Table of Contents
310 relations: Abdomen, Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Abdominal x-ray, Acetazolamide, Achaemenid Empire, Acute kidney injury, Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, Alkali citrate, Alkalinity, Alkalinizing agent, Alkaptonuria, Allopurinol, Alpha blocker, Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor, American Urological Association, Amino acid, Ammonia, Analgesic, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Antibiotic, Antispasmodic, Antler, Antonio Scarpa, Apatite, Appendicitis, Assessment of kidney function, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Azotemia, Bacteria, Benjamin Franklin, Bladder, Bladder stone, Bladder stone (animal), Bleeding diathesis, Blood test, Blood transfusion, Body mass index, Bruise, Brushite, Calcium channel blocker, Calcium hydroxide, Calcium oxalate, Calcium phosphate, Calcium supplement, Calculus (medicine), Calgranulin, Carbon dioxide, Chelation, Chemical composition, ... Expand index (260 more) »
- Acute pain
- Urological conditions
Abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.
See Kidney stone disease and Abdomen
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm or more than 50% larger than normal.
See Kidney stone disease and Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Abdominal x-ray
An abdominal x-ray is an x-ray of the abdomen.
See Kidney stone disease and Abdominal x-ray
Acetazolamide
Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox among others, is a medication used to treat glaucoma, epilepsy, acute mountain sickness, periodic paralysis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (raised brain pressure of unclear cause), heart failure and to alkalinize urine.
See Kidney stone disease and Acetazolamide
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
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Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within 7 days, as shown by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output, or both. Kidney stone disease and acute kidney injury are kidney diseases.
See Kidney stone disease and Acute kidney injury
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations of the APRT gene. Kidney stone disease and Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency are kidney diseases.
See Kidney stone disease and Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Alkali citrate
Alkali citrate (also known as alkaline citrate) is an inhibitor of kidney stones.
See Kidney stone disease and Alkali citrate
Alkalinity
Alkalinity (from lit) is the capacity of water to resist acidification.
See Kidney stone disease and Alkalinity
Alkalinizing agent
Alkalinizing agents are drugs used to manage disorders associated with low pH.
See Kidney stone disease and Alkalinizing agent
Alkaptonuria
Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited genetic disease which is caused by a mutation in the HGD gene for the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase; if a person inherits an abnormal copy from both parents (it is a recessive condition), the body accumulates an intermediate substance called homogentisic acid in the blood and tissues.
See Kidney stone disease and Alkaptonuria
Allopurinol
Allopurinol is a medication used to decrease high blood uric acid levels.
See Kidney stone disease and Allopurinol
Alpha blocker
Alpha-blockers, also known as α-blockers or α-adrenoreceptor antagonists, are a class of pharmacological agents that act as antagonists on α-adrenergic receptors (α-adrenoceptors).
See Kidney stone disease and Alpha blocker
Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor
Protein AMBP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMBP gene.
See Kidney stone disease and Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor
American Urological Association
The American Urological Association (AUA) is a professional association in the United States for urology professionals.
See Kidney stone disease and American Urological Association
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
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Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.
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Analgesic
An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic, antalgic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used for pain management.
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Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
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Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
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Antispasmodic
An antispasmodic (synonym: spasmolytic) is a pharmaceutical drug or other agent that suppresses muscle spasms.
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Antler
Antlers are extensions of an animal's skull found in members of the Cervidae (deer) family.
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Antonio Scarpa
Antonio Scarpa (9 May 1752 – 31 October 1832) was an Italian anatomist and professor.
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Apatite
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ion, respectively, in the crystal.
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Appendicitis
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Kidney stone disease and Appendicitis are acute pain.
See Kidney stone disease and Appendicitis
Assessment of kidney function
Assessment of kidney function occurs in different ways, using the presence of symptoms and signs, as well as measurements using urine tests, blood tests, and medical imaging.
See Kidney stone disease and Assessment of kidney function
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC 50 AD) was a Roman encyclopaedist, known for his extant medical work, De Medicina, which is believed to be the only surviving section of a much larger encyclopedia.
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Azotemia
Azotemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (such as urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds) in the blood.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath: a leading writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher and political philosopher.
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Bladder
The bladder is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.
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Bladder stone
A bladder stone is a stone found in the urinary bladder. Kidney stone disease and bladder stone are Urological conditions.
See Kidney stone disease and Bladder stone
Bladder stone (animal)
Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats.
See Kidney stone disease and Bladder stone (animal)
Bleeding diathesis
In medicine (hematology), bleeding diathesis is an unusual susceptibility to bleed (hemorrhage) mostly due to hypocoagulability (a condition of irregular and slow blood clotting), in turn caused by a coagulopathy (a defect in the system of coagulation).
