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270 relations: Accademia dei Lincei, Acid, Aedes aegypti, Albert Freeman Africanus King, Alkaloid, All Saints' Day, Amber, Amico Bignami, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek, Angelo Celli, Anopheles, Anopheles gambiae, Antarctica, Antibiotic, Antimalarial medication, Antipyretic, Apicomplexan life cycle, Apothecary, Arsenic, Artemether, Artemether/lumefantrine, Artemisia (genus), Artemisia annua, Artemisinin, Artesunate, Arthropod, Atlantic slave trade, Atropa belladonna, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, Austrian Empire, Aztecs, Émile Marchoux, Balancing selection, Base (chemistry), Belgian Congo, Bernabé Cobo, Biocrystallization, Biodegradation, Blastomere, Blood cell, Bolivia, Brazil, British Guiana, British Medical Association, Cambodia, Camillo Golgi, Carl Warburg, Carlos Finlay, ..., Castel Volturno, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Charles C. Mann, Charles Ledger, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, Chemotherapy, Chimpanzee, Chloroquine, Chrysanthemum, Cinchona, Cinchona ledgeriana, City-state, Cleopatra, Climate, Coevolution, Colombia, Common Era, Comparative anatomy, Congener (chemistry), Constantine, Algeria, Cramp, Culex, DDT, De Materia Medica, DNA, Dominican Republic, Drainage, Duffy antigen system, Dye, East Africa, Egypt, Eleanor of Toledo, Entomology, Environmental science, Eosin, Ettore Marchiafava, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Fever, Fission (biology), Flagellum, Florence, Fly, Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, Francesco Torti, Gametocyte, Garlic, Ge Hong, General paresis of the insane, Giemsa stain, Giovanni Battista Grassi, Giovanni Maria Lancisi, Giuseppe Bastianelli, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Glycophorin C, Gorilla, Haemamoeba, Haiti, Hans Andersag, Heinrich Caro, Hematology, Heme, Hemoglobin, Hemorrhoid, Hemozoin, Henry Heimlich, Herbalism, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Herodotus, Hippocrates, Hispaniola, HIV/AIDS, House of Medici, Huangdi Neijing, Hue, Human genetic resistance to malaria, Indentured servitude, India, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indoor residual spraying, Insecticide, Isospora, Italy, Jesuit's bark, Joseph Bienaimé Caventou, Josiah C. Nott, Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Kenya, Kos, Lactone, Leonard White (physician), Leonardo Bruni, Lima, Little Ice Age, Lumefantrine, Macaque, Malaria, Malaria antigen detection tests, Malaria culture, Malaysia, Mason–Dixon line, Mauveine, Mawangdui, Maya peoples, Medical diagnosis, Mediterranean Sea, Melanin, Methylene blue, Mexico, Miasma theory, Microorganism, Microscopy, Middle Ages, Missionary, Mollusca, Mononuclear phagocyte system, Mosquito, Mosquito net, Mosquito-malaria theory, National Malaria Eradication Program, Natural environment, Natural selection, Neolithic Revolution, Nervous system, New World, Night monkey, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Novartis, Othmar Zeidler, Paleogene, Panama Canal, Parasitemia, Parasitism, Paris green, Parthenogenesis, Pathology, Patrick Manson, Paul Ehrlich, Paul Guttmann, Paul Hermann Müller, Pedanius Dioscorides, Peroxide, Peru, Pesticide, Pharaoh, Pierre Joseph Pelletier, Pieter Klazes Pel, Pilgrim, Plasmodium, Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Poison, Pope Gregory IV, Primate, Project 523, Protozoa, Psychiatrist, Public health, Pyramid, Pyrethrin, Pyrethrum, Quechua people, Quinine, Quinine total synthesis, Quinoline, Rachel Carson, Raymond Corbett Shannon, Red blood cell, Rhesus macaque, Rockefeller Foundation, Roman Empire, Romanowsky stain, Ronald Ross, Royal College of Chemistry, Salivary gland, Sanitation, Sardinia, Secunderabad, Sickle cell disease, Silent Spring, Sneferu, Society of Jesus, Solvent, Southeast Asian ovalocytosis, Southern Italy, Sparrow, Spleen, Sub-Saharan Africa, Swamp, Syphilis, Tanacetum, Thailand, Thalassemia, Tiber, Trepanning, Treponema pallidum, Tu Youyou, Tyrian purple, United States Agency for International Development, Uxbridge, Massachusetts, Walter Reed, Warburg's tincture, Wetland, Wildlife, William C. Gorgas, William Henry Perkin, William Shakespeare, Window screen, World Health Assembly, World Health Organization, World Mosquito Day, World War II, Wushi'er Bingfang, Yellow fever, Zhou Yiqing, Zoonosis, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Expand index (220 more) »
Accademia dei Lincei
The Accademia dei Lincei (literally the "Academy of the Lynx-Eyed", but anglicised as the Lincean Academy) is an Italian science academy, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy.
