Table of Contents
255 relations: Abdominal aorta, Abdominal cavity, Abdominal ultrasonography, Acid–base homeostasis, Acute kidney injury, Adaptation, Adjective, Adrenal gland, Afferent arterioles, Aldosterone, American Medical Association, Amino acid, Ammonium, Amniote, Amphibian, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greek, Angiotensin, Aquaporin, Aquaporin-2, Arcuate arteries of the kidney, Arcuate vein, Aridity, Arteriovenous fistula, Artificial kidney, Ascending limb of loop of Henle, Assessment of kidney function, Atrial natriuretic peptide, Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, Ayurveda, Basal metabolic rate, Bible, Bicarbonate, Bile, Bird, Birth defect, Bladder, Blood pressure, Blood test, Body fluid, Bone marrow, Brain, Cadaver, Calbindin, Calcitriol, Calcium, Cancer, Carbon dioxide, Cardiac output, ... Expand index (205 more) »
Abdominal aorta
In human anatomy, the abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity.
See Kidney and Abdominal aorta
Abdominal cavity
The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contain organs.
See Kidney and Abdominal cavity
Abdominal ultrasonography
Abdominal ultrasonography (also called abdominal ultrasound imaging or abdominal sonography) is a form of medical ultrasonography (medical application of ultrasound technology) to visualise abdominal anatomical structures.
See Kidney and Abdominal ultrasonography
Acid–base homeostasis
Acid–base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF).
See Kidney and Acid–base homeostasis
Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within 7 days, as shown by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output, or both.
See Kidney and Acute kidney injury
Adaptation
In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.
Adjective
An adjective (abbreviated adj.) is a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.
Adrenal gland
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. Kidney and adrenal gland are endocrine system.
Afferent arterioles
The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems.
See Kidney and Afferent arterioles
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.
American Medical Association
The American Medical Association (AMA) is an American professional association and lobbying group of physicians and medical students.
See Kidney and American Medical Association
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Ammonium
Ammonium is a modified form of ammonia that has an extra hydrogen atom.
Amniote
Amniotes are tetrapod vertebrate animals belonging to the clade Amniota, a large group that comprises the vast majority of living terrestrial and semiaquatic vertebrates.
Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Angiotensin
Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.
Aquaporin
Aquaporins, also called water channels, are channel proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells.
Aquaporin-2
Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) is found in the apical cell membranes of the kidney's collecting duct principal cells and in intracellular vesicles located throughout the cell.
Arcuate arteries of the kidney
The arcuate arteries of the kidney, also known as arciform arteries, are vessels of the renal circulation.
See Kidney and Arcuate arteries of the kidney
Arcuate vein
The arcuate vein is a vessel of the renal circulation.
Aridity
Aridity is the condition of a region that severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life.
Arteriovenous fistula
An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein.
See Kidney and Arteriovenous fistula
Artificial kidney
Artificial kidney is often a synonym for hemodialyzer, but may also refer to the other renal replacement therapies (with exclusion of kidney transplantation) that are in use and/or in development.
See Kidney and Artificial kidney
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Within the nephron of the kidney, the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is a segment of the heterogenous loop of Henle downstream of the descending limb, after the sharp bend of the loop.
See Kidney and Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Assessment of kidney function
Assessment of kidney function occurs in different ways, using the presence of symptoms and signs, as well as measurements using urine tests, blood tests, and medical imaging.
See Kidney and Assessment of kidney function
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a natriuretic peptide hormone secreted from the cardiac atria that in humans is encoded by the NPPA gene.
See Kidney and Atrial natriuretic peptide
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common, life-threatening inherited human disorders and the most common hereditary kidney disease.
See Kidney and Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is the recessive form of polycystic kidney disease.
See Kidney and Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Ayurveda
Ayurveda is an alternative medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.
Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.
See Kidney and Basal metabolic rate
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.
See Kidney and Bible
Bicarbonate
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.
