Table of Contents
299 relations: Abessive case, Ablative case, Absolutive case, Abstract and concrete, Accusative case, Active voice, Active–stative alignment, Adessive case, Adjective, Adjunct (grammar), Adposition, Adpositional case, Adverbial, Adverbial case, Affirmation and negation, Agent (grammar), Agreement (linguistics), Allative case, Allocutive agreement, Anaphora (linguistics), Andative and venitive, Animacy, Antecedent (grammar), Antessive case, Anticausative verb, Antipassive voice, Aorist, Applicative voice, Apposition, Argument (linguistics), Article (grammar), Associative case, Assumptive mood, Attributive expression, Augment (Bantu languages), Augmentative, Auxiliary verb, Aversive case, Aversives, Benefactive case, Bernd Heine, Blend word, Cardinal direction, Causative, Cessative aspect, Chômeur, Circumfix, Classifier (linguistics), Clusivity, Code-switching, ... Expand index (249 more) »
- Lists of abbreviations
Abessive case
In linguistics, abessive (abbreviated or), caritive (abbreviated) and privative (abbreviated) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Abessive case
Ablative case
In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced; sometimes abbreviated) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Ablative case
Absolutive case
In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative–accusative languages such as English.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Absolutive case
Abstract and concrete
In metaphysics, the distinction between abstract and concrete refers to a divide between two types of entities.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Abstract and concrete
Accusative case
In grammar, the accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Accusative case
Active voice
Active voice is a grammatical voice prevalent in many of the world's languages.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Active voice
Active–stative alignment
In linguistic typology, active–stative alignment (also split intransitive alignment or semantic alignment) is a type of morphosyntactic alignment in which the sole argument ("subject") of an intransitive clause (often symbolized as S) is sometimes marked in the same way as an agent of a transitive verb (that is, like a subject such as "I" or "she" in English) but other times in the same way as a direct object (such as "me" or "her" in English).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Active–stative alignment
Adessive case
An adessive case (abbreviated; from Latin adesse "to be present (at)": ad "at" + esse "to be") is a grammatical case generally denoting location at, upon, or adjacent to the referent of the noun; the term is used most frequently for Uralic studies.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Adessive case
Adjective
An adjective (abbreviated adj.) is a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Adjective
Adjunct (grammar)
In linguistics, an adjunct is an optional, or structurally dispensable, part of a sentence, clause, or phrase that, if removed or discarded, will not structurally affect the remainder of the sentence.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Adjunct (grammar)
Adposition
Adpositions are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, behind, ago, etc.) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Adposition
Adpositional case
In grammar, the prepositional case (abbreviated) and the postpositional case (abbreviated) - generalised as adpositional cases - are grammatical cases that respectively mark the object of a preposition and a postposition.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Adpositional case
Adverbial
In English grammar, an adverbial (abbreviated) is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial clause or adverbial phrase) that modifies or more closely defines the sentence or the verb.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Adverbial
Adverbial case
The adverbial case (abbreviated) is a noun case in Abkhaz and Georgian with a function similar to that of the translative and essive cases in Finnic languages.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Adverbial case
Affirmation and negation
In linguistics and grammar, affirmation (abbreviated) and negation are ways in which grammar encodes positive and negative polarity into verb phrases, clauses, or other utterances.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Affirmation and negation
Agent (grammar)
In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the thematic relation of the cause or initiator to an event.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Agent (grammar)
Agreement (linguistics)
In linguistics, agreement or concord (abbreviated) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Agreement (linguistics)
Allative case
The allative case (abbreviated; from Latin allāt-, afferre "to bring to") is a type of locative grammatical case.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Allative case
Allocutive agreement
In linguistics, allocutive agreement (abbreviated or) refers to a morphological feature in which the gender of an addressee is marked overtly in an utterance using fully grammaticalized markersTrask, L. The History of Basque Routledge: 1997 even if the addressee is not referred to in the utterance.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Allocutive agreement
Anaphora (linguistics)
In linguistics, anaphora is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (its antecedent).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Anaphora (linguistics)
Andative and venitive
In linguistics, andative and venitive (abbreviated and) are a type of verbal deixis: verb forms which indicate 'going' or 'coming' motion, respectively, in reference to a particular location or person.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Andative and venitive
Animacy
Animacy (antonym: inanimacy) is a grammatical and semantic feature, existing in some languages, expressing how sentient or alive the referent of a noun is.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Animacy
Antecedent (grammar)
In grammar, an antecedent is one or more words that establish the meaning of a pronoun or other pro-form.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Antecedent (grammar)
Antessive case
The antessive case (abbreviated) is used for marking the spatial relation of preceding or being before.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Antessive case
Anticausative verb
An anticausative verb (abbreviated) is an intransitive verb that shows an event affecting its subject, while giving no semantic or syntactic indication of the cause of the event.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Anticausative verb
Antipassive voice
The antipassive voice (abbreviated or) is a type of grammatical voice that either does not include the object or includes the object in an oblique case.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Antipassive voice
Aorist
Aorist (abbreviated) verb forms usually express perfective aspect and refer to past events, similar to a preterite.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Aorist
Applicative voice
The applicative voice (abbreviated or) is a grammatical voice that promotes an ''oblique'' argument of a verb to the core object argument.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Applicative voice
Apposition
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side so one element identifies the other in a different way.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Apposition
Argument (linguistics)
In linguistics, an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate, the latter referring in this context to a main verb and its auxiliaries.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Argument (linguistics)
Article (grammar)
In grammar, an article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Article (grammar)
Associative case
The associative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which expresses associativity which is, although related, not identical to comitativity, which is expressed by using the comitative case.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Associative case
Assumptive mood
The assumptive mood (abbreviated) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that the statement is assumed to be true, because it usually is under similar circumstances, although there may not be any specific evidence that it is true in this particular case.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Assumptive mood
Attributive expression
In grammar, an attributive expression is a word or phrase within a noun phrase that modifies the head noun.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Attributive expression
Augment (Bantu languages)
The augment, also called the pre-prefix or just initial vowel, is a morpheme that is prefixed to the noun class prefix of nouns in certain Bantu languages.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Augment (Bantu languages)
Augmentative
An augmentative (abbreviated) is a morphological form of a word which expresses greater intensity, often in size but also in other attributes.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Augmentative
Auxiliary verb
An auxiliary verb (abbreviated) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it occurs, so as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Auxiliary verb
Aversive case
The aversive or evitative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case found in Australian Aboriginal languages that indicates that the marked noun is avoided or feared.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Aversive case
Aversives
In psychology, aversives are unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior via negative reinforcement or positive punishment.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Aversives
Benefactive case
The benefactive case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used where English would use "for", "for the benefit of", or "intended for", e.g. "She opened the door for Tom" or "This book is for Bob".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Benefactive case
Bernd Heine
Bernd Heine (born 25 May 1939) is a German linguist and specialist in African studies.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Bernd Heine
Blend word
In linguistics, a blend—also known as a blend word, lexical blend, or portmanteau—is a word formed, usually intentionally, by combining the sounds and meanings of two or more words.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Blend word
Cardinal direction
The four cardinal directions, or cardinal points, are the four main compass directions: north, south, east, and west, commonly denoted by their initials N, S, E, and W respectively.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Cardinal direction
Causative
In linguistics, a causative (abbreviated) is a valency-increasing operationPayne, Thomas E. (1997).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Causative
Cessative aspect
The cessative aspect or terminative aspect is a grammatical aspect referring to the end of an action or a state.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Cessative aspect
Chômeur
The chômeur, in the context of grammar, is an element of a sentence that has been syntactically "demoted" from the nucleus to the periphery of a clause.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Chômeur
Circumfix
A circumfix (abbr) (also confix or ambifix) is an affix which has two parts, one placed at the start of a word, and the other at the end.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Circumfix
Classifier (linguistics)
A classifier (abbreviated or) is a word or affix that accompanies nouns and can be considered to "classify" a noun depending on some characteristics (e.g. humanness, animacy, sex, shape, social status) of its referent.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Classifier (linguistics)
Clusivity
In linguistics, clusivity is a grammatical distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive "we" and exclusive "we".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Clusivity
Code-switching
In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Code-switching
Comitative case
In grammar, the comitative case is a grammatical case that denotes accompaniment.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Comitative case
Comparative
In general linguistics, the comparative is a syntactic construction that serves to express a comparison between two (or more) entities or groups of entities in quality or degree - see also comparison (grammar) for an overview of comparison, as well as positive and superlative degrees of comparison.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Comparative
Comparison (grammar)
Comparison is a feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages whereby adjectives and adverbs are rendered in an inflected or periphrastic way to indicate a comparative degree, property, quality, or quantity of a corresponding word, phrase, or clause.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Comparison (grammar)
Complementizer
In linguistics (especially generative grammar), a complementizer or complementiser (glossing abbreviation) is a functional category (part of speech) that includes those words that can be used to turn a clause into the subject or object of a sentence.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Complementizer
Compound (linguistics)
In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consists of more than one stem.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Compound (linguistics)
Conditional mood
The conditional mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood used in conditional sentences to express a proposition whose validity is dependent on some condition, possibly counterfactual.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Conditional mood
Conditional sentence
Conditional sentences are natural language sentences that express that one thing is contingent on something else, e.g. "If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled." They are so called because the impact of the main clause of the sentence is conditional on the dependent clause.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Conditional sentence
Conjoint
The conjoint was a basic medical qualification in the United Kingdom administered by the United Examining Board.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Conjoint
Conjunction (grammar)
In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Conjunction (grammar)
Connegative
The connegative is a word form used in negative clauses.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Connegative
Consequential mood
The consequential mood (abbreviated, less often or) is a verb form used in some Eskaleut languages to mark dependent adverbial clauses for reason ('because') or time ('when').
See List of glossing abbreviations and Consequential mood
Construct state
In Afro-Asiatic languages, the first noun in a genitive phrase that consists of a possessed noun followed by a possessor noun often takes on a special morphological form, which is termed the construct state (Latin status constructus).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Construct state
Continuative aspect
The continuative aspect (abbreviated or) is a grammatical aspect representing actions that are 'still' happening.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Continuative aspect
Continuous and progressive aspects
The continuous and progressive aspects (abbreviated and) are grammatical aspects that express incomplete action ("to do") or state ("to be") in progress at a specific time: they are non-habitual, imperfective aspects.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Continuous and progressive aspects
Contrast (linguistics)
In semantics, contrast is a relationship between two discourse segments.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Contrast (linguistics)
Converb
In theoretical linguistics, a converb (abbreviated) is a nonfinite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination: notions like 'when', 'because', 'after' and 'while'.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Converb
Copula (linguistics)
In linguistics, a copula /‘kɑpjələ/ (copulas or copulae; abbreviated) is a word or phrase that links the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue" or the phrase was not being in the sentence "It was not being cooperative." The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Copula (linguistics)
Coreference
In linguistics, coreference, sometimes written co-reference, occurs when two or more expressions refer to the same person or thing; they have the same referent.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Coreference
Counterfactual conditional
Counterfactual conditionals (also contrafactual, subjunctive or X-marked) are conditional sentences which discuss what would have been true under different circumstances, e.g. "If Peter believed in ghosts, he would be afraid to be here." Counterfactuals are contrasted with indicatives, which are generally restricted to discussing open possibilities.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Counterfactual conditional
Covert (linguistics)
In linguistics, a feature of a word or phrase is said to be covert if there is no surface evidence of its existence within that word or phrase.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Covert (linguistics)
Crastinal tense
A crastinal tense (abbreviated) is a future tense applied to a following or subsequent day.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Crastinal tense
Dative case
In grammar, the dative case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as in "", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Dative case
Debitive
Debitive mood is a grammatical mood used in Latvian to express obligation or duty.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Debitive
Definiteness
In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases that distinguishes between referents or senses that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and those that are not (indefinite noun phrases).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Definiteness
Deixis
In linguistics, deixis is the use of words or phrases to refer to a particular time (e.g. then), place (e.g. here), or person (e.g. you) relative to the context of the utterance.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Deixis
Delative case
In grammar, the delative case (abbreviated; from deferre "to bear or bring away or down") is a grammatical case in the Hungarian language which originally expressed the movement from the surface of something (e.g. "off the table"), but has also taken on several other meanings (e.g.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Delative case
Deliberative mood
Deliberative mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood that asks whether the speaker should do something, e. g. "Shall I go to the market?" The Afar language has a deliberative mood, as in aboo "Shall I do (it)?", with the suffix -oo denoting the deliberative.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Deliberative mood
Delimiter
A delimiter is a sequence of one or more characters for specifying the boundary between separate, independent regions in plain text, mathematical expressions or other data streams.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Delimiter
Demonstrative
Demonstratives (abbreviated) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Demonstrative
Deontic modality
Deontic modality (abbreviated) is a linguistic modality that indicates how the world ought to be according to certain norms, expectations, speaker desires, etc.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Deontic modality
Desiderative mood
In linguistics, a desiderative (abbreviated or) form is one that has the meaning of "wanting to X".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Desiderative mood
Determiner
Determiner, also called determinative (abbreviated), is a term used in some models of grammatical description to describe a word or affix belonging to a class of noun modifiers.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Determiner
Differential object marking
In linguistics, differential object marking (DOM) is the phenomenon in which certain objects of verbs are marked to reflect various syntactic and semantic factors.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Differential object marking
Diglossia
In linguistics, diglossia is a situation in which two dialects or languages are used (in fairly strict compartmentalization) by a single language community.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Diglossia
Diminutive
A diminutive is a word obtained by modifying a root word to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment, and sometimes to derogatorily belittle something or someone.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Diminutive
Direct case
A direct case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case used with all three core relations: both the agent and patient of transitive verbs and the argument of intransitive verbs, though not always at the same time.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Direct case
Direct–inverse alignment
The definition of a direct–inverse language is a matter under research, but it is widely understood to involve different grammar for transitive predications according to the relative positions of their "subject" and their "object" on a person hierarchy, which, in turn, is some combination of saliency and animacy specific to a given language.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Direct–inverse alignment
Discourse marker
A discourse marker is a word or a phrase that plays a role in managing the flow and structure of discourse.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Discourse marker
Distributive aspect
The distributive aspect (abbreviated), is an iterative aspect which expresses that an event is applied to members of a group one after another.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Distributive aspect
Distributive case
The distributive case (abbreviated) is used on nouns for the meanings of 'per' or 'each.' In Hungarian it is -nként and expresses the manner when something happens to each member of a set one by one (e.g., fejenként "per head", esetenként "in some case"), or the frequency in time (hetenként "once a week", tízpercenként "every ten minutes").
See List of glossing abbreviations and Distributive case
Ditransitive verb
In grammar, a ditransitive (or bitransitive) verb is a transitive verb whose contextual use corresponds to a subject and two objects which refer to a theme and a recipient.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Ditransitive verb
Doxastic logic
Doxastic logic is a type of logic concerned with reasoning about beliefs.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Doxastic logic
Dual (grammatical number)
Dual (abbreviated) is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Dual (grammatical number)
Dubitative mood
Dubitative mood (abbreviated) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, that indicates that the statement is dubious, doubtful, or uncertain.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Dubitative mood
Dyadic kinship term
Dyadic kinship terms (abbreviated or) are kinship terms in a few languages that express the relationship between individuals as they relate one to the other.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Dyadic kinship term
Elative case
In grammar, the elative case (abbreviated; from efferre "to bring or carry out") is a locative grammatical case signifying that something comes from something, somewhere or someone.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Elative case
Emotive (sociology)
“Emotional expressions”, also called “emotives” are an effort by the speaker to offer an interpretation of something that is observable to no other actor (Reddy 1997).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Emotive (sociology)
Epenthesis
In phonology, epenthesis (Greek) means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially in the beginning syllable (prothesis) or in the ending syllable (paragoge) or in-between two syllabic sounds in a word.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Epenthesis
Epistemic modality
Epistemic modality is a sub-type of linguistic modality that encompasses knowledge, belief, or credence in a proposition.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Epistemic modality
Epithet
An epithet, also a byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) commonly accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a real or fictitious person, place, or thing.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Epithet
Equative
The term equative (or equational) is used in linguistics to refer to constructions where two entities are equated with each other.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Equative
Ergative case
In grammar, the ergative case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase as the agent of a transitive verb in ergative–absolutive languages.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Ergative case
Essive case
In grammar, the essive case, or similaris case, (abbreviated) is a grammatical case.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Essive case
Evidentiality
In linguistics, evidentiality is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and if so, what kind.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Evidentiality
Exessive case
The exessive case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case that denotes a transition away from a state.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Exessive case
Existential clause
An existential clause is a clause that refers to the existence or presence of something, such as "There is a God" and "There are boys in the yard".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Existential clause
Expletive (linguistics)
An expletive is a word or phrase inserted into a sentence that is not needed to express the basic meaning of the sentence.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Expletive (linguistics)
Ezāfe
Ezāfe (lit) is a grammatical particle found in some Iranian languages, as well as Persian-influenced languages such as Ottoman Turkish and Hindi-Urdu, that links two words together. In the Persian language, it consists of the unstressed short vowel -e or -i (-ye or -yi after vowels) between the words it connects and often approximately corresponds in usage to the English preposition of.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Ezāfe
Finalis
In maqam music theory, finalis is the name of the note in a maqam where the mode "rests" (stops).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Finalis
Finite verb
A finite verb is the form of a verb that immediately complements a subject unless its clause is expressed in the imperative mood, which typically omits specific mention of the subject.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Finite verb
Focus (linguistics)
In linguistics, focus (abbreviated) is a grammatical category that conveys which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Focus (linguistics)
Fraction
A fraction (from fractus, "broken") represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Fraction
Frequentative
In grammar, a frequentative form (abbreviated or) of a word is one that indicates repeated action but is not to be confused with iterative aspect.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Frequentative
Frustrative mood
In linguistics, the frustrative mood (abbreviated or) is a grammatical feature in some languages, such as Chorote and Mẽbengokre, that indicates an action did not produce the expected result, or that the action did not occur despite it being anticipated.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Frustrative mood
Future tense
In grammar, a future tense (abbreviated) is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Future tense
Generalized quantifier
In formal semantics, a generalized quantifier (GQ) is an expression that denotes a set of sets.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Generalized quantifier
Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Genitive case
Gerund
In linguistics, a gerund (abbreviated ger) is any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages; most often, but not exclusively, it is one that functions as a noun.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Gerund
Givenness
In linguistics, givenness is a phenomenon in which a speaker assumes that contextual information of a topic of discourse is already known to the listener.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Givenness
Gnomic aspect
The gnomic (abbreviated), also called neutral, generic, or universal aspect, mood, or tense, is a grammatical feature (which may refer to aspect, mood, or tense) that expresses general truths or aphorisms.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Gnomic aspect
Grammatical aspect
In linguistics, aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how a verbal action, event, or state, extends over time.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Grammatical aspect
Grammatical case
A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Grammatical case
Grammatical gender
In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a specific form of a noun class system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Grammatical gender
Grammatical modifier
In linguistics, a modifier is an optional element in phrase structure or clause structure which modifies the meaning of another element in the structure.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Grammatical modifier
Grammatical mood
In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Grammatical mood
Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more").
See List of glossing abbreviations and Grammatical number
Grammatical particle
In grammar, the term particle (abbreviated) has a traditional meaning, as a part of speech that cannot be inflected, and a modern meaning, as a function word (functor) associated with another word or phrase in order to impart meaning.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Grammatical particle
Grammatical person
In linguistics, grammatical person is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically, the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Grammatical person
Grammatical tense
In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Grammatical tense
Habitual aspect
In linguistics, the aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Habitual aspect
Head (linguistics)
In linguistics, the head or nucleus of a phrase is the word that determines the syntactic category of that phrase.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Head (linguistics)
Helen de Hoop
Helen de Hoop (born 1964) is a Dutch linguist and Professor of Theoretical Linguistics at Radboud University Nijmegen.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Helen de Hoop
Hesternal tense
A hesternal tense (abbreviated) is a past tense for the previous day.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Hesternal tense
Historical present
In linguistics and rhetoric, the historical present or historic present, also called dramatic present or narrative present, is the employment of the present tense instead of past tenses when narrating past events.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Historical present
Hodiernal tense
A hodiernal tense (abbreviated) is a grammatical tense for the current day.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Hodiernal tense
Honorifics (linguistics)
In linguistics, an honorific (abbreviated) is a grammatical or morphosyntactic form that encodes the relative social status of the participants of the conversation.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Honorifics (linguistics)
Hortative
In linguistics, hortative modalities (abbreviated) are verbal expressions used by the speaker to encourage or discourage an action.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Hortative
Hypocorism
A hypocorism (or; from Ancient Greek: (hypokorisma), sometimes also hypocoristic), or pet name, is a name used to show affection for a person.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Hypocorism
Hypothetical mood
Hypothetical mood (abbreviated) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages (for example Lakota) which indicates that while a statement is not actually true, it could easily have been.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Hypothetical mood
Ideophone
An ideophone is any word in a certain word class evoking ideas in sound imitation (onomatopoeia) to express an action, manner, or property.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Ideophone
Illative case
In grammar, the illative case (abbreviated; from illatus "brought in") is a grammatical case used in the Finnish, Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian and Hungarian languages.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Illative case
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Imperative mood
Imperfect
The imperfect (abbreviated) is a verb form that combines past tense (reference to a past time) and imperfective aspect (reference to a continuing or repeated event or state).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Imperfect
Imperfective aspect
The imperfective (abbreviated or more ambiguously) is a grammatical aspect used to describe ongoing, habitual, repeated, or similar semantic roles, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Imperfective aspect
Impersonal verb
In linguistics, an impersonal verb is one that has no determinate subject.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Impersonal verb
Imprecative mood
Some languages distinguish between the optative mood and an imprecative mood (abbreviated). In these languages, the imprecative mood is used to wish misfortune upon others, whereas the optative mood is used for wishes in general.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Imprecative mood
Inalienable possession
In linguistics, inalienable possession (abbreviated) is a type of possession in which a noun is obligatorily possessed by its possessor.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Inalienable possession
Inchoative aspect
Inchoative aspect (abbreviated or), also known as inceptive, is a grammatical aspect, referring to the beginning of a state.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Inchoative aspect
Indirect speech
In linguistics, speech or indirect discourse is a grammatical mechanism for reporting the content of another utterance without directly quoting it.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Indirect speech
Inelative case
The inelative case (abbreviated) expresses the notion "from inside" (i.e. "out of").
See List of glossing abbreviations and Inelative case
Inessive case
In grammar, the inessive case (abbreviated; from inesse "to be in or at") is a locative grammatical case.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Inessive case
Inferential mood
The inferential mood (abbreviated or) is used to report a nonwitnessed event without confirming it, but the same forms also function as admiratives in the Balkan languages (namely Albanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Turkish) in which they occur.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Inferential mood
Infinitive
Infinitive (abbreviated) is a linguistics term for certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Infinitive
Infix
An infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word or the core of a family of words).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Infix
Inflection
In linguistic morphology, inflection (less commonly, inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Inflection
Instrumental case
In grammar, the instrumental case (abbreviated or) is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Instrumental case
Intensifier
In linguistics, an intensifier (abbreviated) is a lexical category (but not a traditional part of speech) for a modifier that makes no contribution to the propositional meaning of a clause but serves to enhance and give additional emotional context to the lexical item it modifies.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Intensifier
Interfix
An interfix or linking element is a part of a word that is placed between two morphemes (such as two roots or a root and a suffix) and lacks a semantic meaning.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Interfix
Interjection
An interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Interjection
Interlinear gloss
In linguistics and pedagogy, an interlinear gloss is a gloss (series of brief explanations, such as definitions or pronunciations) placed between lines, such as between a line of original text and its translation into another language.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Interlinear gloss
Interrogative
An interrogative clause is a clause whose form is typically associated with question-like meanings.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Interrogative
Interrogative word
An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question, such as what, which, when, where, who, whom, whose, why, whether and how.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Interrogative word
Intransitive case
In grammar, the intransitive case (abbreviated), also denominated passive case or patient case, is a grammatical case used in some languages to mark the argument of an intransitive verb, but not used with transitive verbs.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Intransitive case
Intransitive verb
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb, aside from an auxiliary verb, whose context does not entail a transitive object.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Intransitive verb
Irrealis mood
In linguistics, irrealis moods (abbreviated) are the main set of grammatical moods that indicate that a certain situation or action is not known to have happened at the moment the speaker is talking.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Irrealis mood
Isabelle Bril
Isabelle Bril is a senior researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research and a member of LACITO specializing in morphosyntax, semantics, typology, and Austronesian languages.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Isabelle Bril
Iterative aspect
In linguistics, the iterative aspect (abbreviated), also called "semelfactive", "event-internal pluractionality", or "multiplicative", is a grammatical aspect described by some authors as expressing the repetition of an event observable on one single occasion, as in 'he knocked on the door', 'he coughed', 'she is drumming', etc.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Iterative aspect
Japanese particles
Japanese particles, or, are suffixes or short words in Japanese grammar that immediately follow the modified noun, verb, adjective, or sentence.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Japanese particles
Jussive mood
The jussive (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood of verbs for issuing orders, commanding, or exhorting (within a subjunctive framework).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Jussive mood
Kinship terminology
Kinship terminology is the system used in languages to refer to the persons to whom an individual is related through kinship.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Kinship terminology
Lative case
In grammar, the lative (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates motion to a location.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Lative case
Lemma (morphology)
In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Lemma (morphology)
Ligature (grammar)
In grammar, a ligature is a morpheme that links two elements.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Ligature (grammar)
Linguistic prescription
Linguistic prescription, also called prescriptivism or prescriptive grammar, is the establishment of rules defining preferred usage of language.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Linguistic prescription
List of gestures
Gestures are a form of nonverbal communication in which visible bodily actions are used to communicate important messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel with spoken words.
See List of glossing abbreviations and List of gestures
List of grammatical cases
This is a list of grammatical cases as they are used by various inflectional languages that have declension.
See List of glossing abbreviations and List of grammatical cases
Locative case
In grammar, the locative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates a location.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Locative case
Logical disjunction
In logic, disjunction, also known as logical disjunction or logical or or logical addition or inclusive disjunction, is a logical connective typically notated as \lor and read aloud as "or".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Logical disjunction
Logophoricity
Logophoricity is a phenomenon of binding relation that may employ a morphologically different set of anaphoric forms, in the context where the referent is an entity whose speech, thoughts, or feelings are being reported.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Logophoricity
Matutinal
Matutinal, matinal (in entomological writings), and matutine are terms used in the life sciences to indicate something of, relating to, or occurring in the early morning.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Matutinal
Mediopassive voice
The mediopassive voice is a grammatical voice that subsumes the meanings of both the middle voice and the passive voice.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Mediopassive voice
Meditation
Meditation is a practice in which an individual uses a technique to train attention and awareness and detach from reflexive, "discursive thinking," achieving a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state, while not judging the meditation process itself.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Meditation
Mirativity
In linguistics, mirativity, initially proposed by Scott DeLancey, is a grammatical category in a language, independent of evidentiality, that encodes the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Mirativity
Modal case
In linguistics, the modal case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case used to express ability, intention, necessity, obligation, permission, possibility, etc.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Modal case
Modality (linguistics)
In linguistics and philosophy, modality refers to the ways language can express various relationships to reality or truth.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Modality (linguistics)
Momentane
In Finnish grammar, the momentane is a verb aspect indicating that an occurrence is sudden and short-lived.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Momentane
Morphological derivation
Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as For example, unhappy and happiness derive from the root word happy. It is differentiated from inflection, which is the modification of a word to form different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Morphological derivation
Multiplicative case
The multiplicative case (abbreviated or) is a grammatical case used for marking a number of something ("three times").
See List of glossing abbreviations and Multiplicative case
Near future (grammar)
Some languages have grammatical categories to represent near future, a subcategory of the future tense.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Near future (grammar)
Necessitative mood
The necessitative mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood found in Turkish and Armenian, which combines elements of both the cohortative (which is typically used in only the first person) and the jussive moods (which is typically only used in the first and third persons).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Necessitative mood
Nominalization
In linguistics, nominalization or nominalisation is the use of a word that is not a noun (e.g., a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Nominalization
Nominative case
In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Nominative case
Non-finite clause
In linguistics, a non-finite clause is a dependent or embedded clause that represents a state or event in the same way no matter whether it takes place before, during, or after text production.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Non-finite clause
Nonfinite verb
A nonfinite verb, in contrast to a finite verb, is a form of a verb that lacks inflection (conjugation) for number or person.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Nonfinite verb
Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Noun
Noun class
In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Noun class
Null morpheme
In morphology, a null morpheme or zero morpheme is a morpheme that has no phonetic form.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Null morpheme
Numeral (linguistics)
In linguistics, a numeral in the broadest sense is a word or phrase that describes a numerical quantity.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Numeral (linguistics)
Object (grammar)
In linguistics, an object is any of several types of arguments.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Object (grammar)
Oblique case
In grammar, an oblique (abbreviated; from casus obliquus) or objective case (abbr.) is a nominal case other than the nominative case and, sometimes, the vocative.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Oblique case
Obviative
Within linguistics, obviative (abbreviated) third person is a grammatical-person marking that distinguishes a referent that is less important to the discourse from one that is more important (proximate).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Obviative
One (pronoun)
One is an English language, gender-neutral, indefinite pronoun that means, roughly, "a person".
See List of glossing abbreviations and One (pronoun)
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia (or rarely echoism) is a type of word, or the process of creating a word, that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Onomatopoeia
Optative mood
The optative mood (or; abbreviated) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope regarding a given action.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Optative mood
Ordinal numeral
In linguistics, ordinal numerals or ordinal number words are words representing position or rank in a sequential order; the order may be of size, importance, chronology, and so on (e.g., "third", "tertiary").
See List of glossing abbreviations and Ordinal numeral
Participle
In linguistics, a participle (abbr.) is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Participle
Partitive case
The partitive case (abbreviated,, or more ambiguously) is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific identity".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Partitive case
Passé simple
The passé simple (simple past, preterite, or past historic), also called the passé défini (definite past), is the literary equivalent of the passé composé in the French language, used predominantly in formal writing (including history and literature) and formal speech.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Passé simple
Past tense
The past tense is a grammatical tense whose function is to place an action or situation in the past.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Past tense
Patient (grammar)
In linguistics, the grammatical patient, also called the target or undergoer, is a semantic role representing the participant of a situation upon whom an action is carried out, or the thematic relation such a participant has with an action.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Patient (grammar)
Pegative case
In linguistics, the pegative case (abbreviated) is a hypothetical grammatical case that prototypically marks the agent of an action of giving.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Pegative case
Pejorative
A pejorative word, phrase, slur, or derogatory term is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Pejorative
Perfect (grammar)
The perfect tense or aspect (abbreviated or) is a verb form that indicates that an action or circumstance occurred earlier than the time under consideration, often focusing attention on the resulting state rather than on the occurrence itself.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Perfect (grammar)
Perfective aspect
The perfective aspect (abbreviated), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect that describes an action viewed as a simple whole, i.e., a unit without interior composition.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Perfective aspect
Performative utterance
In the philosophy of language and speech acts theory, performative utterances are sentences which not only describe a given reality, but also change the social reality they are describing.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Performative utterance
Perlative case
In grammar, the perlative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which expresses that something moved "through", "across", or "along" the referent of the noun that is marked.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Perlative case
Pertensive
Pertensive marking is to head-marking languages what possessive marking is to dependent-marking languages.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Pertensive
Pluperfect
The pluperfect (shortening of plusquamperfect), usually called past perfect in English, is a type of verb form, generally treated as a grammatical tense in certain languages, relating to an action that occurred prior to an aforementioned time in the past.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Pluperfect
Pluractionality
In linguistics, pluractionality, or verbal number, if not used in its aspectual sense, is a grammatical aspect that indicates that the action or participants of a verb is, or are, plural.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Pluractionality
Plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated as pl., pl, or), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Plural
Polypersonal agreement
In linguistics, polypersonal agreement or polypersonalism is the agreement of a verb with more than one of its arguments (usually up to four).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Polypersonal agreement
Possession (linguistics)
In linguistics, possession is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, the referent of one of which (the possessor) in some sense possesses (owns, has as a part, rules over, etc.) the referent of the other (the possessed).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Possession (linguistics)
Possessive
A possessive or ktetic form (abbreviated or; from possessivus; translit) is a word or grammatical construction indicating a relationship of possession in a broad sense.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Possessive
Postelative case
In linguistics, the postelative case (abbreviated) is a noun case that indicates location from behind.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Postelative case
Postessive case
In linguistics, the postessive case (abbreviated) is a noun case that indicates position behind something.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Postessive case
Predicate (grammar)
The term predicate is used in two ways in linguistics and its subfields.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Predicate (grammar)
Predicative expression
A predicative expression (or just predicative) is part of a clause predicate, and is an expression that typically follows a copula or linking verb, e.g. be, seem, appear, or that appears as a second complement of a certain type of verb, e.g. call, make, name, etc.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Predicative expression
Present continuous
The present continuous, also called the present progressive or present imperfect, is a verb form used in modern English that combines the present tense with the continuous aspect.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Present continuous
Present tense
The present tense (abbreviated or) is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in the present time.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Present tense
Presentative (linguistics)
A presentative, or presentational, is a word or a syntactic structure which presents, or introduces, an entity, bringing it to the attention of the addressee.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Presentative (linguistics)
Preterite
The preterite or preterit (abbreviated or) is a grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past; in some languages, such as Spanish, French, and English, it is equivalent to the simple past tense.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Preterite
Preverb
Although not used in general linguistic theory, the term preverb is used in Caucasian (including all three families: Northwest Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian and Kartvelian), Caddoan, Athabaskan, and Algonquian linguistics to describe certain elements prefixed to verbs.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Preverb
Pro-form
In linguistics, a pro-form is a type of function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Pro-form
Pro-verb
In linguistics, a pro-verb is a verb or partial phrase that substitutes for a contextually recognizable verb phrase (via a process known as grammatical gapping), obviating the need to repeat an antecedent verb phrase.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Pro-verb
Prolative case
In grammar, the prolative case (abbreviated), also called the vialis case (abbreviated), prosecutive case (abbreviated), traversal case, mediative case, or translative case,Haspelmath, Martin.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Prolative case
Pronoun
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (glossed) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Pronoun
Proper noun
A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (Africa; Jupiter; Sarah; Walmart) as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (continent, planet, person, corporation) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a continent, another planet, these persons, our corporation).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Proper noun
Propositive mood
The propositive mood (abbreviated) expresses proposals or suggestions as a grammatical mood.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Propositive mood
Prospective aspect
In linguistics, the prospective aspect (abbreviated or) is a grammatical aspect describing an event that occurs subsequent to a given reference time.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Prospective aspect
Question
A question is an utterance which serves as a request for information.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Question
Quotative
A quotative (abbreviated) is a grammatical device to mark quoted speech.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Quotative
Realis mood
A realis mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentences.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Realis mood
Reciprocal construction
A reciprocal construction (abbreviated) is a grammatical pattern in which each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to the other.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Reciprocal construction
Reduplication
In linguistics, reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Reduplication
Reflexive pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun (its antecedent) within the same sentence.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Reflexive pronoun
Reflexive verb
In grammar, a reflexive verb is, loosely, a verb whose direct object is the same as its subject, for example, "I wash myself".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Reflexive verb
Register (sociolinguistics)
In sociolinguistics, a register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose or particular communicative situation.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Register (sociolinguistics)
Relative and absolute tense
Relative tense and absolute tense are distinct possible uses of the grammatical category of tense.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Relative and absolute tense
Relativizer
In linguistics, a relativizer (abbreviated) is a type of conjunction that introduces a relative clause.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Relativizer
Resultative
In linguistics, a resultative (abbreviated) is a form that expresses that something or someone has undergone a change in state as the result of the completion of an event.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Resultative
Resumptive pronoun
A resumptive pronoun is a personal pronoun appearing in a relative clause, which restates the antecedent after a pause or interruption (such as an embedded clause, series of adjectives, or a wh-island), as in This is the girli that whenever it rains shei cries. Resumptive pronouns have been described as "ways of salvaging a sentence that a speaker has started without realizing that it is impossible or at least difficult to finish it grammatically".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Resumptive pronoun
Rhetorical question
A rhetorical question is a question asked for a purpose other than to obtain information.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Rhetorical question
Role and reference grammar
Role and reference grammar (RRG) is a model of grammar developed by William A. Foley and Robert Van Valin, Jr. in the 1980s, which incorporates many of the points of view of current functional grammar theories.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Role and reference grammar
Root (linguistics)
A root (or root word or radical) is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Root (linguistics)
Sensory evidential mood
Sensory evidential mood (abbreviated) is one of two kinds of evidential modality.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Sensory evidential mood
Serial verb construction
The serial verb construction, also known as (verb) serialization or verb stacking, is a syntactic phenomenon in which two or more verbs or verb phrases are strung together in a single clause.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Serial verb construction
Singulative number
In linguistics, singulative number and collective number (abbreviated and) are terms used when the grammatical number for multiple items is the unmarked form of a noun, and the noun is specially marked to indicate a single item.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Singulative number
Sociative case
In grammar, the sociative case is a grammatical case in the Hungarian, Tamil, and Malayalam languages that can express the person in whose company (cf. Latin socius) an action is carried out, or to any belongings of people which take part in an action (together with their owners).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Sociative case
Speculative mood
Speculative mood (abbreviated) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that the utterance is based on speculation of the speaker, and not necessarily known to be the case.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Speculative mood
Speech disfluency
A speech disfluency, also spelled speech dysfluency, is any of various breaks, irregularities, or non-lexical vocables which occur within the flow of otherwise fluent speech.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Speech disfluency
Spoken language
A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds or (depending on one's definition) manual gestures, as opposed to a written language.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Spoken language
Stative verb
According to some linguistics theories, a stative verb is a verb that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Stative verb
Subessive case
The subessive case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case indicating location under or below something.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Subessive case
Subject (grammar)
A subject is one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the predicate, which modifies the subject).
See List of glossing abbreviations and Subject (grammar)
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive (also known as conjunctive in some languages) is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Subjunctive mood
Sublative case
In grammar, the term sublative case (abbreviated) is used to refer to grammatical cases expressing different situations: In Hungarian and Finnish (rarely used), it expresses the destination of the movement, originally to the surface of something (e.g. sit down on the ground, climb the tree), but in other figurative meanings as well (e.g.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Sublative case
Subordination (linguistics)
In linguistics, subordination (abbreviated variously,, or) is a principle of the hierarchical organization of linguistic units.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Subordination (linguistics)
Superessive case
In grammar, the superessive case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case indicating location on top of, or on the surface of something.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Superessive case
Supine
In grammar, a supine is a form of verbal noun used in some languages.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Supine
Switch-reference
In linguistics, switch-reference (SR) describes any clause-level morpheme that signals whether certain prominent arguments in 'adjacent' clauses are coreferential.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Switch-reference
Symmetrical voice
Symmetrical voice, also known as Austronesian alignment, the Philippine-type voice system or the Austronesian focus system, is a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment in which "one argument can be marked as having a special relationship to the verb".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Symmetrical voice
Tag question
A tag question is a construction in which an interrogative element is added to a declarative or an imperative clause.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Tag question
Tania Kuteva
Tania Kuteva (born 1958 in Bourgas, Bulgaria) is a historical linguist specializing in grammaticalization, language contact and discourse grammar.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Tania Kuteva
Taxis
A taxis (taxes) is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Taxis
T–V distinction
The T–V distinction is the contextual use of different pronouns that exists in some languages and serves to convey formality or familiarity.
See List of glossing abbreviations and T–V distinction
Teknonymy
Teknonymy (from τέκνον, "child" and label, "name") is the practice of referring to parents by the names of their children.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Teknonymy
Telicity
In linguistics, telicity is the property of a verb or verb phrase that presents an action or event as having a specific endpoint.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Telicity
Temporal case
In grammar, the temporal case (or Temporalis abbreviated) is a grammatical case used to indicate a time.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Temporal case
Tense–aspect–mood
Tense–aspect–mood (commonly abbreviated) or tense–modality–aspect (abbreviated as) is a group of grammatical categories that are important to understanding spoken or written content, and which are marked in different ways by different languages.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Tense–aspect–mood
Terminative case
In grammar, the terminative or terminalis case (abbreviated) is a case specifying a limit in space and time and also to convey the goal or target of an action.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Terminative case
Thematic vowel
In Indo-European studies, a thematic vowel or theme vowel is the vowel or from ablaut placed before the ending of a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Thematic vowel
Tok Pisin
Tok Pisin (Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh; Tok Pisin), often referred to by English speakers as New Guinea Pidgin or simply Pidgin, is a creole language spoken throughout Papua New Guinea.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Tok Pisin
Topic and comment
In linguistics, the topic, or theme, of a sentence is what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Topic and comment
Transformative use
In United States copyright law, transformative use or transformation is a type of fair use that builds on a copyrighted work in a different manner or for a different purpose from the original, and thus does not infringe its holder's copyright.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Transformative use
Transitive alignment
In linguistic typology, transitive alignment is a type of morphosyntactic alignment used in a small number of languages in which a single grammatical case is used to mark both arguments of a transitive verb, but not with the single argument of an intransitive verb.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Transitive alignment
Transitive verb
A transitive verb is a verb that entails one or more transitive objects, for example, 'enjoys' in Amadeus enjoys music.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Transitive verb
Transitivity (grammar)
Transitivity is a linguistics property that relates to whether a verb, participle, or gerund denotes a transitive object.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Transitivity (grammar)
Translative case
In grammar, the translative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case that indicates a change in state of a noun, with the general sense of "becoming X" or "change to X".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Translative case
Valency (linguistics)
In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments and complements controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Valency (linguistics)
Verbal
Verbal may refer to.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Verbal
Verbal noun
Historically, grammarians have described a verbal noun or gerundial noun as a verb form that functions as a noun.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Verbal noun
Verbalisation
Verbalisation (or verbalization, see spelling differences) is a process by which different psychological events in an individual are made in verbal form, i.e. described "in their own words".
See List of glossing abbreviations and Verbalisation
Veridicality
In linguistics, veridicality (from Latin "truthfully said") is a semantic or grammatical assertion of the truth of an utterance.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Veridicality
Vocative case
In grammar, the vocative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed or occasionally for the noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) of that noun.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Vocative case
Voice (grammar)
In grammar, the voice (aka diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Voice (grammar)
Volitive modality
Volitive modality (abbreviated) is a linguistic modality that indicates the desires, wishes or fears of the speaker.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Volitive modality
Word stem
In linguistics, a word stem is a part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Word stem
X-bar theory
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970Chomsky, Noam (1970).
See List of glossing abbreviations and X-bar theory
Yes and no
Yes and no, or similar word pairs, are expressions of the affirmative and the negative, respectively, in several languages, including English.
See List of glossing abbreviations and Yes and no
See also
Lists of abbreviations
- Abbreviations of administrative units of Pakistan
- Airline codes
- Athletics abbreviations
- Engineering drawing abbreviations and symbols
- International Numbering System for Food Additives
- International vehicle registration code
- List of Catholic canon law legal abbreviations
- List of FIPS region codes
- List of German abbreviations
- List of Hebrew abbreviations
- List of IATA-indexed railway stations
- List of Latin abbreviations
- List of Latin honorifics
- List of Masonic abbreviations
- List of RISM abbreviations
- List of Yiddish abbreviations
- List of abbreviations for market segments
- List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production
- List of abbreviations in photography
- List of abbreviations relating to climate change
- List of abbreviations used in health informatics
- List of abbreviations used in sanitation
- List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations
- List of booksellers' abbreviations
- List of business and finance abbreviations
- List of classical abbreviations
- List of computing and IT abbreviations
- List of ecclesiastical abbreviations
- List of email subject abbreviations
- List of energy abbreviations
- List of glossing abbreviations
- List of legal abbreviations
- List of mass spectrometry acronyms
- List of medieval abbreviations
- List of mineral symbols
- List of optometric abbreviations
- List of sail codes
- List of style guide abbreviations
- Lists of abbreviations
- Lists of acronyms
- Lists of country codes
References
Also known as Glossing abbreviation, Glossing abbreviations, Glossing conventions, Grammatical abbreviations, List of interlinear glossing abbreviations.
, Comitative case, Comparative, Comparison (grammar), Complementizer, Compound (linguistics), Conditional mood, Conditional sentence, Conjoint, Conjunction (grammar), Connegative, Consequential mood, Construct state, Continuative aspect, Continuous and progressive aspects, Contrast (linguistics), Converb, Copula (linguistics), Coreference, Counterfactual conditional, Covert (linguistics), Crastinal tense, Dative case, Debitive, Definiteness, Deixis, Delative case, Deliberative mood, Delimiter, Demonstrative, Deontic modality, Desiderative mood, Determiner, Differential object marking, Diglossia, Diminutive, Direct case, Direct–inverse alignment, Discourse marker, Distributive aspect, Distributive case, Ditransitive verb, Doxastic logic, Dual (grammatical number), Dubitative mood, Dyadic kinship term, Elative case, Emotive (sociology), Epenthesis, Epistemic modality, Epithet, Equative, Ergative case, Essive case, Evidentiality, Exessive case, Existential clause, Expletive (linguistics), Ezāfe, Finalis, Finite verb, Focus (linguistics), Fraction, Frequentative, Frustrative mood, Future tense, Generalized quantifier, Genitive case, Gerund, Givenness, Gnomic aspect, Grammatical aspect, Grammatical case, Grammatical gender, Grammatical modifier, Grammatical mood, Grammatical number, Grammatical particle, Grammatical person, Grammatical tense, Habitual aspect, Head (linguistics), Helen de Hoop, Hesternal tense, Historical present, Hodiernal tense, Honorifics (linguistics), Hortative, Hypocorism, Hypothetical mood, Ideophone, Illative case, Imperative mood, Imperfect, Imperfective aspect, Impersonal verb, Imprecative mood, Inalienable possession, Inchoative aspect, Indirect speech, Inelative case, Inessive case, Inferential mood, Infinitive, Infix, Inflection, Instrumental case, Intensifier, Interfix, Interjection, Interlinear gloss, Interrogative, Interrogative word, Intransitive case, Intransitive verb, Irrealis mood, Isabelle Bril, Iterative aspect, Japanese particles, Jussive mood, Kinship terminology, Lative case, Lemma (morphology), Ligature (grammar), Linguistic prescription, List of gestures, List of grammatical cases, Locative case, Logical disjunction, Logophoricity, Matutinal, Mediopassive voice, Meditation, Mirativity, Modal case, Modality (linguistics), Momentane, Morphological derivation, Multiplicative case, Near future (grammar), Necessitative mood, Nominalization, Nominative case, Non-finite clause, Nonfinite verb, Noun, Noun class, Null morpheme, Numeral (linguistics), Object (grammar), Oblique case, Obviative, One (pronoun), Onomatopoeia, Optative mood, Ordinal numeral, Participle, Partitive case, Passé simple, Past tense, Patient (grammar), Pegative case, Pejorative, Perfect (grammar), Perfective aspect, Performative utterance, Perlative case, Pertensive, Pluperfect, Pluractionality, Plural, Polypersonal agreement, Possession (linguistics), Possessive, Postelative case, Postessive case, Predicate (grammar), Predicative expression, Present continuous, Present tense, Presentative (linguistics), Preterite, Preverb, Pro-form, Pro-verb, Prolative case, Pronoun, Proper noun, Propositive mood, Prospective aspect, Question, Quotative, Realis mood, Reciprocal construction, Reduplication, Reflexive pronoun, Reflexive verb, Register (sociolinguistics), Relative and absolute tense, Relativizer, Resultative, Resumptive pronoun, Rhetorical question, Role and reference grammar, Root (linguistics), Sensory evidential mood, Serial verb construction, Singulative number, Sociative case, Speculative mood, Speech disfluency, Spoken language, Stative verb, Subessive case, Subject (grammar), Subjunctive mood, Sublative case, Subordination (linguistics), Superessive case, Supine, Switch-reference, Symmetrical voice, Tag question, Tania Kuteva, Taxis, T–V distinction, Teknonymy, Telicity, Temporal case, Tense–aspect–mood, Terminative case, Thematic vowel, Tok Pisin, Topic and comment, Transformative use, Transitive alignment, Transitive verb, Transitivity (grammar), Translative case, Valency (linguistics), Verbal, Verbal noun, Verbalisation, Veridicality, Vocative case, Voice (grammar), Volitive modality, Word stem, X-bar theory, Yes and no.