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172 relations: Accretion (geology), Aleutian Arc, Alfred Kröner, Altai Mountains, Altai-Sayan region, Amphibolite, Anzhu Islands, Arabian Plate, Archean, Baikal Rift Zone, Baltic Shield, Barents Sea, Barrel (unit), Basalt, Basement (geology), Batholith, Biotite, Blueschist, Brooks Range, Cadomian Orogeny, Caledonian orogeny, Carbonate, Carboniferous, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Cenozoic, Central Asia, Central Siberian Plateau, Chersky Range, Chukchi Peninsula, Chukchi Sea, Compression (geology), Continental fragment, Convergent boundary, Craton, Cretaceous, Crust (geology), Dagestan, Devonian, Diorite, Dome (geology), Dzhugdzhur Mountains, Early Pleistocene, East European Craton, Enderbite, Eocene, Eurasia, Facies, Fault (geology), Fault block, ..., Flood basalt, Fold (geology), Fold and thrust belt, Geography of Russia, Geosyncline, Gneiss, Gold, Graben, Granite, Granitoid, Granodiorite, Granulite, Historical geology, Hokkaido, Horst (geology), Igneous rock, Imbrication (sedimentology), Indian subcontinent, Intrusive rock, Island arc, Izanagi Plate, Jurassic, Kamchatka Peninsula, Kanin Peninsula, Kara Sea, Kolguyev Island, Koryak Mountains, Kula Plate, Kuril Islands, Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, Lake Baikal, Laptev Sea Rift, Lena River, Lithos (journal), Mantle (geology), Marine and Petroleum Geology, Marine regression, Marine transgression, Massif, Mélange, Mercury (element), Mesozoic, Metamorphic rock, Metamorphism, Metasedimentary rock, Miocene, Monocline, Mountain range, Neogene, Neoproterozoic, New Siberia, Nickel, Norilsk, North China Craton, Oceanic crust, Oil reserves, Okhotsk, Okhotsk Plate, Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt, Oligocene, Orogeny, Outcrop, Pacific Ocean, Pacific Plate, Paleogene, Paleomagnetism, Paleozoic, Pay-Khoy Ridge, Permian, Phanerozoic, Piacenzian, Platform (geology), Pliocene, Precambrian, Proterozoic, Rift, Riphean (stage), Russia, Sakhalin, Sarmatian Craton, Schist, Sea of Okhotsk, Sedimentary rock, Seismic wave, Serpentinite, Severnaya Zemlya, Seward Peninsula, Shelikhov Gulf, Shield (geology), Shield volcano, Siberian Traps, Silver, St. Lawrence Island, Stanovoy Range, Strike and dip, Structural basin, Subduction, Taymyr Peninsula, Tectonostratigraphy, Terek River, Terrane, Timan Ridge, Timan-Pechora Basin, Timanide Orogen, Tin, Transbaikal, Triassic, Troitsko-Pechorsk, Turbidite, Ulakhan Fault, United States Geological Survey, Ural Mountains, Uralian orogeny, Varanger Peninsula, Vergence (geology), Verkhoyansk Range, Volcanic arc, Volcanoes of Kamchatka, Volgo–Uralia, West Siberian Plain, Yenisei River, 1,000,000,000. Expand index (122 more) »
Accretion (geology)
Accretion, in geology, is a process by which material is added to a tectonic plate or a landmass.
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Aleutian Arc
The Aleutian Arc is a large volcanic arc in the U.S. state of Alaska.
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Alfred Kröner
Professor Alfred Kröner (8 September 1939 in Kassel, Germany) is a retired Professor of Geology at Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz in Mainz, Germany.
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Altai Mountains
The Altai Mountains (also spelled Altay Mountains; Altai: Алтай туулар, Altay tuular; Mongolian:, Altai-yin niruɣu (Chakhar) / Алтайн нуруу, Altain nuruu (Khalkha); Kazakh: Алтай таулары, Altai’ tay’lary, التاي تاۋلارى Алтайские горы, Altajskije gory; Chinese; 阿尔泰山脉, Ā'ěrtài Shānmài, Xiao'erjing: اَعَرتَىْ شًامَىْ; Dungan: Артэ Шанмэ) are a mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan come together, and are where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters.
