative for from 2011 to 2021.

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Marty Walsh

Martin Joseph Walsh (born April 10, 1967) is an American politician and trade union official who served as the mayor of Boston from 2014 to 2021 and as the 29th United States Secretary of Labor from 2021 to 2023.

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Mary Robinson

Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (Máire Mhic Róibín;; born 21 May 1944) is an Irish politician who served as the seventh president of Ireland, holding the office from December 1990 to September 1997.

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Mass noun

In linguistics, a mass noun, uncountable noun, non-count noun, uncount noun, or just uncountable, is a noun with the syntactic property that any quantity of it is treated as an undifferentiated unit, rather than as something with discrete elements.

See English language and Mass noun

Matthew 8:20

Matthew 8:20 is the 20th verse in the eighth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Mercian dialect

Mercian was a dialect spoken in the Anglian kingdom of Mercia (roughly speaking the Midlands of England, an area in which four kingdoms had been united under one monarchy).

See English language and Mercian dialect

Mid vowel

A mid vowel (or a true-mid vowel) is any in a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages.

See English language and Mid vowel

Middle English

Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. English language and Middle English are Anglic languages.

See English language and Middle English

Middle English creole hypothesis

The Middle English creole hypothesis is a proposal that Middle English was a creole, which is usually defined as a language that develops during contact between two groups speaking different languages and that loses much of the grammatical elaboration of its source languages in the process.

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Midland American English

Midland American English is a regional dialect or super-dialect of American English, geographically lying between the traditionally-defined Northern and Southern United States.

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Midlands

The Midlands is the central part of England, bordered by Wales, Northern England, Southern England and the North Sea.

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Midwestern United States

The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the Midwest or the American Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau.

See English language and Midwestern United States

Mixed language

A mixed language, also referred to as a hybrid language, contact language, or fusion language, is a language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language.

See English language and Mixed language

Modal verb

A modal verb is a type of verb that contextually indicates a modality such as a likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestion, order, obligation, necessity, possibility or advice.

See English language and Modal verb

Modern English

Modern English, sometimes called New English (NE) or present-day English (PDE) as opposed to Middle and Old English, is the form of the English language that has been spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, which began in the late 14th century and was completed by the 17th century.

See English language and Modern English

Monophthong

A monophthong is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at only beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation.

See English language and Monophthong

Morphosyntactic alignment

In linguistics, morphosyntactic alignment is the grammatical relationship between arguments—specifically, between the two arguments (in English, subject and object) of transitive verbs like the dog chased the cat, and the single argument of intransitive verbs like the cat ran away.

See English language and Morphosyntactic alignment

Mutual intelligibility

In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.

See English language and Mutual intelligibility

N

N, or n, is the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide.

See English language and N

Nasal consonant

In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.

See English language and Nasal consonant

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.

See English language and NATO

Navigation

Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another.

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Near future (grammar)

Some languages have grammatical categories to represent near future, a subcategory of the future tense.

See English language and Near future (grammar)

Neologism

In linguistics, a neologism (also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that nevertheless has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language.

See English language and Neologism

Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

See English language and Netherlands

New York accent

The sound system of New York City English is popularly known as a New York accent.

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New York City English

New York City English, or Metropolitan New York English, is a regional dialect of American English spoken primarily in New York City and some of its surrounding metropolitan area.

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New Zealand

New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.

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New Zealand English

New Zealand English (NZE) is the variant of the English language spoken and written by most English-speaking New Zealanders.

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New Zealand English phonology

This article covers the phonological system of New Zealand English.

See English language and New Zealand English phonology

Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle (RP), is a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England.

See English language and Newcastle upon Tyne

Newfoundland English

Newfoundland English is any of several accents and dialects of Atlantic Canadian English found in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

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Nigeria

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.

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Nigerian English

Nigerian English, also known as Nigerian Standard English, is a dialect of English spoken in Nigeria.

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No audible release

A stop with no audible release, also known as an unreleased stop or an applosive, is a stop consonant with no release burst: no audible indication of the end of its occlusion (hold).

See English language and No audible release

Noah Webster

Noah Webster Jr. (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and author.

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Nominative case

In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.

See English language and Nominative case

Nominative–accusative alignment

In linguistic typology, nominative–accusative alignment is a type of morphosyntactic alignment in which subjects of intransitive verbs are treated like subjects of transitive verbs, and are distinguished from objects of transitive verbs in basic clause constructions.

See English language and Nominative–accusative alignment

Norman Conquest

The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.

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North American English

North American English is the most generalized variety of the English language as spoken in the United States and Canada.

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North Germanic languages

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. English language and North Germanic languages are Germanic languages.

See English language and North Germanic languages

North Sea

The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.

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North Sea Germanic

North Sea Germanic, also known as Ingvaeonic, is a postulated grouping of the northern West Germanic languages that consists of Old Frisian, Old English, and Old Saxon, and their descendants.

See English language and North Sea Germanic

Northeast India

Northeast India, officially the North Eastern Region (NER), is the easternmost region of India representing both a geographic and political administrative division of the country. It comprises eight states—Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura (commonly known as the "Seven Sisters"), and the "brother" state of Sikkim.

See English language and Northeast India

Northeastern United States

The Northeastern United States, also referred to as the Northeast, the East Coast, or the American Northeast, is a geographic region of the United States located on the Atlantic coast of North America.

See English language and Northeastern United States

Northern England

Northern England, or the North of England, is a region that forms the northern part of England and mainly corresponds to the historic counties of Cheshire, Cumberland, Durham, Lancashire, Northumberland, Westmorland and Yorkshire.

