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91 relations: Actinopterygii, Algae, Alpha helix, Amacrine cell, Amino acid, Archaea, Archaerhodopsin, Bacteria, Bacteriorhodopsin, Baldwin Wallace University, Bilateria, Catfish, Channelrhodopsin, Chlorophyll, Chromophore, Circadian rhythm, Cis–trans isomerism, Cnidaria, Color vision, Cone cell, Cryptochrome, Cytoplasm, Depolarization, Ecdysozoa, Eukaryote, Fungus, G protein–coupled receptor, Ganglion cell layer, Gene, Gnathostomata, Habenula, Haloarchaea, Halorhodopsin, Hyperpolarization (biology), Hypothalamus, Inner plexiform layer, Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, Intron, Lamprey, Lancelet, Light-gated ion channel, Limulus, Lysine, Melanopsin, Microbial rhodopsin, Monotreme, Muller glia, Neurospora, Ommatidium, OPN1LW, ..., OPN1MW, OPN1SW, OPN3, OPN5, Optogenetics, Outer plexiform layer, Photon, Photopsin, Photoreceptor cell, Phototaxis, Phylogenetic tree, Phytochrome, Pineal gland, Platynereis dumerilii, Prokaryote, Protein, Proteorhodopsin, Pupillary light reflex, Retina, Retinal G protein coupled receptor, Retinal pigment epithelium, Retinylidene protein, Rhodopsin, Rhopalium, Rod cell, RRH, Scallop, Sea anemone, Sensory rhodopsin II, Sequence homology, Signal transduction, Site-directed mutagenesis, Teleost, Theria, TOG superfamily, Trichoplax, Unified atomic mass unit, Visual perception, Visual phototransduction, Vitamin A, Volvox. Expand index (41 more) »
Actinopterygii
Actinopterygii, or the ray-finned fishes, constitute a class or subclass of the bony fishes.
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Algae
Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.
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Alpha helix
The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a righthand-spiral conformation (i.e. helix) in which every backbone N−H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C.
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Amacrine cell
Amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Archaea
Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.
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Archaerhodopsin
Archaerhodopsin (alternatively known as bacterio-opsin) is a family of receptor proteins that respond to light, found in Archaea.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacteriorhodopsin
Bacteriorhodopsin is a protein used by Archaea, most notably by Halobacteria, a class of the Euryarchaeota.
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Baldwin Wallace University
Baldwin Wallace University is a four-year private, coeducational, liberal arts college in Berea, Ohio, United States.
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Bilateria
The Bilateria or bilaterians, or triploblasts, are animals with bilateral symmetry, i.e., they have a head (anterior) and a tail (posterior) as well as a back (dorsal) and a belly (ventral); therefore they also have a left side and a right side.
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Catfish
Catfish (or catfishes; order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish.
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Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels.
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Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.
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Chromophore
A chromophore is the part of a molecule responsible for its color.
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Circadian rhythm
A circadian rhythm is any biological process that displays an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours.
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Cis–trans isomerism
Cis–trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism or configurational isomerism, is a term used in organic chemistry.
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Cnidaria
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic (freshwater and marine) environments: they are predominantly marine species.
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Color vision
Color vision is the ability of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit.
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Cone cell
Cone cells, or cones, are one of three types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of mammalian eyes (e.g. the human eye).
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Cryptochrome
Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Depolarization
In biology, depolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell.
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Ecdysozoa
Ecdysozoa is a group of protostome animals, including Arthropoda (insects, chelicerata, crustaceans, and myriapods), Nematoda, and several smaller phyla.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.
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Ganglion cell layer
The ganglion cell layer (ganglionic layer) is a layer of the retina that consists of retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates.
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Habenula
In neuroanatomy, habenula (diminutive of Latin habena meaning rein) originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland (pineal habenula; pedunculus of pineal body), but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus.
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Haloarchaea
Haloarchaea (halophilic archaea, halophilic archaebacteria, halobacteria) are a class of the Euryarchaeota, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt.
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Halorhodopsin
Halorhodopsin is a light-gated ion pump, specific for chloride ions, found in archaea, known as halobacteria.
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Hyperpolarization (biology)
Hyperpolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative.
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus(from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.
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Inner plexiform layer
The inner plexiform layer is an area of the retina that is made up of a dense reticulum of fibrils formed by interlaced dendrites of retinal ganglion cells and cells of the inner nuclear layer.
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Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), also called photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGC), or melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), are a type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye.
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Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product.
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Lamprey
Lampreys (sometimes also called, inaccurately, lamprey eels) are an ancient lineage of jawless fish of the order Petromyzontiformes, placed in the superclass Cyclostomata.
