Communication

2150 relations: A. Albert Yuzpe, A. Baldwin Wood, Aaron D. O'Connell, Abalakov thread, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī, Abbas ibn Firnas, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, Absorption refrigerator, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq, Abu-Mahmud Khojandi, Acoustic suspension, Acrylic paint, Actinometer, Active pixel sensor, Adjustable spanner, Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick, Adolf von Baeyer, Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen, Adolph Rickenbacker, Adolphe Kégresse, Adolphe Quetelet, Adolphe Sax, Aeneas Coffey, Aeolipile, Aerial refueling, Aerial steam carriage, Aerosol paint, AGA cooker, Agamassan, Ahmed Majan, Aileron, Aimé Argand, Airbag, Aircraft engine, Airliner, Airplane, Airship, AIV fodder, AK-47, AK-74, Al-Andalus, Al-Khazini, Al-Kindi, Al-Ma'mun, Al-Sijzi, Al-Zahrawi, Alan Blumlein, Albert Coons, Albert Hofmann, Albert Sabin, ..., Alberto Gianni, Alberto Santos-Dumont, Aldred Scott Warthin, Alec Jeffreys, Alec Reeves, Aleksandr Loran, Aleksandr Nadiradze, Aleksandr Porokhovschikov, Aleksandr Stoletov, Aleksey Krylov, Alessandro Volta, Alexander Alexandrovich Morozov, Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov, Alexander Coucoulas, Alexander Dianin, Alexander Fleming, Alexander Graham Bell, Alexander Kemurdzhian, Alexander Lodygin, Alexander Mikulin, Alexander P. de Seversky, Alexander Parkes, Alexander Prokhorov, Alexander Sablukov, Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Alexandre Alexeieff, Alexei Tupolev, Alexey Dushkin, Alexey Pajitnov, Alfred Binet, Alfred Nobel, Alfred P. Southwick, Alfred Perot, Alfred Traeger, Algebra, Ali Javan, Alkaline battery, Almanac, Almon Brown Strowger, Alternating current, Alternative cancer treatments, Aluminium, Amanda Minnie Douglas, American football, Ames test, Amici prism, Amos E. Joel Jr., Amphibious ATV, Analog computer, Analytical Engine, Anastase Dragomir, Anatol Josepho, Anatoly Kharlampiyev, Anders Celsius, Anders Knutsson Ångström, Andre Geim, Andreas Pavel, Andreas Stihl, Andrei Sakharov, Andrei Sychra, Andrei Tupolev, Andrew Kay, Andrey Nartov, Androgynous Peripheral Attach System, Anesthesia, Anesthetic, Annie Malone, ANS synthesizer, Answering machine, Ant robotics, Anthony Michell, Anthony R. Barringer, Anti-reflective coating, Anti-tank missile, Antibiotic, Antoine Louis, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Antonio Benedetto Carpano, Antonio Meucci, Antonio Pacinotti, Apgar score, Apochromat, APS underwater rifle, Aqua-Lung, Arc converter, Arc lamp, Arc welding, Archibald Low, Archimedes, Archimedes' screw, Argand lamp, Arithmometer, Arkhip Lyulka, Armenia, Armillary sphere, Arnold Orville Beckman, Arogyaswami Paulraj, Artem Mikoyan, Artemisinin, Arthur Fry, Arthur M. Young, Arthur Pitney, Arthur William Savage, Arthur Wynne, Artificial cell, Artificial heart, Artillery, Artillery battery, Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Artur Fischer, Arturo Caprotti, Aspirin, Assault rifle, Assembly line, Assen Jordanoff, Astrolabe, Astronomical clock, Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world, Atomic force microscopy, August Schrader (inventor), Auguste and Louis Lumière, Auguste Piccard, Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil, Augustin-Jean Fresnel, Augustus Siebe, Aurel Persu, Aurel Stodola, Austrian Empire, Autogyro, Automatic lubricator, Automaton, Autopilot, Avicenna, Azerbaijan, Ányos Jedlik, Édouard Branly, Édouard Michelin (industrialist), Élie Metchnikoff, Émile Baudot, Étienne Lenoir, Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu, B. F. Skinner, Babesia, Bakelite, Balance wheel, Ballistic missile, Ballpoint pen, Baltzar von Platen (inventor), Balun, Banū Mūsā, Bangladesh, Barbie, Barcode, Barnes Wallis, Barograph, Barometer, Barrel, Bartolomeo Cristofori, Bartolomeu de Gusmão, BASIC, Basketball, Bathyscaphe, Battle rifle, Baudot code, Béla Schick, Bearing (mechanical), Beaufort cipher, Beaufort scale, Beekeeping, Bekhterev's mixture, Belarus, Bell Helicopter, Benjamin Chew Tilghman, Benjamin Eisenstadt, Benjamin Franklin, Benoît Fourneyron, Bergius process, Bernard D. H. Tellegen, Bernard de Neumann, Bernard Silver, Bernard Vonnegut, Bernhard Schmidt, Bert Sakmann, Berthelot's reagent, Bette Nesmith Graham, Beulah Louise Henry, Bhargav Sri Prakash, Bi Sheng, Bicycle, Bicycle lighting, Bielschowsky stain, Bifocals, Bill Gallagher (inventor), Binomial nomenclature, BioBrick, Bisphenol A, Bjarne Stroustrup, Black & Decker Workmate, Blaise Pascal, Blissymbols, Blood pressure, Blow torch, Blue laser, Boat ski, Bob Kahn, Bobbin, Body mass index, Bolometer, Bomber, Boring (manufacturing), Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin, Boris Borisovich Golitsyn, Boris Grabovsky, Boris Rosing, Boris Stechkin, Bouncing bomb, Bra, Bra size, Braille, Braille music, Brake, Bran Ferren, Brannock Device, Brassicoraphanus, Bread clip, Breathalyzer, Brendan Eich, Bruce Ames, Bubble chamber, Bubonic plague, Buckminster Fuller, Bulgaria, Bulletin board system, Bunsen burner, Buran (spacecraft), C (programming language), C++, C. Kumar N. Patel, Cadaveric blood transfusion, Cai Lun, Calcium channel blocker, Caller ID, Calvin Quate, Camcorder, Camera obscura, Camillo Golgi, Cancer, Candle, Canning, Cannon, Caprotti valve gear, Car, Carbon arc welding, Carbon dioxide laser, Carbonated water, Cardan grille, Cardiopulmonary bypass, Carl Auer von Welsbach, Carl D. Keith, Carl Edvard Johansson, Carl Linnaeus, Carl Reichenbach, Carl Richard Nyberg, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, Catgut, Cathode, Cathode ray tube, Ceiling fan, Celestial globe, Cell (biology), Cell culture, Cellophane, Celluloid, Celsius, Cenocell, Central heating, Centrifugal fan, Cervical cancer, ChaCha (search engine), Chain drive, Chain pump, Chainsaw, Chair, Chamberland filter, Chapman Stick, Charcoal, Charge-coupled device, Charles Algernon Parsons, Charles Babbage, Charles Cantor, Charles Chamberland, Charles Dow, Charles F. Brannock, Charles F. Kettering, Charles Fabry, Charles Francis Jenkins, Charles Francis Richter, Charles Goodyear, Charles H. Henry, Charles K. Bliss, Charles Leiper Grigg, Charles Lindbergh, Charles Macintosh, Charles Mantoux, Charles Martin Hall, Charles Simonyi, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Charles Wheatstone, Charles Xavier Thomas, Charlie Booth, Chemotherapy, Cherenkov detector, Chester Carlson, Chester Greenwood, Chinese treasure ship, Chinese typewriter, Ching W. Tang, Chiropractic, Chloroform, Chocolate chip cookie, Chocolate milk, Cholera, Christiaan Huygens, Christian Schnabel, Christmas card, Christoph Gerber, Christopher Cockerell, Christopher Polhem, Chromatic aberration, Chromatography, Chuck Hull, CinemaScope, Cinematograph, Cinematography, Circular saw, Claire Parker, Clarence Birdseye, Clark electrode, Classical conditioning, Claude Chappe, Clay, Clinical pharmacology, Clinical trial, Cloud chamber, Cloud seeding, Coandă effect, Coaxial rotors, Cobalt glass, Coca-Cola, Cocoa butter, Cocoa solids, Coenraad Johannes van Houten, Coffee filter, Coherer, Colin Murdoch, Collider, Color management, Color photography, Color television, Colossus computer, Column still, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Compact disc, Compiler, Computer, Computer mouse, Computer science, Concertina, Condenser (optics), Condom, Confocal microscopy, Congreve rocket, Conjunction (astronomy), Contact lens, Content-addressable memory, Continuous track, Continuously variable transmission, Continuum mechanics, Cordless telephone, Corn flakes, Cornelis Corneliszoon van Uitgeest, Corradino D'Ascanio, Correction fluid, Cotton candy, Cotton gin, Coulter counter, Counter-pressure brake, Cracking (chemistry), Crash test dummy, Creativity techniques, Creosote, Crescograph, Croatia, Crookes radiometer, Crookes tube, Crossed-field amplifier, Crossword, Crown cork, Cryogenics, Cryotron, Cryptanalysis, Crystal radio, Crystallization, Cultured pearl, Cyanoacrylate, Cyclonic separation, Cyclotron, Cylinder (engine), Cyrille Duquet, Czechoslovakia, Czechs, Czochralski process, Daisuke Inoue, Dalén light, Damping ratio, Dandy horse, Daniel David Palmer, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Daniell cell, Danny Hillis, Dasymeter, David Boggs, David Brewster, David Chaum, David Edward Hughes, David Gestetner, David L. Mills, David Schwarz (aviation inventor), Davy lamp, Dawon Kahng, Dazzle camouflage, Döbereiner's lamp, Dean Kamen, Decimalisation, Deep column station, Demographics of Belgium, Dennis Gabor, Dennis Ritchie, Deodorant, Depth sounding, Dianin's compound, Diaper, Diaphragm (optics), Diesel engine, Diesel locomotive, Differential (mechanical device), Dimitar Paskov, Dipleidoscope, Direct-sequence spread spectrum, Dishwasher, Distillation, Distraction osteogenesis, Dmitri Mendeleev, Dmitri Z. Garbuzov, Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov, Dmitry Lachinov, DNA profiling, Dolby noise-reduction system, Donald A. Glaser, Douglas Engelbart, Dow Jones Industrial Average, Draisine, Drift ice, Drive by wire, Drogue parachute, Drum machine, Drum memory, Dry ice, Dual-clutch transmission, Dudley Allen Buck, Dye-sensitized solar cell, Dynamic random-access memory, Dynamite, Dynamo, Dynamometer, E. K. Gauzen, Eadweard Muybridge, Earl W. Bascom, Earmuffs, Eau de Cologne, Ecash, Economizer, Ed Lowe (businessman), Eddy current, Edgar Villchur, Edman degradation, Eduard Locher, Edward Teller, Edwin Beard Budding, Edwin H. Land, Edwin Southern, Egg, Egypt, Egypt (Roman province), Ejection seat, Electret microphone, Electric battery, Electric boat, Electric chair, Electric fence, Electric guitar, Electric motor, Electric stove, Electrical telegraph, Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, Electrocardiography, Electroconvulsive therapy, Electroencephalography, Electrolysis, Electromagnetic radiation, Electromagnetism, Electromote, Electron cooling, Electron microscope, Electron paramagnetic resonance, Electronic cigarette, Electronics, Electroscope, Electrospray ionization, Electrotachyscope, Electrotyping, Elephant clock, Elevator, Eli Terry, Eli Whitney, Elias Howe, Elihu Thomson, Elijah McCoy, Elisha Otis, Ellen Eglin, Elmer Ambrose Sperry, Elmer R. Gates, Elon Musk, Email, Emergency contraception, Emil Erlenmeyer, Emil Strub, Emile Berliner, Emmett Chapman, Emmy Noether, Emperor of All Russia, ENIAC, Enrico Fermi, Enrico Forlanini, Ephraim Hertzano, Equatorium, Erectile dysfunction, Erhard Kietz, Eric Fossum, Eric Tigerstedt, Erlenmeyer flask, Erna Schneider Hoover, Ernő Rubik, Ernest Lawrence, Ernst Abbe, Ernst Ruska, Erwin Neher, Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, Esperanto, Essential oil, Esther Takeuchi, Estonia, Ether, Ethernet, Ethylammonium nitrate, Eugen Baumann, Eugene Kaspersky, Eugene Polley, Eugene Roshal, Evangelista Torricelli, Explosively pumped flux compression generator, External fixation, Extraction (chemistry), Extravehicular activity, Fabry–Pérot interferometer, Fahrenheit, Fail-safe, Far Manager, Fathullah Shirazi, Fax, Fazlur Rahman Khan, Félix d'Herelle, Fe del Mundo, Federico Faggin, Fedor Tokarev, Fedorov Avtomat, Felix Hoffmann, Female condom, Fenton's reagent, Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Ferrocerium, Fertilizer, Feulgen stain, Fighter aircraft, File archiver, File format, Film, Film editing, Fingerprint, Fire extinguisher, Firefighting foam, Fischer assay, Fischer–Tropsch process, Fischertechnik, Fixed-wing aircraft, Flash boiler, Flash freezing, Flash memory, Flip-disc display, Floating-gate MOSFET, Floyd Paxton, Fluorescein, Flush toilet, Flute, Flywheel, Focal-plane shutter, Forrest Parry, Foucault pendulum, Fountain pen, Franc Trkman, Francis Beaufort, Francis Rogallo, Frank Hornby, Frank Pantridge, Frank Whittle, Frank Zamboni, Franklin stove, Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist, Franz Joseph Emil Fischer, Franz San Galli, Franz Ziehl, Frasch process, Frederick Sanger, Frederick Walton, Freon, Frequency analysis, Fresnel lens, Friedrich Bergius, Friedrich Clemens Gerke, Friedrich Neelsen, Friedrich Soennecken, Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn, FriendsLearn, Frisbee, Frits Zernike, Fritz Haber, Fritz Klatte, Fritz Pfleumer, Fuel cell, Fujio Masuoka, Fuse (electrical), Fused filament fabrication, Fused quartz, Fuzzball router, Fyodor Pirotsky, Gabriel Lippmann, Galantamine, Game Boy, Gamma camera, Gardner-Serpollet, Garrett Morgan, Gary Starkweather, Gas laser, Gas lighting, Gas mantle, Gas mask, Gas turbine, Gauge (firearms), Gauge block, Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov, Gavriil Ilizarov, Gazi Yaşargil, Gömöri trichrome stain, Gear, Geiger counter, Gene Dolgoff, Gene targeting, General anaesthetic, Genetically modified mouse, Genetically modified organism, Genko Forest Belt, Geodesic dome, George Ballas, George Cayley, George Constantinescu, George de Hevesy, George de Mestral, George E. Smith, George Eastman, George Eliava, George H. Heilmeier, George Pullman, George Stephenson, George Westinghouse, George William Manby, Georges Claude, Georges Lakhovsky, Georgi Nadjakov, Georgia (country), Georgii Karpechenko, Georgios Papanikolaou, Georgy Gause, Gerard K. O'Neill, Gerd Binnig, Gerhard Fischer (inventor), Gerhard M. Sessler, Germans, Gerolamo Cardano, Gersh Budker, Gestetner, Gheorghe Marinescu, Giacomo da Lentini, Giemsa stain, Giesl ejector, Gilhoolie, Gilles de Roberval, Gilmore Schjeldahl, Giovanni Battista Amici, Giovanni Caselli, Giovanni Luppis, Girdler sulfide process, Giulio Natta, Giuseppe Zamboni, Glass harmonica, Gleb Kotelnikov, Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy, Globe, Gnomon, Goldsworthy Gurney, Golgi's method, Google Search, Gordon Gould, Gore-Tex, Grace Hopper, Gram stain, Gramicidin S, Gramme machine, Granville Woods, Graphene, Green fluorescent protein, Greg Henderson (inventor), Gregorian telescope, Gregory Goodwin Pincus, Gridshell, Grocott's methenamine silver stain, Ground effect vehicle, Guglielmo Marconi, Guido of Arezzo, Guido van Rossum, Guidonian hand, Guillotine, Gun barrel, Gunpei Yokoi, Gunther von Hagens, Gustaf Dalén, Gustaf de Laval, Gustaf Erik Pasch, Gustav Giemsa, Gustav Guanella, Gustav Tauschek, Guy Severin, György Gömöri, Gyrocar, Gyrocompass, Gyroscope, Gyula Takátsy, Haber process, HAL (robot), Hal Anger, Half-track, Hamming code, Hanaoka Seishū, Hand washing, Hang gliding, Hans Berger, Hans Christian Ørsted, Hans Christian Gram, Hans Geiger, Hans Lippershey, Hans Tropsch, Hard disk drive, Harmonic drive, Harry Coover, Harry Houdini, Hearing aid, Heat engine, Heavy bomber, Hedy Lamarr, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Heinrich Göbel, Heinrich Hertz, Heinrich Rohrer, Helge Palmcrantz, Helicopter, Heliocentrism, Helium, Hellschreiber, Helmholtz pitch notation, Helmholtz resonance, Hemodialysis, Henri Coandă, Henri Giffard, Henry Burden, Henry Cole, Henry Heimlich, Henry John Horstman Fenton, Henry Maudslay, Henry Perky, Henry Shrapnel, Herbalism, Herbert Boyer, Herman Frasch, Herman Hollerith, Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, Hermann von Helmholtz, Hero of Alexandria, Heroic theory of invention and scientific development, Hidetsugu Yagi, Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès, Hippolyte Pixii, Hiram Maxim, History of Iran, Hive frame, Hole punch, Holography, Holter monitor, Hon Lik, Hot air balloon, Hovannes Adamian, Hoverboard, Hovercraft, HPV vaccines, Huang Hongjia, Hub van Doorne, Hubert Schlafly, Hug machine, Hugh Bradner, Hugo Schiff, Hull (watercraft), Human power, Human spaceflight, Humanoid robot, Humberto Fernández Morán, Humphry Davy, Hungarian notation, Hydraulic accumulator, Hydrochloric acid, Hydrofoil, Hydrogenation, Hydropower, Hydrostatic equilibrium, Hygrometer, Hyman G. Rickover, Hyperbaric welding, Hyperboloid structure, Hypergolic propellant, Hypermedia, Hypertext, Ian Frazer, Ibn al-Haytham, Ibn al-Jazzar, Ibn al-Shatir, IBOT, Ice cream maker, Ice resurfacer, Icebreaker, Iconoscope, Ida Rosenthal, Ignacy Łukasiewicz, Ignazio Porro, Igor Gorynin, Igor Kurchatov, Igor Sikorsky, Igor Spassky, Igor Tamm, Ilizarov apparatus, Image scanner, Immunofluorescence, In situ hybridization, In vitro fertilisation, Incandescent light bulb, Indigo dye, Induction coil, Induction motor, Industrial robot, Injector, Instant noodle, Insulator (electricity), Integral imaging, Integrated circuit, Intelligence quotient, Intercontinental ballistic missile, Interlaced video, Intermittency, Internal combustion engine, International Klein Blue, Internet, Internet Protocol, Internet Relay Chat, Inventor, Ion, Ionic liquid, Ionocraft, IPad, IPhone, IPod, Ira Remsen, Ira Van Gieson, Iran, Iraq, Iron lung, Iron sights, Irving Langmuir, Isaac Newton, Isaac Singer, Ismail al-Jazari, Italians, Ivan Elmanov, Ivan Fyodorov (printer), Ivan Knunyants, Ivan Kulibin, Ivan Pavlov, Ivan Plotnikov, Ivan Polzunov, Iwan Serrurier, J. Presper Eckert, J. Robert Oppenheimer, J. Stuart Blackton, Jack Cover, Jack Kilby, Jacob Rabinow, Jacob W. Davis, Jacques Cousteau, Jacques E. Brandenberger, Jagadish Chandra Bose, James Clerk Maxwell, James Dewar, James Dyson, James Fergason, James Gosling, James Gregory (mathematician), James Hargreaves, James Henry Greathead, James Homer Wright, James Leonard Plimpton, James McLurkin, James Naismith, James Nasmyth, James Watt, Jamshīd al-Kāshī, Jan Czochralski, Japanese typewriter, Jarkko Oikarinen, Java (programming language), JavaScript, János Irinyi, József Károly Hell, Jean-Antoine Nollet, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, Jeans, Jerome H. Lemelson, Jet aircraft, Jet engine, Jian Zhou, Jimmy Hotz, Jimmy Wales, Johan Petter Johansson, Johann Maria Farina, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, Johannes Gutenberg, John Ambrose Fleming, John Barber (engineer), John Bardeen, John Bennet Lawes, John Blenkinsop, John Boyd Dunlop, John Ericsson, John Fenn (chemist), John Fowler (agricultural engineer), John Frederic Daniell, John G. Kemeny, John Goffe Rand, John Hadley, John Harington (writer), John Harrison, John Harvey Kellogg, John Haven Emerson, John Hays Hammond Jr., John Herschel, John Heysham Gibbon, John Howard Kyan, John J. Mooney, John Joseph Montgomery, John Landis Mason, John Logie Baird, John Loudon McAdam, John Mauchly, John Napier, John Pemberton, John Roebuck, John Stringfellow, John Thompson Dorrance, John Venn, John Vincent Atanasoff, John von Neumann, John