Bile
Bile (from Latin bilis), or gall, is a yellow-green fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
See Kidney and Bile
Bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
See Kidney and Bird
Birth defect
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is an abnormal condition that is present at birth regardless of its cause.
Bladder
The bladder is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.
Blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.
Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.
Body fluid
Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids, sometimes body liquids, are liquids within the body of an organism.
Bone marrow
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. Kidney and bone marrow are endocrine system.
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
See Kidney and Brain
Cadaver
A cadaver or corpse is a dead human body.
Calbindin
Calbindins are three different calcium-binding proteins: calbindin, calretinin and S100G.
Calcitriol
Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, normally made in the kidney.
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
Cardiac output
In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols Q, \dot Q, or \dot Q_, edited by Catherine E. Williamson, Phillip Bennett is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: that is, the volume of blood being pumped by a single ventricle of the heart, per unit time (usually measured per minute).
Catabolism
Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
Cell surface receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells.
See Kidney and Cell surface receptor
Cell type
A cell type is a classification used to identify cells that share morphological or phenotypical features.
Central venous catheter
A central venous catheter (CVC), also known as a central line (c-line), central venous line, or central venous access catheter, is a catheter placed into a large vein.
See Kidney and Central venous catheter
Cetacea
Cetacea is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyans, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage.
Chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of long-term kidney disease, in which either there is a gradual loss of kidney function occurs over a period of months to years, or abnormal kidney structure (with normal function).
See Kidney and Chronic kidney disease
Clearance (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, clearance (Cl_) is a pharmacokinetic parameter representing the efficiency of drug elimination.
See Kidney and Clearance (pharmacology)
Cloaca
A cloaca,: cloacae, is the rear orifice that serves as the only opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts (if present) of many vertebrate animals.
Collecting duct system
The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis.
See Kidney and Collecting duct system
Comparative physiology
Comparative physiology is a subdiscipline of physiology that studies and exploits the diversity of functional characteristics of various kinds of organisms.
See Kidney and Comparative physiology
Conscience
A conscience is a cognitive process that elicits emotion and rational associations based on an individual's moral philosophy or value system.
Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some chemical, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.
See Kidney and Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent multiplication
A countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient.
See Kidney and Countercurrent multiplication
Creatinine
Creatinine (from Ancient Greek: κρέας (kréas) 'flesh') is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate from muscle and protein metabolism.
CT scan
A computed tomography scan (CT scan; formerly called computed axial tomography scan or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body.
Cyst
A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct envelope and division compared with the nearby tissue.
See Kidney and Cyst
Dermatome (anatomy)
A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by afferent nerve fibres from the dorsal root of any given spinal nerve.
See Kidney and Dermatome (anatomy)
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy, also known as diabetic kidney disease, is the chronic loss of kidney function occurring in those with diabetes mellitus.
See Kidney and Diabetic nephropathy
Distal convoluted tubule
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule.
See Kidney and Distal convoluted tubule
Duplicated ureter
Duplicated ureter or duplex collecting system is a congenital condition in which the ureteric bud, the embryological origin of the ureter, splits (or arises twice), resulting in two ureters draining a single kidney.
See Kidney and Duplicated ureter
Early Modern English
Early Modern English (sometimes abbreviated EModEFor example, or EMnE) or Early New English (ENE) is the stage of the English language from the beginning of the Tudor period to the English Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century.
See Kidney and Early Modern English
Ecophysiology
Ecophysiology (from Greek οἶκος, oikos, "house(hold)"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia), environmental physiology or physiological ecology is a biological discipline that studies the response of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions.
Electrolyte
An electrolyte is a medium containing ions that are electrically conductive through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs.
See Kidney and Endocrine system
Endoscope
An endoscope is an inspection instrument composed of image sensor, optical lens, light source and mechanical device, which is used to look deep into the body by way of openings such as the mouth or anus.
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning "red" and 'poiesis' "to make") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), which is the development from erythropoietic stem cell to mature red blood cell.
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin (EPO), also known as erythropoetin, haematopoietin, or haemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted mainly by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow.
Extracellular fluid
In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism.
See Kidney and Extracellular fluid
Filtration fraction
In renal physiology, the filtration fraction is the ratio of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) over the renal plasma flow (RPF).
See Kidney and Filtration fraction
Fish
A fish (fish or fishes) is an aquatic, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fins and a hard skull, but lacking limbs with digits.
See Kidney and Fish
Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher.
See Kidney and Galen
Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Kidney and gastrointestinal tract are endocrine system.
See Kidney and Gastrointestinal tract
Glomerular filtration rate
Renal functions include maintaining an acid–base balance; regulating fluid balance; regulating sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearing toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.
See Kidney and Glomerular filtration rate
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a term used to refer to several kidney diseases (usually affecting both kidneys).
See Kidney and Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulus (kidney)
The glomerulus (glomeruli) is a network of small blood vessels (capillaries) known as a tuft, located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney.
See Kidney and Glomerulus (kidney)
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.
Hagfish
Hagfish, of the class Myxini (also known as Hyperotreti) and order Myxiniformes, are eel-shaped jawless fish (occasionally called slime eels).
Hartnup disease
Hartnup disease (also known as "pellagra-like dermatosis" and "Hartnup disorder") is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting the absorption of nonpolar amino acids (particularly tryptophan that can be, in turn, converted into serotonin, melatonin, and niacin).
See Kidney and Hartnup disease
Histology
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.
Holonephros
The holonephros is the kidney of the larvae of cyclostomes and the Gymnophiona.
Homeostasis
In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa.
See Kidney and Homology (biology)
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
Horseshoe kidney
Horseshoe kidney, also known as ren arcuatus (in Latin), renal fusion or super kidney, is a congenital disorder affecting about 1 in 500 people that is more common in men, often asymptomatic, and usually diagnosed incidentally.
See Kidney and Horseshoe kidney
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis describes hydrostatic dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces as a result of obstruction to urine flow downstream.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus (hypothalami) is a small part of the vertebrate brain that contains a number of nuclei with a variety of functions. Kidney and hypothalamus are endocrine system.
Hypoxia (medicine)
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.
See Kidney and Hypoxia (medicine)
Infection
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce.
Inferior vena cava
The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart.
See Kidney and Inferior vena cava
Interlobar arteries
The interlobar arteries are vessels of the renal circulation which supply the renal lobes.
See Kidney and Interlobar arteries
Interlobar veins
The interlobar veins are veins of the renal circulation which drain the renal lobes.
See Kidney and Interlobar veins
Interlobular arteries
Cortical radial arteries, formerly known as interlobular arteries, are renal blood vessels given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance.
See Kidney and Interlobular arteries
Interlobular veins
The stellate veins join to form the interlobular veins, which pass inward between the rays, receive branches from the plexuses around the convoluted tubules, and, having arrived at the bases of the renal pyramids, join with the venae rectae.
See Kidney and Interlobular veins
Intermediate mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm or intermediate mesenchyme is a narrow section of the mesoderm (one of the three primary germ layers) located between the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate of the developing embryo.
See Kidney and Intermediate mesoderm
Internal medicine
Internal medicine, also known as general internal medicine in Commonwealth nations, is a medical specialty for medical doctors focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases in adults.
See Kidney and Internal medicine
Interstitial nephritis
Interstitial nephritis, also known as tubulointerstitial nephritis, is inflammation of the area of the kidney known as the renal interstitium, which consists of a collection of cells, extracellular matrix, and fluid surrounding the renal tubules.
See Kidney and Interstitial nephritis
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
Kidney cancer
Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a group of cancers that starts in the kidney.
Kidney development
Kidney development, or nephrogenesis, describes the embryologic origins of the kidney, a major organ in the urinary system.
See Kidney and Kidney development
Kidney dialysis
Kidney dialysis (from Greek,, 'dissolution'; from,, 'through', and,, 'loosening or splitting') is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these functions naturally.
See Kidney and Kidney dialysis
Kidney disease
Kidney disease, or renal disease, technically referred to as nephropathy, is damage to or disease of a kidney.
Kidney failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly and can often be irreversible.
Kidney stone disease
Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract.
See Kidney and Kidney stone disease
Kidney transplantation
Kidney transplant or renal transplant is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD).
See Kidney and Kidney transplantation
Kidney tumour
Kidney tumours are tumours, or growths, on or in the kidney.
King James Version
on the title-page of the first edition and in the entries in works like the "Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church", etc.--> The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version (AV), is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I.
See Kidney and King James Version
Lamprey
Lampreys (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels) are a group of jawless fish comprising the order Petromyzontiformes.
Lancelet
The lancelets, also known as amphioxi (amphioxus), consist of some 30 to 35 species of "fish-like" benthic filter feeding chordates in the subphylum Cephalochordata, class Leptocardii, and family Branchiostomatidae.
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Kidney and Latin
List of human cell types
The list of human cell types provides an enumeration and description of the various specialized cells found within the human body, highlighting their distinct functions, characteristics, and contributions to overall physiological processes.
See Kidney and List of human cell types
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
This is a list of topics that have, either currently or in the past, been characterized as pseudoscience by academics or researchers.
See Kidney and List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Liver
The liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and various other biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.
See Kidney and Liver
Loop of Henle
In the kidney, the loop of Henle (or Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop or its Latin counterpart ansa nephroni) is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.
Lumbar vertebrae
The lumbar vertebrae are located between the thoracic vertebrae and pelvis.
See Kidney and Lumbar vertebrae
Lupus nephritis
Lupus nephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease.
See Kidney and Lupus nephritis
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes inside the body.
See Kidney and Magnetic resonance imaging
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
Mammalian kidney
The mammalian kidneys are a pair of excretory organs of the urinary system of mammals, being functioning kidneys in postnatal-to-adult individuals (i. e. metanephric kidneys).
See Kidney and Mammalian kidney
Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language.
See Kidney and Mathematical model
Medical history
The medical history, case history, or anamnesis (from Greek: ἀνά, aná, "open", and μνήσις, mnesis, "memory") of a patient is a set of information the physicians collect over medical interviews.
See Kidney and Medical history
Medullary ray (anatomy)
In anatomy, a medullary ray (Ferrein's pyramid) is the middle part of a cortical lobule (or renal lobule).
See Kidney and Medullary ray (anatomy)
Mesonephros
The mesonephros (middle kidney) is one of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates.
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Microscopic scale
The microscopic scale is the scale of objects and events smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye, requiring a lens or microscope to see them clearly.
See Kidney and Microscopic scale
Minimal change disease
Minimal change disease (MCD), also known as lipoid nephrosis or nil disease, among others, is a disease affecting the kidneys which causes nephrotic syndrome.
See Kidney and Minimal change disease
Minimally invasive procedure
Minimally invasive procedures (also known as minimally invasive surgeries) encompass surgical techniques that limit the size of incisions needed, thereby reducing wound healing time, associated pain, and risk of infection.
See Kidney and Minimally invasive procedure
Molality
In chemistry, molality is a measure of the amount of solute in a solution relative to a given mass of solvent.
Monogenea
Monogeneans, members of the class Monogenea, are a group of ectoparasitic flatworms commonly found on the skin, gills, or fins of fish.
Mucus
Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes.
See Kidney and Mucus
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a condition that results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development.
See Kidney and Multicystic dysplastic kidney
National Council Against Health Fraud
The National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF) was a not-for-profit, US-based organization, that described itself as a "private nonprofit, voluntary health agency that focuses upon health misinformation, fraud, and quackery as public health problems.".
See Kidney and National Council Against Health Fraud
Nephrectomy
A nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney, performed to treat a number of kidney diseases including kidney cancer.
Nephridium
The nephridium (plural nephridia) is an invertebrate organ, found in pairs and performing a function similar to the vertebrate kidneys (which originated from the chordate nephridia).
Nephrin
Nephrin is a protein necessary for the proper functioning of the renal filtration barrier.