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Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.
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Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously.
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Body mass index
Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person.
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Bruise
A bruise, also known as a contusion, is a type of hematoma of tissue, the most common cause being capillaries damaged by trauma, causing localized bleeding that extravasates into the surrounding interstitial tissues.
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Brushite
Brushite is a phosphate mineral with the chemical formula.
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Calcium channel blocker
Calcium channel blockers (CCB), calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists are a group of medications that disrupt the movement of calcium through calcium channels.
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Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2.
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Calcium oxalate
Calcium oxalate (in archaic terminology, oxalate of lime) is a calcium salt of oxalic acid with the chemical formula or.
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Calcium phosphate
The term calcium phosphate refers to a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions.
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Calcium supplement
Calcium supplements are salts of calcium used in a number of conditions.
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Calculus (medicine)
A calculus (calculi), often called a stone, is a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body.
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Calgranulin
Calgranulin is an S100 calcium-binding protein that is expressed in multiple cell types, including renal epithelial cells and neutrophils.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
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Chelation
Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and the molecules to metal ions.
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Chemical composition
A chemical composition specifies the identity, arrangement, and ratio of the chemical elements making up a compound by way of chemical and atomic bonds.
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Chlortalidone
Chlortalidone, also known as chlorthalidone, is a thiazide-like diuretic drug used to treat high blood pressure, swelling (such as occurs in heart failure, liver failure, and nephrotic syndrome), diabetes insipidus, and renal tubular acidosis.
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Chocolate
Chocolate or cocoa is a food made from roasted and ground cocoa seed kernels that is available as a liquid, solid, or paste, either on its own or as a flavoring agent in other foods.
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Circulatory system
The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.
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Citric acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
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Cola
Cola is a carbonated soft drink flavored with vanilla, cinnamon, citrus oils, and other flavorings.
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Colectomy
Colectomy (col- + -ectomy) is bowel resection of the large bowel (sometimes referred to as the colon which more precisely denotes a part of the large bowel).
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Collecting duct system
The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis.
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Complete blood count
A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a full blood count (FBC), is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood.
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Corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.
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Costovertebral angle tenderness
Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness is pain that results from touching the region inside of the costovertebral angle.
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Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Crystal growth
A crystal is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.
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Crystallopathy
Crystallopathy is a harmful state or disease associated with the formation and aggregation of crystals in tissues or cavities, or in other words, a heterogeneous group of diseases caused by intrinsic or environmental microparticles or crystals, promoting tissue inflammation and scarring.
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Crystalluria
Crystalluria refers to crystals found in the urine when performing a urine test.
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CT scan
A computed tomography scan (CT scan; formerly called computed axial tomography scan or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body.
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Cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula.
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Cystine
Cystine is the oxidized derivative of the amino acid cysteine and has the formula (SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2.
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Cystinosis
Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cystine, the oxidized dimer of the amino acid cysteine.
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Cystinuria
Cystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disease characterized by high concentrations of the amino acid cystine in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
See Kidney stone disease and Cystinuria
De Medicina
De Medicina is a 1st-century medical treatise by Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a Roman encyclopedist and possibly (but not likely) a practicing physician.
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Dehydration
In physiology, dehydration is a lack of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.
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Dent's disease
Dent's disease (or Dent disease) is a rare X-linked recessive inherited condition that affects the proximal renal tubules of the kidney. Kidney stone disease and Dent's disease are kidney diseases.
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Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.
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Diameter
In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the centre of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle.
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Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid.
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Disease
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury.
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Disk diffusion test
The disk diffusion test (also known as the agar diffusion test, Kirby–Bauer test, disc-diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test, disc-diffusion antibiotic sensitivity test and KB test) is a culture-based microbiology assay used in diagnostic and drug discovery laboratories.
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Distal renal tubular acidosis
Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is the classical form of RTA, being the first described. Kidney stone disease and Distal renal tubular acidosis are kidney diseases.
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Diuretic
A diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine.
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Diverticulitis
Diverticulitis, also called colonic diverticulitis, is a gastrointestinal disease characterized by inflammation of abnormal pouches—diverticula—that can develop in the wall of the large intestine.
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Dornier Flugzeugwerke
Dornier Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturer founded in Friedrichshafen in 1914 by Claude Dornier.
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Dose–response relationship
The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the magnitude of the response of an organism, as a function of exposure (or doses) to a stimulus or stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time.
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Dysuria
Dysuria refers to painful or uncomfortable urination.
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Edema
Edema (AmE), also spelled oedema (BrE), and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue.
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Electrolyte
An electrolyte is a medium containing ions that are electrically conductive through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons.
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Embryology
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.