Wesley Hyatt, Jolly balance, Jonas Salk, Jonas Wenström, Josef Popper-Lynkeus, Josef Ressel, Joseph Aspdin, Joseph Day (inventor), Joseph G. Gall, Joseph Henry, Joseph John O'Connell, Joseph Plateau, Joseph Priestley, Joseph Shivers, Joseph Swan, Josephine Cochrane, Josip Belušić, Joy Mangano, Jozef Murgaš, Juan de la Cierva, Juan Vucetich, Jules Montenier, Julio Palmaz, Julius Fromm, Julius Richard Petri, Jun-ichi Nishizawa, Justus von Liebig, Kaleidoscope, Kamov, Karaoke, Karl Benz, Karl Drais, Karl Ferdinand Braun, Karl Guthe Jansky, Karl Jatho, Karl Nessler, Karl Ziegler, Karl-Hermann Geib, Kary Mullis, Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Lab, Katharine Burr Blodgett, Katsuhiko Okamoto, Kazuo Hashimoto, Kálmán Tihanyi, Kégresse track, Kōnosuke Matsushita, Kees Schouhamer Immink, Kelvin, Ken Kutaragi, Kenyon Taylor, Kerim Kerimov, Kerosene, Kerosene lamp, Kevlar, Kia Silverbrook, Kinder Surprise, Kinescope, Kipp's apparatus, Kirza, Knitting machine, Knockout mouse, Konrad Zuse, Konstantin Khrenov, Konstantin Konstantinov, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Kotaro Honda, Kroll process, KS Steel, Kyota Sugimoto, L. L. Zamenhof, Ladislas Starevich, Lamination, Land Camera, Land mine, Land sailing, Larry Page, Larry Sanger, Lars Magnus Ericsson, Laser, Laser diode, Laser printing, Lasse Hessel, Lathe, Latvia, Launch pad, Lavochkin, Lawn mower, László Bíró, Léon Foucault, Léon Serpollet, Léon Theremin, LCD projector, Lead chamber process, Lee de Forest, Lego, Leland Clark, Leo Baekeland, Leo Szilard, Leonard Bocour, Leonardo da Vinci, Leonid Gobyato, Leonty Shamshurenkov, Les Paul, Lever action, Levi Strauss, Lewis Howard Latimer, Lewis Urry, Leyden jar, Lifeboat (shipboard), Light-emitting diode, Lightning detection, Lightning rod, Lightning switch, Lin Yutang, Lincomycin, Linkage (mechanical), Linnaeus' flower clock, Linoleum, Lint remover, Linus Yale Jr., Linus Yale Sr., Lippmann electrometer, Lippmann plate, Liquid Paper, Liquid-crystal display, Liquid-propellant rocket, Lisitsyn family, List of Edison patents, List of emerging technologies, List of Forlanini airships, List of most-produced aircraft, List of prolific inventors, Lithuania, Litter box, Live-action animated film, Livens Projector, Lloyd Groff Copeman, Loading coil, Logarithm, Lollipop, Loom, Lori Greiner, Lotus Europa, Louis Braille, Lucien Olivier, Lucien Vidi, Lucio Bini, Ludvig Nobel, Luigi Palmieri, Lunisolar calendar, Lunokhod programme, Lyman Spitzer, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Lyulka, Ma Jun, Machine gun, Macintosh, Madam C. J. Walker, Magazine (firearms), Magnetic field, Magnetic field architecture, Magnetic particle clutch, Magnetic stripe card, Magnetic tape, Magnifying glass, Maidenform, Maintaining power, Maksutov telescope, Malaysia, Mamoru Imura, Mangle (machine), Mangonel, Manhattan Project, Mantoux test, Marc Seguin, Marcel Kiepach, Marcellin Berthelot, Marcian Hoff, Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi, Margaret E. Knight, Margaret Wilcox, Margarine, Maria Beasley, Marie Van Brittan Brown, Marin Soljačić, Marine chronometer, Mariner's astrolabe, Mario Capecchi, Marion Donovan, Marjorie Joyner, Mark Serrurier, Mark W. Publicover, Marker pen, Martin Chalfie, Martin Cooper (inventor), Martin Evans, Marvin Minsky, Mary Anderson (inventor), Mary Kenner, Masatoshi Shima, Maser, Masking tape, Mason jar, Mass spectrometry, Mastermind (board game), Match, Matryoshka doll, Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, Maurice Hilleman, Mauveine, Max Bielschowsky, Meccano, Mechanical equilibrium, Mechanical pencil, Mechanical puzzle, Melitta Bentz, Memjet, Mercury (element), Mercury-in-glass thermometer, Mesopotamia, Metal detector, Metal lathe, Methamphetamine, Metronome, Michael Faraday, Michael Grätzel, Michael Smith (chemist), Michele Ferrero, Microcredit, Microfinance, Micrometer, Microorganism, Microphone, Microprocessor, Microscope, Microtiter plate, Microtome, Microwave oven, Miguel Nicolelis, Mihajlo Pupin, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft designer), Mikhail Kalashnikov, Mikhail Koshkin, Mikhail Lomonosov, Mikhail Mil, Mikhail Pomortsev, Mikhail Tikhonravov, Mikhail Tsvet, Mikimoto Kōkichi, Mikoyan, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, Miksa Déri, Mikulin AM-34, Mil Mi-8, Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, Mil V-12, Miller Reese Hutchison, MIMO, Min Chueh Chang, Mining, Minox, Miriam Benjamin, MKM steel, Mobile phone, Molding sand, Momofuku Ando, Monocalcium phosphate, Monorail, Montgolfier brothers, Moog synthesizer, Mordecai Meirowitz, Moritz von Jacobi, Morocco, Morse code, Mortar (weapon), Mosin–Nagant, Moss bioreactor, Motorboat, Motorin family, Movable type, Movie camera, Movie projector, Moviola, Mstislav Keldysh, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī, Mughal Empire, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, Muhammad Saleh Thattvi, Muhammad Yunus, Mulalo Doyoyo, Multi-touch, Multiplane camera, Multitrack recording, Mural instrument, Murasaki Shikibu, Musical instrument, Musical notation, Mutsuo Sugiura, Myra Juliet Farrell, Myriad year clock, Nagai Nagayoshi, Narcís Monturiol, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Nebuchadnezzar II, Neil Arnott, Neomycin, Neon lamp, Neonatal intensive care unit, Neoprene, Nephoscope, Nestor Genko, Nestor Makhno, Network Time Protocol, Neurosurgery, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, Nicéphore Niépce, Nicholas Callan, Nicholas McKay (inventor), Nick Holonyak, Nicolas Appert, Nicolas Florine, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, Night vision, Niklaus Riggenbach, Niklaus Wirth, Nikola Tesla, Nikolai Korotkov, Nikolai Nikitin, Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov, Nikolay Basov, Nikolay Benardos, Nikolay Brusentsov, Nikolay Kamov, Nikolay Lebedenko, Nikolay Pirogov, Nikolay Popov, Nikolay Slavyanov, Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Nikolay Zelinsky, Nikonos, Nils Bohlin, Nipkow disk, Nitrogen, Noether's theorem, Norman Gaylord, Norman Holter, Norman Joseph Woodland, Norman Larsen, Norman Wilkinson (artist), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Nuclear marine propulsion, Nuclear power plant, Nuclear reactor, Nuclear submarine, Nuclear weapon, Nursing bra, Nutella, Nylon, Nylon 6, Nystatin, Observatory, Octant (instrument), Odhner Arithmometer, Odometer, Off-road vehicle, Ognjeslav Kostović Stepanović, Oil lamp, Oil tanker, Oil terminal, Ole Evinrude, Ole Kirk Christiansen, OLED, Oleg Losev, Olexander Smakula, Oliver Smithies, Olivia Poole, Olivier salad, On-board diagnostics, Open hearth furnace, Operant conditioning chamber, Ophthalmoscopy, Optical character recognition, Optical communication, Optical mouse, Optical telescope, Optics, Optophonic Piano, Orbitrap, Osamu Shimomura, Oscilloscope, Ostankino Tower, Ottó Bláthy, Otto Lilienthal, Otto Schmitt, Otto von Guericke, Otto Wichterle, Ottomar Anschütz, Outboard motor, Outer space, Padlock, Pantelegraph, Pap test, Papanicolaou stain, Paper, Paper model, Parachute, Paraffin wax, Pascal (programming language), Pascal's calculator, Patch clamp, Paul Berg, Paul C. Fisher, Paul Eisler, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, Paul Offit, Paul Walden, Paul Winchell, Pavel Cherenkov, Pavel Molchanov, Pavel Schilling, Pavel Sukhoi, Pavel Yablochkov, Pehr Victor Edman, Pendulum, Pendulum clock, Penicillin, Pentode, Percy Lavon Julian, Percy Spencer, Perfusion, Periodic table, Perm (hairstyle), Permanent press, Personal flotation device, Peter Carl Goldmark, Peter Durand, Peter Petroff, Peter the Great, Petrache Poenaru, Petri dish, Petro Prokopovych, Petrus Jacobus Kipp, PH, Phage therapy, Pharmacopoeia, Pharmacotherapy, Phase-contrast microscopy, Phenakistiscope, Phenol, Phenolphthalein, Philip Diehl (inventor), Philip M. Parker, Philipp von Jolly, Philo Farnsworth, Phonofilm, Phonograph, Phonograph record, Photo booth, Photoelectric effect, Photographic fixer, Photography, Photometer, PHP, Piano, Pierre Vernier, Pieter van Musschenbroek, PIN diode, Pin tumbler lock, Pinhole camera, Pinscreen animation, Pipe wrench, Pipeline transport, Piston, Plastination, Playfair cipher, PlayStation, Plumb bob, Plywood, Pointing stick, Polaroid Corporation, Polikarpov, Polikarpov Po-2, Polio vaccine, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polymerase chain reaction, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Polyvinyl chloride, Porro prism, Portland cement, Post-it Note, Postage meter, Postage stamp, Powertrain, Pranoti Nagarkar-Israni, Pressure measurement, Pressure suit, Prestressed concrete, Printed circuit board, Printing, Printing press, Printing telegraph, Probiotic, Program (machine), Projectile, Propeller, Protein, Protein sequencing, Pseudoscope, Psychological fiction, Pulse-code modulation, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Pump, Punched card, Puppet, Pyotr Kapitsa, Pyotr Shilovsky, Pyranometer, Pyrocollodion, Pyrometer, Python (programming language), Quantum machine, Quantum well laser, Quarantine, Quasiturbine, Queen excluder, Quick release skewer, R-7 (rocket family), R-7 Semyorka, R. G. LeTourneau, Rachel Fuller Brown, Radar, Radial keratotomy, Radial tire, Radiation hardening, Radiator, Radio control, Radio receiver, Radio telescope, Radioactive tracer, Radiocarbon dating, Radiosonde, Rail fastening system, Railway air brake, Raincoat, Ralf Reski, Ralph H. Baer, Randi Altschul, Randomized controlled trial, Ransom E. Olds, RAR (file format), Rasmus Lerdorf, Ray Dolby, Ray Kurzweil, Ray Tomlinson, Raymond Scott, RD-170, Reciprocating engine, Reflecting telescope, Reflectron, Refractometer, Refrigerator, Reginald Fessenden, Regional jet, Reichstein process, Relative density, Relay, Remote control, René Laennec, Resonant inductive coupling, Revolver, Revolving door, Reynold B. Johnson, RFIQin, Rhythmicon, Ri Sung-gi, Richard F. Lyon, Richard Gurley Drew, Richard Hall Gower, Richard Hamming, Richard Jordan Gatling, Richard T. Whitcomb, Richard Trevithick, Richter magnitude scale, Ring binder, Robert A. Heinlein, Robert Adler, Robert Bunsen, Robert Cailliau, Robert Edwards (physiologist), Robert Feulgen, Robert Fulton, Robert H. Dennard, Robert H. Goddard, Robert Hooke, Robert Koch, Robert Metcalfe, Robert Moog, Robert N. Hall, Robert Stirling, Robert Swanson (inventor), Robert W. Gore, Robert Watson-Watt, Roberval balance, Robotics, Rocket (weapon), Rocket engine, Rogallo wing, Roger Y. Tsien, Roland Moreno, Roll film, Roller skates, Romania, Ron Hickman, Ross Granville Harrison, Rostislav Alexeyev, Rotavirus vaccine, Rotimatic, Rover (space exploration), Rowland Hill, Roy J. Plunkett, Royal Earl House, Rozière balloon, RT-21 Temp 2S, RT-2PM Topol, Rubber band, Rubik's Clock, Rubik's Cube, Rubik's Magic, Rudolf Diesel, Rudolf Hell, Rudolf Jaenisch, Rudolf Kompfner, Rummikub, Rune Elmqvist, Russia, Russian Empire, Russian guitar, Ruth Graves Wakefield, Ruth Handler, Ruth R. Benerito, Ryōichi Yazu, S-25 Berkut, S. Scott Crump, Saccharin, SAFE Building System, Salyut programme, Sam Born, Sam Golden, Sambo (martial art), Samovar, Samuel Colt, Samuel Face, Samuel Guthrie (physician), Samuel Hunter Christie, Samuel Morey, Samuel Morse, Samuel Pierpont Langley, Samuel W. Alderson, Sand casting, Sandford Fleming, Sanger sequencing, Sanitary napkin, Savage Model 99, Sawmill, Saxophone, Scalpel, Scanning tunneling microscope, Schick test, Schiff test, Schlenk flask, Schmidt camera, Schmitt trigger, Schrader valve, Screw, Screw (simple machine), Sea Launch, Searchlight, Seat belt, Security alarm, Segway PT, Seismometer, Semaphore line, Semtex, Semyon Korsakov, Semyon Lavochkin, Sennacherib, Serbia, Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, Sergei Korolev, Sergei Winogradsky, Sergei Yudin, Sergey Brin, Sergey Lebedev (chemist), Sergey Malyutin, Sergey Nepobedimy, Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, Serrurier truss, Seth Boyden, Setun, Sewing machine, Sextant (astronomical), Sexual dysfunction, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, Shen Kuo, Shielded metal arc welding, Shintaro Uda, Shoe, Shrapnel shell, Shredded wheat, Shuji Nakamura, Shukhov cracking process, Shunpei Yamazaki, Sickness bag, Sidney Rosenthal, Siege engine, Sikorsky Aircraft, Sikorsky Ilya Muromets, Sikorsky Russky Vityaz, Silk, Silver iodide, Simon Stevin, Simon Sunatori, Simon Sze, Sine quadrant, Single-lens reflex camera, Single-mode optical fiber, Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet, Site-directed mutagenesis, Ski jumping sling, Skyscraper, Slaughterhouse, Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, Sled, Sleeping car, Slide rule, Slovakia, Slovenia, Smart card, Smoke hood, Snap fastener, Soap, Sodium hydroxide, Solar cell, Solid-state physics, Sonnet, Sound-on-film, South-pointing chariot, Southern blot, Soviet atomic bomb project, Soviet Union, Space dock, Space station, Spacecraft, Spaceflight, Spaceport, Spandex, Spectrograph, Spede Pasanen, Speedometer, Spinning jenny, SPP-1 underwater pistol, Spread spectrum, Spring-loaded camming device, Sputnik 1, Staff (music), Standard diving dress, Stanislav Brebera, Stanley Mazor, Stanley Norman Cohen, Stanley Plotkin, Starting blocks, Static induction thyristor, Steam distillation, Steam engine, Steam hammer, Steam locomotive, Steam turbine, Steamboat, Stellarator, Stent, Stepan Makarov, Stephanie Kwolek, Stephen Perry (inventor), Stereophonic sound, Stereoscope, Stethoscope, Steve Jobs, Steve Kirsch, Steven Van Slyke, Stirling engine, Stocking frame, Stop motion, Storage ring, String trimmer, Strip photography, Su Song, Submarine, Submarine-launched ballistic missile, Suction, Sugar packet, Sukhoi, Sulfuric acid, Sun valve, Supercritical airfoil, Supersonic aircraft, Supersonic speed, Surface-to-air missile, Surgery, Surgical suture, Surveying, Sushruta, Suspension bridge, SVT-40, Svyatoslav Fyodorov, Sylvester Marsh, Synchrophasotron, Synchrotron, Synthetic diamond, Synthetic rubber, Syria, Syringe, T-34, T-54/T-55, T-80, Tabitha Babbitt, Table-glass, Tabulating machine, Tachanka, Tadeusz Reichstein, Tanaka Hisashige, Tandem rotors, Tang Zhongming, Tank, Tankette, Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Taser, Taximeter, Taxus baccata, Ted Nelson, Ted Selker, Telegraphy, Telephone, Telephone exchange, Teleprompter, Telescope, Telescopic sight, Television set, Temple Grandin, Ten Japanese Great Inventors, Tensile structure, Ternary computer, Terpsitone, Tetraethyllead, Tetris, Théodore Simon, The Thing (listening device), Theatre, Theodor Svedberg, Theodore Harold Maiman, Theophilus Van Kannel, Theory of sonics, Theremin, Thermonuclear weapon, Thermosonic bonding, Thin-shell structure, Thomas Chang, Thomas E. Kurtz, Thomas Edison, Thomas J. Fogarty, Thomas Savery, Thomas Sutton (photographer), Thomas Wedgwood (photographer), Thor Bjørklund, Three-phase electric power, Tim Berners-Lee, Timeline of historic inventions, Tin can telephone, Tire, Tissue culture, Titanium, Tivadar Puskás, Tokamak, Tokushichi Mishima, Tom Knight (scientist), Tom Parry Jones, Tomislav Uzelac, Tommy Flowers, Tool bit, Torpedo, Toshitada Doi, Tracy Hall, Train horn, Tram, Trampoline, Trampoline safety net enclosure, Tranquillizer gun, Transformer, Transistor, Transit (ship), Transmission (mechanics), Traveling-wave tube, Trebuchet, Trevor Baylis, Triode, Trolleybus, Tsar, Tsar Bell, Tsar Bomba, Tsar Tank, TT pistol, Tu Youyou, Tube (container), Tullio Campagnolo, Tunisia, Tunnel boring machine, Tunnelling shield, Tupolev Tu-114, Tupolev Tu-144, Tupolev Tu-95, Turbo generator, Turbofan, Turboprop, Tusi couple, Two-stroke engine, Ub Iwerks, Ugo Cerletti, Ukraine, Ultracentrifuge, Universal Time, Vaccine, Vacuum flask, Vacuum pump, Vacuum tube, Valdemar Poulsen, Valentin Glushko, Van Gieson's stain, Variomatic, Vasily Zvyozdochkin, Vedic period, Vehicle armour, Vehicle horn, Velcro, Venn diagram, Vera Mukhina, Vermouth, Verneuil process, Vernier scale, Vespa, Vezdekhod, Victor Babeș, Victor Hasselblad, Video game console, Viktor Makeyev, Vincent Schaefer, Vint Cerf, Vinylon, Virginia Apgar, Virtual reality, Vitaly Abalakov, Vladimir Baranov-Rossine, Vladimir Barmin, Vladimir Bekhterev, Vladimir Chelomey, Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov, Vladimir K. Zworykin, Vladimir Petlyakov, Vladimir Shukhov, Vladimir Simonov, Vladimir Syromyatnikov, Vladimir Veksler, Vladimir Yurkevich, Voicemail, Volley gun, Voltaic pile, Von Neumann architecture, Vostok 1, Vostok programme, Vulcanization, Waldemar Haffkine, Walden inversion, Wallace Carothers, Wallace H. Coulter, Walter Frederick Morrison, Walter Houser Brattain, Walter Zapp, Walton Musser, Ward Christensen, Warthin–Starry stain, Watch, Water clock, Water supply network, Water turbine, Waterbed, Waterproofing, Wattmeter, WD-40, Web search engine, Weldability, Welded sculpture, Well counter, Werner von Siemens, Wetsuit, Wheatstone bridge, Whitcomb L. Judson, Wikipedia, Wilhelm Normann, Wilhelm Röntgen, Wilhelm Schlenk, Willard Boyle, Willard Libby, Willem Einthoven, Willem Johan Kolff, Willgodt Theophil Odhner, William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong, William C. Brown, William Crookes, William Cullen, William Friese-Greene, William H. Dobelle, William Henry Perkin, William Howard Livens, William Justin Kroll, William Kennedy Dickson, William Lee (inventor), William Morrison (dentist), William Murdoch, William Oughtred, William Painter (inventor), William R. Bennett Jr., William Robert Grove, William Saville-Kent, William Shockley, William Snow Harris, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Wind tunnel, Windbreak, Windscreen wiper, Wing, Wingtip device, Winogradsky column, WinRAR, Wire recording, Wire rope, Wire wheel, Wireless telegraphy, World Wide Web, Wright brothers, Wright's stain, Writing in space, X-ray machine, X-Seed 4000, Xerography, Yablochkov candle, Yacht club, Yagi–Uda antenna, Yakovlev, Yakovlev Yak-40, Yefim Smolin, Yemen, Yermak (1898 icebreaker), Yevgeny Chertovsky, Yevgeny Murzin, Yevgeny Zavoisky, Yi Xing, Yoshiro Nakamatsu, Yoshiyuki Sankai, Yulii Borisovich Khariton, Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk, Yuri Trutnev (scientist), Yury Lomonosov, Yuzpe regimen, Yves Klein, Z1 (computer), Z2 (computer), Z3 (computer), Z4 (computer), Zamboni pile, Zénobe Gramme, Zeppelin, Zhang Heng, Zheng He, Zhores Alferov, Ziegler–Natta catalyst, Ziehl–Neelsen stain, Zipper, 3D printing, 7 Up. Expand index (2100 more) » « Shrink index

