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222 relations: Abessive case, Ablative case, Absolutive case, Accusative case, Active voice, Active–stative language, Adessive case, Adjective, Adverbial, Adverbial case, Affirmation and negation, Agent (grammar), Agreement (linguistics), Allative case, Allocutive agreement, Andative and venitive, Animacy, Antessive case, Anticausative verb, Antipassive voice, Aorist, Applicative voice, Apposition, Argument (linguistics), Article (grammar), Associative case, Assumptive mood, Attributive, Augmentative, Austronesian alignment, Auxiliary verb, Aversive case, Benefactive case, Causative, Circumfix, Classifier (linguistics), Clusivity, Code-switching, Comitative case, Comparative, Comparison (grammar), Complementizer, Conditional mood, Conditional sentence, Conjunction (grammar), Consequential mood, Continuative aspect, Continuous and progressive aspects, Contrast (linguistics), Converb, ..., Copula (linguistics), Coreference, Counterfactual conditional, Covert (linguistics), Crastinal tense, Dative case, Definiteness, Deixis, Delative case, Deliberative mood, Delimitative aspect, Demonstrative, Deontic modality, Desiderative mood, Determiner, Diminutive, Direct case, Discourse marker, Distributive case, Ditransitive verb, Dual (grammatical number), Dubitative mood, Dyadic kinship term, Elative case, Epenthesis, Epistemic modality, Ergative case, Essive case, Evidentiality, Exessive case, Existential clause, Finite verb, Focus (linguistics), Frequentative, Future, Future tense, Genitive case, Gerund, Gnomic aspect, Grammatical aspect, Grammatical gender, Grammatical mood, Grammatical number, Grammatical particle, Grammatical person, Grammatical tense, Habitual aspect, Hearsay, Hesternal tense, Historical present, Hodiernal tense, Honorifics (linguistics), Hortative, Hypothetical mood, Ideophone, Illative case, Imperative mood, Imperfect, Imperfective aspect, Impersonal verb, Imprecative mood, Inalienable possession, Inchoative aspect, Indirect speech, Inelative case, Inessive case, Inferential mood, Infinitive, Inflection, Instrumental case, Intensifier, Interlinear gloss, Interrogative, Interrogative word, Intransitive case, Intransitive verb, Inversion (linguistics), Irrealis mood, Iterative aspect, Japanese particles, Jussive mood, Lative case, Lemma (morphology), Linguistic modality, Locative case, Logical disjunction, Logophoricity, Mirative, Modal case, Multiplicative case, Nominalization, Nominative case, Non-finite clause, Nonfinite verb, Null morpheme, Numeral (linguistics), Object (grammar), Oblique case, Obviative, Onomatopoeia, Optative mood, Participle, Partitive case, Past tense, Patient (grammar), Pegative case, Perfect (grammar), Perfective aspect, Perlative case, Phrase, Pluractionality, Plural, Polypersonal agreement, Possession (linguistics), Possessive, Postelative case, Postessive case, Predicate (grammar), Predicative, Preposition and postposition, Prepositional case, Present tense, Preterite, Prolative case, Pronoun, Proper noun, Propositive mood, Prospective aspect, Question, Quotative, Realis mood, Reciprocal (grammar), Reflexive pronoun, Reflexive verb, Register (sociolinguistics), Relative and absolute tense, Relativizer, Resultative, Resumptive pronoun, Retrospective, Role and reference grammar, Sensory evidential mood, Singulative number, Specifier (linguistics), Speculative mood, Stative verb, Subessive case, Subject (grammar), Subjunctive mood, Sublative case, Subordination (linguistics), Superessive case, Supine, Switch-reference, Syntactic expletive, T–V distinction, Telicity, Temporal case, Tense–aspect–mood, Terminative case, Topic and comment, Transitive case, Transitive verb, Transitivity (grammar), Translative case, Verb, Verbal, Verbal noun, Veridicality, Vocative case, Voice (grammar), Volitive modality. Expand index (172 more) »
Abessive case
In linguistics, abessive (abbreviated or), caritive and privative (abbreviated) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun.
