Table of Contents
119 relations: Abiogenesis, Acetohalobium arabaticum, Adenine, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, Aptamer, Archaea, Bacteria, Candida albicans, Cavendish Laboratory, Cell (biology), Cell-free system, Ciliate, Clonal interference, Codon usage bias, Condylostoma, Copolymer, Crick, Brenner et al. experiment, Cytosine, Deletion (genetics), Dieter Söll, Directionality (molecular biology), DNA, DNA and RNA codon tables, DNA polymerase, DNA replication, Enzyme, Escherichia coli, Eukaryote, Euplotes, Exon, Fitness (biology), Four color theorem, Frameshift mutation, Francis Crick, Gene, Genetic code, George Gamow, Glutamic acid, Har Gobind Khorana, Human mitochondrial genetics, Hydrophile, Hydrophobe, Hydrophobicity scales, Immune system, In vivo, Indel, Information theory, Initiation factor, Insertion (genetics), Intron, ... Expand index (69 more) »
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
See Genetic code and Abiogenesis
Acetohalobium arabaticum
Acetohalobium arabaticum is the type species of the genus Acetohalobium.
See Genetic code and Acetohalobium arabaticum
Adenine
Adenine (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleobase.
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its corresponding tRNA.
See Genetic code and Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
Aptamer
Aptamers are oligomers of artificial ssDNA, RNA, XNA, or peptide that bind a specific target molecule, or family of target molecules.
Archaea
Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Candida albicans
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora.
See Genetic code and Candida albicans
Cavendish Laboratory
The Cavendish Laboratory is the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is part of the School of Physical Sciences.
See Genetic code and Cavendish Laboratory
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See Genetic code and Cell (biology)
Cell-free system
A cell-free system is an in vitro tool widely used to study biological reactions that happen within cells apart from a full cell system, thus reducing the complex interactions typically found when working in a whole cell.
See Genetic code and Cell-free system
Ciliate
The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella.
Clonal interference
Clonal interference is a phenomenon in evolutionary biology, related to the population genetics of organisms with significant linkage disequilibrium, especially asexually reproducing organisms.
See Genetic code and Clonal interference
Codon usage bias
Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. Genetic code and codon usage bias are gene expression and molecular biology.
See Genetic code and Codon usage bias
Condylostoma
Condylostoma is a genus of unicellular ciliate protists, belonging to the class Heterotrichea.
See Genetic code and Condylostoma
Copolymer
In polymer chemistry, a copolymer is a polymer derived from more than one species of monomer.
See Genetic code and Copolymer
Crick, Brenner et al. experiment
The Crick, Brenner et al.
See Genetic code and Crick, Brenner et al. experiment
Cytosine
Cytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
Deletion (genetics)
In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication.
See Genetic code and Deletion (genetics)
Dieter Söll
Dieter Gerhard Söll (born 1935) is a Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Chemistry at the Yale University.
See Genetic code and Dieter Söll
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. Genetic code and Directionality (molecular biology) are molecular genetics.
See Genetic code and Directionality (molecular biology)
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
DNA and RNA codon tables
A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. Genetic code and DNA and RNA codon tables are gene expression and molecular genetics.
See Genetic code and DNA and RNA codon tables
DNA polymerase
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA.
See Genetic code and DNA polymerase
DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. Genetic code and DNA replication are molecular biology and molecular genetics.
See Genetic code and DNA replication
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See Genetic code and Escherichia coli
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
See Genetic code and Eukaryote
Euplotes
Euplotes is a genus of ciliates in the subclass Euplotia.
Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success.
See Genetic code and Fitness (biology)
Four color theorem
In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that no more than four colors are required to color the regions of any map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color.
See Genetic code and Four color theorem
Frameshift mutation
A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.
See Genetic code and Frameshift mutation
Francis Crick
Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist.
See Genetic code and Francis Crick
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. Genetic code and gene are molecular biology.
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Genetic code and genetic code are gene expression, genetics, molecular biology and molecular genetics.
See Genetic code and Genetic code
George Gamow
George Gamow (sometimes Gammoff; born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov; Георгий Антонович Гамов; 4 March 1904 – 19 August 1968) was a Soviet and American polymath, theoretical physicist and cosmologist.