A. Albert Yuzpe

Abraham Albert "Al" Yuzpe (born 1936) is a Canadian obstetrician-gynecologist known for his work on human fertility and emergency contraception.

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A. Baldwin Wood

Albert Baldwin Wood (December 1, 1879 – May 10, 1956) was an inventor and engineer from New Orleans, Louisiana.

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Aaron D. O'Connell

Aaron Douglas O'Connell (born March 5, 1981, in Allentown, Pennsylvania) is an American experimental quantum physicist.

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Abalakov thread

Abseiling at an Abalakov thread The Abalakov thread, or V-Thread, is an ice protection device named after its innovator, Soviet climber Vitaly Abalakov.

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Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī

, also known as Al-Zarkali or Ibn Zarqala (1029–1087), was an Arab Muslim instrument maker, astrologer, and one of the leading astronomers of his time.

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Abbas ibn Firnas

Abu al-Qasim Abbas ibn Firnas ibn Wirdas al-Takurini (810–887 A.D.), also known as Abbas ibn Firnas (عباس بن فرناس), was an Andalusian polymath:Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961).

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Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi

'Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (عبدالرحمن صوفی (December 7, 903 in Rey, Iran – May 25, 986 in Shiraz, Iran) was a Persian astronomer also known as 'Abd ar-Rahman as-Sufi, 'Abd al-Rahman Abu al-Husayn, 'Abdul Rahman Sufi, or 'Abdurrahman Sufi and, historically, in the West as Azophi and Azophi Arabus. The lunar crater Azophi and the minor planet 12621 Alsufi are named after him. Al-Sufi published his famous Book of Fixed Stars in 964, describing much of his work, both in textual descriptions and pictures. Al-Biruni reports that his work on the ecliptic was carried out in Shiraz. He lived at the Buyid court in Isfahan.

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Absorption refrigerator

An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process.

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Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq

Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq (أَبُو يُوسُف يَعقُوب بن عَبد الحَقّ abū yūsuf ya`qūb ben `abd al-ḥaqq) (?-20 March 1286) was a Marinid ruler of Morocco.

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Abu-Mahmud Khojandi

Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn Khidr Khojandi (known as Abu Mahmood Khojandi, Alkhujandi or al-Khujandi, Persian: ابومحمود خجندی, c. 940 - 1000) was a Central Asian astronomer and mathematician who lived in the late 10th century and helped build an observatory, near the city of Ray (near today's Tehran), in Iran.

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Acoustic suspension

Acoustic suspension (air suspension or sealed box) is a type of loudspeaker speaker enclosure design which uses one or more loudspeaker drivers mounted in a sealed box or cabinet.

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Acrylic paint

Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion.

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Actinometer

Actinometers are instruments used to measure the heating power of radiation.

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Active pixel sensor

An active-pixel sensor (APS) is an image sensor where each picture element ("pixel") has a photodetector and an active amplifier.

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Adjustable spanner

An adjustable spanner (UK, and most other English-speaking countries) or adjustable wrench (US and Canada) is an open-end wrench with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner.

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Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick

Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick (February 22, 1852, Marburg – February 11, 1937, Herrsching am Ammersee) was a German ophthalmologist who invented the contact lens.

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Adolf von Baeyer

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (31 October 1835 – 20 August 1917) was a German chemist who synthesised indigo, developed a nomenclature for cyclic compounds (that was subsequently extended and adopted as part of the IUPAC organic nomenclature).

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Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen

Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen (7 September 1903 – 11 February 1992) was an Austrian locomotive designer and engineer.

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Adolph Rickenbacker

Adolph Rickenbacker (April 1, 1886 – March 21, 1976) was a Swiss-American electrical engineer who co-founded the Rickenbacker guitar company along with George Beauchamp and Paul Barth.

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Adolphe Kégresse

Adolphe Kégresse (1879, Héricourt, Haute-Saône - 1943) was a French military engineer, inventor of the half-track and dual clutch transmission.

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Adolphe Quetelet

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet FRSFor FRSE (22 February 1796 – 17 February 1874) was a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist.

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Adolphe Sax

Antoine-Joseph "Adolphe" Sax (6 November 1814 – 7 February 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who invented the saxophone in the early 1840s (patented in 1846).