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Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within a living system such as an organism, tissue, or cell.
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Enterobacter
Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
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Epicurus
Epicurus (Ἐπίκουρος; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and sage who founded Epicureanism, a highly influential school of philosophy.
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Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a treatment using powerful acoustic pulses which is mostly used to treat kidney stones and in physical therapy and orthopedics.
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Fanconi syndrome
Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules of the kidney. Kidney stone disease and Fanconi syndrome are kidney diseases.
See Kidney stone disease and Fanconi syndrome
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, 1st Lord Verulam, PC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I.
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Fructose
Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
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Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
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George IV
George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death in 1830.
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Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
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Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide (sugar) chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.
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Glycosaminoglycan
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long, linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units (i.e. two-sugar units).
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Gonad
A gonad, sex gland, or reproductive gland is a mixed gland that produces the gametes and sex hormones of an organism.
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Gout
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of pain in a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint, caused by the deposition of needle-like crystals of uric acid known as monosodium urate crystals.
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Gut microbiota
Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals.
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Hematoma
A hematoma, also spelled haematoma, or blood suffusion is a localized bleeding outside of blood vessels, due to either disease or trauma including injury or surgery and may involve blood continuing to seep from broken capillaries.
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Hematuria
Hematuria or haematuria is defined as the presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine.
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Henry Jacob Bigelow
Henry Jacob Bigelow (March 11, 1818October 30, 1890) was an American surgeon and Professor of Surgery at Harvard University.
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Herman Boerhaave
Herman Boerhaave (31 December 1668 – 23 September 1738Underwood, E. Ashworth. "Boerhaave After Three Hundred Years." The British Medical Journal 4, no. 5634 (1968): 820–25..) was a Dutch botanist, chemist, Christian humanist, and physician of European fame.
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High-fructose corn syrup
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), also known as glucose–fructose, isoglucose and glucose–fructose syrup, is a sweetener made from corn starch.
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Hippocratic Oath
The Hippocratic Oath is an oath of ethics historically taken by physicians.
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History of China
The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area.
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History of India
Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.
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Holmium
Holmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ho and atomic number 67.
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Homogentisic acid
Homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is a phenolic acid usually found in Arbutus unedo (strawberry-tree) honey.
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Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis describes hydrostatic dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces as a result of obstruction to urine flow downstream. Kidney stone disease and Hydronephrosis are kidney diseases.
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Hydroxyproline
(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxyproline, or L-hydroxyproline (C5H9O3N), is an amino acid, abbreviated as Hyp or O, e.g., in Protein Data Bank.
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Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcemia, also spelled hypercalcaemia, is a high calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum.
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Hypercalciuria
Hypercalciuria is the condition of elevated calcium in the urine.
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Hyperoxaluria
Hyperoxaluria is an excessive urinary excretion of oxalate.
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Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood.
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Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Hyperuricemia
Hyperuricaemia or hyperuricemia is an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood.
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Hyperuricosuria
Hyperuricosuria is a medical term referring to the presence of excessive amounts of uric acid in the urine.
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Hypouricemia
Hypouricemia or hypouricaemia is a level of uric acid in blood serum that is below normal.
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Idiopathic disease
An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparent spontaneous origin.
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Ileal conduit urinary diversion
An ileal conduit urinary diversion is one of various surgical techniques for urinary diversion.
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Iminoglycinuria
Iminoglycinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder of renal tubular transport affecting reabsorption of the amino acid glycine, and the imino acids proline and hydroxyproline.
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Inborn errors of metabolism
Inborn errors of metabolism form a large class of genetic diseases involving congenital disorders of enzyme activities.
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Incidence (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, incidence reflects the number of new cases of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.
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Indapamide
Indapamide is a thiazide-like diuretic drug used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated heart failure.
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Indinavir
Indinavir (IDV; trade name Crixivan, made by Merck) is a protease inhibitor used as a component of highly active antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV/AIDS.
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Inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types.
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Injury
Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.
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Internal bleeding
Internal bleeding (also called internal haemorrhage) is a loss of blood from a blood vessel that collects inside the body, and is not usually visible from the outside.
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International unit
In pharmacology, the international unit (IU) is a unit of measurement for the effect or biological activity of a substance, for the purpose of easier comparison across similar forms of substances.
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Intravenous therapy
Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein.
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Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.
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Kidney
In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation.
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Kidney disease
Kidney disease, or renal disease, technically referred to as nephropathy, is damage to or disease of a kidney. Kidney stone disease and kidney disease are kidney diseases.
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Kidney failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly and can often be irreversible.
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Kidney stone disease
Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract. Kidney stone disease and Kidney stone disease are acute pain, kidney diseases and Urological conditions.