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Altai-Sayan region
The Altai-Sayan region is an area of central Asia proximate to the Altai Mountains and the Sayan Mountains, near to where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together.
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Amphibolite
Amphibolid is a metamorphic rock that contains amphibole, especially the species hornblende and actinolite, as well as plagioclase.
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Anzhu Islands
The Anzhu Islands or Anjou Islands (острова Анжу, Анжу арыылара) are an archipelago and geographical subgroup of the New Siberian Islands archipelago.
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Arabian Plate
The Arabian Plate is a tectonic plate in the northern and eastern hemispheres.
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Archean
The Archean Eon (also spelled Archaean or Archæan) is one of the four geologic eons of Earth history, occurring (4 to 2.5 billion years ago).
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Baikal Rift Zone
The Baikal Rift Zone is a series of continental rifts centered beneath Lake Baikal in southeastern Russia.
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Baltic Shield
The Baltic Shield (or Fennoscandian Shield) is a segment of the Earth's crust belonging to the East European Craton, representing a large part of Fennoscandia, northwestern Russia and the northern Baltic Sea.
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Barents Sea
The Barents Sea (Barentshavet; Баренцево море, Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters.
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Barrel (unit)
A barrel is one of several units of volume applied in various contexts; there are dry barrels, fluid barrels (such as the UK beer barrel and US beer barrel), oil barrels and so on.
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Basalt
Basalt is a common extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the surface of a planet or moon.
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Basement (geology)
In geology, basement and crystalline basement are the rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover, or more generally any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic or igneous in origin.
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Batholith
A batholith (from Greek bathos, depth + lithos, rock) is a large mass of intrusive igneous rock (also called plutonic rock), larger than in area, that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust.
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Biotite
Biotite is a common phyllosilicate mineral within the mica group, with the approximate chemical formula.
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Blueschist
Blueschist, also called glaucophane schist, is a metavolcanic rock that forms by the metamorphism of basalt and rocks with similar composition at high pressures and low temperatures (200 to ~500 degrees Celsius), approximately corresponding to a depth of 15 to 30 kilometers.
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Brooks Range
The Brooks Range (Athabaskan Gwazhał) is a mountain range in far northern North America stretching some from west to east across northern Alaska into Canada's Yukon Territory.
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Cadomian Orogeny
The Cadomian Orogeny was a tectonic event or series of events in the late Neoproterozoic, about 650–550 Ma, which probably included the formation of mountains.
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Caledonian orogeny
The Caledonian orogeny was a mountain building era recorded in the northern parts of Ireland and Britain, the Scandinavian Mountains, Svalbard, eastern Greenland and parts of north-central Europe.
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Carbonate
In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of.
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Carboniferous
The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, Mya.
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Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.
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Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in West Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region.
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Cenozoic
The Cenozoic Era meaning "new life", is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras, following the Mesozoic Era and, extending from 66 million years ago to the present day.
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Central Asia
Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north.
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Central Siberian Plateau
The Central Siberian Plateau (Среднесиби́рское плоского́рье, Srednesibirskoye ploskogorye) is made up of sharply jagged demarcated surfaces of varying altitudes occupying most of Siberia between the Yenisei and Lena rivers.
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Chersky Range
The Chersky Range is a chain of mountains in northeastern Siberia between the Yana River and the Indigirka River.
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Chukchi Peninsula
The Chukchi Peninsula (or Chukotka Peninsula or Chukotski Peninsula) (Чуко́тский полуо́стров, Чуко́тка), at about 66° N 172° W, is the eastmost peninsula of Asia.
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Chukchi Sea
Chukchi Sea (p) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.
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Compression (geology)
In geology, the term compression refers to a set of stress directed toward the center of a rock mass.
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Continental fragment
Continental crustal fragments, partially synonymous with microcontinents, are fragments of continents that have been broken off from main continental masses forming distinct islands, often several hundred kilometers from their place of origin.
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Convergent boundary
In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary, also known as a destructive plate boundary, is a region of active deformation where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere are near the end of their life cycle.