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Aeneas Coffey

Aeneas Coffey (1780–1839) was an Irish inventor and distiller.

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Aeolipile

An aeolipile (or aeolipyle, or eolipile), also known as a Hero's engine, is a simple bladeless radial steam turbine which spins when the central water container is heated.

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Aerial refueling

Aerial refueling, also referred to as air refueling, in-flight refueling (IFR), air-to-air refueling (AAR), and tanking, is the process of transferring aviation fuel from one military aircraft (the tanker) to another (the receiver) during flight.

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Aerial steam carriage

The aerial steam carriage, also named Ariel, was a flying machine patented in 1842 that was supposed to carry passengers into the air.

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Aerosol paint

Aerosol paint (also called spray paint) is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in an aerosol spray when depressing a valve button.

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AGA cooker

The AGA cooker is a heat storage stove and cooker, which works on the principle that a heavy frame made of cast iron can absorb heat from a relatively low-intensity but continuously burning source, and the accumulated heat can then be used for cooking.

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Agamassan

Agamassan is a porous substrate used to safely absorb acetylene and thus allow the transport, storage and commercial exploitation of the otherwise unstable gas.

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Ahmed Majan

Ahmed Majan (born 1963) is an Emirati inventor.

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Aileron

An aileron (French for "little wing" or "fin") is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft.

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Aimé Argand

François Pierre Ami Argand (5 July 1750 – 14 October 1803) was a Genevan physicist and chemist.

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Airbag

An airbag is a type of vehicle safety device and is an occupant restraint system.

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Aircraft engine

An aircraft engine is the component of the propulsion system for an aircraft that generates mechanical power.

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Airliner

An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo.

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Airplane

An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or rocket engine.

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Airship

An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power.

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AIV fodder

AIV Fodder is a kind of silage.

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AK-47

The AK-47, or AK as it is officially known, also known as the Kalashnikov, is a gas-operated, 7.62×39mm assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov.

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AK-74

The AK-74 (Russian: Автомат Калашникова образца 1974 года or "Kalashnikov automatic rifle model 1974") is an assault rifle developed in the early 1970s by Russian designer Mikhail Kalashnikov as the replacement for the earlier AKM (itself a refined version of the AK-47). It uses a smaller 5.45×39mm cartridge, replacing the 7.62×39mm chambering of earlier Kalashnikov-pattern weapons. The rifle first saw service with Soviet forces engaged in the 1979 Afghanistan conflict.Woźniak, Ryszard: Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej—tom 1 A-F, page 25. Bellona, 2001. The head of the Afghan bureau of the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence claimed that the CIA paid $5,000 for the first AK-74 captured by the Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. Presently, the rifle continues to be used by the majority of countries of the former Soviet Union. Additionally, licensed copies were produced in Bulgaria (AK-74, AKS-74 and AKS-74U), and the former East Germany (MPi-AK-74N, MPi-AKS-74N, MPi-AKS-74NK).Cutshaw, Charlie: The New World of Russian Small Arms & Ammo, page 92. Paladin Press, 1998.McNab, Chris: The AK47 (Weapons of War), page 25. Spellmount Publishers, 2001. Besides former Soviet republics and eastern European countries, Mongolia, North Korean Special Forces, and Vietnamese People's Naval infantry use AK-74s.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.

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Al-Khazini

Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini or simply al-Khāzini (flourished 1115–1130) was an astronomer of Byzantine origin from Seljuk Persia.

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Al-Kindi

Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي; Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician.

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Al-Ma'mun

Abu al-Abbas al-Maʾmūn ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (أبو العباس المأمون; September 786 – 9 August 833) was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833.

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Al-Sijzi

Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi (c. 945 - c. 1020, also known as al-Sinjari and al-Sijazi; ابوسعید سجزی; Al-Sijzi is short for "Al-Sijistani") was an Iranian Muslim astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer.

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Al-Zahrawi

Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-‘Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-Ansari (أبو القاسم خلف بن العباس الزهراوي;‎ 936–1013), popularly known as Al-Zahrawi (الزهراوي), Latinised as Abulcasis (from Arabic Abū al-Qāsim), was an Arab Muslim physician, surgeon and chemist who lived in Al-Andalus.

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Alan Blumlein

Alan Dower Blumlein (29 June 1903 – 7 June 1942) was an English electronics engineer, notable for his many inventions in telecommunications, sound recording, stereophonic sound, television and radar.

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Albert Coons

Albert Hewett Coons (June 28, 1912 – September 30, 1978) was an American physician, pathologist, and immunologist.

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Albert Hofmann

Albert Hofmann (11 January 1906 – 29 April 2008) was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

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Albert Sabin

Albert Bruce Sabin (born Albert Saperstein; August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was a Polish American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral polio vaccine which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease.

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Alberto Gianni

Alberto Gianni (26 April 1891 – 7 December 1930) was an Italian underwater diver and inventor.

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Alberto Santos-Dumont

Alberto Santos-Dumont (20 July 187323 July 1932, usually referred to as simply Santos-Dumont) was a Brazilian inventor and aviation pioneer, one of the very few people to have contributed significantly to the development of both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air aircraft.

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Aldred Scott Warthin

Aldred Scott Warthin (October 21, 1866 − May 23, 1931) was an American pathologist whose research laid the foundation for understanding the heritability of certain cancers.

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Alec Jeffreys

Sir Alec John Jeffreys, (born 9 January 1950) is a British geneticist, who developed techniques for genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used worldwide in forensic science to assist police detective work and to resolve paternity and immigration disputes.

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Alec Reeves

Alec Harley Reeves (10 March 1902 – 13 October 1971) was a British scientist best known for his invention of pulse-code modulation (PCM).

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Aleksandr Loran

Aleksandr Grigoryevich Loran (Александр Григорьевич Лоран) (1849 – after 1911), sometimes called Alexander Laurant or Aleksandr Lovan or Aleksandr Lavrentyev, was a Russian teacher and inventor of fire fighting foam and foam extinguisher.

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Aleksandr Nadiradze

Aleksandr Davidovich Nadiradze (ალექსანდრე ნადირაძე, Александр Давидович Надирадзе 20 August 1914 – 3 September 1987) was a Soviet inventor, designer and engineer in the fields of aircraft and missile technology.

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Aleksandr Porokhovschikov

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Porokhovschikov(Rus: Александр Александрович Пороховщиков) (1892–1941/43) was Russian military engineer, tank and aircraft inventor, known mostly for the development of Vezdekhod, the first tank (resembling modern tankette) in 1914-1915.

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Aleksandr Stoletov

Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov (Алекса́ндр Григо́рьевич Столе́тов; 10 August 1839 – 27 May 1896) was a Russian physicist, founder of electrical engineering, and professor in Moscow University.

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Aleksey Krylov

Aleksey Nikolaevich Krylov (Алексе́й Никола́евич Крыло́в; – October 26, 1945) was a Russian naval engineer, applied mathematician and memoirist.

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Alessandro Volta

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist, and a pioneer of electricity and power,Giuliano Pancaldi, "Volta: Science and culture in the age of enlightenment", Princeton University Press, 2003.

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Alexander Alexandrovich Morozov

Alexander Aleksandrovich Morozov (Oleksándr Oleksándrovych Morózov, 16 on October (29) 1904, Bezhitsa, nowadays within Bryansk – 1979) – the Soviet designer of tanks, the general – the major-engineer (1945), the doctor of technical sciences (1972), twice Hero of the Socialistic Work (1942, 1974).

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Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov

Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov is a Russian physicist who led the team that developed the Orbitrap, a type of mass spectrometer, and received the 2008 American Society for Mass Spectrometry Distinguished Contribution in Mass Spectrometry Award for this development.

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Alexander Coucoulas

Alexander Coucoulas (born 1933) is an American inventor, research engineer, and author.

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Alexander Dianin

Alexander Pavlovich Dianin (Александр Павлович Дианин; April 20, 1851 – December 6, 1918) was a Russian chemist from Saint Petersburg.

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Alexander Fleming

Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician, microbiologist, and pharmacologist.

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Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone.

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Alexander Kemurdzhian

Alexander Leonovich Kemurdzhian (Ալեքսանդր Լևոնի Քեմուրջյան, Алекса́ндр Лео́нович Кемурджиа́н; 4 October 1921 – 25 February 2003) Obituary was a pioneering scientist, of Armenian heritage, in the space flight program of the Soviet Union.

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Alexander Lodygin

Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin (Александр Николаевич Лодыгин; 18 October 1847 – 16 March 1923) was a Russian electrical engineer and inventor, one of inventors of the incandescent light bulb.

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Alexander Mikulin

Alexander Alexandrovich Mikulin (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Мику́лин) (February 14 (O.S. February 2), 1895, Vladimir – May 13, 1985, Moscow) was a Soviet Russian aircraft engine designer and chief designer in the Mikulin OKB.

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Alexander P. de Seversky

Alexander Nikolaievich Prokofiev de Seversky (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Проко́фьев-Се́верский) (June 7, 1894 – August 24, 1974) was a Russian-American aviation pioneer, inventor, and influential advocate of strategic air power.

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Alexander Parkes

Alexander Parkes (29 December 1813 29 June 1890) was a metallurgist and inventor from Birmingham, England.

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Alexander Prokhorov

Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was an Australian born Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov.

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Alexander Sablukov

Alexander Alexandrovich Sablukov (Александр Александрович Саблуков; 1783–1857) was a Russian Lieutenant General, engineer and inventor.

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Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev

Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev (Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Я́ковлев; 22 August 1989) was a Soviet aeronautical engineer.