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Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents.
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Albert Freeman Africanus King
Albert Freeman Africanus King (18 January 1841 – 13 December 1914) an English-born American physician who witnessed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on 14 April 1865.
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Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
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All Saints' Day
All Saints' Day, also known as All Hallows' Day, Hallowmas, Feast of All Saints, or Solemnity of All Saints, is a Christian festival celebrated in honour of all the saints, known and unknown.
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Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin, which has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times.
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Amico Bignami
Amico Bignami (15 April 1862 – 8 September 1929) was an Italian physician, pathologist, malariologist and sceptic.
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River - geographically Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, in the place that is now occupied by the countries of Egypt and Sudan.
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Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 13th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (AD 600).
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Angelo Celli
Angelo Celli (25 March 1857 – 2 November 1914) was an Italian physician, hygienist, parasitologist and philanthropist known for his pioneering works in malarial parasite and control of malaria.
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Anopheles
Anopheles (Greek anofelís: "useless") is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818.
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Anopheles gambiae
The Anopheles gambiae complex consists of at least seven morphologically indistinguishable species of mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles.
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Antarctica
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antimalarial medication
Antimalarial medications, also known as antimalarials, are designed to prevent or cure malaria.
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Antipyretic
Antipyretics (from anti- 'against' and 'feverish') are substances that reduce fever.
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Apicomplexan life cycle
Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages evolved to allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle.
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Apothecary
Apothecary is one term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses materia medica to physicians, surgeons, and patients.
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Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.
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Artemether
Artemether is a medication used for the treatment of malaria.
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Artemether/lumefantrine
Artemether/lumefantrine, sold under the trade name Coartem among others, is a combination of the two medications artemether and lumefantrine.
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Artemisia (genus)
Artemisia is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae.
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Artemisia annua
Artemisia annua, also known as sweet wormwood, sweet annie, sweet sagewort, annual mugwort or annual wormwood, is a common type of wormwood native to temperate Asia, but naturalized in many countries including scattered parts of North America.
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Artemisinin
Artemisinin and its semi-synthetic derivatives are a group of drugs used against Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
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Artesunate
Artesunate (AS) is a medication used to treat malaria.
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Arthropod
An arthropod (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint" and πούς pous, "foot") is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.
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Atlantic slave trade
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas.
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Atropa belladonna
Atropa belladonna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, which includes tomatoes, potatoes, and aubergine.
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August Wilhelm von Hofmann
August Wilhelm von Hofmann (8 April 18185 May 1892) was a German chemist.
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.
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Aztecs
The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.
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Émile Marchoux
Émile Marchoux (24 March 1862 - 19 August 1943) was a French physician and biologist born in Saint-Amant-de-Boixe, Charente.
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Balancing selection
Balancing selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies larger than expected from genetic drift alone.
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Base (chemistry)
In chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus paper blue), react with acids to form salts, promote certain chemical reactions (base catalysis), accept protons from any proton donor, and/or contain completely or partially displaceable OH− ions.
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Belgian Congo
The Belgian Congo (Congo Belge,; Belgisch-Congo) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa between 1908 and 1960 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
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Bernabé Cobo
Padre Bernabé Cobo (born at Lopera in Spain, 1582; died at Lima, Peru, 9 October 1657) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer.
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Biocrystallization
Biocrystallization is the formation of crystals from organic macromolecules by living organisms.
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Biodegradation
Biodegradation is the disintegration of materials by bacteria, fungi, or other biological means.
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Blastomere
In biology, blastocoel is a type of cell produced by cleavage (cell division) of the zygote after fertilization and is an essential part of blastula formation.
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Blood cell
A blood cell, also called a haematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte, is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood.
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Bolivia
Bolivia (Mborivia; Buliwya; Wuliwya), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is a landlocked country located in western-central South America.
