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489 relations: *-algebra, A Tale of Two Cities, Abelian von Neumann algebra, Abraham Fraenkel, Abraham Pais, Affiliated operator, Air raids on Japan, Alain Aspect, Alan Turing, Albedo, Albert Einstein, Algorithmically random sequence, Alice Burks, Alok Bhargava, Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, Amenable group, American Mathematical Society, Ancient Greek, Anglicisation, Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Annals of Mathematics, Anti-communism, Aptitude, Argumentum a fortiori, Argyranthemum, Arithmetic logic unit, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Arthur Burks, Artificial intelligence, Asteroid belt, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Austria-Hungary, Autoregressive model, Axiom of limitation of size, Axiom of regularity, Axiomatic system, Backward induction, Ballistic Research Laboratory, Banach–Tarski paradox, Barbara McClintock, Bargaining problem, Bôcher Memorial Prize, Bell's theorem, Benoit Mandelbrot, Biometrika, Blaise Pascal, Blast wave, Bone tumor, Bounded operator, Bounded set (topological vector space), ..., Brouwer fixed-point theorem, Budapest, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Carry-save adder, Cellular automaton, Central Intelligence Agency, Charles Babbage Institute, Charles Sanders Peirce, Chemical engineer, Child prodigy, Clapboard (architecture), Class (set theory), Clifford Hugh Dowker, Commutation theorem, Complementarity theory, Complemented lattice, Computer, Computer architecture, Computer science, Computer scientist, Computer virus, Computing, Conditional entropy, Conditional quantum entropy, Continuous geometry, Convex hull, Convex set, Coupling constant, Cuthbert Hurd, Cybernetics, D. G. Champernowne, David Gale, David Hilbert, Debugging, Denis Sargan, Dennis Gabor, Density matrix, Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Diagonal matrix, Differential calculus, Dirac–von Neumann axioms, Direct integral, DNA, Doctor of Law, Doctor of Philosophy, Donald B. Gillies, Donald Knuth, Doubly stochastic matrix, Dual space, Duality (optimization), Durbin–Watson statistic, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Dynamical system, Eötvös Loránd University, Econometrica, Economic growth, Economics, EDVAC, Edward Teller, Eidetic memory, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, ENIAC, Enrico Fermi, Enrico Fermi Award, Entropy (information theory), Ergodic theory, Ernst Zermelo, ETH Zurich, Euclid, Euclid's Elements, Euclidean group, Eugene Wigner, Explosion, Explosive lens, Exponential growth, Fair coin, Fascism, Fasori Gimnázium, Fat Man, Felix Bloch, Felix Hausdorff, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, Fixed-point theorem, Fluid dynamics, Foundations of mathematics, Foundations of Physics, Fourier transform, Franz Joseph I of Austria, Friederich Ignaz Mautner, Functional analysis, Game theory, Garrett Birkhoff, Gábor Szegő, Gérard Debreu, Gödel's incompleteness theorems, General equilibrium theory, Generalized eigenvector, Geometry, Georg Cantor, George Dantzig, George de Hevesy, George Dyson (science historian), George Kistiakowsky, George Pólya, Gerald L. Thompson, Gian-Carlo Rota, Global warming, Goethe's Faust, Good Housekeeping, Google Scholar, Grand Canyon, Grete Hermann, Group action, Gymnasium (school), Haar measure, Habilitation, Hanford Site, Hans Bethe, Hardware random number generator, Henry L. Stimson, Herman Goldstine, Hermann Weyl, Hidden variable theory, Hilary Putnam, Hilbert space, Hilbert's axioms, Hilbert's fifth problem, Hiroshima, Historia Mathematica, History of the Byzantine Empire, History of the Teller–Ulam design, Holloman Air Force Base, Humboldt University of Berlin, Hyperfinite type II factor, Hyperplane separation theorem, I/O bound, IAS machine, IBM 701, Ideal (ring theory), Identity function, Identity matrix, Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, IEEE John von Neumann Medal, Inner model, Inner model theory, Inner product space, Institute for Advanced Study, Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Integral, Intercontinental ballistic missile, Interest rate, Interior-point method, Interpretations of quantum mechanics, Invariant measure, Isotopes of lithium, Israel Halperin, J. Presper Eckert, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Jacob Bronowski, James Glimm, Jean Dieudonné, Jeffrey Bub, Jeremy Bernstein, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Jewish humour, Jewish name, Jews, John Forbes Nash Jr., John G. Kemeny, John Mauchly, John Stewart Bell, John von Neumann (sculpture), John von Neumann Award, John von Neumann Center, John von Neumann Computer Society, John von Neumann Theory Prize, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Karl Menger, Karmarkar's algorithm, Königsberg, Kenneth Arrow, Kinematics, Kingdom of Hungary, Klara Dan von Neumann, Klaus Fuchs, Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics, Kullback–Leibler divergence, Kurt Gödel, Kyoto, Last glacial period, Last rites, Lattice (order), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, László Rátz, Léon Walras, Least squares, Leo Szilard, Leonid Hurwicz, Leonid Kantorovich, Leslie Groves, Lev Landau, Liberty Fund, Lieutenant, Life (magazine), Lifting theory, Limerick (poetry), Linear inequality, Linear map, Linear programming, Lipót Fejér, List of Latin phrases (N), List of minor planets: 22001–23000, List of pioneers in computer science, List of things named after John von Neumann, Lloyd A. Jeffress, Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim, Manhattan Project, March (music), Marghita, Marina von Neumann Whitman, Mathematical Association of America, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Mathematical statistics, Mathematician, Mathematics, Mathematische Annalen, Max Born, Maxima and minima, Measure (mathematics), Measurement problem, Medal for Merit, Medal of Freedom, Mercer County, New Jersey, Merge sort, Middle-square method, Minimax, Minor Planet Center, Modular lattice, Monte Carlo method, Moon, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Mutual assured destruction, Nagasaki, Naive set theory, National Academy of Sciences, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Postal Museum, Natural satellite, Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award, Nazism, Nicholas Kaldor, Nicholas Metropolis, Nobel Prize, Nobel Prize in Physics, Non-cooperative game theory, Norbert Wiener, Normal distribution, Normal-form game, Nuclear espionage, Nuclear fusion, Nuclear physics, Nuclear weapon, Nuclear weapon design, Numerical analysis, Off-color humor, Operation Greenhouse, Operations research, Operator algebra, Operator theory, Oppenheimer security hearing, Order of Saint Benedict, Ordinal number, Orthogonality, Oskar Morgenstern, Pancreatic cancer, Partially ordered set, Pascal's Wager, Paul Erdős, Paul Gordan, Paul Halmos, Paul Samuelson, Pécs, Peano axioms, Perfect information, Perron–Frobenius theorem, Peter Lax, Phonograph, Physicist, Physics, Plainsboro Township, New Jersey, Plugboard, Plutonium, Plutonium-239, Pointless topology, Polar ice cap, Polarization identity, Polymath, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Princeton Cemetery, Princeton University, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, Privatdozent, Probability vector, Project Y, Projective geometry, Propositional calculus, Pseudorandom number generator, Pseudorandomness, Punched tape, Quantum decoherence, Quantum information, Quantum logic, Quantum mechanics, Quantum mutual information, Quantum nonlocality, Quantum statistical mechanics, Radiation implosion, Rajk László College for Advanced Studies, Random walk, Rank ring, Representation theory, Reviews of Modern Physics, Richard Dedekind, Richard Feynman, Riesz space, Robert D. Richtmyer, Robert Dorfman, Robert Solow, Rockefeller Foundation, Romania, Russell's paradox, Salomon Bochner, Sarnoff Corporation, Scientific Advisory Group, Self-adjoint operator, Self-replicating spacecraft, Self-replication, Series (mathematics), Set theory, Shaped charge, Shock wave, Simplex, SM-65 Atlas, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Socorro, New Mexico, Solvable group, Sorted array, Spectral theory, Spokane Daily Chronicle, Springer Science+Business Media, Sputnik crisis, Standard probability space, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanislaw Ulam, Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics), Statistics, Stefan Banach, Stephen Wolfram, Stochastic computing, Stone–von Neumann theorem, Strategy (game theory), Subfactor, Supporting hyperplane, Szerencs, The Computer and the Brain, The Martians (scientists), The Mathematical Intelligencer, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, The New York Times, The Science of Nature, Theodore von Kármán, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Thermonuclear fusion, Thermonuclear weapon, Time (magazine), Tjalling Koopmans, Topology, Trace inequalities, Transpose, Tritium, Ultrastrong topology, Uncertainty principle, Unit root, United States Air Force, United States Army Reserve, United States Atomic Energy Commission, United States Geological Survey, United States Postal Service, United States Secretary of Defense, United States Secretary of War, United States Senate, University of California, University of Göttingen, University of Hamburg, University of Illinois Press, University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, University of Pennsylvania, Uranium-235, Vector space, Victor Stabin, Viscosity, Von Neumann (crater), Von Neumann algebra, Von Neumann architecture, Von Neumann bicommutant theorem, Von Neumann cardinal assignment, Von Neumann cellular automaton, Von Neumann conjecture, Von Neumann entropy, Von Neumann neighborhood, Von Neumann paradox, Von Neumann programming languages, Von Neumann regular ring, Von Neumann stability analysis, Von Neumann universal constructor, Von Neumann universe, Von Neumann's inequality, Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory, Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem, Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation, Walras's law, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C., Wassily Leontief, Wave function collapse, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, Weather forecasting, White Sands Missile Range, Wilhelm Oncken, World War II, Wrangler (University of Cambridge), Zemplén County, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, Zero-sum game, ZND detonation model. Expand index (439 more) »
*-algebra
In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a *-algebra (or involutive algebra) is a mathematical structure consisting of two involutive rings and, where is commutative and has the structure of an associative algebra over.