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Alexander Stepanovich Popov

Alexander Stepanovich Popov (sometimes spelled Popoff; Алекса́ндр Степа́нович Попо́в; –) was a Russian physicist who is acclaimed in his homeland and some eastern European countries as the inventor of radio.

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Alexandre Alexeieff

Alexandre Alexandrovitch Alexeieff (Russian: Александр Александрович Алексеев Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Alekseyev (sometimes credited as Alexander Alexeieff or Alexander Alexeïeff or Alexandre Alexieff); 18 April 1901 – 9 August 1982) was a Russian Empire-born artist, filmmaker and illustrator who lived and worked mainly in Paris.

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Alexei Tupolev

Alexei Andreyevich Tupolev (Алексе́й Андре́евич Ту́полев; May 20, 1925 – May 12, 2001) was a Soviet aircraft designer who led the development of the first supersonic passenger jet, the Tupolev Tu-144.

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Alexey Dushkin

Alexey Nikolayevich Dushkin (24 December 1904 – 8 October 1977) was a Soviet architect, best known for his 1930s designs of Kropotkinskaya and Mayakovskaya stations of Moscow Metro.

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Alexey Pajitnov

Alexey Leonidovich Pajitnov (born 14 March 1956) is a Russian video game designer and computer engineer who developed Tetris while working for the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, a Soviet government-founded R&D center.

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Alfred Binet

Alfred Binet (July 8, 1857 – October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test.

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Alfred Nobel

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist.

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Alfred P. Southwick

Alfred P. Southwick (1826–1898), was a steam-boat engineer, dentist and inventor from Buffalo, New York.

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Alfred Perot

Jean-Baptiste Alfred Perot (3 November 1863 – 28 November 1925) was a French physicist.

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Alfred Traeger

Alfred Hermann Traeger, OBE (2 August 1895 – 31 July 1980) was an Australian inventor, chiefly known for the development of the pedal radio.

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Algebra

Algebra (from Arabic "al-jabr", literally meaning "reunion of broken parts") is one of the broad parts of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry and analysis.

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Ali Javan

Ali Javan (Ali Javān; December 26, 1926 – September 12, 2016) was an Iranian-American physicist and inventor.

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Alkaline battery

No description.

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Almanac

An almanac (also spelled almanack and almanach) is an annual publication listing a set of events forthcoming in the next year.

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Almon Brown Strowger

Almon Brown Strowger (February 11, 1839 – May 26, 1902) was an American inventor who gave his name to the Strowger switch, an electromechanical telephone exchange technology that his invention and patent inspired.

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Alternating current

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction.

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Alternative cancer treatments

Alternative cancer treatments are alternative or complementary treatments for cancer that have not been approved by the government agencies responsible for the regulation of therapeutic goods.

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Aluminium

Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.

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Amanda Minnie Douglas

Amanda Minnie Douglas (July 14, 1831 – July 18, 1916) was an American writer of adult and juvenile fiction.

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American football

American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end.

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Ames test

The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism.

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Amici prism

An Amici prism, named for the astronomer Giovanni Amici, is a type of compound dispersive prism used in spectrometers.

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Amos E. Joel Jr.

Amos Edward Joel Jr. (born March 12, 1918 in Philadelphia – died October 25, 2008 in Maplewood, New Jersey) was an American electrical engineer, known for several contributions and over seventy patents related to telecommunications switching systems.

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Amphibious ATV

An amphibious all-terrain vehicle (AATV) is a small off-road, and typically six-wheel drive, amphibious vehicle.

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Analog computer

An analog computer or analogue computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

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Analytical Engine

The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage.

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Anastase Dragomir

Anastase Dragomir (1896–1966) was a distinguished Romanian inventor, most famous for his "catapultable cockpit" patent (with Tănase Dobrescu) as an early form of ejection seat, although preceded by Everard Calthrop's 1916 compressed air ejection seat, and others.

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Anatol Josepho

Anatol Marco Josepho (March 31, 1894 – December 16, 1980), born Anatol Josephewitz, was a Jewish Siberian immigrant to the United States from Omsk, Russia, who invented and patented the first automated photo booth in 1925, which was named the "Photomaton".

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Anatoly Kharlampiyev

Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiyev (Анато́лий Арка́дьевич Харла́мпиев; 29 October 1906 – 16 April 1979) was the world famous researcher of various kinds of national wrestling and martial arts, Merited Master of Sports of the USSR, Honored Coach of the USSR.

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Anders Celsius

Anders Celsius (27 November 170125 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician.

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Anders Knutsson Ångström

Anders Knutsson Ångström (1888, Stockholm – 1981) was a Swedish physicist and meteorologist who was known primarily for his contributions to the field of atmospheric radiation.

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Andre Geim

Sir Andre Konstantin Geim, FRS, HonFRSC, HonFInstP (born 21 October 1958) is a Soviet-born Dutch-British physicist working in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.

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Andreas Pavel

Andreas Pavel is a German-Brazilian cultural producer and media designer who is generally credited with the invention of personal stereo.

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Andreas Stihl

Andreas Stihl (November 10, 1896 in Zürich, Switzerland – January 14, 1973 in Rohrbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) was an engineer and important inventor in the area of chainsaws, and the founder of Andreas Stihl AG & Company.

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Andrei Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (p; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Russian nuclear physicist, dissident, and activist for disarmament, peace and human rights.

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Andrei Sychra

Andrei Osipovich Sychra (Sikhra, Sichra, in Russian Андрей Осипович Сихра Andrej Osipovič Sixra) (born 1773 (?1776) in Vilnius; died November 21/December 3, 1850, in St Petersburg) was a Russian guitarist, composer and teacher, of Czech ancestry.

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Andrei Tupolev

Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev (Андрей Николаевич Туполев; November 10, 1888 – December 23, 1972) was a pioneering Soviet aircraft designer.

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Andrew Kay

Andrew F. Kay (January 22, 1919 – August 28, 2014) was a businessman and innovator.

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Andrey Nartov

Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov (Андрей Константинович Нартов) (1683—1756) was a Russian scientist, military engineer, inventor and sculptor.

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Androgynous Peripheral Attach System

The terms Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (APAS), Androgynous Peripheral Assembly System (APAS) and Androgynous Peripheral Docking System (APDS), are used interchangeably to describe a family of spacecraft docking mechanisms, and are also sometimes used as a generic name for any docking system in that family.

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Anesthesia

In the practice of medicine (especially surgery and dentistry), anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness.

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Anesthetic

An anesthetic (or anaesthetic) is a drug to prevent pain during surgery, completely blocking any feeling as opposed to an analgesic.

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Annie Malone

Annie Minerva Turnbo Malone (August 9, 1877 – May 10, 1957) was an African-American businesswoman, inventor and philanthropist.

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ANS synthesizer

The ANS synthesizer is a photoelectronic musical instrument created by Russian engineer Evgeny Murzin from 1937 to 1957.

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Answering machine

The answering machine, answerphone or message machine, also known as telephone answering machine (or TAM) in the UK and some Commonwealth countries, ansaphone or ansafone (from a trade name), or telephone answering device (TAD), is used for answering telephones and recording callers' messages.

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Ant robotics

Ant robotics is a special case of swarm robotics.

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Anthony Michell

Anthony George Maldon Michell FRS (21 June 1870 – 17 February 1959) was an Australian mechanical engineer of the early 20th century.

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Anthony R. Barringer

Anthony R. "Tony" Barringer (October 20, 1925 – August 15, 2009) was a Canadian/American geophysicist.

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Anti-reflective coating

An antireflective or anti-reflection (AR) coating is a type of optical coating applied to the surface of lenses and other optical elements to reduce reflection.

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Anti-tank missile

An anti-tank missile (ATM), anti-tank guided missile (ATGM), anti-tank guided weapon (ATGW) or anti-armor guided weapon, is a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily armored military vehicles.

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Antibiotic

An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.

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Antoine Louis

Antoine Louis (13 February 1723, Metz – 20 May 1792) was an 18th-century French surgeon and physiologist.

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek FRS (24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology.

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Antonio Benedetto Carpano

Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764, Bioglio (Biella) - 1815, Turin) was an Italian distiller, famous for having invented Vermouth and consequently the apéritif.

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Antonio Meucci

Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci (13 April 1808 – 18 October 1889) was an Italian inventor and an associate of Giuseppe Garibaldi (a major political figure in the history of Italy).

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Antonio Pacinotti

Antonio Pacinotti (17 June 1841 – 24 March 1912) was an Italian physicist, who was Professor of Physics at the University of Pisa.

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Apgar score

Apgar score is a method to quickly summarize the health of newborn children against infant mortality.

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Apochromat

An apochromat, or apochromatic lens (apo), is a photographic or other lens that has better correction of chromatic and spherical aberration than the much more common achromat lenses.

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APS underwater rifle

The APS underwater assault rifle (APS stands for Avtomat Podvodny Spetsialnyy (Автомат Подводный Специальный) or "Special Underwater Assault Rifle") is an underwater firearm designed by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s.

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Aqua-Lung

Aqua-Lung was the first open-circuit, self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (or "SCUBA") to reach worldwide popularity and commercial success.

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Arc converter

The arc converter, sometimes called the arc transmitter, or Poulsen arc after Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen who invented it in 1903, was a variety of spark transmitter used in early wireless telegraphy.

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Arc lamp

An arc lamp or arc light is a lamp that produces light by an electric arc (also called a voltaic arc).

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Arc welding

Arc welding is a process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when cool result in a binding of the metals.