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Brazil
Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.
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British Guiana
British Guiana was the name of the British colony, part of the British West Indies (Caribbean), on the northern coast of South America, now known as the independent nation of Guyana.
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British Medical Association
The British Medical Association (BMA) is the professional association and registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (កម្ពុជា, or Kampuchea:, Cambodge), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, prĕəh riəciənaacak kampuciə,; Royaume du Cambodge), is a sovereign state located in the southern portion of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Camillo Golgi
Camillo Golgi (7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926) was an Italian biologist and pathologist known for his works on the central nervous system.
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Carl Warburg
Carl Warburg (c. 1805–1892), also known as Charles Warburg, was a physician and scientist.
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Carlos Finlay
Carlos Juan Finlay (December 3, 1833 – August 20, 1915) was a Cuban epidemiologist recognized as a pioneer in the research of yellow fever, determining that it was transmitted through mosquitoes Aedes aegypti.
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Castel Volturno
Castel Volturno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about northwest of Naples and about west of Caserta on the Volturno river.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.
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Charles C. Mann
Charles C. Mann (born 1955) is an American journalist and author, specializing in scientific topics.
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Charles Ledger
Charles Ledger (4 March 1818 – 19 May 1905)B.
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Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (18 June 1845 – 18 May 1922) was a French physician who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1907 for his discoveries of parasitic protozoans as causative agents of infectious diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Chimpanzee
The taxonomical genus Pan (often referred to as chimpanzees or chimps) consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo.
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Chloroquine
Chloroquine is a medication used to prevent and to treat malaria in areas where malaria is known to be sensitive to its effects.
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Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae.
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Cinchona
Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs.
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Cinchona ledgeriana
Cinchona ledgeriana is a plant indigenous to the eastern slopes of the Andes, where they grow from in elevation in Colombia and Bolivia.
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City-state
A city-state is a sovereign state, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories.
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Cleopatra
Cleopatra VII Philopator (Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ Cleopatra Philopator; 69 – August 10 or 12, 30 BC)Theodore Cressy Skeat, in, uses historical data to calculate the death of Cleopatra as having occurred on 12 August 30 BC.
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Climate
Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time.
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Coevolution
In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.
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Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.
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Common Era
Common Era or Current Era (CE) is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era – an alternative to the Dionysian AD and BC system.
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Comparative anatomy
Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.
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Congener (chemistry)
In chemistry, congeners are related chemical substances "related to each other by origin, structure, or function".
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Constantine, Algeria
Not to be confused with Constantinople, the historical city from 330 to 1453 in Thrace, now Istanbul, Turkey. Constantine (قسنطينة, ⵇⵙⴻⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ), also spelled Qacentina or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria.
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Cramp
A cramp is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction or over-shortening; while generally temporary and non-damaging, they can cause significant pain, and a paralysis-like immobility of the affected muscle.
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Culex
Culex is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals.
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DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochlorine, originally developed as an insecticide, and ultimately becoming infamous for its environmental impacts.
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De Materia Medica
De Materia Medica (Latin name for the Greek work Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hulēs iatrikēs, both meaning "On Medical Material") is a pharmacopoeia of herbs and the medicines that can be obtained from them.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (República Dominicana) is a sovereign state located in the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region.
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Drainage
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area.
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Duffy antigen system
Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor (DARC), also known as Fy glycoprotein (FY) or CD234 (Cluster of Differentiation 234), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DARC gene.
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Dye
A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.
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East Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern region of the African continent, variably defined by geography.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Eleanor of Toledo
Eleanor of Toledo (Italian: Eleonora di Toledo (1522 – 17 December 1562), born Doña Leonor Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio, was a Spanish noblewoman who was Duchess of Florence from 1539, after Margaret of Austria. Although, Eleanor is often referred to as the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, she predeceased the creation of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. She is credited with being the first modern first lady, or consort. She served as regent of Florence during the absence of her spouse.
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Entomology
Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology.
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Environmental science
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, plant science, zoology, mineralogy, oceanology, limnology, soil science, geology and physical geography (geodesy), and atmospheric science) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.
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Eosin
Eosin is the name of several fluorescent acidic compounds which bind to and form salts with basic, or eosinophilic, compounds like proteins containing amino acid residues such as arginine and lysine, and stains them dark red or pink as a result of the actions of bromine on fluorescein.