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Klebsiella
Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria with a prominent polysaccharide-based capsule.
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Laser lithotripsy
Laser lithotripsy is a surgical procedure to remove stones from urinary tract, i.e., kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra.
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Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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List of leaf vegetables
This is a list of vegetables which are grown or harvested primarily for the consumption of their leafy parts, either raw or cooked.
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Lithotomy
Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" (stone) and "tomos" (cut), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the urinary tract (kidney stones), bladder (bladder stones), and gallbladder (gallstones), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract.
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Liver
The liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and various other biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.
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Louis XIV
LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969.
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Lysis
Lysis is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic") mechanisms that compromise its integrity.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Magnesium citrate
Magnesium citrates are metal-organic compounds formed from citrate and magnesium ions.
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Magnesium in biology
Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems.
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Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit American academic medical center focused on integrated health care, education, and research.
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Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx, Dx, or Ds) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.
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Medical imaging
Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).
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Medical ultrasound
Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic techniques (mainly imaging techniques) using ultrasound, as well as therapeutic applications of ultrasound.
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Medullary sponge kidney
Medullary sponge kidney is a congenital disorder of the kidneys characterized by cystic dilatation of the collecting tubules in one or both kidneys. Kidney stone disease and Medullary sponge kidney are kidney diseases.
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Merck & Co.
Merck & Co., Inc. is an American multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Rahway, New Jersey, and is named for Merck Group, founded in Germany in 1668, of which it was once the American arm.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
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Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of at least three of the following five medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
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Metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
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Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
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Michel de Montaigne
Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne (28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592), commonly known as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance.
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Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
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Mineral
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.
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Minimally invasive procedure
Minimally invasive procedures (also known as minimally invasive surgeries) encompass surgical techniques that limit the size of incisions needed, thereby reducing wound healing time, associated pain, and risk of infection.
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Morganella morganii
Morganella morganii is a species of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Mortality rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
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Multimodal distribution
In statistics, a multimodal distribution is a probability distribution with more than one mode (i.e., more than one local peak of the distribution).
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Mummy
A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions.
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Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
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Napoleon III
Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) is part of the United States National Institutes of Health, which in turn is part of the Department of Health and Human Services.
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National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH, is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research.
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Nephrocalcinosis
Nephrocalcinosis, once known as Albright's calcinosis after Fuller Albright, is a term originally used to describe the deposition of poorly soluble calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism. Kidney stone disease and Nephrocalcinosis are kidney diseases.
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Nephrology
Nephrology is a specialty for both adult internal medicine and pediatric medicine that concerns the study of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function (renal physiology) and kidney disease (renal pathophysiology), the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation).
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Nephrostomy
A nephrostomy or percutaneous nephrostomy is an artificial opening created between the kidney and the skin which allows for the urinary diversion directly from the upper part of the urinary system (renal pelvis).
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Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, often called by the shortened term neurogenic bladder, refers to urinary bladder problems due to disease or injury of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of urination.
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Neutrophil
Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes, heterophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes) are a type of white blood cell.
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Neutrophilia
Neutrophilia (also called neutrophil leukocytosis or occasionally neutrocytosis) is leukocytosis of neutrophils, that is, a high number of neutrophils in the blood.
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Nifedipine
Nifedipine, sold under the brand name Procardia among others, is a calcium channel blocker medication used to manage angina, high blood pressure, Raynaud's phenomenon, and premature labor.
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Nitrazine
Nitrazine or phenaphthazine is a pH indicator dye often used in medicine.
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, decreases inflammation, decreases fever, and prevents blood clots.
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Nucleation
In thermodynamics, nucleation is the first step in the formation of either a new thermodynamic phase or structure via self-assembly or self-organization within a substance or mixture.
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Nurses' Health Study
The Nurses Health Study is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development.
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Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health.
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Obstructive uropathy
Obstructive uropathy is a structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, sometimes leading to renal dysfunction (obstructive nephropathy). Kidney stone disease and Obstructive uropathy are Urological conditions.
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Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English statesman, politician, and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of the British Isles.
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Operation of computed tomography
X-ray computed tomography operates by using an X-ray generator that rotates around the object; X-ray detectors are positioned on the opposite side of the circle from the X-ray source.
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Opioid
Opioids are a class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant.
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Optical fiber
An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other.
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Osteopontin
Osteopontin (OPN), also known as bone /sialoprotein I (BSP-1 or BNSP), early T-lymphocyte activation (ETA-1), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), 2ar and Rickettsia resistance (Ric), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPP1 gene (secreted phosphoprotein 1).
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Oxalate
Oxalate (systematic IUPAC name: ethanedioate) is an anion with the chemical formula formula.