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Ablative case
The ablative case (sometimes abbreviated) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns and adjectives in the grammar of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses.
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Absolutive case
The absolutive case (abbreviated) is the unmarked grammatical case of a core argument of a verb (generally other than the nominative) that is used as the citation form of a noun.
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Accusative case
The accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb.
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Active voice
Active voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages.
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Active–stative language
An active–stative language (active language for short), also commonly called a split intransitive language, is a language in which the sole argument ("subject") of an intransitive clause (often symbolized as S) is sometimes marked in the same way as an agent of a transitive verb (that is, like a subject such as "I" or "she" in English) but other times in the same way as a direct object (such as "me" or "her" in English).
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Adessive case
In Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian, the adessive case (abbreviated; from Latin adesse "to be present") is the fourth of the locative cases with the basic meaning of "on".
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Adjective
In linguistics, an adjective (abbreviated) is a describing word, the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
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Adverbial
In grammar, an adverbial (abbreviated) is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause) that modifies or more closely defines the sentence or the verb.
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Adverbial case
The adverbial case (abbreviated) is a noun case in Abkhaz and Georgian with a function similar to that of the translative and essive cases in Finnic languages.
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Affirmation and negation
In linguistics and grammar, affirmation and negation (abbreviated respectively and) are the ways that grammar encode negative and positive polarity in verb phrases, clauses, or other utterances.
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Agent (grammar)
In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the thematic relation of the cause or initiator to an event.
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Agreement (linguistics)
Agreement or concord (abbreviated) happens when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates.
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Allative case
Allative case (abbreviated; from Latin allāt-, afferre "to bring to") is a type of locative case.
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Allocutive agreement
In linguistics, allocutive agreement (abbreviated or) refers to a morphological feature in which the gender of an addressee is marked overtly in an utterance using fully grammaticalized markersTrask, L. The History of Basque Routledge: 1997 even if the addressee is not referred to in the utterance.
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Andative and venitive
In linguistics, andative and venitive (abbreviated and) are a type of verbal deixis, verb forms which indicate 'going' or 'coming' motion in reference to a particular location or person, respectively.
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Animacy
Animacy is a grammatical and semantic principle expressed in language based on how sentient or alive the referent of a noun is.
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Antessive case
The antessive case (abbreviated) is used for marking the spatial relation of preceding or being before.
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Anticausative verb
An anticausative verb (abbreviated) is an intransitive verb that shows an event affecting its subject, while giving no semantic or syntactic indication of the cause of the event.
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Antipassive voice
The antipassive voice (abbreviated or) is a type of grammatical voice that either does not include the object or includes the object in an oblique case.
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Aorist
Aorist (abbreviated) verb forms usually express perfective aspect and refer to past events, similar to a preterite.
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Applicative voice
The applicative voice (abbreviated or) is a grammatical voice that promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the (core) object argument, and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb.
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Apposition
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way; the two elements are said to be in apposition.
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Argument (linguistics)
In linguistics, an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate, the latter referring in this context to a main verb and its auxiliaries.
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Article (grammar)
An article (with the linguistic glossing abbreviation) is a word that is used with a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, and in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope.
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Associative case
The Associative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case related to Comitative case, although the two are not identical.
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Assumptive mood
The assumptive mood (abbreviated) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that the statement is assumed to be true, because it usually is under similar circumstances, although there may not be any specific evidence that it is true in this particular case.
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Attributive
In grammar, an attributive is a word or phrase within a noun phrase that modifies the head noun.
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Augmentative
An augmentative (abbreviated) is a morphological form of a word which expresses greater intensity, often in size but also in other attributes.
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Austronesian alignment
Austronesian alignment, commonly known as the Philippine-type voice system, is a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment in which "one argument can be marked as having a special relationship to the verb".
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Auxiliary verb
An auxiliary verb (abbreviated) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears, such as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc.
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Aversive case
The aversive or evitative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case found in Australian Aboriginal languages that indicates that the marked noun is avoided or feared.