See English language and Northern England

Northumbria (modern)

Northumbria, in modern contexts, usually refers to the region of England between the Tees and Tweed, including the historic counties of Northumberland and Durham, but it may also be taken to be synonymous with North East England.

See English language and Northumbria (modern)

Northumbrian Old English

Northumbrian was a dialect of Old English spoken in the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria.

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Noun phrase

A noun phrase – or NP or nominal (phrase) – is a phrase that usually has a noun or pronoun as its head, and has the same grammatical functions as a noun.

See English language and Noun phrase

O

O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and O

Object (grammar)

In linguistics, an object is any of several types of arguments.

See English language and Object (grammar)

Oblique case

In grammar, an oblique (abbreviated; from casus obliquus) or objective case (abbr.) is a nominal case other than the nominative case and, sometimes, the vocative.

See English language and Oblique case

Obstruent

An obstruent is a speech sound such as,, or that is formed by obstructing airflow.

See English language and Obstruent

Oceania

Oceania is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.

See English language and Oceania

OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

See English language and OECD

Official bilingualism in Canada

The official languages of Canada are English and French, which "have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada," according to Canada's constitution.

See English language and Official bilingualism in Canada

Official Languages Act (Canada)

The Official Languages Act (Loi sur les langues officielles) is a Canadian law that came into force on September 9, 1969, which gives French and English equal status in the government of Canada.

See English language and Official Languages Act (Canada)

Official languages of the United Nations

The official languages of the United Nations are the six languages used in United Nations (UN) meetings and in which the UN writes all its official documents.

See English language and Official languages of the United Nations

Old English

Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. English language and Old English are Anglic languages.

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Old English grammar

The grammar of Old English differs greatly from Modern English, predominantly being much more inflected.

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Old English Latin alphabet

The Old English Latin alphabet generally consisted of about 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 8th to the 12th centuries.

See English language and Old English Latin alphabet

Old French

Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.

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Old Frisian

Old Frisian was a West Germanic language spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries along the North Sea coast, roughly between the mouths of the Rhine and Weser rivers.

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Old Norman

Old Norman, also called Old Northern French or Old Norman French (Ancien Normaund), was one of many varieties of the langues d'oïl native to northern France.

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Old Norse

Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages.

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Older Southern American English

Older Southern American English is a diverse set of American English dialects of the Southern United States spoken most widely up until the American Civil War of the 1860s, before gradually transforming among its White speakers, first, by the turn of the 20th century, and, again, following the Great Depression, World War II, and, finally, the Civil Rights Movement.

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Ontario

Ontario is the southernmost province of Canada.

See English language and Ontario

OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing and oil-dependent countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize profit.

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Open vowel

An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.

See English language and Open vowel

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969.

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Organization of American States

The Organization of American States (OAS or OEA; Organización de los Estados Americanos; Organização dos Estados Americanos; Organisation des États américains) is an international organization founded on 30 April 1948 to promote cooperation among its member states within the Americas.

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Organization of Turkic States

The Organization of Turkic States (OTS), formerly called the Turkic Council or the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States, is an intergovernmental organization comprising all but one of the internationally recognized Turkic sovereign states: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan; while Hungary and Turkmenistan are observers.

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Ormulum

The Ormulum or Orrmulum is a twelfth-century work of biblical exegesis, written by an Augustinian canon named Orrm (or Orrmin) and consisting of just under 19,000 lines of early Middle English verse.

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Orrm

Orrm, also known as Orrmin (fl. 1150s–80s), was an Augustinian canon from south Lincolnshire who wrote the Ormulum, a collection of verse homilies that is the oldest English autograph and one of the most significant records of Middle English.

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Orthography

An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word boundaries, emphasis, and punctuation.

See English language and Orthography

Otto Jespersen

Jens Otto Harry Jespersen (16 July 1860 – 30 April 1943) was a Danish linguist who specialized in the grammar of the English language.

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Oxford

Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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P

P, or p, is the sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Pacific Islands Forum

The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) is an inter-governmental organization that aims to enhance cooperation among countries and territories of Oceania, including formation of a trade bloc and regional peacekeeping operations.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Palatal consonant

Palatals are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).

See English language and Palatal consonant

Palatalization (sound change)

Palatalization is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel.

See English language and Palatalization (sound change)

Paris Dauphine University

Paris Dauphine University - PSL (Université Paris Dauphine - PSL) is a Grande École and public institution of higher education and research based in Paris, France, constituent college of PSL University.

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Part of speech

In grammar, a part of speech or part-of-speech (abbreviated as POS or PoS, also known as word class or grammatical category) is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) that have similar grammatical properties.

See English language and Part of speech

Passive voice

A passive voice construction is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages.

See English language and Passive voice

PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Dutch), is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States.

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Periphrasis

In linguistics and literature, periphrasis is the use of a larger number of words, with an implicit comparison to the possibility of using fewer.

See English language and Periphrasis

Personal pronoun

Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as I), second person (as you), or third person (as he, she, it, they).

See English language and Personal pronoun

Philip Babcock Gove

Philip Babcock Gove (June 27, 1902–November 16, 1972) was an American lexicographer who was editor-in-chief of the Webster's Third New International Dictionary, published in 1961.

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Philippine English

Philippine English (similar and related to American English) is a variety of English native to the Philippines, including those used by the media and the vast majority of educated Filipinos and English learners in the Philippines from adjacent Asian countries.

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Philippines

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

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Phone (phonetics)

In phonetics (a branch of linguistics), a phone is any distinct speech sound or gesture, regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to the meanings of words.

See English language and Phone (phonetics)

Phoneme

In linguistics and specifically phonology, a phoneme is any set of similar phones (speech sounds) that is perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single distinct unit, a single basic sound, which helps distinguish one word from another.

See English language and Phoneme

Phonetics

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds or, in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign.

See English language and Phonetics

Phonological history of English

Like many other languages, English has wide variation in pronunciation, both historically and from dialect to dialect.

See English language and Phonological history of English

Phonological history of English close front vowels

The close and mid-height front vowels of English (vowels of i and e type) have undergone a variety of changes over time and often vary by dialect.

See English language and Phonological history of English close front vowels

Phonological history of English consonant clusters

The phonological history of English includes various changes in the phonology of consonant clusters.

See English language and Phonological history of English consonant clusters

Phonological history of English open back vowels

The phonology of the open back vowels of the English language has undergone changes both overall and with regional variations, through Old and Middle English to the present.

See English language and Phonological history of English open back vowels

Phonology

Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.

See English language and Phonology

Pidgin

A pidgin, or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages.

See English language and Pidgin

Plosive

In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

See English language and Plosive

Pluricentric language

A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries.

See English language and Pluricentric language

Possession (linguistics)

In linguistics, possession is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, the referent of one of which (the possessor) in some sense possesses (owns, has as a part, rules over, etc.) the referent of the other (the possessed).

See English language and Possession (linguistics)

Postalveolar consonant

Postalveolar (post-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge.

See English language and Postalveolar consonant

Prefix

A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word.

See English language and Prefix

Present tense

The present tense (abbreviated or) is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in the present time.

See English language and Present tense

Printing press

A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.

See English language and Printing press

Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩

There are a variety of pronunciations in Modern English and in historical forms of the language for words spelled with the a.

See English language and Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩

Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩

The pronunciation of the wh in English has changed over time, and still varies today between different regions and accents.

See English language and Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩

Proper noun

A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (Africa; Jupiter; Sarah; Walmart) as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (continent, planet, person, corporation) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a continent, another planet, these persons, our corporation).

See English language and Proper noun

Proto-Germanic language

Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. English language and proto-Germanic language are Germanic languages.

See English language and Proto-Germanic language

Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.

See English language and Proto-Indo-European language

Punctuation

Punctuation marks are marks indicating how a piece of written text should be read (silently or aloud) and, consequently, understood.

See English language and Punctuation

Q

Q, or q, is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and Q

Quebec

QuebecAccording to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.

See English language and Quebec

Queensland

Queensland (commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a state in northeastern Australia, the second-largest and third-most populous of the Australian states.

See English language and Queensland

Question

A question is an utterance which serves as a request for information.

See English language and Question

R

R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and R

R-colored vowel

An r-colored or rhotic vowel (also called a retroflex vowel, vocalic r, or a rhotacized vowel) is a vowel that is modified in a way that results in a lowering in frequency of the third formant.

See English language and R-colored vowel

Raising (sound change)

In phonology and phonetics, raising is a sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes higher or raised, meaning that the tongue becomes more elevated or positioned closer to the roof of the mouth than before.

See English language and Raising (sound change)

Received Pronunciation

Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as the standard and most prestigious form of spoken British English.

See English language and Received Pronunciation

Referent

A referent is a person or thing to which a name – a linguistic expression or other symbol – refers.

See English language and Referent

Regional accents of English

Spoken English shows great variation across regions where it is the predominant language.

See English language and Regional accents of English

Register (sociolinguistics)

In sociolinguistics, a register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose or particular communicative situation.

See English language and Register (sociolinguistics)

Relative articulation

In phonetics and phonology, relative articulation is description of the manner and place of articulation of a speech sound relative to some reference point.

See English language and Relative articulation

Relative clause

A relative clause is a clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments in the relative clause refers to the noun or noun phrase.

See English language and Relative clause

Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

See English language and Renaissance

Republic of Ireland

Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

See English language and Republic of Ireland

Rhoticity in English

The distinction between rhoticity and non-rhoticity is one of the most prominent ways in which varieties of the English language are classified.

See English language and Rhoticity in English

Rhythm

Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός, rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry") generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions".

See English language and Rhythm

Road signs in the Philippines

Road signs in the Philippines are regulated and standardized by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH).

See English language and Road signs in the Philippines

Rob Brydon

Robert Brydon Jones (born 3 May 1965) is a Welsh actor, comedian, impressionist, presenter, singer and writer.

See English language and Rob Brydon

Roman Britain

Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain.

See English language and Roman Britain

Romance languages

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin. English language and Romance languages are Fusional languages.

See English language and Romance languages

Roundedness

In phonetics, vowel roundedness is the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel.

See English language and Roundedness

Russell Brand

Russell Edward Brand (born 4 June 1975) is an English comedian, actor, presenter, activist, and campaigner.

See English language and Russell Brand

Russell Gage

Russell Gage Jr. (born January 22, 1996) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent.

See English language and Russell Gage

S

S, or s, is the nineteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and S

Samuel Johnson

Samuel Johnson (– 13 December 1784), often called Dr Johnson, was an English writer who made lasting contributions as a poet, playwright, essayist, moralist, literary critic, sermonist, biographer, editor, and lexicographer.

See English language and Samuel Johnson

Saxons

The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons, were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony (Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany.

See English language and Saxons

Science

Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.

See English language and Science

Scientific terminology

Scientific terminology is the part of the language that is used by scientists in the context of their professional activities.

See English language and Scientific terminology

Scots language

ScotsThe endonym for Scots is Scots. English language and Scots language are Anglic languages and subject–verb–object languages.

See English language and Scots language

Scottish English

Scottish English (Beurla Albannach) is the set of varieties of the English language spoken in Scotland. The transregional, standardised variety is called Scottish Standard English or Standard Scottish English (SSE). Scottish Standard English may be defined as "the characteristic speech of the professional class and the accepted norm in schools".

See English language and Scottish English

Scottish Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic (endonym: Gàidhlig), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland. English language and Scottish Gaelic are Fusional languages.

See English language and Scottish Gaelic

Scouse

Scouse, more formally known as Liverpool English or Merseyside English, is an accent and dialect of English associated with the city of Liverpool and the surrounding Liverpool City Region.

See English language and Scouse

Scuba set

A scuba set, originally just scuba, is any breathing apparatus that is entirely carried by an underwater diver and provides the diver with breathing gas at the ambient pressure.

See English language and Scuba set

Seaspeak

Seaspeak is a controlled natural language (CNL) based on English, designed to facilitate communication between ships whose captains' native tongues differ.

See English language and Seaspeak

Second language

A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1).

See English language and Second language

Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict involving most of the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe and the Americas.

See English language and Seven Years' War

Shakespeare's plays

Shakespeare's plays are a canon of approximately 39 dramatic works written by the English poet, playwright, and actor William Shakespeare.

See English language and Shakespeare's plays

Shinzo Abe

Shinzo Abe (安倍 晋三, Hepburn:,; 21 September 1954 – 8 July 2022) was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) from 2006 to 2007 and again from 2012 to 2020.

See English language and Shinzo Abe

Shorter Oxford English Dictionary

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (SOED) is an English language dictionary published by the Oxford University Press.

See English language and Shorter Oxford English Dictionary

Silent e

In English orthography, many words feature a silent (single, final, non-syllabic ‘e’), most commonly at the end of a word or morpheme.

See English language and Silent e

Simple English Wikipedia

The Simple English Wikipedia is a modified English-language edition of Wikipedia written primarily in Basic English and Learning English.

See English language and Simple English Wikipedia

Singapore

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.

See English language and Singapore

Singapore English

Singapore English (SgE, SE, en-SG) is the set of varieties of the English language native to Singapore.

See English language and Singapore English

Singular they

Singular they, along with its inflected or derivative forms, them, their, theirs, and themselves (also ''themself'' and theirself), is a gender-neutral third-person pronoun.

See English language and Singular they

Sonorant

In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages.

See English language and Sonorant

Sound change

A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language.

See English language and Sound change

South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

See English language and South Africa

South African English

South African English (SAfE, SAfEn, SAE, en-ZA) is the set of English language dialects native to South Africans.

See English language and South African English

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia.

See English language and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

South Australia

South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia.

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South East England

South East England is one of the nine official regions of England in the United Kingdom at the first level of ITL for statistical purposes.

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South Island

The South Island (Te Waipounamu, 'the waters of Greenstone', officially South Island or Te Waipounamu or historically New Munster) is the largest of the three major islands of New Zealand in surface area, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island and sparsely populated Stewart Island.

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South Wales

South Wales (De Cymru) is a loosely defined region of Wales bordered by England to the east and mid Wales to the north.

See English language and South Wales

Southern American English

Southern American English or Southern U.S. English is a regional dialect or collection of dialects of American English spoken throughout the Southern United States, though concentrated increasingly in more rural areas, and spoken primarily by White Southerners.

See English language and Southern American English

Spanish language

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. English language and Spanish language are Fusional languages, lingua francas and subject–verb–object languages.

See English language and Spanish language

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.

See English language and Sri Lanka

Stance (linguistics)

In linguistics, stance is the way in which speakers position themselves in relation to the ongoing interaction, in terms of evaluation, intentionality, epistemology or social relations.

See English language and Stance (linguistics)

Standard Canadian English

Standard Canadian English is the largely homogeneous variety of Canadian English that is spoken particularly across Ontario and Western Canada, as well as throughout Canada among urban middle-class speakers from English-speaking families, excluding the regional dialects of Atlantic Canadian English.

See English language and Standard Canadian English

Standard Chinese

Standard Chinese is a modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese that was first codified during the republican era (1912‒1949).

See English language and Standard Chinese

Standard language

A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features and stands out among other varieties in a community as the one with the highest status or prestige.

See English language and Standard language

State (polity)

A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory.

See English language and State (polity)

Stress (linguistics)

In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.

See English language and Stress (linguistics)

Stress and vowel reduction in English

Stress is a prominent feature of the English language, both at the level of the word (lexical stress) and at the level of the phrase or sentence (prosodic stress).

See English language and Stress and vowel reduction in English

Strong inflection

A strong inflection is a system of verb conjugation or noun/adjective declension which can be contrasted with an alternative system in the same language, which is then known as a weak inflection. English language and strong inflection are Germanic languages.

See English language and Strong inflection

Subject–auxiliary inversion

Subject–auxiliary inversion (SAI; also called subject–operator inversion) is a frequently occurring type of inversion in the English language whereby a finite auxiliary verb – taken here to include finite forms of the copula be – appears to "invert" (change places) with the subject.

See English language and Subject–auxiliary inversion

Subject–verb–object word order

In linguistic typology, subject–verb–object (SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third. English language and subject–verb–object word order are subject–verb–object languages.

See English language and Subject–verb–object word order

Suffix

In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.

See English language and Suffix

Suppletion

In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate.

See English language and Suppletion

Survey of English Dialects

The Survey of English Dialects was undertaken between 1950 and 1961 under the direction of Professor Harold Orton of the English department of the University of Leeds.

See English language and Survey of English Dialects

Swedish language

Swedish (svenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family, spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland. English language and Swedish language are stress-timed languages and subject–verb–object languages.

See English language and Swedish language

Syllable

A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds, typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants).

See English language and Syllable

Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is the study of how words and morphemes combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences.

See English language and Syntax

T

T, or t, is the twentieth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and T

T-glottalization

In English phonology, t-glottalization or t-glottalling is a sound change in certain English dialects and accents, particularly in the United Kingdom, that causes the phoneme to be pronounced as the glottal stop in certain positions.

See English language and T-glottalization

Tagalog language

Tagalog (Baybayin) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language by the majority. English language and Tagalog language are subject–verb–object languages.

See English language and Tagalog language

Taglish

Taglish or Englog is code-switching and/or code-mixing in the use of Tagalog and English, the most common languages of the Philippines.

See English language and Taglish

Technology

Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way.

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Th-fronting

Th-fronting is the pronunciation of the English "th" as "f" or "v".

See English language and Th-fronting

Th-stopping

Th-stopping is the realization of the dental fricatives as stops—either dental or alveolar—which occurs in several dialects of English.

See English language and Th-stopping

The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales (Tales of Caunterbury) is a collection of twenty-four stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400.

See English language and The Canterbury Tales

The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

See English language and The New York Times

Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries.

See English language and Thirteen Colonies

Thomas Malory

Sir Thomas Malory was an English writer, the author of Le Morte d'Arthur, the classic English-language chronicle of the Arthurian legend, compiled and in most cases translated from French sources.

See English language and Thomas Malory

Thorn (letter)

Thorn or þorn (Þ, þ) is a letter in the Old English, Old Norse, Old Swedish and modern Icelandic alphabets, as well as modern transliterations of the Gothic alphabet, Middle Scots, and some dialects of Middle English.

See English language and Thorn (letter)

Thou

The word thou is a second-person singular pronoun in English.

See English language and Thou

Topic and comment

In linguistics, the topic, or theme, of a sentence is what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic.

See English language and Topic and comment

Tourism

Tourism is travel for pleasure, and the commercial activity of providing and supporting such travel.

See English language and Tourism

Trap–bath split

The – split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in Southern England English (including Received Pronunciation), Australian English, New Zealand English, Indian English, South African English and to a lesser extent in some Welsh English as well as older Northeastern New England English by which the Early Modern English phoneme was lengthened in certain environments and ultimately merged with the long of PALM.

See English language and Trap–bath split

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.

See English language and Treaty of Versailles

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean region of North America.

See English language and Trinidad and Tobago

TVNZ

Television New Zealand (Te Reo Tātaki o Aotearoa), more commonly referred to as TVNZ, is a television network that is broadcast throughout New Zealand and parts of the Pacific region.

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U

U, or u, is the twenty-first letter and the fifth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet and the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and U

UKUSA Agreement

The United Kingdom – United States of America Agreement (UKUSA) is a multilateral agreement for cooperation in signals intelligence between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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Ulster English

Ulster English, also called Northern Hiberno-English or Northern Irish English, is the variety of English spoken mostly around the Irish province of Ulster and throughout Northern Ireland.

See English language and Ulster English

Uncial script

Uncial is a majusculeGlaister, Geoffrey Ashall.

See English language and Uncial script

Unified English Braille

Unified English Braille Code (UEBC, formerly UBC, now usually simply UEB) is an English language Braille code standard, developed to encompass the wide variety of literary and technical material in use in the English-speaking world today, in uniform fashion.

See English language and Unified English Braille

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

See English language and United Kingdom

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

See English language and United Nations

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See English language and United States

United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement

The Agreement between the United States of America, Mexico, and Canada (USMCA)Commonly known as the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in the United States and the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in Canada.

See English language and United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement

V

V, or v, is the twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and V

V2 word order

In syntax, verb-second (V2) word order is a sentence structure in which the finite verb of a sentence or a clause is placed in the clause's second position, so that the verb is preceded by a single word or group of words (a single constituent).

See English language and V2 word order

Variation in Australian English

Australian English is relatively homogeneous when compared with British and American English.

See English language and Variation in Australian English

Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (also known as the "velum").

See English language and Velar consonant

Verner's law

Verner's law describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby consonants that would usually have been the voiceless fricatives *f, *þ, *s, *h, *hʷ, following an unstressed syllable, became the voiced fricatives *β, *ð, *z, *ɣ, *ɣʷ.

See English language and Verner's law

Vikings

Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.

See English language and Vikings

Voice (grammar)

In grammar, the voice (aka diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice.

See English language and Voice (grammar)

Voice (phonetics)

Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).

See English language and Voice (phonetics)

Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants

The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.

See English language and Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants

Voicelessness

In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.

See English language and Voicelessness

Vowel

A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.

See English language and Vowel

Vowel breaking

In historical linguistics, vowel breaking, vowel fracture, or diphthongization is the sound change of a monophthong into a diphthong or triphthong.

See English language and Vowel breaking

Vowel length

In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration.

See English language and Vowel length

Vowel reduction

In phonetics, vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels as a result of changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word (e.g. for the Creek language), and which are perceived as "weakening".

See English language and Vowel reduction

W

W, or w, is the twenty-third letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and W

Webster's Dictionary

Webster's Dictionary is any of the English language dictionaries edited in the early 19th century by Noah Webster (1758–1843), an American lexicographer, as well as numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's name in his honor.

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Webster's Third New International Dictionary

Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (commonly known as Webster's Third, or W3) is an American English-language dictionary published in September 1961.

See English language and Webster's Third New International Dictionary

Welsh English

Welsh English (Saesneg Gymreig) comprises the dialects of English spoken by Welsh people.

See English language and Welsh English

Welsh Language Act 1993

The Welsh Language Act 1993 (c. 38) (Deddf yr Iaith Gymraeg 1993) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales.

See English language and Welsh Language Act 1993

Werner Herzog

Werner Herzog (né Stipetić; born 5 September 1942) is a German filmmaker, actor, opera director, and author.

See English language and Werner Herzog

Wessex

The Kingdom of the West Saxons, also known as the Kingdom of Wessex, was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south of Great Britain, from around 519 until Alfred the Great declared himself as King of the Anglo-Saxons in 886.

See English language and Wessex

West Country English

West Country English is a group of English language varieties and accents used by much of the native population of the West Country, an area found in the southwest of England.

See English language and West Country English

West Germanic languages

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages). English language and West Germanic languages are Germanic languages.

See English language and West Germanic languages

West Saxon dialect

West Saxon is the term applied to the two different dialects Early West Saxon and Late West Saxon with West Saxon being one of the four distinct regional dialects of Old English.

See English language and West Saxon dialect

West Yorkshire

West Yorkshire is a metropolitan and ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England.

See English language and West Yorkshire

Western American English

Western American English (also known as Western U.S. English) is a variety of American English that largely unites the entire Western United States as a single dialect region, including the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming.

See English language and Western American English

Westminster

Westminster is the main settlement of the City of Westminster in London, England.

See English language and Westminster

Wh-movement

In linguistics, wh-movement (also known as wh-fronting, wh-extraction, or wh-raising) is the formation of syntactic dependencies involving interrogative words.

See English language and Wh-movement

White South African English phonology

This article covers the phonological system of South African English (SAE) as spoken primarily by White South Africans.

See English language and White South African English phonology

Who (pronoun)

The pronoun who, in English, is an interrogative pronoun and a relative pronoun, used primarily to refer to persons.

See English language and Who (pronoun)

William Caxton

William Caxton was an English merchant, diplomat and writer.

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William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor.

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William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror (Bates William the Conqueror p. 33– 9 September 1087), sometimes called William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England (as William I), reigning from 1066 until his death.

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Windward Islands

The Windward Islands are the southern, generally larger islands of the Lesser Antilles.

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Word order

In linguistics, word order (also known as linear order) is the order of the syntactic constituents of a language.

See English language and Word order

World Englishes

World Englishes is a term for emerging localised or indigenised varieties of English, especially varieties that have developed in territories influenced by the United Kingdom or the United States. English language and World Englishes are Anglic languages.

See English language and World Englishes

World language

In linguistics, a world language (sometimes global language, rarely international language) is a language that is geographically widespread and makes it possible for members of different language communities to communicate. English language and world language are cultural globalization.

See English language and World language

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.

See English language and World Trade Organization

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See English language and World War II

Writ

In common law, a writ (Anglo-Saxon gewrit, Latin breve) is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction; in modern usage, this body is generally a court.

See English language and Writ

Wynn

Wynn or wyn (Ƿ ƿ; also spelled wen, win, ƿynn, ƿen, and ƿin) is a letter of the Old English alphabet, where it is used to represent the sound.

See English language and Wynn

X

X, or x, is the twenty-fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and X

Y

Y, or y, is the twenty-fifth and penultimate letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See English language and Y

Yes–no question

In linguistics, a yes–no question, also known as a binary question, a polar question, or a general question, is a question whose expected answer is one of two choices, one that provides an affirmative answer to the question versus one that provides a negative answer to the question.

See English language and Yes–no question

Yola dialect

Yola, more commonly and historically the Forth and Bargy dialect, is an extinct dialect of the Middle English language once spoken in the baronies of Forth and Bargy in County Wexford, Ireland. English language and Yola dialect are Anglic languages.

See English language and Yola dialect

Yorkshire dialect

Yorkshire dialect (also known as Broad Yorkshire, Tyke, Yorkie, or Yorkshire English) is a dialect of English, or a geographic grouping of several dialects, spoken in the Yorkshire region of Northern England.

See English language and Yorkshire dialect

Z

Z, or z, is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the Latin alphabet.

See English language and Z

See also

Analytic languages

• Afrikaans
• Analytic language
• Bulgarian language
• Burmese language
• Chinese language
• E language
• English language
• Gullah language
• Guyanese Creole
• Hawaiian language
• Jamaican Patois
• Kaaps
• Kaingang language
• Khmer language
• Kipeá language
• Loglan
• Lojban
• Macedonian language
• Mixtec languages
• Rapa Nui language
• Solresol
• Sona (constructed language)
• Tày language
• Thai language
• Toki Pona
• Vietnamese language
• Yoruba language
• Zapotec languages

Anglic languages

• Chinook Jargon
• English language
• Fingallian
• Middle English
• Old English
• Schneider's dynamic model
• Scots language
• Scottish Cant
• World Englishes
• Yola dialect

Fusional languages

• American Sign Language
• Amharic
• Arabic
• Caribbean Hindustani
• Danish language
• English language
• French language
• Fusional language
• German language
• Greek language
• Hausa language
• Hebrew language
• Hindi
• Interlingua
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• Ithkuil
• Khalsa bole
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• Mandaic language
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• Norwegian language
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• Sinhala language
• Skolt Sámi
• Slavic languages
• Spanish language
• Standard German
• Suret language
• Tigrinya language
• Urdu
• Venedic language
• Welsh language

Germanic languages

• Casuari
• Dutch language
• East Germanic languages
• Eilert Ekwall
• Elbe Germanic
• English language
• Fårömål dialect
• Germanic a-mutation
• Germanic languages
• Germanic parent language
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• Strong inflection
• Terminology of the Low Countries
• Tutonish
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• Weltdeutsch
• Weser–Rhine Germanic
• West Germanic languages

Lingua francas

• Ajem-Turkic
• Arabic
• Chagatai language
• Chinese language
• English language
• French language
• Hindi
• Hindustani language
• Kumyk language
• Lingua franca
• List of lingua francas
• Mediterranean Lingua Franca
• Meitei language
• Nepali language
• Portuguese language
• Russian language
• Sogdian language
• Spanish language
• Urdu

Stress-timed languages

• Afrikaans
• Arabic
• Catalan language
• Danish language
• Dutch language
• English language
• European Portuguese
• Faroese language
• German language
• Isan language
• Kaaps
• Northern Thai language
• Norwegian language
• Persian language
• Russian language
• Standard German
• Suret language
• Swedish language
• Thai language

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language

Also known as Anglesc, English (language), English Language Word Count, English Vernacular, English language., English languge, English lexicon, English medium, English speakers, English speaking, English the Global Language, English vocabulary, English-language, English-language debut, English-speaker, Englishlanguage, Geographic distribution of English, Geographical distribution of English, ISO 639-1:en, ISO 639:en, ISO 639:eng, Non-English, Number of English words, Number of Words in English, Number of Words in the English Language, Saozneg, The English Language, Vernacular English.

, Bantu languages, Barbados, BBC, Belize, Beowulf, Bilabial consonant, Binomial nomenclature, Bisayan languages, Bislish, Boston accent, Braj Kachru, Breathy voice, British colonization of the Americas, British Empire, British English, British Isles, British Latin, British occupation of Manila, C, Cajun English, California English, Calque, Cambridge University Press, Canada, Canadian English, Canadian raising, Caribbean Community, Cayman Islands, Cædmon's Hymn, Celtic language decline in England, Celtic languages, Central consonant, Chain shift, Charles University, Chicano English, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Chuck Zito, Clade, Cleft sentence, Clipping (phonetics), Clitic, Close vowel, Cockney, Code-switching, Cohesion (linguistics), Colon (letter), Common Brittonic, Commonwealth of Nations, Comparison (grammar), Consonant cluster, Constructed language, Controlled natural language, Copula (linguistics), Corpus linguistics, Cot–caught merger, Council of Europe, Count noun, County Wexford, Court of Chancery, Creole language, D, D. J. Shockley, Damien Hirst, Danelaw, Danny Baker, David Crystal, De Gruyter, Definiteness, Deixis, Denotation, Dental consonant, Dependent-marking language, Dialect continuum, Digraph (orthography), Diphthong, Diplomacy, Discourse, Discourse marker, Do-support, Dublin, Dummy pronoun, Dutch language, E, Early Modern English, East Midlands English, Eastern New England English, Economic Cooperation Organization, Eleanor Catton, Emery Emery, End of Roman rule in Britain, English alphabet, English as a second or foreign language, English Braille, English coordinators, English grammar, English language in England, English language in Northern England, English modal auxiliary verbs, English orthography, English people, English phonology, English phrasal verbs, English subjunctive, English subordinators, English words of Greek origin, English-based creole languages, English-language idioms, English-language spelling reform, English-language vowel changes before historic /l/, English-only movement, English-speaking world, Englishisation, Entertainment, Epic poetry, Epicenity, Essex, Estuary English, Eth, European Free Trade Association, European Union, F, Faroese language, Filipinos, Fingallian, Finite verb, First language, Flapping, Focus (linguistics), Foreign language, Fortis and lenis, French language, Fricative, Frisia, Frisian languages, G, Gender neutrality, General American English, Genitive case, Geoffrey Chaucer, Geoffrey Rush, Geordie, George Best, George III, Georgia (U.S. state), German language, Germanic languages, Germanic peoples, Germanic strong verb, Germanic weak verb, Germans, Globish (Nerrière), Glossary of botanical terms, Glottal consonant, Going-to future, Grammatical aspect, Grammatical case, Grammatical mood, Grammatical number, Grammatical person, Grammatical tense, Great Britain, Great Vowel Shift, Greek language, Grimm's law, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, H, H-dropping, Hard and soft C, Hard and soft G, Henry Sweet, Henry V of England, Hiberno-English, Hispanophone, History of Anglo-Saxon England, History of the Scots language, I, Icelandic language, Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022, Imperative mood, India, Indian English, Indigenous language, Indo-European ablaut, Indo-European languages, Inflection, Inland Northern American English, International auxiliary language, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, International Organization for Standardization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, International Phonetic Alphabet, International scientific vocabulary, International trade, Interrogative, Interrogative word, Ireland, Isochrony, Isolating language, J, Jamaica, Jamaican English, Jamaican Patois, James VI and I, Jamestown, Virginia, Jargon, John Bishop, John Key, John Trevisa, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, Julia Gillard, Jutes, Jutland, K, Kentish Old English, Khoe languages, King James Version, Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Lindsey, Koiné language, L, Labiodental consonant, Lancashire dialect, Language acquisition, Language change, Language contact, Language death, Language family, Languages of Ireland, Languages of New Zealand, Languages of the European Union, Languages of the United Kingdom, Languages of the United States, Languages used on the Internet, Langues d'oïl, Laser, Lateral consonant, Latin, Latin alphabet, Latin script, Le Morte d'Arthur, Leeward Islands, Letter case, Letterform, Lexical set, Lexicography, Lexis (linguistics), LGBT culture, Lingua franca, Linguistic imperialism, Linguistic purism in English, Linking and intrusive R, List of countries and territories where English is an official language, List of dialects of English, List of English words of French origin, List of English words of Old Norse origin, List of Greek and Latin roots in English, List of languages by number of native speakers, List of languages by total number of speakers, List of Latin words with English derivatives, Liverpool, Loanword, Logistics, Louisiana, Low German, Low-Back-Merger Shift, M, Malaysia, Malta, Manchester, Manchester dialect, Manila, Manually coded English, Maori Language Act 1987, Margaret Atwood, Martha Roby, Marty Walsh, Mary Robinson, Mass noun, Matthew 8:20, Mercian dialect, Mid vowel, Middle English, Middle English creole hypothesis, Midland American English, Midlands, Midwestern United States, Mixed language, Modal verb, Modern English, Monophthong, Morphosyntactic alignment, Mutual intelligibility, N, Nasal consonant, NATO, Navigation, Near future (grammar), Neologism, Netherlands, New York accent, New York City English, New Zealand, New Zealand English, New Zealand English phonology, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newfoundland English, Nigeria, Nigerian English, No audible release, Noah Webster, Nominative case, Nominative–accusative alignment, Norman Conquest, North American English, North Germanic languages, North Sea, North Sea Germanic, Northeast India, Northeastern United States, Northern England, Northumbria (modern), Northumbrian Old English, Noun phrase, O, Object (grammar), Oblique case, Obstruent, Oceania, OECD, Official bilingualism in Canada, Official Languages Act (Canada), Official languages of the United Nations, Old English, Old English grammar, Old English Latin alphabet, Old French, Old Frisian, Old Norman, Old Norse, Older Southern American English, Ontario, OPEC, Open vowel, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Organization of American States, Organization of Turkic States, Ormulum, Orrm, Orthography, Otto Jespersen, Oxford, Oxford University Press, P, Pacific Islands Forum, Pakistan, Palatal consonant, Palatalization (sound change), Paris Dauphine University, Part of speech, Passive voice, PBS, Pennsylvania, Periphrasis, Personal pronoun, Philip Babcock Gove, Philippine English, Philippines, Phone (phonetics), Phoneme, Phonetics, Phonological history of English, Phonological history of English close front vowels, Phonological history of English consonant clusters, Phonological history of English open back vowels, Phonology, Pidgin, Plosive, Pluricentric language, Possession (linguistics), Postalveolar consonant, Prefix, Present tense, Printing press, Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩, Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩, Proper noun, Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Indo-European language, Punctuation, Q, Quebec, Queensland, Question, R, R-colored vowel, Raising (sound change), Received Pronunciation, Referent, Regional accents of English, Register (sociolinguistics), Relative articulation, Relative clause, Renaissance, Republic of Ireland, Rhoticity in English, Rhythm, Road signs in the Philippines, Rob Brydon, Roman Britain, Romance languages, Roundedness, Russell Brand, Russell Gage, S, Samuel Johnson, Saxons, Science, Scientific terminology, Scots language, Scottish English, Scottish Gaelic, Scouse, Scuba set, Seaspeak, Second language, Seven Years' War, Shakespeare's plays, Shinzo Abe, Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Silent e, Simple English Wikipedia, Singapore, Singapore English, Singular they, Sonorant, Sound change, South Africa, South African English, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, South Australia, South East England, South Island, South Wales, Southern American English, Spanish language, Sri Lanka, Stance (linguistics), Standard Canadian English, Standard Chinese, Standard language, State (polity), Stress (linguistics), Stress and vowel reduction in English, Strong inflection, Subject–auxiliary inversion, Subject–verb–object word order, Suffix, Suppletion, Survey of English Dialects, Swedish language, Syllable, Syntax, T, T-glottalization, Tagalog language, Taglish, Technology, Th-fronting, Th-stopping, The Canterbury Tales, The New York Times, Thirteen Colonies, Thomas Malory, Thorn (letter), Thou, Topic and comment, Tourism, Trap–bath split, Treaty of Versailles, Trinidad and Tobago, TVNZ, U, UKUSA Agreement, Ulster English, Uncial script, Unified English Braille, United Kingdom, United Nations, United States, United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, V, V2 word order, Variation in Australian English, Velar consonant, Verner's law, Vikings, Voice (grammar), Voice (phonetics), Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants, Voicelessness, Vowel, Vowel breaking, Vowel length, Vowel reduction, W, Webster's Dictionary, Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Welsh English, Welsh Language Act 1993, Werner Herzog, Wessex, West Country English, West Germanic languages, West Saxon dialect, West Yorkshire, Western American English, Westminster, Wh-movement, White South African English phonology, Who (pronoun), William Caxton, William Shakespeare, William the Conqueror, Windward Islands, Word order, World Englishes, World language, World Trade Organization, World War II, Writ, Wynn, X, Y, Yes–no question, Yola dialect, Yorkshire dialect, Z.

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