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Oxalobacter formigenes
Oxalobacter formigenes is a Gram negative oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium that was first isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a sheep in 1985.
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Paracetamol
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic agent used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain.
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Pelvis
The pelvis (pelves or pelvises) is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region), together with its embedded skeleton (sometimes also called bony pelvis or pelvic skeleton).
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Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally-invasive procedure to remove stones from the kidney by a small puncture wound (up to about 1 cm) through the skin.
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis is a type of intestinal motility, characterized by radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles that propagate in a wave down a tube, in an anterograde direction.
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Peter the Great
Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.
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PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
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Phlebolith
A phlebolith is a small local, usually rounded, calcification within a vein.
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Phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
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Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula.
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Placebo
A placebo is a substance or treatment which is designed to have no therapeutic value.
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Pleomorphism (cytology)
Pleomorphism is a term used in histology and cytopathology to describe variability in the size, shape and staining of cells and/or their nuclei.
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Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element; it has symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number19.
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Potassium citrate
Potassium citrate (also known as tripotassium citrate) is a potassium salt of citric acid with the molecular formula K3C6H5O7.
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Precipitation (chemistry)
In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution".
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Primary hyperoxaluria
Primary hyperoxaluria is a rare condition (autosomal recessive), resulting in increased excretion of oxalate (up to 600 mg a day from normal 50 mg a day), with oxalate stones being common. Kidney stone disease and Primary hyperoxaluria are kidney diseases.
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Proline
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain the amino group but is rather a secondary amine.
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Prospective cohort study
A prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein (nutrient)
Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body.
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Proteus (bacterium)
Proteus is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.
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Proteus vulgaris
Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped, nitrate-reducing, indole-positive and catalase-positive, hydrogen sulfide-producing, Gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals.
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Providencia (bacterium)
Providencia is genus of Gram-negative, motile bacteria of the family Morganellaceae.
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Pyelogram
Pyelogram (or pyelography or urography) is a form of imaging of the renal pelvis and ureter.
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Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection. Kidney stone disease and Pyelonephritis are kidney diseases.
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Pyonephrosis
Pyonephrosis is a dangerous kidney infection that is characterized by pus accumulation in the renal collecting system. Kidney stone disease and Pyonephrosis are kidney diseases.
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Radiocontrast agent
Radiocontrast agents are substances used to enhance the visibility of internal structures in X-ray-based imaging techniques such as computed tomography (contrast CT), projectional radiography, and fluoroscopy.
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Radiodensity
Radiodensity (or radiopacity) is opacity to the radio wave and X-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum: that is, the relative inability of those kinds of electromagnetic radiation to pass through a particular material.
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Radiography
Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object.
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Radiology
Radiology is the medical specialty that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals.
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Red blood cell
Red blood cells (RBCs), referred to as erythrocytes (with -cyte translated as 'cell' in modern usage) in academia and medical publishing, also known as red cells, erythroid cells, and rarely haematids, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
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Reference Daily Intake
In the U.S. and Canada, the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is used in nutrition labeling on food and dietary supplement products to indicate the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the United States.
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Renal calyx
The renal calyces are conduits in the kidney through which urine passes.
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Renal colic
Renal colic, also known as ureteric colic, is a type of abdominal pain commonly caused by obstruction of ureter from dislodged kidney stones. Kidney stone disease and Renal colic are Urological conditions.
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Renal medulla
The renal medulla (Latin: medulla renis 'marrow of the kidney') is the innermost part of the kidney.
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Renal pelvis
The renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney.
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Renal stone formation in space
Renal stone formation and passage during space flight can potentially pose a severe risk to crew member health and safety and could affect mission outcome. Kidney stone disease and Renal stone formation in space are kidney diseases and Urological conditions.
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Renal tubular acidosis
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical condition that involves an accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine. Kidney stone disease and Renal tubular acidosis are kidney diseases.
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Renal ultrasonography
Renal ultrasonography (Renal US) is the examination of one or both kidneys using medical ultrasound.
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Reproductive system
The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction.
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Retrospective cohort study
A retrospective cohort study, also called a historic cohort study, is a longitudinal cohort study used in medical and psychological research.
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Rhubarb
Rhubarb is the fleshy, edible stalks (petioles) of species and hybrids (culinary rhubarb) of Rheum in the family Polygonaceae, which are cooked and used for food.
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Risk–benefit ratio
A risk–benefit ratio (or benefit-risk ratio) is the ratio of the risk of an action to its potential benefits.
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Ruminant
Ruminants are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyls belonging to the suborder Ruminantia that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.
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S100 protein
The S100 proteins are a family of low molecular-weight proteins found in vertebrates characterized by two calcium-binding sites that have helix-loop-helix ("EF-hand-type") conformation.