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Craton
A craton (or; from κράτος kratos "strength") is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, where the lithosphere consists of the Earth's two topmost layers, the crust and the uppermost mantle.
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Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period mya.
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Crust (geology)
In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.
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Dagestan
The Republic of Dagestan (Респу́блика Дагеста́н), or simply Dagestan (or; Дагеста́н), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region.
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Devonian
The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya.
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Diorite
Diorite is an intrusive igneous rock composed principally of the silicate minerals plagioclase feldspar (typically andesine), biotite, hornblende, and/or pyroxene.
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Dome (geology)
A dome is a feature in structural geology consisting of symmetrical anticlines that intersect each other at their respective apices.
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Dzhugdzhur Mountains
The Dzhugdzhur Mountains (Джугджу́р) or Jugjur Mountains, meaning 'big bulge' in Evenki, are a mountain range in the far east of Siberia that run along the entire northwest coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.
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Early Pleistocene
The Early Pleistocene (also known as the Lower Pleistocene) is a subepoch in the international geologic timescale or a subseries in chronostratigraphy, being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary period/system and Pleistocene epoch/series.
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East European Craton
The East European Craton (EEC) is the core of the Baltica proto-plate and consists of three crustal regions/segments: Fennoscandia to the northwest, Volgo-Uralia to the east, and Sarmatia to the south.
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Enderbite
In geology, enderbite is an igneous rock of the charnockite series, consisting essentially of quartz, antiperthite (or perthite), orthopyroxene (usually hypersthene) and magnetite, and is equivalent to an orthopyroxene bearing tonalite.
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Eocene
The Eocene Epoch, lasting from, is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era.
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Eurasia
Eurasia is a combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia.
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Facies
In geology, a facies (pronounced variously as, or; plural also 'facies') is a body of rock with specified characteristics, which can be any observable attribute of rocks such as their overall appearance, composition, or condition of formation, and the changes that may occur in those attributes over a geographic area.
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Fault (geology)
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movement.
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Fault block
Fault blocks are very large blocks of rock, sometimes hundreds of kilometres in extent, created by tectonic and localized stresses in the Earth's crust.
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Flood basalt
A flood basalt is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.
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Fold (geology)
A geological fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation.
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Fold and thrust belt
A fold and thrust belt is a series of mountainous foothills adjacent to an orogenic belt, which forms due to contractional tectonics.
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Geography of Russia
The geography of Russia describes the geographic features of Russia, a country extending over much of northern Eurasia.
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Geosyncline
Geosyncline originally called a geosynclinalŞengör (1982), p. 11 is an obsolete geological concept to explain orogens which was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries before the theory of plate tectonics was envisaged.
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Gneiss
Gneiss is a common distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from pre-existing formations that were originally either igneous or sedimentary rocks.
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Gold
Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.
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Graben
In geology, a graben is a depressed block of the Earth's crust bordered by parallel faults.
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Granite
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.
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Granitoid
A granitoid or granitic rock is a variety of coarse grained plutonic rock similar to granite which mineralogically is composed predominantly of feldspar and quartz.
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Granodiorite
Granodiorite is a phaneritic-textured intrusive igneous rock similar to granite, but containing more plagioclase feldspar than orthoclase feldspar.
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Granulite
Granulites are a class of high-grade metamorphic rocks of the granulite facies that have experienced high-temperature and moderate-pressure metamorphism.
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Historical geology
Historical geology or paleogeology is a discipline that uses the principles and techniques of geology to reconstruct and understand the geological history of Earth.
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Hokkaido
(), formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is the second largest island of Japan, and the largest and northernmost prefecture.
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Horst (geology)
In physical geography and geology, a horst is a raised fault block bounded by normal faults.
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Igneous rock
Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.
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Imbrication (sedimentology)
In sedimentology imbrication refers to a primary depositional fabric consisting of a preferred orientation of clasts such that they overlap one another in a consistent fashion, rather like a run of toppled dominoes.
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Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.
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Intrusive rock
Intrusive rock (also called plutonic rock) is formed when magma crystallizes and solidifies underground to form intrusions, for example plutons, batholiths, dikes, sills, laccoliths, and volcanic necks.