See Genetic code and George Gamow
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Genetic code and Glutamic acid
Har Gobind Khorana
Har Gobind Khorana (9 January 1922 – 9 November 2011) was an Indian-American biochemist.
See Genetic code and Har Gobind Khorana
Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria).
See Genetic code and Human mitochondrial genetics
Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
See Genetic code and Hydrophile
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
See Genetic code and Hydrophobe
Hydrophobicity scales
Hydrophobicity scales are values that define the relative hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of amino acid residues.
See Genetic code and Hydrophobicity scales
Immune system
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
See Genetic code and Immune system
In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
Indel
Indel (insertion-deletion) is a molecular biology term for an insertion or deletion of bases in the genome of an organism. Genetic code and Indel are molecular biology.
Information theory
Information theory is the mathematical study of the quantification, storage, and communication of information.
See Genetic code and Information theory
Initiation factor
In molecular biology, initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis. Genetic code and initiation factor are gene expression and molecular biology.
See Genetic code and Initiation factor
Insertion (genetics)
In genetics, an insertion (also called an insertion mutation) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.
See Genetic code and Insertion (genetics)
Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. Genetic code and intron are gene expression.
J. Heinrich Matthaei
Johannes Heinrich Matthaei (born 4 May 1929) is a German biochemist.
See Genetic code and J. Heinrich Matthaei
James Watson
James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist.
See Genetic code and James Watson
Leucine
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
List of genetic engineering software
This article provides a list of genetic engineering software.
See Genetic code and List of genetic engineering software
Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins.
Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Marshall Warren Nirenberg (April 10, 1927 – January 15, 2010) was an American biochemist and geneticist.
See Genetic code and Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Messenger RNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. Genetic code and messenger RNA are gene expression and molecular genetics.
See Genetic code and Messenger RNA
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
See Genetic code and Metabolism
Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
See Genetic code and Methionine
Missense mutation
In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
See Genetic code and Missense mutation
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
See Genetic code and Mitochondrion
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Genetic code and mutation are genetics.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that, like the other members of the class Mollicutes, lack a cell wall, and its peptidoglycan, around their cell membrane.
See Genetic code and Mycoplasma
N-Formylmethionine
N-Formylmethionine (fMet, HCO-Met, For-Met) is a derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group.
See Genetic code and N-Formylmethionine
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
See Genetic code and Natural selection
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
See Genetic code and Nature (journal)
Nediljko Budisa
Nediljko "Ned" Budisa (Nediljko Budiša; born 21 November 1966) is a Croatian biochemist, professor and holder of the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair (CRC) for chemical synthetic biology at the University of Manitoba.
See Genetic code and Nediljko Budisa
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine.
See Genetic code and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Nonsense mutation
In genetics, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a nonsense codon, or a premature stop codon in the transcribed mRNA, and leads to a truncated, incomplete, and possibly nonfunctional protein product.
See Genetic code and Nonsense mutation
Nucleic acid double helix
In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA.
See Genetic code and Nucleic acid double helix
Nucleic acid notation
The nucleic acid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1970.
See Genetic code and Nucleic acid notation
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Genetic code and Nucleotide are molecular biology.
See Genetic code and Nucleotide
Open reading frame
In molecular biology, reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Genetic code and Open reading frame are molecular genetics.
See Genetic code and Open reading frame
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Per mille
The phrase per mille indicates parts per thousand.
See Genetic code and Per mille
Pfam
Pfam is a database of protein families that includes their annotations and multiple sequence alignments generated using hidden Markov models.
Phenotype
In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
See Genetic code and Phenotype
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula.
See Genetic code and Phenylalanine
Philip Leder
Philip Leder (November 19, 1934 – February 2, 2020) was an American geneticist.
See Genetic code and Philip Leder
Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome. Genetic code and point mutation are molecular biology.
See Genetic code and Point mutation
Polymerization
In polymer chemistry, polymerization (American English), or polymerisation (British English), is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.
See Genetic code and Polymerization
Proline
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain the amino group but is rather a secondary amine.
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Genetic code and Protein are molecular biology.
Protein biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. Genetic code and protein biosynthesis are gene expression.
See Genetic code and Protein biosynthesis
Protein structure
Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule.
See Genetic code and Protein structure
Proteinogenic amino acid
Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation.
See Genetic code and Proteinogenic amino acid
Pyrrolysine
Pyrrolysine (symbol Pyl or O; encoded by the 'amber' stop codon UAG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins in some methanogenic archaea and bacteria; it is not present in humans.
See Genetic code and Pyrrolysine
Rate–distortion theory
Rate–distortion theory is a major branch of information theory which provides the theoretical foundations for lossy data compression; it addresses the problem of determining the minimal number of bits per symbol, as measured by the rate R, that should be communicated over a channel, so that the source (input signal) can be approximately reconstructed at the receiver (output signal) without exceeding an expected distortion D.
See Genetic code and Rate–distortion theory
Reading frame
In molecular biology, a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets. Genetic code and reading frame are genetics and molecular biology.
See Genetic code and Reading frame
Release factor
A release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence.
See Genetic code and Release factor
Ribosomal frameshift
Ribosomal frameshifting, also known as translational frameshifting or translational recoding, is a biological phenomenon that occurs during translation that results in the production of multiple, unique proteins from a single mRNA. Genetic code and Ribosomal frameshift are gene expression and genetics.
See Genetic code and Ribosomal frameshift
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA). Genetic code and RNA are molecular biology.
RNA Tie Club
The RNA Tie Club was an informal scientific club, meant partly to be humorous, of select scientists who were interested in how proteins were synthesised from genes, specifically the genetic code.
See Genetic code and RNA Tie Club
RNA world
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins.
See Genetic code and RNA world
Robert W. Holley
Robert William Holley (January 28, 1922 – February 11, 1993) was an American biochemist.
See Genetic code and Robert W. Holley
Selenocysteine
Selenocysteine (symbol Sec or U, in older publications also as Se-Cys) is the 21st proteinogenic amino acid.
See Genetic code and Selenocysteine
Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Severo Ochoa
Severo Ochoa de Albornoz (24 September 1905 – 1 November 1993) was a Spanish physician and biochemist, and winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Arthur Kornberg for their discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)".
See Genetic code and Severo Ochoa
Shine–Dalgarno sequence
The Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG.
See Genetic code and Shine–Dalgarno sequence
Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD), also simply called sickle cell, is a group of hemoglobin-related blood disorders typically inherited.
See Genetic code and Sickle cell disease
Signaling game
In game theory, a signaling game is a simple type of a dynamic Bayesian game.
See Genetic code and Signaling game
Singular value decomposition
In linear algebra, the singular value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix into a rotation, followed by a rescaling followed by another rotation.
See Genetic code and Singular value decomposition
Start codon
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome. Genetic code and start codon are molecular genetics.
See Genetic code and Start codon
Steven A. Benner
Steven Albert Benner (born October 23, 1954) is an American chemist.
See Genetic code and Steven A. Benner
Stop codon
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein. Genetic code and stop codon are gene expression and molecular genetics.
See Genetic code and Stop codon
Tay–Sachs disease
Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
See Genetic code and Tay–Sachs disease
Thalassemia
Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders that result in abnormal hemoglobin.
See Genetic code and Thalassemia
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Genetic code and The New York Times
Topology
Topology (from the Greek words, and) is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing holes, opening holes, tearing, gluing, or passing through itself.
Totivirus
Totivirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Totiviridae.
See Genetic code and Totivirus
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
See Genetic code and Transfer RNA
Translation (biology)
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. Genetic code and translation (biology) are gene expression and molecular biology.
See Genetic code and Translation (biology)
Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Genetic code and Tryptophan
Uracil
Uracil (symbol U or Ura) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid RNA.
Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
Wild type
The wild type (WT) is the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature.
See Genetic code and Wild type
References
Also known as Codon, Codon Dictionary, Codons, Degeneracy of the genetic code, Degenerate code, Degenerate codon, Encoding (gene translation), Gene code, Genetic coding, Genocode, Recoding (biology), Sense codon, Standard code, Standard genetic code, Triplet code, Universal Code (Biology), Universal Genetic Code.