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A Tale of Two Cities
A Tale of Two Cities (1859) is a historical novel by Charles Dickens, set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution.
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Abelian von Neumann algebra
In functional analysis, an abelian von Neumann algebra is a von Neumann algebra of operators on a Hilbert space in which all elements commute.
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Abraham Fraenkel
Abraham Halevi (Adolf) Fraenkel (אברהם הלוי (אדולף) פרנקל; February 17, 1891 – October 15, 1965), known as Abraham Fraenkel, was a German-born Israeli mathematician.
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Abraham Pais
Abraham Pais (May 19, 1918 – July 28, 2000) was a Dutch-born American physicist and science historian.
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Affiliated operator
In mathematics, affiliated operators were introduced by Murray and von Neumann in the theory of von Neumann algebras as a technique for using unbounded operators to study modules generated by a single vector.
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Air raids on Japan
Allied forces conducted many air raids on Japan during World War II, causing extensive destruction to the country's cities and killing between 241,000 and 900,000 people.
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Alain Aspect
Alain Aspect (born 15 June 1947) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement.
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Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.
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Albedo
Albedo (albedo, meaning "whiteness") is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by an astronomical body (e.g. a planet like Earth).
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
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Algorithmically random sequence
Intuitively, an algorithmically random sequence (or random sequence) is an infinite sequence of binary digits that appears random to any algorithm.
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Alice Burks
Alice Burks (nee Rowe, August 20, 1920 – November 21, 2017) was an American author of children's books and books about the history of electronic computers.
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Alok Bhargava
Alok Bhargava (born 13 July 1954) is an Indian econometrician.
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Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
The Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues is a searchable collection of vetted annotations and bibliographic information for resources including books, articles, films, CD-ROMs, and websites pertaining to nuclear topics.
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Amenable group
In mathematics, an amenable group is a locally compact topological group G carrying a kind of averaging operation on bounded functions that is invariant under translation by group elements.
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American Mathematical Society
The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship, and serves the national and international community through its publications, meetings, advocacy and other programs.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Anglicisation
Anglicisation (or anglicization, see English spelling differences), occasionally anglification, anglifying, englishing, refers to modifications made to foreign words, names and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce, or understand in English.
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Annals of Mathematical Statistics
The Annals of Mathematical Statistics was a peer-reviewed statistics journal published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics from 1930 to 1972.
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Annals of Mathematics
The Annals of Mathematics is a bimonthly mathematical journal published by Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study.
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Anti-communism
Anti-communism is opposition to communism.
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Aptitude
An aptitude is a component of a competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level.
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Argumentum a fortiori
Argumentum a fortiori (Latin: "from a/the stronger ") is a form of argumentation which draws upon existing confidence in a proposition to argue in favor of a second proposition that is held to be implicit in the first.
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Argyranthemum
Argyranthemum (marguerite, marguerite daisy, dill daisy) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae.
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Arithmetic logic unit
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.
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Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
The Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) was a United States military agency responsible for those aspects of nuclear weapons remaining under military control after the Manhattan Project was succeeded by the Atomic Energy Commission on 1 January 1947.
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Arthur Burks
Arthur Walter Burks (October 13, 1915 – May 14, 2008) was an American mathematician who worked in the 1940s as a senior engineer on the project that contributed to the design of the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.
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Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence (NI) displayed by humans and other animals.
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Asteroid belt
The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter.
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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.
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Autoregressive model
In statistics and signal processing, an autoregressive (AR) model is a representation of a type of random process; as such, it is used to describe certain time-varying processes in nature, economics, etc.
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Axiom of limitation of size
In set theory, the axiom of limitation of size was proposed by John von Neumann in his 1925 axiom system for sets and classes.
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Axiom of regularity
In mathematics, the axiom of regularity (also known as the axiom of foundation) is an axiom of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory that states that every non-empty set A contains an element that is disjoint from A. In first-order logic, the axiom reads: The axiom implies that no set is an element of itself, and that there is no infinite sequence (an) such that ai+1 is an element of ai for all i. With the axiom of dependent choice (which is a weakened form of the axiom of choice), this result can be reversed: if there are no such infinite sequences, then the axiom of regularity is true.
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Axiomatic system
In mathematics, an axiomatic system is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive theorems.
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Backward induction
Backward induction is the process of reasoning backwards in time, from the end of a problem or situation, to determine a sequence of optimal actions.
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Ballistic Research Laboratory
The Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland was the center for the United States Army's research efforts in ballistics (interior, exterior, and terminal) as well as vulnerability/lethality analysis.
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Banach–Tarski paradox
The Banach–Tarski paradox is a theorem in set-theoretic geometry, which states the following: Given a solid ball in 3‑dimensional space, there exists a decomposition of the ball into a finite number of disjoint subsets, which can then be put back together in a different way to yield two identical copies of the original ball.
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Barbara McClintock
Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
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Bargaining problem
The two-person bargaining problem studies how two agents share a surplus that they can jointly generate.
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Bôcher Memorial Prize
The Bôcher Memorial Prize was founded by the American Mathematical Society in 1923 in memory of Maxime Bôcher with an initial endowment of $1,450 (contributed by members of that society).
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Bell's theorem
Bell's theorem is a "no-go theorem" that draws an important distinction between quantum mechanics and the world as described by classical mechanics.
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Benoit Mandelbrot
Benoit B.  Mandelbrot  (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-born, French and American mathematician and polymath with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as "the art of roughness" of physical phenomena and "the uncontrolled element in life".
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Biometrika
Biometrika is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press for the Biometrika Trust.
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Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian.
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Blast wave
In fluid dynamics, a blast wave is the increased pressure and flow resulting from the deposition of a large amount of energy in a small, very localised volume.
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Bone tumor
A bone tumor (also spelled bone tumour) is a neoplastic growth of tissue in bone.
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Bounded operator
In functional analysis, a bounded linear operator is a linear transformation L between normed vector spaces X and Y for which the ratio of the norm of L(v) to that of v is bounded above by the same number, over all non-zero vectors v in X. In other words, there exists some M\ge 0 such that for all v in X The smallest such M is called the operator norm \|L\|_ \, of L. A bounded linear operator is generally not a bounded function; the latter would require that the norm of L(v) be bounded for all v, which is not possible unless L(v).
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Bounded set (topological vector space)
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a set in a topological vector space is called bounded or von Neumann bounded, if every neighborhood of the zero vector can be inflated to include the set.
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Brouwer fixed-point theorem
Brouwer's fixed-point theorem is a fixed-point theorem in topology, named after L. E. J. (Bertus) Brouwer.
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Budapest
Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and one of the largest cities in the European Union.
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Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
The Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society is a quarterly mathematical journal published by the American Mathematical Society.
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Carry-save adder
A carry-save adder is a type of digital adder, used in computer microarchitecture to compute the sum of three or more n-bit numbers in binary.
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Cellular automaton
A cellular automaton (pl. cellular automata, abbrev. CA) is a discrete model studied in computer science, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).
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Charles Babbage Institute
The Charles Babbage Institute is a research center at the University of Minnesota specializing in the history of information technology, particularly the history of digital computing, programming/software, and computer networking since 1935.
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Charles Sanders Peirce
Charles Sanders Peirce ("purse"; 10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".
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Chemical engineer
In the field of engineering, a chemical engineer is a professional, who is equipped with the knowledge of chemical engineering, works principally in the chemical industry to convert basic raw materials into a variety of products, and deals with the design and operation of plants and equipment.
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Child prodigy
In psychology research literature, the term child prodigy is defined as a person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain to the level of an adult expert performer.
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Clapboard (architecture)
Clapboard or clabbard, also called bevel siding, lap siding, and weatherboard, with regional variation in the definition of these terms, is wooden siding of a building in the form of horizontal boards, often overlapping.
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Class (set theory)
In set theory and its applications throughout mathematics, a class is a collection of sets (or sometimes other mathematical objects) that can be unambiguously defined by a property that all its members share.
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Clifford Hugh Dowker
Clifford Hugh Dowker (March 2, 1912 – October 14, 1982) was a topologist known for his work in point-set topology and also for his contributions in category theory, sheaf theory and knot theory.