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Ettore Marchiafava
Ettore Marchiafava (3 January 1847 – 22 October 1935) was an Italian physician, pathologist and neurologist.
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Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (30 July 1549 – 17 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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Fission (biology)
Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate entities resembling the original.
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Flagellum
A flagellum (plural: flagella) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Florence
Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.
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Fly
True flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- di- "two", and πτερόν pteron "wings".
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Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
The Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty IV or Dynasty 4) is characterized as a "golden age" of the Old Kingdom of Egypt.
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Francesco Torti
Francesco Torti (30 November 1658 – 15 February 1741) was an Italian physician.
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Gametocyte
A gametocyte is a eukaryotic germ cell that divides by mitosis into other gametocytes or by meiosis into gametids during gametogenesis.
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Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, Allium.
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Ge Hong
Ge Hong (葛洪; b. 283 - d. 343 or 363) was an Eastern Jin Dynasty scholar, and the author of Essays on Chinese Characters.
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General paresis of the insane
General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, classified as an organic mental disorder and caused by the chronic meningoencephalitis that leads to cerebral atrophy in late-stage syphilis.
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Giemsa stain
Giemsa stain, named after German chemist and bacteriologist Gustav Giemsa, is used in cytogenetics and for the histopathological diagnosis of malaria and other parasites.
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Giovanni Battista Grassi
Giovanni Battista Grassi (27 March 1854 – 4 May 1925) was an Italian physician and zoologist, most well known for his pioneering works on parasitology, especially on malariology.
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Giovanni Maria Lancisi
Giovanni Maria Lancisi (26 October 1654 – 20 January 1720) was an Italian physician, epidemiologist and anatomist who made a correlation between the presence of mosquitoes and the prevalence of malaria.
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Giuseppe Bastianelli
Giuseppe Bastianelli (25 October 1862 – 30 March 1959) was an Italian physician and zoologist who worked on malaria and was the personal physician of Pope Benedict XV.
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDD) is an inborn error of metabolism that predisposes to red blood cell breakdown.
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Glycophorin C
Glycophorin C (GYPC; CD236/CD236R; glycoprotein beta; glycoconnectin; PAS-2) plays a functionally important role in maintaining erythrocyte shape and regulating membrane material properties, possibly through its interaction with protein 4.1.
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Gorilla
Gorillas are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Haemamoeba
Haemamoeba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium — all of which are parasites.
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Haiti
Haiti (Haïti; Ayiti), officially the Republic of Haiti and formerly called Hayti, is a sovereign state located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea.
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Hans Andersag
Johann Andersag (better known as Hans Andersag) was a scientist born on February 16, 1902, in Lana (Meran), Italy, and died August 10, 1955, in Wuppertal, Germany, following bronchial cancer.
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Heinrich Caro
Heinrich Caro (February 13, 1834 in Posen, Prussia Germany now Poznań, Poland – September 11, 1910 in Dresden), was a German chemist.
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Hematology
Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.
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Heme
Heme or haem is a coordination complex "consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands." The definition is loose, and many depictions omit the axial ligands.
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.
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Hemorrhoid
Hemorrhoids, also called piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal.
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Hemozoin
Haemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of blood by some blood-feeding parasites.
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Henry Heimlich
Henry Judah Heimlich (February 3, 1920 – December 17, 2016) was an American thoracic surgeon and medical researcher.
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Herbalism
Herbalism (also herbal medicine or phytotherapy) is the study of botany and use of plants intended for medicinal purposes or for supplementing a diet.
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Hereditary elliptocytosis
Hereditary elliptocytosis, also known as ovalocytosis, is an inherited blood disorder in which an abnormally large number of the patient's erythrocytes (i.e. red blood cells) are elliptical rather than the typical biconcave disc shape.
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Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος, Hêródotos) was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire (modern-day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (484– 425 BC), a contemporary of Thucydides, Socrates, and Euripides.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kṓos), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
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Hispaniola
Hispaniola (Spanish: La Española; Latin and French: Hispaniola; Haitian Creole: Ispayola; Taíno: Haiti) is an island in the Caribbean island group, the Greater Antilles.
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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House of Medici
The House of Medici was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century.
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Huangdi Neijing
Huangdi Neijing, literally the Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor or Esoteric Scripture of the Yellow Emperor, is an ancient Chinese medical text that has been treated as the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine for more than two millennia.