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Island arc
An island arc is a type of archipelago, often composed of a chain of volcanoes, with arc-shaped alignment, situated parallel and close to a boundary between two converging tectonic plates.
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Izanagi Plate
The Izanagi Plate (named after the Shinto god Izanagi) was an ancient tectonic plate, which began subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate 130–100 Ma years ago.
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Jurassic
The Jurassic (from Jura Mountains) was a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period Mya.
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Kamchatka Peninsula
The Kamchatka Peninsula (полуо́стров Камча́тка, Poluostrov Kamchatka) is a 1,250-kilometre-long (780 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).
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Kanin Peninsula
The Kanin Peninsula is a large peninsula in Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia.
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Kara Sea
The Kara Sea (Ка́рское мо́ре, Karskoye more) is part of the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia.
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Kolguyev Island
Kolguyev Island (о́стров Колгу́ев) is an island in Nenets Autonomous Okrug Russia located in the south-eastern Barents Sea (east of the Pechora Sea) to the north-east of the Kanin Peninsula.
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Koryak Mountains
The Koryak Mountains are a mountain range in Far-Eastern Siberia, Russia, located south of the Anadyr River, and northeast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
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Kula Plate
The Kula Plate was an oceanic tectonic plate under the northern Pacific Ocean south of the Near Islands segment of the Aleutian Islands.
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Kuril Islands
The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands (or; p or r; Japanese: or), in Russia's Sakhalin Oblast region, form a volcanic archipelago that stretches approximately northeast from Hokkaido, Japan, to Kamchatka, Russia, separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the north Pacific Ocean.
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Kuril–Kamchatka Trench
The Kuril–Kamchatka Trench or Kuril Trench (Курило-Камчатский жёлоб, Kurilo-Kamchatskii Zhyolob) is an oceanic trench in the northwest Pacific Ocean.
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Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (p; Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur; Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur, etymologically meaning, in Mongolian, "the Nature Lake") is a rift lake in Russia, located in southern Siberia, between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast.
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Laptev Sea Rift
The Laptev Sea Rift is a divergent tectonic plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate located on the Arctic Ocean coast of northeastern Siberia in Russia.
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Lena River
The Lena (Ле́на,; Зүлхэ; Елюенэ; Өлүөнэ) is the easternmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob' and the Yenisey).
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Lithos (journal)
Lithos is a peer-reviewed academic journal, publishing original research papers on the petrology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
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Mantle (geology)
The mantle is a layer inside a terrestrial planet and some other rocky planetary bodies.
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Marine and Petroleum Geology
Marine and Petroleum Geology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering marine and petroleum geology.
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Marine regression
Marine regression is a geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level.
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Marine transgression
A marine transgression is a geologic event during which sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground, resulting in flooding.
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Massif
In geology, a massif is a section of a planet's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures.
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Mélange
In geology, a mélange is a large-scale breccia, a mappable body of rock characterized by a lack of continuous bedding and the inclusion of fragments of rock of all sizes, contained in a fine-grained deformed matrix.
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Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80.
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Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era is an interval of geological time from about.
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Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form".
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Metamorphism
Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic texture (distinct arrangement of minerals) in pre-existing rocks (protoliths), without the protolith melting into liquid magma (a solid-state change).
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Metasedimentary rock
In geology, metasedimentary rock is a type of metamorphic rock.
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Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
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Monocline
A monocline (or, rarely, a monoform) is a step-like fold in rock strata consisting of a zone of steeper dip within an otherwise horizontal or gently-dipping sequence.
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Mountain range
A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills ranged in a line and connected by high ground.
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Neogene
The Neogene (informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya.
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Neoproterozoic
The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from.
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New Siberia
New Siberia (Но́вая Сиби́рь,; English transliteration: Novaya Sibir) is the easternmost of the Anzhu Islands, the northern subgroup of the New Siberian Islands lying between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Norilsk
Norilsk (p) is an industrial city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located above the Arctic Circle, east of the Yenisei River and south of the western Taymyr Peninsula.
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North China Craton
The North China Craton is a continental crustal block with one of Earth's most complete and complex record of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic processes.