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Commutation theorem
In mathematics, a commutation theorem explicitly identifies the commutant of a specific von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space in the presence of a trace.
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Complementarity theory
A complementarity problem is a type of mathematical optimization problem.
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Complemented lattice
In the mathematical discipline of order theory, a complemented lattice is a bounded lattice (with least element 0 and greatest element 1), in which every element a has a complement, i.e. an element b satisfying a ∨ b.
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Computer
A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.
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Computer architecture
In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems.
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Computer science
Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations.
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Computer scientist
A computer scientist is a person who has acquired the knowledge of computer science, the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their application.
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Computer virus
A computer virus is a type of malicious software program ("malware") that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code.
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Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers.
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Conditional entropy
In information theory, the conditional entropy (or equivocation) quantifies the amount of information needed to describe the outcome of a random variable Y given that the value of another random variable X is known.
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Conditional quantum entropy
The conditional quantum entropy is an entropy measure used in quantum information theory.
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Continuous geometry
In mathematics, continuous geometry is an analogue of complex projective geometry introduced by, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1,..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval.
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Convex hull
In mathematics, the convex hull or convex envelope or convex closure of a set X of points in the Euclidean plane or in a Euclidean space (or, more generally, in an affine space over the reals) is the smallest convex set that contains X. For instance, when X is a bounded subset of the plane, the convex hull may be visualized as the shape enclosed by a rubber band stretched around X., p. 3.
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Convex set
In convex geometry, a convex set is a subset of an affine space that is closed under convex combinations.
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Coupling constant
In physics, a coupling constant or gauge coupling parameter is a number that determines the strength of the force exerted in an interaction.
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Cuthbert Hurd
Cuthbert Corwin Hurd (April 5, 1911 – May 22, 1996) was an American computer scientist and entrepreneur, who was instrumental in helping the International Business Machines Corporation develop its first general-purpose computers.
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Cybernetics
Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities.
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D. G. Champernowne
Professor David Gawen Champernowne FBA (9 July 1912 – 19 August 2000).
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David Gale
David Gale (December 13, 1921 – March 7, 2008) was an American mathematician and economist.
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David Hilbert
David Hilbert (23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician.
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Debugging
Debugging is the process of finding and resolving defects or problems within a computer program that prevent correct operation of computer software or a system.
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Denis Sargan
John Denis Sargan (23 August 1924 – 13 April 1996) was a British econometrician who specialized in the analysis of economic time-series.
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Dennis Gabor
Dennis Gabor (Gábor Dénes; 5 June 1900 – 9 February 1979) was a Hungarian-British electrical engineer and physicist, most notable for inventing holography, for which he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics.
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Density matrix
A density matrix is a matrix that describes a quantum system in a mixed state, a statistical ensemble of several quantum states.
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Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
The Department of Computer Science (CS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has consistently been ranked as a top computer science program in the world. As of 2016, U.S. News & World Report rank UIUC's Computer Science as a Top 5 CS Graduate School program in the nation, and one of the Top 5 Undergraduate Schools in Computers, along with being in the Top 20 for the World's Best Universities for Computer Science. Since its reorganization in 1964, the Department of Computer Science has produced a myriad of publications and research that have advanced the field of Computer Science. In addition, many faculty and alumni have been leads with modern-day applications such as Mosaic (web browser), PayPal, and YouTube.
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Diagonal matrix
In linear algebra, a diagonal matrix is a matrix in which the entries outside the main diagonal are all zero.
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Differential calculus
In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus concerned with the study of the rates at which quantities change.
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Dirac–von Neumann axioms
In mathematical physics, the Dirac–von Neumann axioms give a mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of operators on a Hilbert space.
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Direct integral
In mathematics and functional analysis a direct integral is a generalization of the concept of direct sum.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Doctor of Law
Doctor of Law or Doctor of Laws is a degree in law.
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Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or Ph.D.; Latin Philosophiae doctor) is the highest academic degree awarded by universities in most countries.
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Donald B. Gillies
Donald Bruce Gillies (October 15, 1928 – July 17, 1975) was a Canadian mathematician and computer scientist, known for his work in game theory, computer design, and minicomputer programming environments.
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Donald Knuth
Donald Ervin Knuth (born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor emeritus at Stanford University.
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Doubly stochastic matrix
In mathematics, especially in probability and combinatorics, a doubly stochastic matrix (also called bistochastic), is a square matrix A.
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Dual space
In mathematics, any vector space V has a corresponding dual vector space (or just dual space for short) consisting of all linear functionals on V, together with the vector space structure of pointwise addition and scalar multiplication by constants.
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Duality (optimization)
In mathematical optimization theory, duality or the duality principle is the principle that optimization problems may be viewed from either of two perspectives, the primal problem or the dual problem.
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Durbin–Watson statistic
In statistics, the Durbin–Watson statistic is a test statistic used to detect the presence of autocorrelation at lag 1 in the residuals (prediction errors) from a regression analysis.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
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Dynamical system
In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space.
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Eötvös Loránd University
Eötvös Loránd University (Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, ELTE) is a Hungarian public research university based in Budapest.
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Econometrica
Econometrica is a peer-reviewed academic journal of economics, publishing articles in many areas of economics, especially econometrics.
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Economic growth
Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time.
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Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
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EDVAC
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers.
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Edward Teller
Edward Teller (Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", although he claimed he did not care for the title.
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Eidetic memory
Eidetic memory (sometimes called photographic memory) is an ability to vividly recall images from memory after only a few instances of exposure, with high precision for a brief time after exposure,The terms eidetic memory and photographic memory are often used interchangeably.
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Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
In linear algebra, an eigenvector or characteristic vector of a linear transformation is a non-zero vector that changes by only a scalar factor when that linear transformation is applied to it.
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ENIAC
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made.
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Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1.
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Enrico Fermi Award
The Enrico Fermi Award is an award honoring scientists of international stature for their lifetime achievement in the development, use, or production of energy.
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Entropy (information theory)
Information entropy is the average rate at which information is produced by a stochastic source of data.
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Ergodic theory
Ergodic theory (Greek: έργον ergon "work", όδος hodos "way") is a branch of mathematics that studies dynamical systems with an invariant measure and related problems.
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Ernst Zermelo
Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (27 July 1871 – 21 May 1953) was a German logician and mathematician, whose work has major implications for the foundations of mathematics.
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ETH Zurich
ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich) is a science, technology, engineering and mathematics STEM university in the city of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Euclid
Euclid (Εὐκλείδης Eukleidēs; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry".
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Euclid's Elements
The Elements (Στοιχεῖα Stoicheia) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. 300 BC.
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Euclidean group
In mathematics, the Euclidean group E(n), also known as ISO(n) or similar, is the symmetry group of n-dimensional Euclidean space.
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Eugene Wigner
Eugene Paul "E.
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Explosion
An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases.
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Explosive lens
An explosive lens—as used, for example, in nuclear weapons—is a highly specialized shaped charge.
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Exponential growth
Exponential growth is exhibited when the rate of change—the change per instant or unit of time—of the value of a mathematical function is proportional to the function's current value, resulting in its value at any time being an exponential function of time, i.e., a function in which the time value is the exponent.
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Fair coin
In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin.
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Fascism
Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
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Fasori Gimnázium
Fasori Gimnázium (lit. "secondary school on the tree-lined avenue"; fasori.
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Fat Man
"Fat Man" was the codename for the atomic bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945.
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Felix Bloch
Felix Bloch (23 October 1905 – 10 September 1983) was a Swiss physicist, working mainly in the U.S. He and Edward Mills Purcell were awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for "their development of new ways and methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements."Sohlman, M (Ed.) Nobel Foundation directory 2003. Vastervik, Sweden: AB CO Ekblad; 2003.
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Felix Hausdorff
Felix Hausdorff (November 8, 1868 – January 26, 1942) was a German mathematician who is considered to be one of the founders of modern topology and who contributed significantly to set theory, descriptive set theory, measure theory, function theory, and functional analysis.
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First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
The First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (commonly shortened to First Draft) is an incomplete 101-page document written by John von Neumann and distributed on June 30, 1945 by Herman Goldstine, security officer on the classified ENIAC project.
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Fixed-point theorem
In mathematics, a fixed-point theorem is a result saying that a function F will have at least one fixed point (a point x for which F(x).
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Fluid dynamics
In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids - liquids and gases.
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Foundations of mathematics
Foundations of mathematics is the study of the philosophical and logical and/or algorithmic basis of mathematics, or, in a broader sense, the mathematical investigation of what underlies the philosophical theories concerning the nature of mathematics.
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Foundations of Physics
Foundations of Physics is a monthly journal "devoted to the conceptual bases and fundamental theories of modern physics and cosmology, emphasizing the logical, methodological, and philosophical premises of modern physical theories and procedures".
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Fourier transform
The Fourier transform (FT) decomposes a function of time (a signal) into the frequencies that make it up, in a way similar to how a musical chord can be expressed as the frequencies (or pitches) of its constituent notes.