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Hue
Hue is one of the main properties (called color appearance parameters) of a color, defined technically (in the CIECAM02 model), as "the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, and yellow", (which in certain theories of color vision are called unique hues).
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Human genetic resistance to malaria
Human genetic resistance to malaria refers to inherited changes in the DNA of humans which increase resistance to malaria and result in increased survival of individuals with those genetic changes.
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Indentured servitude
An indentured servant or indentured laborer is an employee (indenturee) within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract (indenture) to work for a particular employer for a fixed time.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture, and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.
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Indoor residual spraying
Indoor residual spraying or IRS is the process of spraying the inside of dwellings with an insecticide to kill mosquitoes that spread malaria.
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Insecticide
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects.
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Isospora
Isospora is a genus of internal parasites classified under Coccidia.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Jesuit's bark
Jesuit's Bark, also known as cinchona bark, as Peruvian Bark, and as China Bark, is a former name of the most celebrated specific remedy for all forms of malaria.
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Joseph Bienaimé Caventou
Joseph Bienaimé Caventou (30 June 1795 – 5 May 1877) was a French pharmacist.
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Josiah C. Nott
Josiah Clark Nott (March 31, 1804March 31, 1873) was an American physician and surgeon.
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Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Julius Wagner-Jauregg (7 March 1857 – 27 September 1940) was an Austrian physician, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1927, and is the only psychiatrist to have done so.
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Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
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Kos
Kos or Cos (Κως) is a Greek island, part of the Dodecanese island chain in the southeastern Aegean Sea, off the Anatolian coast of Turkey.
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Lactone
Lactones are cyclic esters of hydroxycarboxylic acids, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
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Leonard White (physician)
Leonard D. White, M.D. was a late 19th-century physician and one of the Health Officers in Massachusetts who was involved with the earliest study of mosquitoes and malaria and efforts for community prevention of malaria.
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Leonardo Bruni
Leonardo Bruni (or Leonardo Aretino) (c. 1370 – March 9, 1444) was an Italian humanist, historian and statesman, often recognized as the most important humanist historian of the early Renaissance.
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Lima
Lima (Quechua:, Aymara) is the capital and the largest city of Peru.
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Little Ice Age
The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.
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Lumefantrine
Lumefantrine (or benflumetol) is an antimalarial drug.
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Macaque
The macaques (or pronunciation by Oxford Dictionaries) constitute a genus (Macaca) of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Malaria antigen detection tests
Malaria antigen detection tests are a group of commercially available rapid diagnostic tests of the rapid antigen test type that allow quick diagnosis of malaria by people who are not otherwise skilled in traditional laboratory techniques for diagnosing malaria or in situations where such equipment is not available.
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Malaria culture
Malaria culture is the method to grow malaria parasites outside the body i.e. in an ex vivo environment.
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Malaysia
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.
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Mason–Dixon line
The Mason–Dixon line, also called the Mason and Dixon line or Mason's and Dixon's line, was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the resolution of a border dispute involving Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware in Colonial America.
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Mauveine
Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic dye.
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Mawangdui
Mawangdui is an archaeological site located in Changsha, China.
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Maya peoples
The Maya peoples are a large group of Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica.
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Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx or DS) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.
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Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant.
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Melanin
Melanin (from μέλας melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.
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Methylene blue
Methylene blue, also known as methylthioninium chloride, is a medication and dye.
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Mexico
Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.
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Miasma theory
The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) is an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, ancient Greek: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Missionary
A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.
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Mollusca
Mollusca is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusksThe formerly dominant spelling mollusk is still used in the U.S. — see the reasons given in Gary Rosenberg's.
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Mononuclear phagocyte system
In immunology, the mononuclear phagocyte system or mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or macrophage system) is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue.
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Mosquito
Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that constitute the family Culicidae.
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Mosquito net
A mosquito net offers protection against mosquitos, flies, and other insects, and thus against the diseases they may carry.
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Mosquito-malaria theory
Mosquito-malaria theory (or sometimes mosquito theory) was a scientific theory developed in the latter half of the 19th century that solved the question of how malaria was transmitted.
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National Malaria Eradication Program
In the United States, the National Malaria Eradication Program (NMEP) was launched on 1 July 1947.
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Natural environment
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution, Neolithic Demographic Transition, Agricultural Revolution, or First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly larger population possible.