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Benefactive case
The benefactive case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used where English would use "for", "for the benefit of", or "intended for", e.g. "She opened the door for Tom" or "This book is for Bob".
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Causative
In linguistics, a causative (abbreviated) is a valency-increasing operationPayne, Thomas E. (1997).
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Circumfix
A circumfix (abbreviated) or confix is an affix which has two parts, one placed at the start of a word, and the other at the end.
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Classifier (linguistics)
A classifier (abbreviated or), sometimes called a measure word or counter word, is a word or affix that is used to accompany nouns and can be considered to "classify" a noun depending on the type of its referent.
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Clusivity
In linguistics, clusivity is a grammatical distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive "we" and exclusive "we".
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Code-switching
In linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation.
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Comitative case
The comitative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case that denotes accompaniment.
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Comparative
In linguistics, the comparative is a syntactic construction that serves to express a comparison between two (or more) entities or groups of entities in quality, or degree.
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Comparison (grammar)
Comparison is a feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages, whereby adjectives and adverbs are inflected or modified to indicate the relative degree of the property defined by the adjective or adverb.
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Complementizer
In linguistics (especially generative grammar), complementizer or complementiser (glossing abbreviation) is a lexical category (part of speech) that includes those words that can be used to turn a clause into the subject or object of a sentence.
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Conditional mood
The conditional mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood used to express a proposition whose validity is dependent on some condition, possibly counterfactual.
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Conditional sentence
Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences.
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Conjunction (grammar)
In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjoining construction.
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Consequential mood
The consequential mood (abbreviated, less often or) is a verb form used in some Eskimo–Aleut languages to mark dependent adverbial clauses for reason ('because') or time ('when').
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Continuative aspect
The continuative aspect (abbreviated or) is a grammatical aspect representing actions that are 'still' happening.
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Continuous and progressive aspects
The continuous and progressive aspects (abbreviated and) are grammatical aspects that express incomplete action ("to do") or state ("to be") in progress at a specific time: they are non-habitual, imperfective aspects.
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Contrast (linguistics)
In semantics, contrast is a relationship between two discourse segments.
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Converb
In theoretical linguistics, a converb (abbreviated) is a nonfinite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination: notions like 'when', 'because', 'after' and 'while'.
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Copula (linguistics)
In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or copulae; abbreviated) is a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement), such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue." The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things.
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Coreference
In linguistics, coreference, sometimes written co-reference, occurs when two or more expressions in a text refer to the same person or thing; they have the same referent, e.g. Bill said he would come; the proper noun Bill and the pronoun he refer to the same person, namely to Bill.
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Counterfactual conditional
A counterfactual conditional (abbreviated), is a conditional containing an if-clause which is contrary to fact.
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Covert (linguistics)
In linguistics, a feature of a word or phrase is said to be covert if there is no surface evidence of its existence within that word or phrase.
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Crastinal tense
A crastinal tense (abbreviated) is a future tense applied to a following or subsequent day.
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Dative case
The dative case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate, among other uses, the noun to which something is given, as in "Maria Jacobī potum dedit", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink".
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Definiteness
In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases (NPs), distinguishing between referents/entities that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and entities which are not (indefinite noun phrases).
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Deixis
In linguistics, deixis refers to words and phrases, such as “me” or “here”, that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information -- in this case, the identity of the speaker (“me”) and the speaker's location (“here”).
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Delative case
The delative case (abbreviated; from Latin deferre "to bear or bring away or down") in the Hungarian language originally expressed the movement from the surface of something (e.g. "off the table"), but has also taken on several other meanings (e.g. "about people"), some of which are related to the original (e.g. "from the post office").
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Deliberative mood
Deliberative mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood that asks whether the speaker should do something, e. g. "Shall I go to the market?" The Afar language has a deliberative mood, as in aboo "Shall I do (it)?", with the suffix -oo denoting the deliberative.
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Delimitative aspect
The delimitative aspect is a grammatical construct that indicates that a situation lasts only a certain amount of time.