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Franz Joseph I of Austria
Franz Joseph I also Franz Josef I or Francis Joseph I (Franz Joseph Karl; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and monarch of other states in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, from 2 December 1848 to his death.
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Friederich Ignaz Mautner
Friederich Ignaz Mautner (1921–2001) was an American mathematician, known for his research on the representation theory of groups, functional analysis, and differential geometry.
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Functional analysis
Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (e.g. inner product, norm, topology, etc.) and the linear functions defined on these spaces and respecting these structures in a suitable sense.
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Game theory
Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".
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Garrett Birkhoff
Garrett Birkhoff (January 19, 1911 – November 22, 1996) was an American mathematician.
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Gábor Szegő
Gábor Szegő (January 20, 1895 – August 7, 1985) was a Hungarian mathematician.
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Gérard Debreu
Gérard Debreu (4 July 1921 – 31 December 2004) was a French-born American economist and mathematician.
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Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that demonstrate the inherent limitations of every formal axiomatic system containing basic arithmetic.
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General equilibrium theory
In economics, general equilibrium theory attempts to explain the behavior of supply, demand, and prices in a whole economy with several or many interacting markets, by seeking to prove that the interaction of demand and supply will result in an overall general equilibrium.
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Generalized eigenvector
In linear algebra, a generalized eigenvector of an n × n matrix A is a vector which satisfies certain criteria which are more relaxed than those for an (ordinary) eigenvector.
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Geometry
Geometry (from the γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.
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Georg Cantor
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (– January 6, 1918) was a German mathematician.
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George Dantzig
George Bernard Dantzig (November 8, 1914 – May 13, 2005) was an American mathematical scientist who made important contributions to operations research, computer science, economics, and statistics.
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George de Hevesy
George Charles de Hevesy (Georg Karl von Hevesy; 1 August 1885 – 5 July 1966) was a Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate, recognized in 1943 for his key role in the development of radioactive tracers to study chemical processes such as in the metabolism of animals.
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George Dyson (science historian)
George Dyson (born 26 March 1953) is an American non-fiction author and historian of technology whose publications broadly cover the evolution of technology in relation to the physical environment and the direction of society.
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George Kistiakowsky
George Bogdanovich Kistiakowsky (November 18, 1900 – December 7, 1982) (Георгій Богданович Кістяківський, Георгий Богданович Кистяковский) was a Ukrainian-American physical chemistry professor at Harvard who participated in the Manhattan Project and later served as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Science Advisor.
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George Pólya
George Pólya (Pólya György; December 13, 1887 – September 7, 1985) was a Hungarian mathematician.
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Gerald L. Thompson
Gerald L. Thompson (born November 25, 1923, Rolfe, Iowa; died November 9, 2009 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) was the IBM Professor of Systems and Operations Research (Emeritus) in the Tepper School of Business of Carnegie Mellon University.
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Gian-Carlo Rota
Gian-Carlo Rota (April 27, 1932 – April 18, 1999) was an Italian-born American mathematician and philosopher.
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Global warming
Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.
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Goethe's Faust
Faust is a tragic play in two parts by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, usually known in English as Faust, Part One and Faust, Part Two.
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Good Housekeeping
Good Housekeeping is a women's magazine owned by the Hearst Corporation, featuring articles about women's interests, product testing by The Good Housekeeping Institute, recipes, diet, and health, as well as literary articles.
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Google Scholar
Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.
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Grand Canyon
The Grand Canyon (Hopi: Ongtupqa; Wi:kaʼi:la, Navajo: Tsékooh Hatsoh, Spanish: Gran Cañón) is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States.
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Grete Hermann
Grete (Henry-)Hermann (March 2, 1901 – April 15, 1984) was a German mathematician and philosopher noted for her work in mathematics, physics, philosophy and education.
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Group action
In mathematics, an action of a group is a formal way of interpreting the manner in which the elements of the group correspond to transformations of some space in a way that preserves the structure of that space.
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Gymnasium (school)
A gymnasium is a type of school with a strong emphasis on academic learning, and providing advanced secondary education in some parts of Europe comparable to British grammar schools, sixth form colleges and US preparatory high schools.
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Haar measure
In mathematical analysis, the Haar measure assigns an "invariant volume" to subsets of locally compact topological groups, consequently defining an integral for functions on those groups.
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Habilitation
Habilitation defines the qualification to conduct self-contained university teaching and is the key for access to a professorship in many European countries.
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Hanford Site
The Hanford Site is a decommissioned nuclear production complex operated by the United States federal government on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington.
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Hans Bethe
Hans Albrecht Bethe (July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American nuclear physicist who made important contributions to astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics and solid-state physics, and won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.
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Hardware random number generator
In computing, a hardware random number generator (true random number generator, TRNG) is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process, rather than a computer program.
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Henry L. Stimson
Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican Party politician.
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Herman Goldstine
Herman Heine Goldstine (September 13, 1913 – June 16, 2004) was a mathematician and computer scientist, who was one of the original developers of ENIAC, the first of the modern electronic digital computers.
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Hermann Weyl
Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl, (9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher.
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Hidden variable theory
In physics, hidden variable theories are held by some physicists who argue that the state of a physical system, as formulated by quantum mechanics, does not give a complete description for the system; i.e., that quantum mechanics is ultimately incomplete, and that a complete theory would provide descriptive categories to account for all observable behavior and thus avoid any indeterminism.
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Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist, and a major figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century.
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Hilbert space
The mathematical concept of a Hilbert space, named after David Hilbert, generalizes the notion of Euclidean space.
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Hilbert's axioms
Hilbert's axioms are a set of 20 assumptions proposed by David Hilbert in 1899 in his book Grundlagen der Geometrie (tr. The Foundations of Geometry) as the foundation for a modern treatment of Euclidean geometry.
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Hilbert's fifth problem
Hilbert's fifth problem is the fifth mathematical problem from the problem list publicized in 1900 by mathematician David Hilbert, and concerns the characterization of Lie groups.
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Hiroshima
is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshu - the largest island of Japan.
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Historia Mathematica
Historia Mathematica: International Journal of History of Mathematics is an academic journal on the history of mathematics published by Elsevier.
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History of the Byzantine Empire
This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD.
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History of the Teller–Ulam design
This article chronicles the history and origins of the Teller–Ulam design, the technical concept behind modern thermonuclear weapons, also known as hydrogen bombs.
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Holloman Air Force Base
Holloman Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located six miles (10 km) southwest of the central business district of Alamogordo, and a census-designated place in Otero County, New Mexico, United States.
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Humboldt University of Berlin
The Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin), is a university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.
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Hyperfinite type II factor
In mathematics, there are up to isomorphism exactly two separably acting hyperfinite type II factors; one infinite and one finite.
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Hyperplane separation theorem
In geometry, the hyperplane separation theorem is a theorem about disjoint convex sets in n-dimensional Euclidean space.
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I/O bound
In computer science, I/O bound refers to a condition in which the time it takes to complete a computation is determined principally by the period spent waiting for input/output operations to be completed.
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IAS machine
The IAS machine was the first electronic computer to be built at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey.
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IBM 701
The IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was IBM’s first commercial scientific computer, which was announced to the public on April 29, 1952.
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Ideal (ring theory)
In ring theory, a branch of abstract algebra, an ideal is a special subset of a ring.
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Identity function
Graph of the identity function on the real numbers In mathematics, an identity function, also called an identity relation or identity map or identity transformation, is a function that always returns the same value that was used as its argument.
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Identity matrix
In linear algebra, the identity matrix, or sometimes ambiguously called a unit matrix, of size n is the n × n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
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Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was Marxism–Leninism, an ideology of a centralised, planned economy and a vanguardist one-party state, which was the dictatorship of the proletariat.
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IEEE John von Neumann Medal
The IEEE John von Neumann Medal was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1990 and may be presented annually "for outstanding achievements in computer-related science and technology." The achievements may be theoretical, technological, or entrepreneurial, and need not have been made immediately prior to the date of the award.
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Inner model
In set theory, a branch of mathematical logic, an inner model for a theory T is a substructure of a model M of a set theory that is both a model for T and contains all the ordinals of M.
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Inner model theory
In set theory, inner model theory is the study of certain models of ZFC or some fragment or strengthening thereof.
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Inner product space
In linear algebra, an inner product space is a vector space with an additional structure called an inner product.
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Institute for Advanced Study
The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States, is an independent, postdoctoral research center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry founded in 1930 by American educator Abraham Flexner, together with philanthropists Louis Bamberger and Caroline Bamberger Fuld.
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Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) is an international society for practitioners in the fields of operations research (OR), management science, and analytics.
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional association with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey.
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Integral
In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data.
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Intercontinental ballistic missile
An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a guided ballistic missile with a minimum range of primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads).
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Interest rate
An interest rate is the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited or borrowed (called the principal sum).
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Interior-point method
Interior-point methods (also referred to as barrier methods) are a certain class of algorithms that solve linear and nonlinear convex optimization problems.
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Interpretations of quantum mechanics
An interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how concepts in quantum mechanics correspond to reality.