Nephritic syndrome
Nephritic syndrome is a syndrome comprising signs of nephritis, which is kidney disease involving inflammation.
See Kidney and Nephritic syndrome
Nephrology
Nephrology is a specialty for both adult internal medicine and pediatric medicine that concerns the study of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function (renal physiology) and kidney disease (renal pathophysiology), the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation).
Nephromegaly
Nephromegaly is the process whereby a kidney or both kidneys become enlarged.
Nephron
The nephron is the minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney.
Nephrostomy
A nephrostomy or percutaneous nephrostomy is an artificial opening created between the kidney and the skin which allows for the urinary diversion directly from the upper part of the urinary system (renal pelvis).
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage.
See Kidney and Nephrotic syndrome
Nervous system
In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.
Nutcracker syndrome
The nutcracker syndrome (NCS) results most commonly from the compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta (AA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), although other variants exist.
See Kidney and Nutcracker syndrome
Optical fiber
An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other.
Organ (biology)
In a multicellular organism, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.
See Kidney and Organ (biology)
Organ donation
Organ donation is the process when a person authorizes an organ of their own to be removed and transplanted to another person, legally, either by consent while the donor is alive, through a legal authorization for deceased donation made prior to death, or for deceased donations through the authorization by the legal next of kin.
Organ procurement
Organ procurement (also called surgical recovery) is a surgical procedure that removes organs or tissues for reuse, typically for organ transplantation.
See Kidney and Organ procurement
Organ transplantation
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.
See Kidney and Organ transplantation
Parasitism
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the sympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
See Kidney and Parasympathetic nervous system
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine.
See Kidney and Parathyroid hormone
Pathology
Pathology is the study of disease and injury.
Pellagra
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B3).
Pelvic kidney
A pelvic kidney, also known as an ectopic kidney, is a normal kidney located in the pelvis, instead of the abdomen.
Peritoneal dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a type of dialysis that uses the peritoneum in a person's abdomen as the membrane through which fluid and dissolved substances are exchanged with the blood.
See Kidney and Peritoneal dialysis
Peritoneum
The peritoneum is the serous membrane forming the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids.
PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
See Kidney and PH
Phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
Physical examination
In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition.
See Kidney and Physical examination
Pinniped
Pinnipeds (pronounced), commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals.
Plasma osmolality
Plasma osmolality measures the body's electrolyte–water balance.
See Kidney and Plasma osmolality
Podocin
Podocin is a protein component of the filtration slits of podocytes.
Podocyte
Podocytes are cells in Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus.
Polycystic kidney disease
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD or PCKD, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome) is a genetic disorder in which the renal tubules become structurally abnormal, resulting in the development and growth of multiple cysts within the kidney.
See Kidney and Polycystic kidney disease
Posterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is part of the endocrine system. Kidney and posterior pituitary are endocrine system.
See Kidney and Posterior pituitary
Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element; it has symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number19.
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Proximal tubule
The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle.
See Kidney and Proximal tubule
Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection.
Reabsorption
In renal physiology, reabsorption or tubular reabsorption is the process by which the nephron removes water and solutes from the tubular fluid (pre-urine) and returns them to the circulating blood.
Reference range
In medicine and health-related fields, a reference range or reference interval is the range or the interval of values that is deemed normal for a physiological measurement in healthy persons (for example, the amount of creatinine in the blood, or the partial pressure of oxygen).
See Kidney and Reference range
Renal agenesis
Renal agenesis is a medical condition in which one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) fetal kidneys fail to develop.
Renal artery
The renal arteries are paired arteries that supply the kidneys with blood.
Renal artery stenosis
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the narrowing of one or both of the renal arteries, most often caused by atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia.
See Kidney and Renal artery stenosis
Renal biopsy
Renal biopsy (also kidney biopsy) is a medical procedure in which a small piece of kidney is removed from the body for examination, usually under a microscope.
Renal blood flow
In the physiology of the kidney, renal blood flow (RBF) is the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time.
See Kidney and Renal blood flow
Renal calyx
The renal calyces are conduits in the kidney through which urine passes.
Renal capsule
The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney.
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine.
See Kidney and Renal cell carcinoma
Renal column
The renal columns, Bertin columns, or columns of Bertin, a.k.a. columns of Bertini are extensions of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids.
Renal corpuscle
A renal corpuscle (or Malpighian body) is the blood-filtering component of the nephron of the kidney.
See Kidney and Renal corpuscle
Renal cortex
The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.
Renal cyst
A renal cyst is a fluid collection in or on the kidney.
Renal fascia
The renal fascia is a dense, elastic connective tissue envelope enclosing the kidney and adrenal gland, together with the layer of perirenal fat surrounding these two.
Renal hilum
The renal hylus (Latin: hylus renale) or renal pedicle is the hylus of the kidney, that is, its recessed central fissure where its vessels, nerves and ureter pass.
Renal lobe
The renal lobe is a portion of a kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and the renal cortex above it.
Renal medulla
The renal medulla (Latin: medulla renis 'marrow of the kidney') is the innermost part of the kidney.
Renal pelvis
The renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney.
Renal physiology
Renal physiology (Latin rēnēs, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney.
See Kidney and Renal physiology
Renal plexus
The renal plexus is a complex network of nerves formed by filaments from the celiac ganglia and plexus, aorticorenal ganglia, lower thoracic splanchnic nerves and first lumbar splanchnic nerve and aortic plexus.
Renal replacement therapy
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is therapy that replaces the normal blood-filtering function of the kidneys.
See Kidney and Renal replacement therapy
Renal sinus
The renal sinus is a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat.
Renal ultrasonography
Renal ultrasonography (Renal US) is the examination of one or both kidneys using medical ultrasound.
See Kidney and Renal ultrasonography
Renal vein
The renal veins in the renal circulation, are large-calibre veins that drain blood filtered by the kidneys into the inferior vena cava.
Reniculate kidney
The reniculate kidney is a multilobed kidney found in marine and aquatic mammals such as pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and walruses) and cetaceans (dolphins and whales) but absent in terrestrial mammals except bears.
See Kidney and Reniculate kidney
Renin
Renin (etymology and pronunciation), also known as an angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)—also known as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis—that increases the volume of extracellular fluid (blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid) and causes arterial vasoconstriction.
See Kidney and Renin
Renin–angiotensin system
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS), or renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance.
See Kidney and Renin–angiotensin system
Renovascular hypertension
Renovascular hypertension is a condition in which high blood pressure is caused by the kidneys' hormonal response to narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys.
See Kidney and Renovascular hypertension
Reptile
Reptiles, as commonly defined, are a group of tetrapods with usually an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development.
Retroperitoneal space
The retroperitoneal space (retroperitoneum) is the anatomical space (sometimes a potential space) behind (retro) the peritoneum.
See Kidney and Retroperitoneal space
Rib
In vertebrate anatomy, ribs (costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton.
See Kidney and Rib
SLC22A8
Solute carrier family 22 member 8, or organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC22A8 gene.
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride, commonly known as edible salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chlorine ions.
See Kidney and Sodium chloride
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals.
Spleen
The spleen is an organ found in almost all vertebrates.
Surgeon
In medicine, a surgeon is a medical doctor who performs surgery.
Surgery
Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat pathological conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (i.e., malabsorption created by bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass), to reconstruct or improve aesthetics and appearance (cosmetic surgery), or to remove unwanted tissues (body fat, glands, scars or skin tags) or foreign bodies.
Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
See Kidney and Sympathetic nervous system
Tabernacle
According to the Hebrew Bible, the tabernacle (residence, dwelling place), also known as the Tent of the Congregation (ʔōhel mōʕēḏ, also Tent of Meeting), was the portable earthly dwelling of God used by the Israelites from the Exodus until the conquest of Canaan.
Talmud
The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.
The Merry Wives of Windsor
The Merry Wives of Windsor or Sir John Falstaff and the Merry Wives of Windsor is a comedy by William Shakespeare first published in 1602, though believed to have been written in or before 1597.
See Kidney and The Merry Wives of Windsor
Thin segment of loop of Henle
The thin segment is a part of the renal tubule found between the proximal and distal tubules.
See Kidney and Thin segment of loop of Henle
Thoracic diaphragm
The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (partition), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity.
See Kidney and Thoracic diaphragm
Thoracic vertebrae
In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.
See Kidney and Thoracic vertebrae
Toxin
A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms.
See Kidney and Toxin
Transversalis fascia
The transversalis fascia (or transverse fascia) is the fascial lining of the anterolateral abdominal wall situated between the inner surface of the transverse abdominal muscle, and the preperitoneal fascia.
See Kidney and Transversalis fascia
Ultrafiltration (kidney)
In renal physiology, ultrafiltration occurs at the barrier between the blood and the filtrate in the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys.
See Kidney and Ultrafiltration (kidney)
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound with frequencies greater than 20 kilohertz.
Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.
See Kidney and Urea
Ureter
The ureters are tubes composed of smooth muscle that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Uric acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.
Urinalysis
Urinalysis, a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis, is a panel of medical tests that includes physical (macroscopic) examination of the urine, chemical evaluation using urine test strips, and microscopic examination.
Urinary cast
Urinary casts are microscopic cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states.
Urinary system
The human urinary system, also known as the urinary tract or renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra.
Urinary tract infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract.
See Kidney and Urinary tract infection
Urinary tract obstruction
Urinary tract obstruction is a urologic disease consisting of a decrease in the free passage of urine through one or both ureters and/or the urethra.
See Kidney and Urinary tract obstruction
Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals.
See Kidney and Urine
Urine test
A urine test is any medical test performed on a urine specimen.
Urine therapy
Urine therapy or urotherapy, (also urinotherapy, Shivambu, uropathy, or auto-urine therapy) in alternative medicine is the application of human urine for medicinal or cosmetic purposes, including drinking of one's own urine and massaging one's skin, or gums, with one's own urine.
Urology
Urology (from Greek οὖρον ouron "urine" and -λογία -logia "study of"), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the urinary system and the reproductive organs.
Uromodulin
Uromodulin (UMOD), also known as Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP), is a zona pellucida-like domain-containing glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the UMOD gene.
Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, cranial nerve X, or simply CN X, is a cranial nerve that carries sensory fibers that create a pathway that interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
Vas deferens
The vas deferens (vasa deferentia), with the more modern name ductus deferens (ductūs deferentes), is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates.
Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.
See Kidney and Vasoconstriction
Vasopressin
Human vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized from the AVP gene as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP.
Venule
A venule is a very small vein in the microcirculation that allows blood to return from the capillary beds to drain into the venous system via increasingly larger veins.
Vertebral column
The vertebral column, also known as the spinal column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrate animals.
See Kidney and Vertebral column
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and for many other biological effects.
Water
Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula.
See Kidney and Water
Wilms' tumor
Wilms' tumor or Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a cancer of the kidneys that typically occurs in children (rarely in adults), and occurs most commonly as a renal tumor in child patients.
World Kidney Day
World Kidney Day (WKD) is a global health awareness campaign focusing on the importance of the kidneys and reducing the frequency and impact of kidney disease and its associated health problems worldwide.
See Kidney and World Kidney Day
References
Also known as Cortical collecting tubule cell, Duplex kidney, Evolution of the kidney, Hind-kidney, Human kidney, Inner medullary collecting duct cell, Interstitial kidney cells, Interstitum, Kidney (organ), Kidney Diseases, Kidney disorders, Kidneys, Kindey cell, Metanephroi, Nephric, Nephridial, Nephros, Nephrous, Pole of kidney, Pole of the kidney, Renal, Renal System, Renal System Disease, Renal agents, Renal anomalies, Renal disorder, Renally, The kidney, Thick ascending limb cell, Upper pole of the kidney.
, Catabolism, Cell surface receptor, Cell type, Central venous catheter, Cetacea, Chondrichthyes, Chronic kidney disease, Clearance (pharmacology), Cloaca, Collecting duct system, Comparative physiology, Conscience, Countercurrent exchange, Countercurrent multiplication, Creatinine, CT scan, Cyst, Dermatome (anatomy), Diabetic nephropathy, Distal convoluted tubule, Duplicated ureter, Early Modern English, Ecophysiology, Electrolyte, Endocrine system, Endoscope, Enzyme, Erythropoiesis, Erythropoietin, Extracellular fluid, Filtration fraction, Fish, Galen, Gastrointestinal tract, Glomerular filtration rate, Glomerulonephritis, Glomerulus (kidney), Glucose, Hagfish, Hartnup disease, Histology, Holonephros, Homeostasis, Homology (biology), Hormone, Horseshoe kidney, Hydrogen, Hydronephrosis, Hypothalamus, Hypoxia (medicine), Infection, Inferior vena cava, Interlobar arteries, Interlobar veins, Interlobular arteries, Interlobular veins, Intermediate mesoderm, Internal medicine, Interstitial nephritis, Jerusalem, Kidney cancer, Kidney development, Kidney dialysis, Kidney disease, Kidney failure, Kidney stone disease, Kidney transplantation, Kidney tumour, King James Version, Lamprey, Lancelet, Latin, List of human cell types, List of topics characterized as pseudoscience, Liver, Loop of Henle, Lumbar vertebrae, Lupus nephritis, Magnetic resonance imaging, Mammal, Mammalian kidney, Mathematical model, Medical history, Medullary ray (anatomy), Mesonephros, Metabolism, Microscopic scale, Minimal change disease, Minimally invasive procedure, Molality, Monogenea, Mucus, Multicystic dysplastic kidney, National Council Against Health Fraud, Nephrectomy, Nephridium, Nephrin, Nephritic syndrome, Nephrology, Nephromegaly, Nephron, Nephrostomy, Nephrotic syndrome, Nervous system, Nucleic acid, Nutcracker syndrome, Optical fiber, Organ (biology), Organ donation, Organ procurement, Organ transplantation, Parasitism, Parasympathetic nervous system, Parathyroid hormone, Pathology, Pellagra, Pelvic kidney, Peritoneal dialysis, Peritoneum, PH, Phosphate, Physical examination, Pinniped, Plasma osmolality, Podocin, Podocyte, Polycystic kidney disease, Posterior pituitary, Potassium, Protein, Proximal tubule, Pyelonephritis, Reabsorption, Reference range, Renal agenesis, Renal artery, Renal artery stenosis, Renal biopsy, Renal blood flow, Renal calyx, Renal capsule, Renal cell carcinoma, Renal column, Renal corpuscle, Renal cortex, Renal cyst, Renal fascia, Renal hilum, Renal lobe, Renal medulla, Renal pelvis, Renal physiology, Renal plexus, Renal replacement therapy, Renal sinus, Renal ultrasonography, Renal vein, Reniculate kidney, Renin, Renin–angiotensin system, Renovascular hypertension, Reptile, Retroperitoneal space, Rib, SLC22A8, Sodium, Sodium chloride, Spinal cord, Spleen, Surgeon, Surgery, Sympathetic nervous system, Tabernacle, Talmud, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Thin segment of loop of Henle, Thoracic diaphragm, Thoracic vertebrae, Toxin, Transversalis fascia, Ultrafiltration (kidney), Ultrasound, Urea, Ureter, Uric acid, Urinalysis, Urinary cast, Urinary system, Urinary tract infection, Urinary tract obstruction, Urine, Urine test, Urine therapy, Urology, Uromodulin, Vagus nerve, Vas deferens, Vasoconstriction, Vasopressin, Venule, Vertebral column, Vitamin D, Water, Wilms' tumor, World Kidney Day.