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Nervous system
The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
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New World
The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda).
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Night monkey
The night monkeys, also known as the owl monkeys or douroucoulis, are the members of the genus Aotus of New World monkeys (monotypic in family Aotidae).
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Novartis
Novartis International AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland.
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Othmar Zeidler
Othmar Zeidler (29 August 1850 – 17 June 1911)Though many sources mention 1859 as Zeidler's year of birth, this would make him a mere 14 years old at the time of his dissertation in 1873.
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Paleogene
The Paleogene (also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Mya.
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Panama Canal
The Panama Canal (Canal de Panamá) is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean.
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Parasitemia
Parasitemia is the quantitative content of parasites in the blood.
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Parasitism
In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
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Paris green
Paris green (copper(II) acetate triarsenite or copper(II) acetoarsenite) is an inorganic compound.
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Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis (from the Greek label + label) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.
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Pathology
Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.
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Patrick Manson
Sir Patrick Manson, (3 October 1844 – 9 April 1922), was a Scottish physician who made important discoveries in parasitology, and was the founder of the field of tropical medicine.
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Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a German Jewish physician and scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy.
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Paul Guttmann
Paul Guttmann (9 September 1834 in Ratibor (Racibórz) – 24 May 1893 in Berlin) was a German pathologist.
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Paul Hermann Müller
Paul Hermann Müller also known as Pauly Mueller (12 January 1899 – 13 October 1965) was a Swiss chemist who received the 1948 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 1939 discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.
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Pedanius Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides (Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης, Pedianos Dioskorides; 40 – 90 AD) was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of De Materia Medica (Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, On Medical Material) —a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read for more than 1,500 years.
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Peroxide
Peroxide is a compound with the structure R-O-O-R. The O−O group in a peroxide is called the peroxide group or peroxo group.
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Peru
Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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Pharaoh
Pharaoh (ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ Prro) is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE, although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until circa 1200 BCE.
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Pierre Joseph Pelletier
No description.
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Pieter Klazes Pel
Professor Pieter Klazes Pel (22 February 1852 in Smallingerland – 15 February 1919) was a Dutch physician and professor of internal medicine.
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Pilgrim
A pilgrim (from the Latin peregrinus) is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) who is on a journey to a holy place.
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Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects.
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Plasmodium berghei
Plasmodium berghei is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in certain rodents.
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Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans.
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Plasmodium knowlesi
Plasmodium knowlesi is a primate malaria parasite commonly found in Southeast Asia.
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Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans.
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Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans.
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Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen.
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Poison
In biology, poisons are substances that cause disturbances in organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when an organism absorbs a sufficient quantity.
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Pope Gregory IV
Pope Gregory IV (Gregorius IV; d. 25 January 844) was Pope from October 827 to his death in 844.
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Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: "prime, first rank").
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Project 523
Project 523 (or task number five hundred and twenty-three) is a code name for the secret military project of the People's Republic of China during and after the Cultural Revolution, for antimalarial medications, which were urged in the Vietnam War.
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Protozoa
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
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Psychiatrist
A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry, the branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders.
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Public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals".
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Pyramid
A pyramid (from πυραμίς) is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single point at the top, making the shape roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense.
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Pyrethrin
The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects.
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Pyrethrum
Pyrethrum was a genus of several Old World plants now classified as Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum (e.g., C. coccineum) which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads.
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Quechua people
The Quechua people are the indigenous peoples of South America who speak any of the Quechua languages.
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Quinine
Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.
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Quinine total synthesis
In total synthesis, the quinine total synthesis describes the efforts in synthesis of quinine over a 150-year period.
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Quinoline
Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C9H7N.
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Rachel Carson
Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist, author, and conservationist whose book Silent Spring and other writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement.
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Raymond Corbett Shannon
Raymond Corbett Shannon (4 October 1894 – 7 March 1945) was an American entomologist who specialised in Diptera and medical entomology.
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Red blood cell
Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
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Rhesus macaque
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the best-known species of Old World monkeys.
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Rockefeller Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation is a private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
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Romanowsky stain
Romanowsky staining is a prototypical staining technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar methods, including Giemsa, Jenner, Wright, Field, and Leishman stains, which are used to differentiate cells in pathologic specimens.