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Saducismus Triumphatus
Saducismus triumphatus is a book on witchcraft by Joseph Glanvill, published posthumously in England in 1681.
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Samuel Pepys
Samuel Pepys (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English diarist and naval administrator.
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Seed crystal
A seed crystal is a small piece of single crystal or polycrystal material from which a large crystal of typically the same material is grown in a laboratory.
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Serratia
Serratia is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Serum (blood)
Serum is the fluid and solvent component of blood which does not play a role in clotting.
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Sigmoid colon
The sigmoid colon (or pelvic colon) is the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus.
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Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition.
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Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
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Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3.
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Solubility
In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent.
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Solution (chemistry)
In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
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Solvation
Solvation describes the interaction of a solvent with dissolved molecules.
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Solvent
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
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Soybean
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (Glycine max) is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
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Spasm
A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, such as the bladder.
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Spinal cord injury
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function.
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Struvite
Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is a phosphate mineral with formula: NH4MgPO4·6H2O.
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Sugar
Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.
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Sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine is an antibiotic.
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Supersaturation
In physical chemistry, supersaturation occurs with a solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value of solubility at equilibrium.
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Suprapubic cystostomy
A suprapubic cystostomy or suprapubic catheter (SPC) (also known as a vesicostomy or epicystostomy) is a surgically created connection between the urinary bladder and the skin used to drain urine from the bladder in individuals with obstruction of normal urinary flow.
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Sushruta
Sushruta (lit) is the listed author of the Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium), a treatise considered to be one of the most important surviving ancient treatiseson medicine and is considered a foundational text of Ayurveda.
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Tamsulosin
Tamsulosin, sold under the brand name Flomax among others, is a medication used to treat symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic prostatitis and to help with the passage of kidney stones.
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Tea strainer
A tea strainer is a type of strainer that is placed over or in a teacup to catch loose tea leaves.
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Thiazide
Thiazide refers to both a class of sulfur-containing organic molecules and a class of diuretics based on the chemical structure of benzothiadiazine.
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Thiazide-like diuretic
A thiazide-like diuretic is a sulfonamide diuretic that has similar physiological properties to a thiazide diuretic, but does not have the chemical properties of a thiazide, lacking the benzothiadiazine molecular structure.
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Thrombin
Prothrombin (Coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2 gene.
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Topical anesthetic
A topical anesthetic is a local anesthetic that is used to numb the surface of a body part.
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Transverse plane
The transverse plane (also known as the horizontal plane, axial plane and transaxial plane) is an anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
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Triamterene
Triamterene (traded under names such as Dyrenium and Dytac) is a potassium-sparing diuretic often used in combination with thiazide diuretics for the treatment of high blood pressure or swelling.
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Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the two types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with the other type being Crohn's disease.
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Ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound with frequencies greater than 20 kilohertz.
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United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is a cabinet-level executive branch department of the U.S. federal government created to protect the health of the U.S. people and providing essential human services.
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United States Public Health Service
The United States Public Health Service (USPHS or PHS) is a collection of agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services concerned with public health, containing nine out of the department's twelve operating divisions.
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University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.
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UpToDate
UpToDate, Inc. is a company in the Wolters Kluwer Health division of Wolters Kluwer, the main product of which is the eponymous UpToDate, a software system that is a point-of-care medical resource.
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Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
Ureaplasma urealyticum is a bacterium belonging to the genus Ureaplasma and the family Mycoplasmataceae in the order Mycoplasmatales.
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Urease
Ureases, functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphotriesterases.
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Ureter
The ureters are tubes composed of smooth muscle that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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Ureteral stent
A ureteral stent (pronounced you-REE-ter-ul), or ureteric stent, is a thin tube inserted into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of the urine flow from the kidney.
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Ureteroscopy
Ureteroscopy is an examination of the upper urinary tract, usually performed with a ureteroscope that is passed through the urethra and the bladder, and then directly into the ureter.
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Urethrostomy
Urethrostomy is a surgical procedure that creates a permanent opening in the urethra, commonly to remove obstructions to urine flow.
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Uric acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.
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Urinalysis
Urinalysis, a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis, is a panel of medical tests that includes physical (macroscopic) examination of the urine, chemical evaluation using urine test strips, and microscopic examination.
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Urinary cast
Urinary casts are microscopic cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states.
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Urinary system
The human urinary system, also known as the urinary tract or renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra.
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Urinary tract infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. Kidney stone disease and urinary tract infection are Urological conditions.
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Urination
Urination is the release of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
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Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals.
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Urology
Urology (from Greek οὖρον ouron "urine" and -λογία -logia "study of"), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the urinary system and the reproductive organs.