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Invariant measure
In mathematics, an invariant measure is a measure that is preserved by some function.
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Isotopes of lithium
Naturally occurring lithium (3Li) is composed of two stable isotopes, lithium-6 and lithium-7, with the latter being far more abundant: about 92.5 percent of the atoms.
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Israel Halperin
Israel Halperin, (January 5, 1911 – March 8, 2007) was a Canadian mathematician and social activist.
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J. Presper Eckert
John Adam Presper "Pres" Eckert Jr. (April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995) was an American electrical engineer and computer pioneer.
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J. Robert Oppenheimer
Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Jacob Bronowski
Jacob Bronowski (18 January 1908 – 22 August 1974) was a Polish-born British mathematician, historian of science, theatre author, poet and inventor.
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James Glimm
James Gilbert Glimm (born 24 March 1934) is an American mathematician, former president of the American Mathematical Society, and distinguished professor at Stony Brook University.
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Jean Dieudonné
Jean Alexandre Eugène Dieudonné (1 July 1906 – 29 November 1992) was a French mathematician, notable for research in abstract algebra, algebraic geometry, and functional analysis, for close involvement with the Nicolas Bourbaki pseudonymous group and the Éléments de géométrie algébrique project of Alexander Grothendieck, and as a historian of mathematics, particularly in the fields of functional analysis and algebraic topology.
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Jeffrey Bub
Jeffrey Bub (born 1942) is a physicist and philosopher of physics, and Distinguished Professor in the Department of Philosophy, the Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, and the Institute for Physical Science and Technology at the University of Maryland, College Park.
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Jeremy Bernstein
Jeremy Bernstein (born December 31, 1929, in Rochester, New York) is an American theoretical physicist and science essayist.
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center and NASA field center in Pasadena, California, United States, with large portions of the campus in La Cañada Flintridge, California.
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Jewish humour
Jewish humour is the long tradition of humour in Judaism dating back to the Torah and the Midrash from the ancient Middle East, but generally refers to the more recent stream of verbal and often anecdotal humour of Ashkenazi Jewry which took root in the United States over the last hundred years, including in secular Jewish culture.
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Jewish name
The Jewish name has historically varied, encompassing throughout the centuries several different traditions.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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John Forbes Nash Jr.
John Forbes Nash Jr. (June 13, 1928 – May 23, 2015) was an American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to game theory, differential geometry, and the study of partial differential equations.
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John G. Kemeny
John George Kemeny; May 31, 1926 – December 26, 1992) was a Jewish-American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator best known for co-developing the BASIC programming language in 1964 with Thomas E. Kurtz. Kemeny served as the 13th President of Dartmouth College from 1970 to 1981 and pioneered the use of computers in college education. Kemeny chaired the presidential commission that investigated the Three Mile Island accident in 1979. According to György Marx he was one of The Martians.
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John Mauchly
John William Mauchly (August 30, 1907 – January 8, 1980) was an American physicist who, along with J. Presper Eckert, designed ENIAC, the first general purpose electronic digital computer, as well as EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer made in the United States.
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John Stewart Bell
John Stewart Bell FRS (28 June 1928 – 1 October 1990) was a Northern Irish physicist, and the originator of Bell's theorem, an important theorem in quantum physics regarding hidden variable theories.
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John von Neumann (sculpture)
John von Neumann, also known as John von Neumann Gargoyle and Portrait Head of von Neumann, is an outdoor 1987 copper sculpture by Wayne Chabre, attached to the exterior of Deschutes Hall on the University of Oregon campus in Eugene, Oregon, United States.
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John von Neumann Award
The John von Neumann Award, named after John von Neumann is given annually by the Rajk László College for Advanced Studies (Budapest, Hungary), to an outstanding scholar in the exact social sciences, whose works have had substantial influence over a long period of time on the studies and intellectual activity of the students of the college.
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John von Neumann Center
The John von Neumann Center (JVNC) was one of the five pioneering US supercomputer centers created by the National Science Foundation (NSF), established in 1985.
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John von Neumann Computer Society
The John von Neumann Computer Society (Neumann János Számítógép-tudományi Társaság) is the central association for Hungarian researchers of Information communication technology and official partner of the International Federation for Information Processing founded in 1968.
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John von Neumann Theory Prize
The John von Neumann Theory Prize of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) is awarded annually to an individual (or sometimes a group) who has made fundamental and sustained contributions to theory in operations research and the management sciences.
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Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the United States Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council and the National Security Council on military matters.
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Josiah Willard Gibbs
Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American scientist who made important theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
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Karl Menger
Karl Menger (January 13, 1902 – October 5, 1985) was an Austrian-American mathematician.
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Karmarkar's algorithm
Karmarkar's algorithm is an algorithm introduced by Narendra Karmarkar in 1984 for solving linear programming problems.
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Königsberg
Königsberg is the name for a former German city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia.
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Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Joseph "Ken" Arrow (23 August 1921 – 21 February 2017) was an American economist, mathematician, writer, and political theorist.
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Kinematics
Kinematics is a branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the mass of each or the forces that caused the motion.
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Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the twentieth century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920).
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Klara Dan von Neumann
Klára (Klari) Dán von Neumann (18 August 1911 – 10 November 1963) was a Hungarian-American computer scientist, noted as one of the first computer programmers.
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Klaus Fuchs
Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs (29 December 1911 – 28 January 1988) was a German theoretical physicist and atomic spy who, in 1950, was convicted of supplying information from the American, British, and Canadian Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union during and shortly after the Second World War.
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Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics
The Koopman–von Neumann mechanics is a description of classical mechanics in terms of Hilbert space, introduced by Bernard Koopman and John von Neumann in 1931 and 1932.
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Kullback–Leibler divergence
In mathematical statistics, the Kullback–Leibler divergence (also called relative entropy) is a measure of how one probability distribution diverges from a second, expected probability distribution.
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Kurt Gödel
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian, and later American, logician, mathematician, and philosopher.
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Kyoto
, officially, is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, located in the Kansai region of Japan.
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Last glacial period
The last glacial period occurred from the end of the Eemian interglacial to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period years ago.
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Last rites
The last rites, in Catholicism, are the last prayers and ministrations given to many Catholics when possible shortly before death.
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Lattice (order)
A lattice is an abstract structure studied in the mathematical subdisciplines of order theory and abstract algebra.
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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is an American federal research facility in Livermore, California, United States, founded by the University of California, Berkeley in 1952.
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László Rátz
László Rátz, (born 9 April 1863 in Sopron, died 30 September 1930 in Budapest), was a Hungarian mathematics high school teacher best known for educating such people as John von Neumann and Nobel laureate Eugene Wigner.
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Léon Walras
Marie-Esprit-Léon Walras (16 December 1834 – 5 January 1910) was a French mathematical economist and Georgist.
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Least squares
The method of least squares is a standard approach in regression analysis to approximate the solution of overdetermined systems, i.e., sets of equations in which there are more equations than unknowns.
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Leo Szilard
Leo Szilard (Szilárd Leó; Leo Spitz until age 2; February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Hungarian-German-American physicist and inventor.
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Leonid Hurwicz
Leonid "Leo" Hurwicz (August 21, 1917 – June 24, 2008) was a Polish American economist and mathematician.
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Leonid Kantorovich
Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich (a) (19 January 19127 April 1986) was a Soviet mathematician and economist, known for his theory and development of techniques for the optimal allocation of resources.
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Leslie Groves
Lieutenant General Leslie Richard Groves Jr. (17 August 1896 – 13 July 1970) was a United States Army Corps of Engineers officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan Project, a top secret research project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II.
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Lev Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau (22 January 1908 - April 1968) was a Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics.
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Liberty Fund
Liberty Fund, Inc. is a nonprofit foundation headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana which promulgates the libertarian views of its founder, Pierre F. Goodrich through publishing, conferences, and educational resources.
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Lieutenant
A lieutenant (abbreviated Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is a junior commissioned officer in the armed forces, fire services, police and other organizations of many nations.
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Life (magazine)
Life was an American magazine that ran regularly from 1883 to 1972 and again from 1978 to 2000.
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Lifting theory
In mathematics, lifting theory was first introduced by John von Neumann in his (1931) pioneering paper (answering a question raised by Alfréd Haar), followed later by Dorothy Maharam’s (1958) paper, and by A. Ionescu Tulcea and C. Ionescu Tulcea’s (1961) paper.
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Limerick (poetry)
A limerick is a form of verse, often humorous and sometimes obscene, in five-line, predominantly anapestic meter with a strict rhyme scheme of AABBA, in which the first, second and fifth line rhyme, while the third and fourth lines are shorter and share a different rhyme.
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Linear inequality
In mathematics a linear inequality is an inequality which involves a linear function.
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Linear map
In mathematics, a linear map (also called a linear mapping, linear transformation or, in some contexts, linear function) is a mapping between two modules (including vector spaces) that preserves (in the sense defined below) the operations of addition and scalar multiplication.