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Ronald Ross
Sir Ronald Ross (13 May 1857 – 16 September 1932), was a British medical doctor who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on the transmission of malaria, becoming the first British Nobel laureate, and the first born outside Europe.
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Royal College of Chemistry
The Royal College of Chemistry (RCC) was a college originally based on Oxford Street in central London, England.
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Salivary gland
The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts.
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Sanitation
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.
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Sardinia
| conventional_long_name.
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Secunderabad
Secunderabad (also spelled sometimes as Sikandar-a-bad) is the twin city of Hyderabad located in the Indian state of Telangana.
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Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents.
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Silent Spring
Silent Spring is an environmental science book by Rachel Carson.
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Sneferu
Sneferu (also read Snefru or Snofru), well known under his Hellenized name Soris (Σῶρις) (by Manetho), was the founding monarch of the 4th dynasty during the Old Kingdom.
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Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.
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Solvent
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution.
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Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
Southeast Asian ovalocytosis is a blood disorder that is similar to, but distinct from hereditary elliptocytosis.
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Southern Italy
Southern Italy or Mezzogiorno (literally "midday") is a macroregion of Italy traditionally encompassing the territories of the former Kingdom of the two Sicilies (all the southern section of the Italian Peninsula and Sicily), with the frequent addition of the island of Sardinia.
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Sparrow
Sparrows are a family of small passerine birds.
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Spleen
The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara.
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Swamp
A swamp is a wetland that is forested.
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Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
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Tanacetum
Tanacetum is a genus of about 160 species of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, native to many regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Thailand
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a unitary state at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces.
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Thalassemia
Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production.
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Tiber
The Tiber (Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest river in Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing through Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio, where it is joined by the river Aniene, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino.
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Trepanning
Trepanning, also known as trepanation, trephination, trephining or making a burr hole (the verb trepan derives from Old French from Medieval Latin trepanum from Greek trypanon, literally "borer, auger") is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull, exposing the dura mater to treat health problems related to intracranial diseases or release pressured blood buildup from an injury.
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Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum is a spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
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Tu Youyou
Tu Youyou (born 30 December 1930) is a Chinese pharmaceutical chemist and educator.
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Tyrian purple
Tyrian purple (Greek, πορφύρα, porphyra, purpura), also known as Tyrian red, Phoenician purple, royal purple, imperial purple or imperial dye, is a reddish-purple natural dye.
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United States Agency for International Development
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance.
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Uxbridge, Massachusetts
Uxbridge is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts first settled in 1662 and incorporated in 1727.
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Walter Reed
Major Walter Reed, M.D., U.S. Army, (September 13, 1851 – November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who in 1901 led the team that postulated and confirmed the theory that yellow fever is transmitted by a particular mosquito species, rather than by direct contact.
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Warburg's tincture
Warburg's tincture was a pharmaceutical drug, now obsolete.
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Wetland
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem.
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Wildlife
Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all plants, fungi, and other organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans.
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William C. Gorgas
William Crawford Gorgas KCMG (October 3, 1854 – July 3, 1920) was a United States Army physician and 22nd Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (1914–1918).
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William Henry Perkin
Sir William Henry Perkin, FRS (12 March 1838 – 14 July 1907) was a British chemist and entrepreneur best known for his serendipitous discovery of the first synthetic organic dye, mauveine, made from aniline.
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William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised)—23 April 1616) was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as both the greatest writer in the English language, and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.
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Window screen
A window screen (also known as insect screen, bug screen, fly screen, wire mesh) is designed to cover the opening of a window.
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World Health Assembly
The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO) is governed by its 194 member states.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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World Mosquito Day
World Mosquito Day, observed annually on 20 August, is a commemoration of British doctor Sir Ronald Ross's discovery in 1897 that female mosquitoes transmit malaria between humans.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Wushi'er Bingfang
The Wushi'er Bingfang, or Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments, is an ancient Chinese medical text that was discovered in 1973 in Mawangdui in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BCE under the Han dynasty.
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Yellow fever
Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.
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Zhou Yiqing
Zhou Yiqing (born 1929) is a professor of medicine at the Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology of the People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Medical Sciences.
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Zoonosis
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.
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1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created is a nonfiction book by Charles C. Mann first published in 2011.
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Redirects here:
History of Malaria, Malarial therapy, Malariotherapy, Marsh fever, Roman Fever (disease), Tertian ague, The ague.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_malaria