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Demonstrative
Demonstratives (abbreviated) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.
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Deontic modality
Deontic modality (abbreviated) is a linguistic modality that indicates how the world ought to be according to certain norms, expectations, speaker desire, etc.
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Desiderative mood
In linguistics, a desiderative (abbreviated or) form is one that has the meaning of "wanting to X".
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Determiner
A determiner, also called determinative (abbreviated), is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context.
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Diminutive
A diminutive is a word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment.
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Direct case
A direct case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case used with all three core relations: both the agent and patient of transitive verbs and the argument of intransitive verbs, though not always at the same time.
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Discourse marker
A discourse marker is a word or a phrase that plays a role in managing the flow and structure of discourse.
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Distributive case
The distributive case (abbreviated) is used on nouns for the meanings of per or each. In Hungarian it is -nként and expresses the manner when something happens to each member of a set one by one (e.g., fejenként "per head", esetenként "in some case"), or the frequency in time (hetenként "once a week", tízpercenként "every ten minutes").
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Ditransitive verb
In grammar, a ditransitive verb is a verb which takes a subject and two objects which refer to a theme and a recipient.
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Dual (grammatical number)
Dual (abbreviated) is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural.
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Dubitative mood
Dubitative mood (abbreviated) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, that indicates that the statement is dubious, doubtful, or uncertain.
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Dyadic kinship term
Dyadic kinship terms (abbreviated or) are kinship terms in a few languages that express the relationship between individuals as they relate one to the other.
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Elative case
Elative (abbreviated; from Latin efferre "to bring or carry out") is a locative case with the basic meaning "out of".
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Epenthesis
In phonology, epenthesis (Greek) means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word (at the beginning prothesis and at the end paragoge are commonly used).
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Epistemic modality
Epistemic modality is a sub-type of linguistic modality that deals with a speaker's evaluation/judgment of, degree of confidence in, or belief of the knowledge upon which a proposition is based.
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Ergative case
The ergative case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that identifies the noun as a subject of a transitive verb in ergative–absolutive languages.
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Essive case
The essive case, or similaris case (abbreviated) is one example of a grammatical case, an inflectional morphological process by which a form is altered or marked to indicate its grammatical function.
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Evidentiality
In linguistics, evidentiality is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and if so what kind.
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Exessive case
The exessive case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case that denotes a transition away from a state.
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Existential clause
An existential clause is a clause that refers to the existence or presence of something.
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Finite verb
A finite verb is a form of a verb that has a subject (expressed or implied) and can function as the root of an independent clause; an independent clause can, in turn, stand alone as a complete sentence.
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Focus (linguistics)
Focus (abbreviated) is a grammatical category that determines which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information.
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Frequentative
In grammar, a frequentative form (abbreviated or) of a word is one that indicates repeated action, but is not to be confused with iterative aspect.
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Future
The future is what will happen in the time after the present.
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Future tense
In grammar, a future tense (abbreviated) is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future.
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Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive (abbreviated); also called the second case, is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun.
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Gerund
A gerund (abbreviated) is any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages, most often, but not exclusively, one that functions as a noun.
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Gnomic aspect
The gnomic (abbreviated), also called neutral, generic, or universal aspect, mood, or tense, is a grammatical feature (which may refer to aspect, mood, or tense) that expresses general truths or aphorisms.
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Grammatical aspect
Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over time.
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Grammatical gender
In linguistics, grammatical gender is a specific form of noun class system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the language, such as adjectives, articles, pronouns, or verbs.
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Grammatical mood
In linguistics, grammatical mood (also mode) is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality.
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Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two", or "three or more").
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Grammatical particle
In grammar the term particle (abbreviated) has a traditional meaning, as a part of speech that cannot be inflected, and a modern meaning, as a function word associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning.
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Grammatical person
Grammatical person, in linguistics, is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).
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Grammatical tense
In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference with reference to the moment of speaking.
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Habitual aspect
In linguistics, the aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state.
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Hearsay
Hearsay evidence is "an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of matter asserted".