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Linear programming
Linear programming (LP, also called linear optimization) is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships.
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Lipót Fejér
Lipót Fejér (or Leopold Fejér,; 9 February 1880 – 15 October 1959) was a Hungarian born Jewish mathematician.
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List of Latin phrases (N)
Additional references.
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List of minor planets: 22001–23000
#fefefe | 22668 || || August 26, 1998 || Višnjan Observatory || Višnjan Obs.
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List of pioneers in computer science
This article presents a list of individuals who made transformative breakthroughs in the creation, development and imagining of what computers and electronics could do.
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List of things named after John von Neumann
This is a list of things named after John von Neumann.
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Lloyd A. Jeffress
Lloyd Alexander Jeffress (November 15, 1900 – April 2, 1986) was an acoustical scientist, a professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, a developer of mine-hunting models for the US Navy during World War II and after, and the man Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling credited with getting him interested in chemistry.
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Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim
Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim (November 7, 1899, Munich – October 5, 1985, La Jolla, California) was a German born Jewish American theoretical physicist.
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Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.
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March (music)
A march, as a musical genre, is a piece of music with a strong regular rhythm which in origin was expressly written for marching to and most frequently performed by a military band.
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Marghita
Marghita (Margitta; מארגארעטין Margaretin) is a city in Bihor County, Romania.
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Marina von Neumann Whitman
Marina von Neumann Whitman (born March 6, 1935) is an American economist, writer and former automobile executive.
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Mathematical Association of America
The Mathematical Association of America (MAA) is a professional society that focuses on mathematics accessible at the undergraduate level.
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Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
The book Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1932) by John von Neumann is an important early work in the development of quantum theory.
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Mathematical statistics
Mathematical statistics is the application of mathematics to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data.
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Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in his or her work, typically to solve mathematical problems.
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Mathematics
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.
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Mathematische Annalen
Mathematische Annalen (abbreviated as Math. Ann. or, formerly, Math. Annal.) is a German mathematical research journal founded in 1868 by Alfred Clebsch and Carl Neumann.
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Max Born
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics.
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Maxima and minima
In mathematical analysis, the maxima and minima (the respective plurals of maximum and minimum) of a function, known collectively as extrema (the plural of extremum), are the largest and smallest value of the function, either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain of a function (the global or absolute extrema).
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Measure (mathematics)
In mathematical analysis, a measure on a set is a systematic way to assign a number to each suitable subset of that set, intuitively interpreted as its size.
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Measurement problem
The measurement problem in quantum mechanics is the problem of how (or whether) wave function collapse occurs.
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Medal for Merit
The Medal for Merit was, during the period it was awarded, the highest civilian decoration of the United States, awarded by the President of the United States to civilians for "exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services...
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Medal of Freedom
The Medal of Freedom was a decoration established by President Harry S. Truman to honor civilians whose actions aided in the war efforts of the United States and its allies.
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Mercer County, New Jersey
Mercer County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
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Merge sort
In computer science, merge sort (also commonly spelled mergesort) is an efficient, general-purpose, comparison-based sorting algorithm.
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Middle-square method
In mathematics, the middle-square method is a method of generating pseudorandom numbers.
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Minimax
Minimax (sometimes MinMax or MM) is a decision rule used in decision theory, game theory, statistics and philosophy for minimizing the possible loss for a worst case (maximum loss) scenario.
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Minor Planet Center
The Minor Planet Center (MPC) is the official worldwide organization in charge of collecting observational data for minor planets (such as asteroids and comets), calculating their orbits and publishing this information via the Minor Planet Circulars.
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Modular lattice
In the branch of mathematics called order theory, a modular lattice is a lattice that satisfies the following self-dual condition:;Modular law: x ≤ b implies x ∨ (a ∧ b).
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Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods (or Monte Carlo experiments) are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results.
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Moon
The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite.
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Moore School of Electrical Engineering
The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania came into existence as a result of an endowment from Alfred Fitler Moore on June 4, 1923.
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Mutual assured destruction
Mutual assured destruction or mutually assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender (see pre-emptive nuclear strike and second strike).
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Nagasaki
() is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan.
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Naive set theory
Naïve set theory is any of several theories of sets used in the discussion of the foundations of mathematics.
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National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.
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National Institute of Standards and Technology
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is one of the oldest physical science laboratories in the United States.
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National Postal Museum
The National Postal Museum, located opposite Union Station in Washington, D.C., United States, was established through joint agreement between the United States Postal Service and the Smithsonian Institution and opened in 1993.
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Natural satellite
A natural satellite or moon is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet or minor planet (or sometimes another small Solar System body).
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Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award
The Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award is the highest honorary award the Secretary of the Navy can confer on a Department of the Navy civilian employee.
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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Nicholas Kaldor
Nicholas Kaldor, Baron Kaldor (12 May 1908 – 30 September 1986), born Káldor Miklós, was a Cambridge economist in the post-war period.
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Nicholas Metropolis
Nicholas Constantine Metropolis (Greek: Νικόλαος Μητρόπουλος, June 11, 1915 – October 17, 1999) was a Greek-American physicist.
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Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize (Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.
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Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.
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Non-cooperative game theory
In game theory, a non-cooperative game is a game with competition between individual players and in which only self-enforcing (e.g. through credible threats) alliances (or competition between groups of players, called "coalitions") are possible due to the absence of external means to enforce cooperative behavior (e.g. contract law), as opposed to cooperative games.
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Norbert Wiener
Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American mathematician and philosopher.
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Normal distribution
In probability theory, the normal (or Gaussian or Gauss or Laplace–Gauss) distribution is a very common continuous probability distribution.
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Normal-form game
In game theory, normal form is a description of a game.
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Nuclear espionage
Nuclear espionage is the purposeful giving of state secrets regarding nuclear weapons to other states without authorization (espionage).
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Nuclear fusion
In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).
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Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions.
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Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).
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Nuclear weapon design
Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate.
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Numerical analysis
Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to general symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).
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Off-color humor
Off-color humor (also known as vulgar humor, crude humor, or shock humor) is humor that deals with topics that may be considered to be in poor taste or overly vulgar.
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Operation Greenhouse
Operation Greenhouse was the fifth American nuclear test series, the second conducted in 1951 and the first to test principles that would lead to developing thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs).
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Operations research
Operations research, or operational research in British usage, is a discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions.
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Operator algebra
In functional analysis, an operator algebra is an algebra of continuous linear operators on a topological vector space with the multiplication given by the composition of mappings.
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Operator theory
In mathematics, operator theory is the study of linear operators on function spaces, beginning with differential operators and integral operators.
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Oppenheimer security hearing
The Oppenheimer security hearing was a 1954 proceeding by the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) that explored the background, actions, and associations of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the American scientist who had headed the Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II, where he played a key part in the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb.
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Order of Saint Benedict
The Order of Saint Benedict (OSB; Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti), also known as the Black Monksin reference to the colour of its members' habitsis a Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict.
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Ordinal number
In set theory, an ordinal number, or ordinal, is one generalization of the concept of a natural number that is used to describe a way to arrange a collection of objects in order, one after another.
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Orthogonality
In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the notion of perpendicularity to the linear algebra of bilinear forms.
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Oskar Morgenstern
Oskar Morgenstern (January 24, 1902 – July 26, 1977) was a German-born economist.
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Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass.
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Partially ordered set
In mathematics, especially order theory, a partially ordered set (also poset) formalizes and generalizes the intuitive concept of an ordering, sequencing, or arrangement of the elements of a set.
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Pascal's Wager
Pascal's Wager is an argument in philosophy presented by the seventeenth-century French philosopher, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal (1623–62).
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Paul Erdős
Paul Erdős (Erdős Pál; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician.
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Paul Gordan
Paul Albert Gordan (27 April 1837 – 21 December 1912) was a German mathematician, a student of Carl Jacobi at the University of Königsberg before obtaining his Ph.D. at the University of Breslau (1862),.
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Paul Halmos
Paul Richard Halmos (Halmos Pál; March 3, 1916 – October 2, 2006) was a Hungarian-Jewish-born American mathematician who made fundamental advances in the areas of mathematical logic, probability theory, statistics, operator theory, ergodic theory, and functional analysis (in particular, Hilbert spaces).
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Paul Samuelson
Paul Anthony Samuelson (15 May 1915 – 13 December 2009) was an American economist and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
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Pécs
Pécs (known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the south-west of the country, close to its border with Croatia.
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Peano axioms
In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind–Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano.
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Perfect information
In economics, perfect information is a feature of perfect competition.
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Perron–Frobenius theorem
In linear algebra, the Perron–Frobenius theorem, proved by and, asserts that a real square matrix with positive entries has a unique largest real eigenvalue and that the corresponding eigenvector can be chosen to have strictly positive components, and also asserts a similar statement for certain classes of nonnegative matrices.
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Peter Lax
Peter David Lax (born 1 May 1926) is a Hungarian-born American mathematician working in the areas of pure and applied mathematics.
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Phonograph
The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.