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Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate.
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Oil reserves
Oil reserves denote the amount of crude oil that can be technically recovered at a cost that is financially feasible at the present price of oil.
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Okhotsk
Okhotsk (p) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Okhotsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located at the mouth of the Okhota River on the Sea of Okhotsk.
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Okhotsk Plate
The Okhotsk Plate is a minor tectonic plate covering the Sea of Okhotsk, the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island and Tōhoku and Hokkaidō in Japan.
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Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt
The Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt (OCVB) is a Cretaceous volcanic belt in the Russian Far East region of northeast Asia.
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Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.
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Orogeny
An orogeny is an event that leads to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) due to the interaction between plate tectonics.
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Outcrop
An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions.
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Pacific Plate
The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean.
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Paleogene
The Paleogene (also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya.
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Paleomagnetism
This term is also sometimes used for natural remanent magnetization. Paleomagnetism (or palaeomagnetism in the United Kingdom) is the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks, sediment, or archeological materials.
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Paleozoic
The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era (from the Greek palaios (παλαιός), "old" and zoe (ζωή), "life", meaning "ancient life") is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon.
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Pay-Khoy Ridge
The Pay-Khoy ridge (хребет Пай-Хой) is a mountain range at the northern end of the Ural Mountains.
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Permian
The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic period 251.902 Mya.
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Phanerozoic
The Phanerozoic Eon is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed.
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Piacenzian
The Piacenzian is in the international geologic time scale the upper stage or latest age of the Pliocene.
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Platform (geology)
In geology, a platform is a continental area covered by relatively flat or gently tilted, mainly sedimentary strata, which overlie a basement of consolidated igneous or metamorphic rocks of an earlier deformation.
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Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP.
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Precambrian
The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pЄ, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon.
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Proterozoic
The Proterozoic is a geological eon representing the time just before the proliferation of complex life on Earth.
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Rift
In geology, a rift is a linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart and is an example of extensional tectonics.
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Riphean (stage)
The Riphean is a stage or age of the geologic timescale from.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Sakhalin
Sakhalin (Сахалин), previously also known as Kuye Dao (Traditional Chinese:庫頁島, Simplified Chinese:库页岛) in Chinese and in Japanese, is a large Russian island in the North Pacific Ocean, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N.
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Sarmatian Craton
The Sarmatian Craton or Sarmatia is the southern segment/region of the East European Craton or Baltica, also known as Scythian Plateau.
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Schist
Schist (pronounced) is a medium-grade metamorphic rock with medium to large, flat, sheet-like grains in a preferred orientation (nearby grains are roughly parallel).
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Sea of Okhotsk
The Sea of Okhotsk (Ohōtsuku-kai) is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaido to the south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and north.
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Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
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Seismic wave
Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy.
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Serpentinite
Serpentinite is a rock composed of one or more serpentine group minerals, the name originating from the similarity of the texture of the rock to that of the skin of a snake.
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Severnaya Zemlya
Severnaya Zemlya (Се́верная Земля́ (Northern Land)) is a archipelago in the Russian high Arctic.
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Seward Peninsula
The Seward Peninsula is a large peninsula on the western coast of the U.S. state of Alaska.
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Shelikhov Gulf
Shelikhov Gulf (залив Шелихова) is a large gulf off the northwestern coast of Kamchatka, Russia.
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Shield (geology)
A shield is generally a large area of exposed Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that form tectonically stable areas.
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Shield volcano
A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually composed almost entirely of fluid lava flows.
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Siberian Traps
The Siberian Traps (Сибирские траппы, Sibirskiye trappy) is a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large igneous province, in Siberia, Russia.
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Silver
Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.
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St. Lawrence Island
St.
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Stanovoy Range
The Stanovoy Range (Станово́й хребе́т, Stanovoy khrebet), also known as Sükebayatur and Sükhbaatar in Mongolian, or Outer Khingan Range is a mountain range located in southeastern parts of the Russian Far East.
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Strike and dip
Strike and dip refer to the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature.
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Structural basin
A structural basin is a large-scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping of previously flat-lying strata.
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Subduction
Subduction is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into the mantle.
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Taymyr Peninsula
The Taymyr Peninsula (italic) is a peninsula in the Far North of Russia, in the Siberian Federal District, that forms the northernmost part of the mainland of Eurasia.
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Tectonostratigraphy
In geology, tectonostratigraphy is stratigraphy that refers either to rock sequences in which large-scale layering is caused by the stacking of thrust sheets, or nappes, in areas of thrust tectonics or to the effects of tectonics on lithostratigraphy.
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Terek River
The Terek River (Terk), a major river in the Northern Caucasus, flows through Georgia and Russia into the Caspian Sea.
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Terrane
A terrane in geology, in full a tectonostratigraphic terrane, is a fragment of crustal material formed on, or broken off from, one tectonic plate and accreted or "sutured" to crust lying on another plate.
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Timan Ridge
The Timan Ridge (Тиманский кряж – Timansky Kryazh) is a highland in the far north of European Russia.
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Timan-Pechora Basin
The Timan-Pechora Basin is a sedimentary basin located between Timan Ridge and the Ural Mountains in northern Russia.
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Timanide Orogen
The Timanide Orogen (Ороген Протоуралид-Тиманид, literally: "Protouralian–Timanide Orogen") is a pre-Uralian orogen that formed in northeastern Baltica during the Neoproterozoic in the Timanide orogeny.
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Tin
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.
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Transbaikal
Transbaikal, Trans-Baikal, Transbaikalia (p), or Dauria (Даурия, Dauriya) is a mountainous region to the east of or "beyond" (trans-) Lake Baikal in Russia.
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Triassic
The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period Mya.
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Troitsko-Pechorsk
Troitsko-Pechorsk (Тро́ицко-Печо́рск; Мылдiн) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Troitsko-Pechorsky District of the Komi Republic, Russia, located on the Pechora River.
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Turbidite
A turbidite is the geologic deposit of a turbidity current, which is a type of sediment gravity flow responsible for distributing vast amounts of clastic sediment into the deep ocean.
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Ulakhan Fault
The Ulakhan Fault is a left-lateral moving transform fault that runs along the boundary between two tectonic plates in northeast Asia, the North American Plate, and the Okhotsk Plate.
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United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.
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Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.
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Uralian orogeny
The Uralian orogeny refers to the long series of linear deformation and mountain building events that raised the Ural Mountains, starting in the Late Carboniferous and Permian periods of the Palaeozoic Era, c. 323–299 and 299–251 Mya respectively, and ending with the last series of continental collisions in Triassic to early Jurassic times.
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Varanger Peninsula
Varanger Peninsula (Varangerhalvøya; Várnjárga; Varenkinniemi) is a peninsula in Finnmark county, Norway.
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Vergence (geology)
The meaning of vergence in modern structural geology usage is unclear.
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Verkhoyansk Range
The Verkhoyansk Range (Верхоянский хребет, Verchojanskij chrebet; Үөһээ Дьааҥы сис хайата, Üöhee Caañı sis xayata) is a mountain range of eastern Siberia spanning roughly 1000 km (600 mi.) across the Sakha Republic.
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Volcanic arc
A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate, positioned in an arc shape as seen from above.
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Volcanoes of Kamchatka
The volcanoes of Kamchatka are a large group of volcanoes situated on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
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Volgo–Uralia
Volgo–Uralia is a crustal segment that together with the Sarmatian Craton and the Fennoscandian Craton makes up the East European Craton.
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West Siberian Plain
The West Siberian Plain, also known as Zapadno-sibirskaya Ravnina, (За́падно-Сиби́рская равни́на) is a large plain that occupies the western portion of Siberia, between the Ural Mountains in the west and the Yenisei River in the east, and by the Altay Mountains on the southeast.
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Yenisei River
The Yenisei (Енисе́й, Jeniséj; Енисей мөрөн, Yenisei mörön; Buryat: Горлог мүрэн, Gorlog müren; Tyvan: Улуг-Хем, Uluğ-Hem; Khakas: Ким суг, Kim sug) also Romanised Yenisey, Enisei, Jenisej, is the largest river system flowing to the Arctic Ocean.
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1,000,000,000
1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or milliard, yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Russia