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Hesternal tense
A hesternal tense (abbreviated) is a past tense for the previous day.
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Historical present
In linguistics and rhetoric, the historical present or historic present (also called dramatic present or narrative present) is the employment of the present tense when narrating past events.
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Hodiernal tense
A hodiernal tense (abbreviated) is a grammatical tense for the current day.
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Honorifics (linguistics)
In linguistics, an honorific (abbreviated) is a grammatical or morphosyntactic form that encodes the relative social status of the participants of the conversation.
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Hortative
In linguistics, hortative modalities (abbreviated) are verbal expressions used by the speaker to encourage or discourage an action.
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Hypothetical mood
Hypothetical mood (abbreviated) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages (for example Lakota) which indicates that while a statement is not actually true, it could easily have been.
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Ideophone
Ideophones are words that evoke an idea in sound, often a vivid impression of certain sensations or sensory perceptions, e.g. sound (onomatopoeia), movement, color, shape, or action.
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Illative case
Illative (abbreviated; from Latin illatus "brought in") is, in the Finnish language, the Estonian language, the Lithuanian language, and the Hungarian language, the third of the locative cases with the basic meaning of "into (the inside of)".
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Imperative mood
The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request.
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Imperfect
The imperfect (abbreviated) is a verb form, found in various languages, which combines past tense (reference to a past time) and imperfective aspect (reference to a continuing or repeated event or state).
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Imperfective aspect
The imperfective (abbreviated or more ambiguously) is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed with interior composition.
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Impersonal verb
In linguistics, an impersonal verb is one that has no determinate subject.
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Imprecative mood
Some languages distinguish between the optative mood and an imprecative mood (abbreviated). In these languages, the imprecative mood is used to wish misfortune upon others, whereas the optative mood is used for wishes in general.
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Inalienable possession
In linguistics, inalienable possession (abbreviated) is a type of possession in which a noun is obligatorily possessed by its possessor.
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Inchoative aspect
Inchoative aspect (abbreviated or) is a grammatical aspect, referring to the beginning of a state.
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Indirect speech
Indirect speech is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech.
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Inelative case
The inelative case (abbreviated) expresses the notion "from inside" (i.e. "out of").
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Inessive case
Inessive case (abbreviated; from Latin inesse "to be in or at") is a locative grammatical case.
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Inferential mood
The inferential mood (abbreviated or) is used to report a nonwitnessed event without confirming it, but the same forms also function as admiratives in the Balkan languages in which they occur.
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Infinitive
Infinitive (abbreviated) is a grammatical term referring to certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs.
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Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion – sometimes called accidence – is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, and mood.
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Instrumental case
The instrumental case (abbreviated or) is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.
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Intensifier
Intensifier (abbreviated) is a linguistic term (but not a proper lexical category) for a modifier that makes no contribution to the propositional meaning of a clause but serves to enhance and give additional emotional context to the word it modifies.
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Interlinear gloss
In linguistics and pedagogy, an interlinear gloss is a gloss (series of brief explanations, such as definitions or pronunciations) placed between lines (inter- + linear), such as between a line of original text and its translation into another language.
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Interrogative
Interrogative is a term used in grammar to refer to features that form questions.
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Interrogative word
An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question, such as what, when, where, who, whom, why, and how.
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Intransitive case
The intransitive case (abbreviated), also denominated passive case or patient case is a grammatical case used in some languages to mark the argument of an intransitive verb, but not used with transitive verbs.
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Intransitive verb
In grammar, an intransitive verb does not allow a direct object.
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Inversion (linguistics)
In linguistics, inversion is any of several grammatical constructions where two expressions switch their canonical order of appearance, that is, they invert.
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Irrealis mood
In linguistics, irrealis moods (abbreviated) are the main set of grammatical moods that indicate that a certain situation or action is not known to have happened as the speaker is talking.
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Iterative aspect
The iterative aspect (abbreviated), also called "semelfactive", "event-internal pluractionality", or "multiplicative", is a grammatical aspect that expresses the repetition of an event observable on one single occasion, as in 'he knocked on the door', 'he coughed', 'she is drumming', etc.
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Japanese particles
Japanese particles, or, are suffixes or short words in Japanese grammar that immediately follow the modified noun, verb, adjective, or sentence.
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Jussive mood
The jussive (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood of verbs for issuing orders, commanding, or exhorting (within a subjunctive framework).
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Lative case
Lative (abbreviated) is a case which indicates motion to a location.
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Lemma (morphology)
In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of words (headword).
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Linguistic modality
In linguistics, modality is a feature of language that allows for communicating things about, or based on, situations which need not be actual.
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Locative case
Locative (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates a location.
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Logical disjunction
In logic and mathematics, or is the truth-functional operator of (inclusive) disjunction, also known as alternation; the or of a set of operands is true if and only if one or more of its operands is true.
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Logophoricity
Logophoricity is the binding relation that holds between a special class of pronouns and their antecedents.
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Mirative
Mirativity, initially proposed by Scott DeLancey, is a grammatical category in a language, independent of evidentiality, that encodes the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind.
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Modal case
In linguistics, the modal case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case used to express ability, intention, necessity, obligation, permission, possibility, etc.
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Multiplicative case
The multiplicative case (abbreviated or) is a grammatical case used for marking a number of something ("three times").
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Nominalization
In linguistics, nominalization or nominalisation is the use of a word which is not a noun (e.g., a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase, with or without morphological transformation.
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Nominative case
The nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments.
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Non-finite clause
In linguistics, a non-finite clause is a dependent or embedded clause whose verbal chain is non-finite; for example, using Priscian's categories for Latin verb forms, in many languages we find texts with non-finite clauses containing infinitives, participles and gerunds.
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Nonfinite verb
A nonfinite verb is of any of several verb forms that are not finite verbs; they cannot perform action as the root of an independent clause.
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Null morpheme
In morphology, a null morpheme or zero morpheme is a morpheme that has no phonetic form.
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Numeral (linguistics)
In linguistics, a numeral is a member of a part of speech characterized by the designation of numbers; some examples are the English word 'two' and the compound 'seventy-seventh'.
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Object (grammar)
Traditional grammar defines the object in a sentence as the entity that is acted upon by the subject.
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Oblique case
In grammar, an oblique (abbreviated; from casus obliquus) or objective case (abbr.) is a nominal case that is used when a noun phrase is the object of either a verb or a preposition.
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Obviative
Obviative (abbreviated) third person is a grammatical-person marking that distinguishes a non-salient (obviative) third-person referent from a more salient (proximate) third-person referent in a given discourse context.
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Onomatopoeia
An onomatopoeia (from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία; ὄνομα for "name" and ποιέω for "I make", adjectival form: "onomatopoeic" or "onomatopoetic") is a word that phonetically imitates, resembles or suggests the sound that it describes.
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Optative mood
The optative mood or (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope.
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Participle
A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
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Partitive case
The partitive case (abbreviated or more ambiguously) is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific identity".
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Past tense
The past tense (abbreviated) is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to place an action or situation in past time.
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Patient (grammar)
In linguistics, a grammatical patient, also called the target or undergoer, is the participant of a situation upon whom an action is carried out or the thematic relation such a participant has with an action.
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Pegative case
In linguistics, the pegative case (abbreviated) is a hypothetical grammatical case that prototypically marks the agent of an action of giving.
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Perfect (grammar)
The perfect tense or aspect (abbreviated or) is a verb form that indicates that an action or circumstance occurred earlier than the time under consideration, often focusing attention on the resulting state rather than on the occurrence itself.
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Perfective aspect
The perfective aspect (abbreviated), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect used to describe an action viewed as a simple whole—a unit without interior composition.
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Perlative case
The perlative case (abbreviated) "expresses that something moved 'through', 'across', or 'along' the referent of the noun that is marked." The case is found in a number of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Kuku-Yalanji as well as in Aymara, Inuktitut, and the extinct Tocharian languages.
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Phrase
In everyday speech, a phrase may be any group of words, often carrying a special idiomatic meaning; in this sense it is roughly synonymous with expression.
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Pluractionality
Pluractionality, or verbal number, if not used in its aspectual sense, is a grammatical device that indicates that the action or participants of a verb is/are plural.
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Plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.
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Polypersonal agreement
In linguistics, polypersonal agreement or polypersonalism is the agreement of a verb with more than one of its arguments (usually up to four).
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Possession (linguistics)
Possession, in the context of linguistics, is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, the referent of one of which (the possessor) in some sense possesses (owns, has as a part, rules over, etc.) the referent of the other (the possessed).
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Possessive
A possessive form (abbreviated) is a word or grammatical construction used to indicate a relationship of possession in a broad sense.
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Postelative case
In linguistics, the postelative case (abbreviated) is a noun case that indicates location from behind.
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Postessive case
In linguistics, the postessive case (abbreviated) is a noun case that indicates position behind something.
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Predicate (grammar)
There are two competing notions of the predicate in theories of grammar.
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Predicative
Predicative may mean.
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Preposition and postposition
Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in English, simply prepositions), are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
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Prepositional case
Prepositional case (abbreviated) and postpositional case (abbreviated) are grammatical cases that respectively mark the object of a preposition and a postposition.
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Present tense
The present tense (abbreviated or) is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in present time.
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Preterite
The preterite (abbreviated or) is a grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past.
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Prolative case
The prolative case (abbreviated), also called the vialis case (abbreviated), prosecutive case (abbreviated), traversal case, mediative case, or translative case,Haspelmath, Martin.
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Pronoun
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated) is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.
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Proper noun
A proper noun is a noun that in its primary application refers to a unique entity, such as London, Jupiter, Sarah, or Microsoft, as distinguished from a common noun, which usually refers to a class of entities (city, planet, person, corporation), or non-unique instances of a specific class (a city, another planet, these persons, our corporation).
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Propositive mood
The propositive mood (abbreviated) expresses proposals or suggestions as a grammatical mood.
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Prospective aspect
In linguistics, the prospective aspect (abbreviated or) is a grammatical aspect describing an event that occurs subsequent to a given reference time.
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Question
A question is a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or the request made using such an expression.
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Quotative
A quotative (abbreviated) is a grammatical device to mark quoted speech in some languages, and as such it preserves the grammatical person and tense of the original utterance rather than adjusting it as would be the case with reported speech.
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Realis mood
A realis mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentences.
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Reciprocal (grammar)
A reciprocal (abbreviated) is a linguistic structure that marks a particular kind of relationship between two noun phrases.
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Reflexive pronoun
In language, a reflexive pronoun, sometimes simply called a reflexive, is a pronoun that is preceded or followed by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause.
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Reflexive verb
In grammar, a reflexive verb is, loosely, a verb whose direct object is the same as its subject, for example, "I wash myself".
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Register (sociolinguistics)
In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
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Relative and absolute tense
Relative tense and absolute tense are distinct possible uses of the grammatical category of tense.
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Relativizer
In linguistics, a relativizer (abbreviated) is a type of conjunction that introduces a relative clause.
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Resultative
In linguistics, a resultative (abbreviated) is a form that expresses that something or someone has undergone a change in state as the result of the completion of an event.
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Resumptive pronoun
A resumptive pronoun is a personal pronoun appearing in a relative clause, which restates the antecedent after a pause or interruption (such as an embedded clause, series of adjectives, or a wh-island).
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Retrospective
A retrospective (from Latin retrospectare, "look back"), generally, is a look back at events that took place, or works that were produced, in the past.
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Role and reference grammar
Role and reference grammar (RRG) is a model of grammar developed by William A. Foley and Robert Van Valin, Jr. in the 1980s, which incorporates many of the points of view of current functional grammar theories.
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Sensory evidential mood
The sensory evidential mood (abbreviated) is an epistemic grammatical mood, or group of moods, found in some languages, that indicates that the utterance is based on what the speaker has seen with their own eyes, or heard with their own ears.
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Singulative number
In linguistics, singulative number and collective number (abbreviated and) are terms used when the grammatical number for multiple items is the unmarked form of a noun, and the noun is specially marked to indicate a single item.
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Specifier (linguistics)
In X-bar theory in linguistics, specifiers, head words, complements and adjuncts together form phrases.
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Speculative mood
Speculative mood (abbreviated) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that the utterance is based on speculation of the speaker, and not necessarily known to be the case.
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Stative verb
In linguistics, a stative verb is one that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action.
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Subessive case
The subessive case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case indicating location under or below something.
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Subject (grammar)
The subject in a simple English sentence such as John runs, John is a teacher, or John was hit by a car is the person or thing about whom the statement is made, in this case 'John'.
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Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive is a grammatical mood (that is, a way of speaking that allows people to express their attitude toward what they are saying) found in many languages.
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Sublative case
The term sublative case (abbreviated) is used to refer to grammatical cases expressing different situations: In Hungarian and Finnish (rarely used), it expresses the destination of the movement, originally to the surface of something (e.g. sit down on the ground, climb the tree), but in other figurative meanings as well (e.g. to university, for two nights), or into a language, while in Tsez and other Northeast Caucasian languages it denotes a movement towards the bottomsides or the area under an object.
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Subordination (linguistics)
In linguistics, subordination (abbreviated variously,, or) is a principle of the hierarchical organization of linguistic units.
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Superessive case
The superessive case (abbreviated) is a grammatical declension indicating location on top of, or on the surface of something.
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Supine
In grammar, a supine is a form of verbal noun used in some languages.
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Switch-reference
In linguistics, switch-reference (SR) describes any clause-level morpheme that signals whether certain prominent arguments in 'adjacent' clauses corefer.
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Syntactic expletive
A syntactic expletive (abbreviated) is a word that performs a syntactic role but contributes nothing to meaning.
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T–V distinction
In sociolinguistics, a T–V distinction (from the Latin pronouns tu and vos) is a contrast, within one language, between various forms of addressing one's conversation partner or partners that are specialized for varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity, age or insult toward the addressee.
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Telicity
In linguistics, telicity (from the Greek, meaning "end" or "goal") is the property of a verb or verb phrase that presents an action or event as being complete in some sense.
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Temporal case
The temporal case (abbreviated) in morphology is used to indicate a time.
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Tense–aspect–mood
Tense–aspect–mood, commonly abbreviated and also called tense–modality–aspect or, is the grammatical system of a language that covers the expression of tense (location in time), aspect (fabric of time – a single block of time, continuous flow of time, or repetitive occurrence), and mood or modality (degree of necessity, obligation, probability, ability).
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Terminative case
In morphology, the terminative case (abbreviated) is a case specifying a limit in space and time and also to convey the goal or target of an action.
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Topic and comment
In linguistics, the topic, or theme, of a sentence is what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic.
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Transitive case
The transitive case is a grammatical case used in a small number of languages to mark either argument of a transitive verb, but not used with intransitive verbs.
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Transitive verb
A transitive verb is a verb that requires one or more objects.
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Transitivity (grammar)
In linguistics, transitivity is a property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects and how many such objects a verb can take.
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Translative case
The translative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case that indicates a change in state of a noun, with the general sense of "becoming X" or "change to X".
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Verb
A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
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Verbal
Verbal may mean.
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Verbal noun
A verbal noun is a noun formed from or otherwise corresponding to a verb.
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Veridicality
In linguistics, veridicality is a semantic or grammatical assertion of the truth of an utterance.
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Vocative case
The vocative case (abbreviated) is the case used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object etc.) being addressed or occasionally the determiners of that noun.
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Voice (grammar)
In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice.
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Volitive modality
Volitive modality (abbreviated) is a linguistic modality that indicates the desires, wishes or fears of the speaker.
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Glossing abbreviation, Glossing abbreviations, Glossing conventions, Grammatical abbreviations, List of interlinear glossing abbreviations.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations