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Physicist
A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Plainsboro Township, New Jersey
Plainsboro Township is a township in Middlesex County in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
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Plugboard
A plugboard, or control panel (the term used depended on the application area), is an array of jacks, or sockets (often called hubs), into which patch cords can be inserted to complete an electrical circuit.
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Plutonium
Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
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Plutonium-239
Plutonium-239 is an isotope of plutonium.
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Pointless topology
In mathematics, pointless topology (also called point-free or pointfree topology, or locale theory) is an approach to topology that avoids mentioning points.
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Polar ice cap
A polar ice cap or polar cap is a high-latitude region of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite that is covered in ice.
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Polarization identity
In mathematics, the polarization identity is any one of a family of formulas that express the inner product of two vectors in terms of the norm of a normed vector space.
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Polymath
A polymath (πολυμαθής,, "having learned much,"The term was first recorded in written English in the early seventeenth century Latin: uomo universalis, "universal man") is a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas—such a person is known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.
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Presidential Medal of Freedom
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States.
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Princeton Cemetery
Princeton Cemetery is located in Princeton, New Jersey.
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Princeton University
Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, that was established in its current form on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township.
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Privatdozent
Privatdozent (for men) or Privatdozentin (for women), abbreviated PD, P.D. or Priv.-Doz., is an academic title conferred at some European universities, especially in German-speaking countries, to someone who holds certain formal qualifications that denote an ability to teach (venia legendi) a designated subject at university level.
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Probability vector
In mathematics and statistics, a probability vector or stochastic vector is a vector with non-negative entries that add up to one.
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Project Y
The Los Alamos Laboratory, also known as Project Y, was a secret laboratory established by the Manhattan Project and operated by the University of California during World War II.
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Projective geometry
Projective geometry is a topic in mathematics.
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Propositional calculus
Propositional calculus is a branch of logic.
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Pseudorandom number generator
A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), also known as a deterministic random bit generator (DRBG), is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers whose properties approximate the properties of sequences of random numbers.
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Pseudorandomness
A pseudorandom process is a process that appears to be random but is not.
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Punched tape
Punched tape or perforated paper tape is a form of data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data.
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Quantum decoherence
Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence.
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Quantum information
In physics and computer science, quantum information is information that is held in the state of a quantum system.
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Quantum logic
In quantum mechanics, quantum logic is a set of rules for reasoning about propositions that takes the principles of quantum theory into account.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Quantum mutual information
In quantum information theory, quantum mutual information, or von Neumann mutual information, after John von Neumann, is a measure of correlation between subsystems of quantum state.
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Quantum nonlocality
In theoretical physics, quantum nonlocality most commonly refers to the phenomenon by which measurements made at a microscopic level contradict a collection of notions known as local realism that are regarded as intuitively true in classical mechanics.
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Quantum statistical mechanics
Quantum statistical mechanics is statistical mechanics applied to quantum mechanical systems.
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Radiation implosion
Radiation implosion is the compression of a target by the use of high levels of electromagnetic radiation.
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Rajk László College for Advanced Studies
Rajk László College for Advanced Studies (Rajk László Szakkollégium) is an educational institution offering advanced courses in the fields of economics, business and social sciences.
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Random walk
A random walk is a mathematical object, known as a stochastic or random process, that describes a path that consists of a succession of random steps on some mathematical space such as the integers.
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Rank ring
In mathematics, a rank ring is a ring with a real-valued rank function behaving like the rank of an endomorphism.
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Representation theory
Representation theory is a branch of mathematics that studies abstract algebraic structures by representing their elements as linear transformations of vector spaces, and studies modules over these abstract algebraic structures.
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Reviews of Modern Physics
Reviews of Modern Physics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society.
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Richard Dedekind
Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind (6 October 1831 – 12 February 1916) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to abstract algebra (particularly ring theory), axiomatic foundation for the natural numbers, algebraic number theory and the definition of the real numbers.
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Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model.
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Riesz space
In mathematics, a Riesz space, lattice-ordered vector space or vector lattice is a partially ordered vector space where the order structure is a lattice.
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Robert D. Richtmyer
Robert Davis Richtmyer (October 10, 1910 – September 24, 2003) was an American physicist, mathematician, educator, author, and musician.
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Robert Dorfman
Robert Dorfman (27 October 1916 – 24 June 2002) was emeritus professor of political economy at Harvard University.
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Robert Solow
Robert Merton Solow, GCIH (born August 23, 1924), is an American economist, particularly known for his work on the theory of economic growth that culminated in the exogenous growth model named after him.
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Rockefeller Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation is a private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Russell's paradox
In the foundations of mathematics, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy), discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901, showed that some attempted formalizations of the naïve set theory created by Georg Cantor led to a contradiction.
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Salomon Bochner
Salomon Bochner (20 August 1899 – 2 May 1982) was an American mathematician, known for work in mathematical analysis, probability theory and differential geometry.
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Sarnoff Corporation
Sarnoff Corporation, with headquarters in West Windsor Township, New Jersey, though with a Princeton address, was a research and development company specializing in vision, video and semiconductor technology.
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Scientific Advisory Group
The Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force, later renamed the Scientific Advisory Board, was established in 1944, when General Henry H. Arnold asked Dr.
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Self-adjoint operator
In mathematics, a self-adjoint operator on a finite-dimensional complex vector space V with inner product \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle is a linear map A (from V to itself) that is its own adjoint: \langle Av,w\rangle.
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Self-replicating spacecraft
The idea of self-replicating spacecraft has been applied – in theory – to several distinct "tasks".
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Self-replication
Self-replication is any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical copy of itself.
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Series (mathematics)
In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, a description of the operation of adding infinitely many quantities, one after the other, to a given starting quantity.
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Set theory
Set theory is a branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which informally are collections of objects.
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Shaped charge
A shaped charge is an explosive charge shaped to focus the effect of the explosive's energy.
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Shock wave
In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance.
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Simplex
In geometry, a simplex (plural: simplexes or simplices) is a generalization of the notion of a triangle or tetrahedron to arbitrary dimensions.
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SM-65 Atlas
The SM-65 Atlas was the first operational intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed by the United States and the first member of the Atlas rocket family.
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Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
The Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) is an academic association dedicated to the use of mathematics in industry.
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Socorro, New Mexico
Socorro is a city in Socorro County in the U.S. state of New Mexico.
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Solvable group
In mathematics, more specifically in the field of group theory, a solvable group or soluble group is a group that can be constructed from abelian groups using extensions.
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Sorted array
A sorted array is an array data structure in which each element is sorted in numerical, alphabetical, or some other order, and placed at equally spaced addresses in computer memory.
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Spectral theory
In mathematics, spectral theory is an inclusive term for theories extending the eigenvector and eigenvalue theory of a single square matrix to a much broader theory of the structure of operators in a variety of mathematical spaces.
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Spokane Daily Chronicle
The Spokane Daily Chronicle was a daily newspaper in Spokane, Washington.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Sputnik crisis
The Sputnik crisis was a period of public fear and anxiety in Western nations about the perceived technological gap between the United States and Soviet Union caused by the Soviets' launch of Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite.
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Standard probability space
In probability theory, a standard probability space, also called Lebesgue–Rokhlin probability space or just Lebesgue space (the latter term is ambiguous) is a probability space satisfying certain assumptions introduced by Vladimir Rokhlin in 1940.
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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to Internet users.
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Stanislaw Ulam
Stanisław Marcin Ulam (13 April 1909 – 13 May 1984) was a Polish-American scientist in the fields of mathematics and nuclear physics.
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Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)
In mathematical physics, especially as introduced into statistical mechanics and thermodynamics by J. Willard Gibbs in 1902, an ensemble (also statistical ensemble) is an idealization consisting of a large number of virtual copies (sometimes infinitely many) of a system, considered all at once, each of which represents a possible state that the real system might be in.
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Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
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Stefan Banach
Stefan Banach (30 March 1892 – 31 August 1945) was a Polish mathematician who is generally considered one of the world's most important and influential 20th-century mathematicians.
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Stephen Wolfram
Stephen Wolfram (born August 29, 1959) is a British-American computer scientist, physicist, and businessman.
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Stochastic computing
Stochastic computing is a collection of techniques that represent continuous values by streams of random bits.
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Stone–von Neumann theorem
In mathematics and in theoretical physics, the Stone–von Neumann theorem is any one of a number of different formulations of the uniqueness of the canonical commutation relations between position and momentum operators.
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Strategy (game theory)
In game theory, a player's strategy is any of the options he or she can choose in a setting where the outcome depends not only on his own actions but on the action of others.
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Subfactor
In the theory of von Neumann algebras, a subfactor of a factor M is a subalgebra that is a factor and contains 1.
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Supporting hyperplane
In geometry, a supporting hyperplane of a set S in Euclidean space \mathbb R^n is a hyperplane that has both of the following two properties.
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Szerencs
Szerencs is a town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Northern Hungary.
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The Computer and the Brain
The Computer and the Brain is an unfinished book by mathematician John von Neumann, begun shortly before his death and first published in 1958.
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The Martians (scientists)
"The Martians" were a group of prominent Hungarian scientists of Jewish descent (mostly, but not exclusively, physicists and mathematicians) who emigrated to the United States in the early half of the 20th century.
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The Mathematical Intelligencer
The Mathematical Intelligencer is a mathematical journal published by Springer Verlag that aims at a conversational and scholarly tone, rather than the technical and specialist tone more common among academic journals.
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The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2008), 2nd ed., is an eight-volume reference work on economics, edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume and published by Palgrave Macmillan.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Science of Nature
The Science of Nature, formerly Naturwissenschaften, is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering all aspects of the natural sciences relating to questions of biological significance.
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Theodore von Kármán
Theodore von Kármán ((szőllőskislaki) Kármán Tódor; 11 May 1881 – 6 May 1963) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, aerospace engineer, and physicist who was active primarily in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics.
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Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, published in 1944 by Princeton University Press, is a book by mathematician John von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern which is considered the groundbreaking text that created the interdisciplinary research field of game theory.
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Thermonuclear fusion
Thermonuclear fusion is a way to achieve nuclear fusion by using extremely high temperatures.
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Thermonuclear weapon
A thermonuclear weapon is a second-generation nuclear weapon design using a secondary nuclear fusion stage consisting of implosion tamper, fusion fuel, and spark plug which is bombarded by the energy released by the detonation of a primary fission bomb within, compressing the fuel material (tritium, deuterium or lithium deuteride) and causing a fusion reaction.
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Time (magazine)
Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.
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Tjalling Koopmans
Tjalling Charles Koopmans (August 28, 1910 – February 26, 1985) was a Dutch American mathematician and economist.
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Topology
In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing.
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Trace inequalities
In mathematics, there are many kinds of inequalities involving matrices and linear operators on Hilbert spaces.
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Transpose
In linear algebra, the transpose of a matrix is an operator which flips a matrix over its diagonal, that is it switches the row and column indices of the matrix by producing another matrix denoted as AT (also written A′, Atr, tA or At).
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Tritium
Tritium (or; symbol or, also known as hydrogen-3) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen.
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Ultrastrong topology
In functional analysis, the ultrastrong topology, or σ-strong topology, or strongest topology on the set B(H) of bounded operators on a Hilbert space is the topology defined by the family of seminorms p_\omega(x).
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Uncertainty principle
In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known.
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Unit root
In probability theory and statistics, a unit root is a feature of some stochastic processes (such as random walks) that can cause problems in statistical inference involving time series models.
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United States Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial and space warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.
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United States Army Reserve
The United States Army Reserve (USAR) is the federal reserve force of the United States Army.
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United States Atomic Energy Commission
The United States Atomic Energy Commission, commonly known as the AEC, was an agency of the United States government established after World War II by U.S. Congress to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology.
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United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.
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United States Postal Service
The United States Postal Service (USPS; also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States, including its insular areas and associated states.
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United States Secretary of Defense
The Secretary of Defense (SecDef) is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, the executive department of the Armed Forces of the United States of America.
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United States Secretary of War
The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration.
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United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprise the legislature of the United States.
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University of California
The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the US state of California.
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University of Göttingen
The University of Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, GAU, known informally as Georgia Augusta) is a public research university in the city of Göttingen, Germany.
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University of Hamburg
The University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg, also referred to as UHH) is a comprehensive university in Hamburg, Germany.
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University of Illinois Press
The University of Illinois Press (UIP) is a major American university press and is part of the University of Illinois system.
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University of Michigan
The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, or UMich), often simply referred to as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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University of Minnesota
The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (often referred to as the University of Minnesota, Minnesota, the U of M, UMN, or simply the U) is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota.
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University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn or UPenn) is a private Ivy League research university located in University City section of West Philadelphia.
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Uranium-235
Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium.
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Vector space
A vector space (also called a linear space) is a collection of objects called vectors, which may be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers, called scalars.
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Victor Stabin
Victor Stabin (born March 5, 1954) is an American artist, "eco-surrealist" painter, author and illustrator.
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Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
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Von Neumann (crater)
Von Neumann is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, in the northern hemisphere.
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Von Neumann algebra
In mathematics, a von Neumann algebra or W*-algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator.
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Von Neumann architecture
The von Neumann architecture, which is also known as the von Neumann model and Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture based on the 1945 description by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann and others in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.
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Von Neumann bicommutant theorem
In mathematics, specifically functional analysis, the von Neumann bicommutant theorem relates the closure of a set of bounded operators on a Hilbert space in certain topologies to the bicommutant of that set.
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Von Neumann cardinal assignment
The von Neumann cardinal assignment is a cardinal assignment which uses ordinal numbers.
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Von Neumann cellular automaton
Von Neumann cellular automata are the original expression of cellular automata, the development of which were prompted by suggestions made to John von Neumann by his close friend and fellow mathematician Stanislaw Ulam.
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Von Neumann conjecture
In mathematics, the von Neumann conjecture stated that a group G is non-amenable if and only if G contains a subgroup that is a free group on two generators.
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Von Neumann entropy
In quantum statistical mechanics, the von Neumann entropy, named after John von Neumann, is the extension of classical Gibbs entropy concepts to the field of quantum mechanics.
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Von Neumann neighborhood
In cellular automata, the von Neumann neighborhood is classically defined on a two-dimensional square lattice and is composed of a central cell and its four adjacent cells.
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Von Neumann paradox
In mathematics, the von Neumann paradox, named after John von Neumann, is the idea that one can break a planar figure such as the unit square into sets of points and subject each set to an area-preserving affine transformation such that the result is two planar figures of the same size as the original.
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Von Neumann programming languages
A von Neumann language is any of those programming languages that are high-level abstract isomorphic copies of von Neumann architectures.
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Von Neumann regular ring
In mathematics, a von Neumann regular ring is a ring R such that for every a in R there exists an x in R such that.
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Von Neumann stability analysis
In numerical analysis, von Neumann stability analysis (also known as Fourier stability analysis) is a procedure used to check the stability of finite difference schemes as applied to linear partial differential equations.
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Von Neumann universal constructor
John von Neumann's universal constructor is a self-replicating machine in a cellular automata (CA) environment.
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Von Neumann universe
In set theory and related branches of mathematics, the von Neumann universe, or von Neumann hierarchy of sets, denoted V, is the class of hereditary well-founded sets.
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Von Neumann's inequality
In operator theory, von Neumann's inequality, due to John von Neumann, states that, for a fixed contraction T, the polynomial functional calculus map is itself a contraction.
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Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory
In the foundations of mathematics, von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG) is an axiomatic set theory that is a conservative extension of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC).
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Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem
In decision theory, the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility theorem shows that, under certain axioms of rational behavior, a decision-maker faced with risky (probabilistic) outcomes of different choices will behave as if he or she is maximizing the expected value of some function defined over the potential outcomes at some specified point in the future.
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Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
The von Neumann–Wigner interpretation, also described as "consciousness causes collapse ", is an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which consciousness is postulated to be necessary for the completion of the process of quantum measurement.
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Walras's law
Walras' law is a principle in general equilibrium theory asserting that budget constraints imply that the values of excess demand (or, conversely, excess market supplies) must sum to zero.
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Walter Reed Army Medical Center
The Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) — known as Walter Reed General Hospital (WRGH) until 1951 — was the U.S. Army's flagship medical center from 1909 to 2011.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
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Wassily Leontief
Wassily Wassilyevich Leontief (Василий Васильевич Леонтьев; August 5, 1905 – February 5, 1999), was a Russian-American economist known for his research on input-output analysis and how changes in one economic sector may affect other sectors.
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Wave function collapse
In quantum mechanics, wave function collapse is said to occur when a wave function—initially in a superposition of several eigenstates—appears to reduce to a single eigenstate (by "observation").
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Weapons Systems Evaluation Group
The Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (abbreviated WSEG) was formed in 1949 to carry out Operational Research work for the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Army and the United States Secretary of Defense.
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Weather forecasting
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the conditions of the atmosphere for a given location and time.
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White Sands Missile Range
White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) is a United States Army military testing area of almost in parts of five counties in southern New Mexico.
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Wilhelm Oncken
Christian Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Oncken (19 December 1838 – 11 August 1905) was a German historian.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Wrangler (University of Cambridge)
At the University of Cambridge in England, a "Wrangler" is a student who gains first-class honours in the third year of the University's undergraduate degree in mathematics.
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Zemplén County
Zemplén (Zemplén, Zemplín, Semplin, Zemplinum) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary.
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Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory
In mathematics, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel, is an axiomatic system that was proposed in the early twentieth century in order to formulate a theory of sets free of paradoxes such as Russell's paradox.
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Zero-sum game
In game theory and economic theory, a zero-sum game is a mathematical representation of a situation in which each participant's gain or loss of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participants.
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ZND detonation model
The ZND detonation model is a one-dimensional model for the process of detonation of an explosive.
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Redirects here:
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann