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Uromodulin
Uromodulin (UMOD), also known as Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP), is a zona pellucida-like domain-containing glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the UMOD gene.
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Uronic acid
The Fischer projections of D-glucose (left) and D-glucuronic acid (right). Glucose's terminal carbon's primary alcohol group has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Uronic acids or alduronic acids are a class of sugar acids with both carbonyl and carboxylic acid functional groups.
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Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), also known as vesicoureteric reflux, is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into one or both ureters and then to the renal calyx or kidneys.
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate) is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus and other fruits, berries and vegetables.
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and for many other biological effects.
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Watchful waiting
Watchful waiting (also watch and wait or WAW) is an approach to a medical problem in which time is allowed to pass before medical intervention or therapy is used.
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Water fluoridation
Water fluoridation is the addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay.
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Western pattern diet
The Western pattern diet is a modern dietary pattern that is generally characterized by high intakes of pre-packaged foods, refined grains, red meat, processed meat, high-sugar drinks, candy and sweets, fried foods, industrially produced animal products, butter and other high-fat dairy products, eggs, potatoes, corn (and high-fructose corn syrup), and low intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, pasture-raised animal products, fish, nuts, and seeds.
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Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.
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White blood cell
White blood cells (scientific name leukocytes), also called immune cells or immunocytes, are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
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White paper
A white paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter.
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William Harvey
William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who made influential contributions in anatomy and physiology.
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Women's Health Initiative
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was a series of clinical studies initiated by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1991, to address major health issues causing morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women.
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X-ray
X-rays (or rarely, X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.
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Xanthine
Xanthine (or, from Ancient Greek due to its yellowish-white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms.
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Xanthinuria
Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine.
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Yttrium aluminium garnet
Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) is a synthetic crystalline material of the garnet group.
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2,8-Dihydroxyadenine
2,8-Dihydroxyadenine is a derivative of adenine which accumulates in 2,8 dihydroxy-adenine urolithiasis.
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See also
Acute pain
- Abdominal pain
- Acute muscle soreness
- Amputation
- Analgesic adjuvant
- Angina
- Appendicitis
- Biliary dyskinesia
- Bone fracture
- Burn
- Colic
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Emergency childbirth
- Encephalitis
- Esophagitis
- Fecal impaction
- Gastrointestinal perforation
- Hemorrhoid
- Hernia
- Injury in humans
- Kidney stone disease
- Major trauma
- Meningitis
- Myocardial infarction
- Nociception
- Occult fracture
- Open fracture
- Pain
- Pain management
- Pain management during childbirth
- Penile fracture
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Physical abuse
- Postpartum physiological changes
- Rape
- Testicular pain
- Tooth decay
- Urinary retention
- Uterine perforation
- Uterine rupture
- Vaginal trauma
- Wisdom tooth
- Wound
Urological conditions
- Balanitis circinata
- Bladder stone
- Emphysematous cystitis
- Enuresis
- Eosinophilic cystitis
- Fournier gangrene
- Fowler's syndrome
- Hydrocele
- Idiopathic hypercalcinuria
- Incontinence
- Kidney diseases
- Kidney stone disease
- Loin pain hematuria syndrome
- Lower urinary tract symptoms
- Malakoplakia
- Meningitis-retention syndrome
- Micturition syncope
- Nephrogenic adenoma
- Obstructive uropathy
- Ovarian vein syndrome
- Paruresis
- Penis clamp
- Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
- Pneumaturia
- Pseudodyssynergia
- Purple urine bag syndrome
- Renal colic
- Renal stone formation in space
- Retroperitoneal fibrosis
- Sexually transmitted diseases and infections
- Transurethral resection of the prostate syndrome
- Urinary bladder disorders
- Urinary tract infection
- Urinary tract obstruction
- Urologic disease
- Zellweger syndrome
References
Also known as Calcium stone, Calcium stones, Caliceal calculi, Caliceal calculus, Calyceal calculi, Calyceal calculus, Calyceal renal calculi, Causes of kidney stone disease, Kidney Stone, Kidney Stones, Kidney calculi, Kidney calculus, Kidneystone, Nephrolith, Nephrolithiase, Nephrolithiases, Nephrolithiasis, Renal calculi, Renal calculus, Renal lithiasis, Renal stone, Renal stones, Staghorn calculi, Staghorn calculus, Staghorn stone, Ureteral colic, Ureterolithiasis, Urethral calculus, Uric acid kidney stones, Uric acid nephrolithiasis, Urinary calculi, Urinary calculus, Urolithiases, Urolithiasis, Urolithiasis treatment.
, Chlortalidone, Chocolate, Circulatory system, Citric acid, Cola, Colectomy, Collecting duct system, Complete blood count, Corticosteroid, Costovertebral angle tenderness, Crohn's disease, Crystal growth, Crystallopathy, Crystalluria, CT scan, Cysteine, Cystine, Cystinosis, Cystinuria, De Medicina, Dehydration, Dent's disease, Diabetes, Diameter, Dietary supplement, Disease, Disk diffusion test, Distal renal tubular acidosis, Diuretic, Diverticulitis, Dornier Flugzeugwerke, Dose–response relationship, Dysuria, Edema, Electrolyte, Embryology, Endogeny (biology), Enterobacter, Enzyme, Epicurus, Extracorporeal shockwave therapy, Fanconi syndrome, Francis Bacon, Fructose, Gastrointestinal tract, Genetics, George IV, Glycine, Glycoprotein, Glycosaminoglycan, Gonad, Gout, Gut microbiota, Hematoma, Hematuria, Henry Jacob Bigelow, Herman Boerhaave, High-fructose corn syrup, Hippocratic Oath, History of China, History of India, Holmium, Homogentisic acid, Hydronephrosis, Hydroxyproline, Hypercalcaemia, Hypercalciuria, Hyperoxaluria, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypertension, Hyperuricemia, Hyperuricosuria, Hypouricemia, Idiopathic disease, Ileal conduit urinary diversion, Iminoglycinuria, Inborn errors of metabolism, Incidence (epidemiology), Indapamide, Indinavir, Inflammatory bowel disease, Injury, Internal bleeding, International unit, Intravenous therapy, Isaac Newton, Kidney, Kidney disease, Kidney failure, Kidney stone disease, Klebsiella, Laser lithotripsy, Latin, List of leaf vegetables, Lithotomy, Liver, Louis XIV, Lyndon B. Johnson, Lysis, Magnesium, Magnesium citrate, Magnesium in biology, Mayo Clinic, Medical diagnosis, Medical imaging, Medical ultrasound, Medullary sponge kidney, Merck & Co., Mesopotamia, Metabolic syndrome, Metabolism, Metabolite, Methionine, Michel de Montaigne, Middle East, Mineral, Minimally invasive procedure, Morganella morganii, Mortality rate, Multimodal distribution, Mummy, Napoleon, Napoleon III, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Nephrocalcinosis, Nephrology, Nephrostomy, Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, Neutrophil, Neutrophilia, Nifedipine, Nitrazine, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Nucleation, Nurses' Health Study, Obesity, Obstructive uropathy, Oliver Cromwell, Operation of computed tomography, Opioid, Optical fiber, Osteopontin, Oxalate, Oxalobacter formigenes, Paracetamol, Pelvis, Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, Peristalsis, Peter the Great, PH, Phlebolith, Phosphate, Phosphoric acid, Placebo, Pleomorphism (cytology), Potassium, Potassium citrate, Precipitation (chemistry), Primary hyperoxaluria, Proline, Prospective cohort study, Protein, Protein (nutrient), Proteus (bacterium), Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia (bacterium), Pyelogram, Pyelonephritis, Pyonephrosis, Radiocontrast agent, Radiodensity, Radiography, Radiology, Red blood cell, Reference Daily Intake, Renal calyx, Renal colic, Renal medulla, Renal pelvis, Renal stone formation in space, Renal tubular acidosis, Renal ultrasonography, Reproductive system, Retrospective cohort study, Rhubarb, Risk–benefit ratio, Ruminant, S100 protein, Saducismus Triumphatus, Samuel Pepys, Seed crystal, Serratia, Serum (blood), Sigmoid colon, Signs and symptoms, Sodium, Sodium bicarbonate, Solubility, Solution (chemistry), Solvation, Solvent, Soybean, Spasm, Spinal cord injury, Struvite, Sugar, Sulfadiazine, Supersaturation, Suprapubic cystostomy, Sushruta, Tamsulosin, Tea strainer, Thiazide, Thiazide-like diuretic, Thrombin, Topical anesthetic, Transverse plane, Triamterene, Ulcerative colitis, Ultrasound, United States, United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Public Health Service, University of Chicago, UpToDate, Urea, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Urease, Ureter, Ureteral stent, Ureteroscopy, Urethrostomy, Uric acid, Urinalysis, Urinary cast, Urinary system, Urinary tract infection, Urination, Urine, Urology, Uromodulin, Uronic acid, Vesicoureteral reflux, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Watchful waiting, Water fluoridation, Western pattern diet, Western world, White blood cell, White paper, William Harvey, Women's Health Initiative, X-ray, Xanthine, Xanthinuria, Yttrium aluminium garnet, 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine.