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41 relations: Alexander Hamilton, Bank of England, Bank run, Central bank, Collateral (finance), European Central Bank, European Financial Stability Facility, European Stability Mechanism, Externality, Federal Reserve System, Financial contagion, Financial crisis, Financial institution, Financial market, Henry Thornton (reformer), Inflation, Information asymmetry, Interbank lending market, International Monetary Fund, London, Market liquidity, Monetary base, Monetary policy, Money multiplier, Money supply, Moral hazard, Nash equilibrium, New England, Open market operation, Panic of 1837, Panic of 1857, Paper Credit, Paul De Grauwe, Prussia, Purchasing power, Recession, Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet, Thomas M. Humphrey, Walter Bagehot, Washington, D.C., Wellington.
Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757July 12, 1804) was a statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
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Bank of England
The Bank of England, formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, is the central bank of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.
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Bank run
A bank run (also known as a run on the bank) occurs when a large number of people withdraw their money from a bank, because they believe the bank may cease to function in the near future.
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Central bank
A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates.
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Collateral (finance)
In lending agreements, collateral is a borrower's pledge of specific property to a lender, to secure repayment of a loan.
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European Central Bank
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the euro area, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world.
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European Financial Stability Facility
The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) is a special purpose vehicle financed by members of the eurozone to address the European sovereign-debt crisis.
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European Stability Mechanism
The European Stability Mechanism (ESM) is an intergovernmental organization located in Luxembourg City, which operates under public international law for all eurozone Member States having ratified a special ESM intergovernmental treaty.
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Externality
In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.
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Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States of America.
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Financial contagion
Financial contagion refers to "the spread of market disturbances mostly on the downside from one country to the other, a process observed through co-movements in exchange rates, stock prices, sovereign spreads, and capital flows".
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Financial crisis
A financial crisis is any of a broad variety of situations in which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value.
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Financial institution
Financial institutions, otherwise known as banking institutions, are corporations which provide services as intermediaries of financial markets.
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Financial market
A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities and derivatives such as futures and options at low transaction costs.
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Henry Thornton (reformer)
Henry Thornton (10 March 1760 – 16 January 1815) was an English economist, banker, philanthropist and parliamentarian.
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Inflation
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
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Information asymmetry
In contract theory and economics, information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other.
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Interbank lending market
The interbank lending market is a market in which banks extend loans to one another for a specified term.
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International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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Market liquidity
In business, economics or investment, market liquidity is a market's feature whereby an individual or firm can quickly purchase or sell an asset without causing a drastic change in the asset's price.
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Monetary base
In economics, the monetary base (also base money, money base, high-powered money, reserve money, outside money, central bank money or, in the UK, narrow money) in a country is defined as the portion of a commercial bank's reserves that consist of the commercial bank's accounts with its central bank plus the total currency circulating in the public, plus the currency, also known as vault cash, that is physically held in the bank's vault.
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Monetary policy
Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country, typically the central bank or currency board, controls either the cost of very short-term borrowing or the monetary base, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency.
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Money multiplier
In monetary economics, a money multiplier is one of various closely related ratios of commercial bank money to central bank money under a fractional-reserve banking system.
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Money supply
In economics, the money supply (or money stock) is the total value of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time.
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Moral hazard
In economics, moral hazard occurs when someone increases their exposure to risk when insured.
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Nash equilibrium
In game theory, the Nash equilibrium, named after American mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr., is a solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more players in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy.
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New England
New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeastern United States: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.
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Open market operation
An open market operation (OMO) is an activity by a central bank to give (or take) liquidity in its currency to (or from) a bank or a group of banks.
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Panic of 1837
The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s.
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Panic of 1857
The Panic of 1857 was a financial panic in the United States caused by the declining international economy and over-expansion of the domestic economy.
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Paper Credit
An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain, generally shortened to Paper Credit, is a book on monetary theory in economics, written by Henry Thornton and published in Britain in 1802.
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Paul De Grauwe
Paul De Grauwe (born 18 July 1946) is a Belgian economist and John Paulson Professor in European Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science as head of the European Institute.
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Prussia
Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.
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Purchasing power
Purchasing power (sometimes retroactively called adjusted for inflation) is the number and quality or value of goods and services that can be purchased with a unit of currency.
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Recession
In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction which results in a general slowdown in economic activity.
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Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet
Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet (18 April 1740 – 11 September 1810) was an English merchant banker, a member of the Baring family, later becoming the first of the Baring baronets.
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Thomas M. Humphrey
Thomas MacGillivray Humphrey (born 1935) is an American economist.
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Walter Bagehot
Walter Bagehot (3 February 1826 – 24 March 1877) was a British journalist, businessman, and essayist, who wrote extensively about government, economics, and literature.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
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Wellington
Wellington (Te Whanganui-a-Tara) is the capital city and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with residents.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort