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Lancelet
The lancelets — also known as amphioxi (singular, amphioxus) consist of about 32 species of fish-like marine chordates in the order Amphioxiformes.
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Light-gated ion channel
Light-gated ion channels are a family of ion channels regulated by electromagnetic radiation.
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Limulus
Limulus is a genus of horseshoe crab, with one extant species, the Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus).
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Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Melanopsin
Melanopsin is a type of photopigment belonging to a larger family of light-sensitive retinal proteins called opsins and encoded by the gene Opn4.
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Microbial rhodopsin
Microbial rhodopsin, also known as type-I rhodopsin, is a photochemically active membrane protein composed of seven transmembrane alpha-helices with a retinal chromophore.
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Monotreme
Monotremes are one of the three main groups of living mammals, along with placentals (Eutheria) and marsupials (Metatheria).
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Muller glia
Müller glia, or Müller cells, are a type of retinal glial cells, first recognized and described by Heinrich Müller.
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Neurospora
Neurospora is a genus of Ascomycete fungi.
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Ommatidium
The compound eyes of arthropods like insects, crustaceans and millipedes are composed of units called ommatidia (singular: ommatidium).
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OPN1LW
OPN1LW is a gene on the X chromosome that encodes for long wave sensitive (LWS) opsin, or red cone photopigment.
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OPN1MW
Green-sensitive opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN1MW gene.
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OPN1SW
Blue-sensitive opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN1SW gene.
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OPN3
Opsin-3 also known as encephalopsin or panopsin is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the OPN3 gene.
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OPN5
Neuropsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN5 gene.
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Optogenetics
Optogenetics is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels.
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Outer plexiform layer
The outer plexiform layer (external plexiform layer) is a layer of neuronal synapses in the retina of the eye.
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Photon
The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).
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Photopsin
Photopsins (also known as Cone opsins) are the photoreceptor proteins found in the cone cells of the retina that are the basis of color vision.
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Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction.
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Phototaxis
Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves towards or away from stimulus of light.
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Phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.
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Phytochrome
Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor in plants, bacteria and fungi use to detect light.
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Pineal gland
The pineal gland, also known as the conarium, kônarion or epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain.
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Platynereis dumerilii
Platynereis dumerilii is a species of annelids.
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Prokaryote
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Proteorhodopsin
Proteorhodopsin (also known as pRhodopsin) is a family of over 50 photoactive retinylidene proteins, a larger family of transmembrane proteins that use retinal as a chromophore for light-mediated functionality, in this case, a proton pump.
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Pupillary light reflex
The pupillary light reflex (PLR) or photopupillary reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the retinal ganglion cells of the retina in the back of the eye, thereby assisting in adaptation to various levels of lightness/darkness.
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Retina
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
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Retinal G protein coupled receptor
RPE-retinal G protein-coupled receptor also known as RGR-opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGR gene.
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Retinal pigment epithelium
The pigmented layer of retina or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells.
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Retinylidene protein
Retinylidene protein, is a family of proteins that use retinal as a chromophore for light reception.
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Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin (also known as visual purple) is a light-sensitive receptor protein involved in visual phototransduction.
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Rhopalium
Rhopalia (singular: rhopalium) are small sensory structures of Scyphozoa (typical jellyfish) and Cubozoa (box jellies).
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Rod cell
Rod cells are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells.
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RRH
Peropsin, a visual pigment-like receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRH gene.
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Scallop
Scallop is a common name that is primarily applied to any one of numerous species of saltwater clams or marine bivalve mollusks in the taxonomic family Pectinidae, the scallops.
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Sea anemone
Sea anemones are a group of marine, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria.
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Sensory rhodopsin II
Sensory rhodopsin II (SRII), also known as pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR), is a membrane protein of archaea, responsible for generation of phototaxis signal.
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Sequence homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life.
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Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.
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Site-directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.
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Teleost
The teleosts or Teleostei (Greek: teleios, "complete" + osteon, "bone") are by far the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, and make up 96% of all extant species of fish.
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Theria
Theria (Greek: θηρίον, wild beast) is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes (the sister taxa to Yinotheria).
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TOG superfamily
The transporter-opsin-G protein-coupled receptor (TOG) superfamily is a protein superfamily of integral membrane proteins, usually of 7 or 8 transmembrane alpha-helical segments (TMSs).
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Trichoplax
Trichoplax adhaerens is the only extant representative of phylum Placozoa, which is a basal group of multicellular animals (metazoa).
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Unified atomic mass unit
The unified atomic mass unit or dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).
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Visual perception
Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum reflected by the objects in the environment.
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Visual phototransduction
Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction of the visual system.
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Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids (most notably beta-carotene).
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Volvox
Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin
