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130 relations: Allele-specific oligonucleotide, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Andrew Fire, Argonaute, Asthma, Bacteria, Beta-catenin, Binding site, Biological target, Blood–brain barrier, Brain, Caliciviridae, Cancer, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Clusterin, Cognitive deficit, Colorectal cancer, Craig Mello, CRISPR, CXCR4, Cystic fibrosis, Cytokine, Dicer, DNA-directed RNA interference, Enzyme catalysis, Epigenetics, Epithelium, Escherichia coli, Eukaryote, Foodborne illness, Gastroenteritis, Gene, Gene delivery, Gene drive, Gene expression, Gene knockdown, Genetically modified food, Genome, Genomic imprinting, Goblet cell, Group I catalytic intron, Group II intron, Haematopoiesis, Hairpin ribozyme, Hammerhead ribozyme, Hepatitis, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis delta virus ribozyme, ..., Heteroduplex, High-throughput screening, HIV, Human papillomavirus infection, Huntingtin, Huntington's disease, Hyperplasia, Imatinib, In vitro, In vivo, Infection, Interferon gamma, Lipopolysaccharide, Messenger RNA, MicroRNA, MiRBase, Mitogen, Model organism, Motor control, Motor neuron, Motor neuron disease, Mucus, N-terminus, Neurodegeneration, Neuropsychiatry, Nonsense-mediated decay, Norovirus, Nucleic acid, Nucleophile, Oligonucleotide, P53, Paramutation, Paul Zamecnik, Persomics, Philadelphia chromosome, Plant disease resistance, Point mutation, Polypurine reverse-Hoogsteen hairpin, Position effect, Pulmonary fibrosis, Regulation of gene expression, Respiratory disease, Ribonuclease, Ribonuclease H, Ribonuclease P, Ribozyme, RNA, RNA interference, RNA silencing, RNA virus, RNA-directed DNA methylation, RNA-induced silencing complex, Sanofi, Secretion, Sequence (biology), Sidney Altman, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Small interfering RNA, Spinal cord, Superoxide dismutase, Survival rate, Survivin, Synthetic lethality, Systemic inflammation, TGF alpha, Therapy, Thomas Cech, Three prime untranslated region, Titer, Transcription (biology), Transfer RNA, Transforming growth factor beta, Translation (biology), Transposable element, Transposon silencing, Transvection (genetics), Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Viral vector, Virus, West Nile virus. Expand index (80 more) »
Allele-specific oligonucleotide
An allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a short piece of synthetic DNA complementary to the sequence of a variable target DNA.
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Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics for genetically defined diseases.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND), and Lou Gehrig's disease, is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles.
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Andrew Fire
Andrew Zachary Fire (born April 27, 1959) is an American biologist and professor of pathology and of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine.
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Argonaute
The Argonaute protein family plays a central role in RNA silencing processes, as essential components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
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Asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Beta-catenin
Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.
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Binding site
In biochemistry, a binding site is a region on a protein or piece of DNA or RNA to which ligands (specific molecules and/or ions) may form a chemical bond.
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Biological target
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function.
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Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Caliciviridae
The Caliciviridae are a family of viruses, members of Class IV of the Baltimore scheme.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of the white blood cells.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.
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Clusterin
Clusterin (apolipoprotein J) is a 75 - 80 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein associated with the clearance of cellular debris and apoptosis.
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Cognitive deficit
Cognitive deficit or cognitive impairment is an inclusive term to describe any characteristic that acts as a barrier to the cognition process.
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Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).
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Craig Mello
Craig Cameron Mello (born October 18, 1960) is an American biologist and professor of molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts.
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CRISPR
CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences in bacteria and archaea.
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CXCR4
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene.
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Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Dicer
Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DICER1 gene.
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DNA-directed RNA interference
DNA-directed RNA interference (ddRNAi) is a gene-silencing technique that utilizes DNA constructs to activate an animal cell’s endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) pathways.
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Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by the active site of a protein.
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.
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Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Foodborne illness
Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and colloquially referred to as food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the food spoilage of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food, as well as toxins such as poisonous mushrooms and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.
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Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea, is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract -- the stomach and small intestine.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gene delivery
Gene delivery is the process of introducing foreign genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, into host cells.
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Gene drive
A gene drive is a genetic engineering technology that can propagate a particular suite of genes throughout a population.
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Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
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Gene knockdown
Gene knockdown is an experimental technique by which the expression of one or more of an organism's genes are reduced.
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Genetically modified food
Genetically modified foods or GM foods, also known as genetically engineered foods, bioengineered foods, genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genomic imprinting
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner.
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Goblet cell
Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins, like mucin MUC5AC.
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Group I catalytic intron
Group I introns are large self-splicing ribozymes.
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Group II intron
Group II introns are a large class of self-catalytic ribozymes and mobile genetic elements found within the genes of all three domains of life.
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Haematopoiesis
Haematopoiesis (from Greek αἷμα, "blood" and ποιεῖν "to make"; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components.
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Hairpin ribozyme
The hairpin ribozyme is a small section of RNA that can act as a ribozyme.
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Hammerhead ribozyme
The hammerhead ribozyme is an RNA motif that catalyzes reversible cleavage and ligation reactions at a specific site within an RNA molecule.
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Hepatitis
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.
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Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver.
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Hepatitis delta virus ribozyme
The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme is a non-coding RNA found in the hepatitis delta virus that is necessary for viral replication and is the only known human virus that utilizes ribozyme activity to infect its host.
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Heteroduplex
A heteroduplex is a double-stranded (duplex) molecule of nucleic acid originated through the genetic recombination of single complementary strands derived from different sources, such as from different homologous chromosomes or even from different organisms.
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High-throughput screening
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a method for scientific experimentation especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology and chemistry.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Human papillomavirus infection
Human papillomavirus infection is an infection by human papillomavirus (HPV).
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Huntingtin
The huntingtin gene, also called the HTT or HD (Huntington disease) gene, is the IT15 ("interesting transcript 15") gene, which codes for a protein called the huntingtin protein.
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Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.
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Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia (from ancient Greek ὑπέρ huper, "over" + πλάσις plasis, "formation"), or hypergenesis, is an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation.
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Imatinib
Imatinib, sold under the brand names Gleevec among others, is a medication used to treat cancer.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Interferon gamma
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons.
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Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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MicroRNA
A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
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MiRBase
In bioinformatics, miRBase is a biological database that acts as an archive of microRNA sequences and annotations.
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Mitogen
A mitogen is a chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Motor control
Motor control is the systematic regulation of movement in organisms that possess a nervous system.
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Motor neuron
A motor neuron (or motoneuron) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.
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Motor neuron disease
A motor neuron disease (MND) is any of several neurodegenerative disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body.
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Mucus
Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes.
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N-terminus
The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide.
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Neurodegeneration
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons.
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Neuropsychiatry
Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system.
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Nonsense-mediated decay
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a surveillance pathway that exists in all eukaryotes.
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Norovirus
Norovirus, sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting bug, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis.
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Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.
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Nucleophile
Nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.
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Oligonucleotide
Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules, oligomers, that have a wide range of applications in genetic testing, research, and forensics.
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P53
Tumor protein p53, also known as p53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), phosphoprotein p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53), is any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in various organisms, such as TP53 (humans) and Trp53 (mice).
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Paramutation
In epigenetics, a paramutation is an interaction between two alleles at a single locus, whereby one allele induces a heritable change in the other allele.
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Paul Zamecnik
Paul Charles Zamecnik (22 November 1912 – 27 October 2009) was an American scientist who played a central role in the early history of molecular biology.
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Persomics
Persomics is a private life science company specializing in genetic research, with locations in Boston, MA, Cupertino, CA, and Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Philadelphia chromosome
The Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation (Ph) is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells (particularly chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells).
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Plant disease resistance
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system.
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Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
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Polypurine reverse-Hoogsteen hairpin
Polypurine reverse-Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRHs) are non-modified oligonucleotides formed by double-stranded DNA molecules containing two polypurine domains linked by a pentathymidine loop.
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Position effect
Position effect is the effect on the expression of a gene when its location in a chromosome is changed, often by translocation.
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Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis (literally "scarring of the lungs") is a respiratory disease in which scars are formed in the lung tissues, leading to serious breathing problems.
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Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.
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Respiratory disease
Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing.
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Ribonuclease
Ribonuclease (commonly abbreviated RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components.
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Ribonuclease H
Ribonuclease H (abbreviated RNase H or RNH) is a family of non-sequence-specific endonuclease enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of RNA in an RNA/DNA substrate via a hydrolytic mechanism.
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Ribonuclease P
Ribonuclease P (RNase P) is a type of ribonuclease which cleaves RNA.
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Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that are capable of catalyzing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.
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RNA silencing
RNA silencing or RNA interference refers to a family of gene silencing effects by which gene expression is negatively regulated by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs.
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RNA virus
An RNA virus is a virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as its genetic material.
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RNA-directed DNA methylation
RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is an epigenetic process first discovered in plants (Wassenegger et al, 1994, Cell, Vol 76, 567-576).
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RNA-induced silencing complex
The RNA-induced silencing complex, or RISC, is a multiprotein complex, specifically a ribonucleoprotein, which incorporates one strand of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragment, such as microRNA (miRNA), or double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA).
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Sanofi
Sanofi S.A. is a French multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Gentilly, France, as of 2013 the world's fifth-largest by prescription sales.
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Secretion
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.
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Sequence (biology)
A sequence in biology is the one-dimensional ordering of monomers, covalently linked within a biopolymer; it is also referred to as the primary structure of the biological macromolecule.
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Sidney Altman
Sidney Altman (born May 7, 1939) is a Canadian and American molecular biologist, who is the Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University.
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Single-nucleotide polymorphism
A single-nucleotide polymorphism, often abbreviated to SNP (plural), is a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population (e.g. > 1%).
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Small interfering RNA
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating within the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway.
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
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Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O2&minus) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
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Survival rate
Survival rate is a part of survival analysis.
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Survivin
Survivin, also called baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 or BIRC5, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BIRC5 gene.
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Synthetic lethality
Synthetic lethality arises when a combination of deficiencies in the expression of two or more genes leads to cell death, whereas a deficiency in only one of these genes does not.
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Systemic inflammation
Chronic systemic inflammation (SI) is the result of release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune-related cells and the chronic activation of the innate immune system.
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TGF alpha
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene.
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Therapy
Therapy (often abbreviated tx, Tx, or Tx) is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis.
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Thomas Cech
Thomas Robert Cech (born December 8, 1947) is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman, for their discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA.
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Three prime untranslated region
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3'-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon.
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Titer
A titer (or titre) is a way of expressing concentration.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transfer RNA
A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Transforming growth factor beta
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes four different isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 4, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFB4) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages.
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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Transposable element
A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.
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Transposon silencing
Transposon silencing is a form of transcriptional gene silencing targeting transposons.
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Transvection (genetics)
Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome.
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
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Viral vector
Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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West Nile virus
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever.
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Chromosomal silencing, Genetic silencing, Transcriptional silencing.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_silencing