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Archibald Low

Archibald Montgomery Low (17 October 1888 – 13 September 1956) was an English consulting engineer, research physicist and inventor, and author of more than 40 books.

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Archimedes

Archimedes of Syracuse (Ἀρχιμήδης) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.

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Archimedes' screw

An Archimedes' screw, also known by the name the Archimedean screw or screw pump, is a machine historically (and also currently) used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation ditches.

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Argand lamp

The Argand lamp, a kind of oil lamp, was invented and patented in 1780 by Aimé Argand.

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Arithmometer

The Arithmometer or Arithmomètre was the first digital mechanical calculator strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment.

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Arkhip Lyulka

Arkhip Mikhailovich Lyul'ka (Russian: Архи́п Миха́йлович Лю́лька, Ukrainian: Архип Михайлович Люлька) (1908–1984), was a Soviet scientist and designer of jet engines, head of the OKB Lyulka, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

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Armenia

Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Armillary sphere

An armillary sphere (variations are known as spherical astrolabe, armilla, or armil) is a model of objects in the sky (on the celestial sphere), consisting of a spherical framework of rings, centred on Earth or the Sun, that represent lines of celestial longitude and latitude and other astronomically important features, such as the ecliptic.

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Arnold Orville Beckman

Arnold Orville Beckman (April 10, 1900 – May 18, 2004) was an American chemist, inventor, investor, and philanthropist.

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Arogyaswami Paulraj

Arogyaswami J. Paulraj (born 14 April 1944) is an Indian-American electrical engineer.

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Artem Mikoyan

Artem (Artyom) Ivanovich Mikoyan (Артём Ива́нович Микоя́н; translit; – 9 December 1970) was a Soviet Armenian aircraft designer.

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Artemisinin

Artemisinin and its semi-synthetic derivatives are a group of drugs used against Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

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Arthur Fry

Arthur Fry (born 19 August 1931) is a retired American inventor and scientist.

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Arthur M. Young

Arthur Middleton Young (November 3, 1905 – May 30, 1995) was an American inventor, helicopter pioneer, cosmologist, philosopher, astrologer and author.

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Arthur Pitney

Arthur H. Pitney (1871–1933) was an American inventor best known as the father of the postage meter.

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Arthur William Savage

Arthur William Savage (May 13, 1857 – September 22, 1938), was a businessman, inventor, and explorer.

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Arthur Wynne

Arthur Wynne (June 22, 1871January 14, 1945) was the British-born inventor of the modern crossword puzzle.

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Artificial cell

An artificial cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell.

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Artificial heart

An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart.

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Artillery

Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry's small arms.

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Artillery battery

In military organizations, an artillery battery is a unit of artillery, mortars, rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers, surface to surface missiles, ballistic missiles, cruise missiles etc, so grouped to facilitate better battlefield communication and command and control, as well as to provide dispersion for its constituent gunnery crews and their systems.

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Artturi Ilmari Virtanen

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (15 January 1895 – 11 November 1973) was a Finnish chemist and recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method".

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Artur Fischer

Artur Fischer (31 December 1919 – 27 January 2016) was a German inventor.

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Arturo Caprotti

Arturo Caprotti (22 March 1881 – 9 February 1938) was an Italian engineer and architect.

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Aspirin

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.

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Assault rifle

An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine.

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Assembly line

An assembly line is a manufacturing process (often called a progressive assembly) in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced.

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Assen Jordanoff

Assen "Jerry" Jordanoff (Асен Христов Йорданов) born Asen Khristov Yordanov, September 2, 1896, Sofia, Bulgaria – d. October 19, 1967, White Plains, New York) was a Bulgarian inventor, engineer, and aviator. Jordanoff is considered to be the founder of aeronautical engineering in Bulgaria, as well as a contributor to the development of aviation in the United States. He occupied a distinct place among pilots of his time, the golden age of airmanship; in America, Jordanoff gained almost legendary status for his many roles as test pilot, airmail and air taxis pilot, stunt pilot, and flying instructor. He worked as an engineer for a number of companies, including Curtiss-Wright, Boeing, Lockheed, North American, Consolidated, Chance-Vought, Douglas and Piper, where he produced instruction books and manuals for famous airplanes such as the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, the North American B-25 Mitchell, the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, the Consolidated B-24 Liberator, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, and the Douglas DC-3. Jordanoff was also well known for his numerous educational publications on aeronautics, including his inventions outside the realm of aviation.

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Astrolabe

An astrolabe (ἀστρολάβος astrolabos; ٱلأَسْطُرلاب al-Asturlāb; اَختِرِیاب Akhteriab) is an elaborate inclinometer, historically used by astronomers and navigators to measure the inclined position in the sky of a celestial body, day or night.

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Astronomical clock

An astronomical clock is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information, such as the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets.

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Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.

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Atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit.

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August Schrader (inventor)

August Schrader (1807–1894) was a German-American immigrant who had a shop dealing in rubber products in Manhattan, New York City, United States.

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Auguste and Louis Lumière

The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas; 19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954) and Louis Jean; 5 October 1864 – 7 June 1948), were among the first filmmakers in history. They patented an improved cinematograph, which in contrast to Thomas Edison's "peepshow" kinetoscope allowed simultaneous viewing by multiple parties.

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Auguste Piccard

Auguste Antoine Piccard (28 January 1884 – 24 March 1962) was a Swiss physicist, inventor and explorer, known for his record-breaking helium-filled balloon flights, with which he studied Earth's upper atmosphere and cosmic rays, and for his invention of the first bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, with which he made a number of unmanned dives in 1948 to explore the ocean's depths.

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Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil

Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil (3 November 1856 – 27 April 1913) was a French chemist best known for inventing the first commercially viable process for the manufacture of synthetic gemstones.

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Augustin-Jean Fresnel

Augustin-Jean Fresnel (10 May 178814 July 1827) was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave theory of light, excluding any remnant of Newton's corpuscular theory, from the late 1830s until the end of the 19th century.

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Augustus Siebe

Christian Augustus Siebe (known by his middle name; 1788 – 15 April 1872) was a German-born British engineer chiefly known for his contributions to diving equipment.

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Aurel Persu

Aurel Perșu (26 December 1890 – 5 May 1977) was a Romanian engineer and pioneer car designer, the first to place the wheels inside the body of the car as part of his attempt to reach the perfect aerodynamic shape for automobiles.

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Aurel Stodola

Aurel Boleslav Stodola (10 May 1859 – 25 December 1942) was a Slovak engineer, physicist, and inventor.

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Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

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Autogyro

An autogyro (from Greek αὐτός and γύρος, "self-turning"), also known as a gyroplane or gyrocopter, is a type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor in free autorotation to develop lift.

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Automatic lubricator

An automatic lubricator, is a device fitted to a steam engine to supply lubricating oil to the cylinders and, sometimes, the bearings and axle box mountings as well.

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Automaton

An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine, or a machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a predetermined sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.

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Autopilot

An autopilot is a system used to control the trajectory of an aircraft without constant 'hands-on' control by a human operator being required.

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Avicenna

Avicenna (also Ibn Sīnā or Abu Ali Sina; ابن سینا; – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Azerbaijan

No description.

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Ányos Jedlik

Ányos István Jedlik (Jedlik Ányos István; Štefan Anián Jedlík; in older texts and publications: Stephanus Anianus Jedlik; 11 January 1800 – 13 December 1895) was a Hungarian inventor, engineer, physicist, and Benedictine priest.

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Édouard Branly

Édouard Eugène Désiré Branly (23 October 1844 – 24 March 1940) was a French inventor, physicist and professor at the Institut Catholique de Paris.

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Édouard Michelin (industrialist)

Édouard Michelin (June 23, 1859August 25, 1940) was a French industrialist.

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Élie Metchnikoff

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Илья́ Ильи́ч Ме́чников, also written as Élie Metchnikoff; 15 July 1916) was a Russian zoologist best known for his pioneering research in immunology.

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Émile Baudot

Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot (11 September 1845 – 28 March 1903), French telegraph engineer and inventor of the first means of digital communication Baudot code, was one of the pioneers of telecommunications.

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Étienne Lenoir

Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir also known as Jean J. Lenoir (12 January 1822 – 4 August 1900) was a Belgian engineer who developed the internal combustion engine in 1858.

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Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu

Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu (1385–1468) (Ottoman Turkish: شرف الدّین صابونجی اوغلی) was a medieval Ottoman surgeon and physician.

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B. F. Skinner

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990), commonly known as B. F. Skinner, was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.

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Babesia

Babesia (also called Nuttallia) is an Apicomplexan parasite that infects red blood cells, transmitted by ticks.

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Bakelite

Bakelite (sometimes spelled Baekelite), or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, is the first plastic made from synthetic components.

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Balance wheel

A balance wheel, or balance, is the timekeeping device used in mechanical watches and some clocks, analogous to the pendulum in a pendulum clock.

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Ballistic missile

A ballistic missile follows a ballistic trajectory to deliver one or more warheads on a predetermined target.

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Ballpoint pen

A ballpoint pen, also known as a biro or ball pen, is a pen that dispenses ink (usually in paste form) over a metal ball at its point, i.e. over a "ball point".

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Baltzar von Platen (inventor)

Baltzar von Platen (24 February 1898 – 29 April 1984), together with Carl Munters, was the inventor of the gas absorption refrigerator in 1922 while they were both Swedish engineering students at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden.

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Balun

A balun (for balanced to unbalanced) is an electrical device that converts between a balanced signal (two signals working against each other where ground is irrelevant) and an unbalanced signal (a single signal working against ground or pseudo-ground).

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Banū Mūsā

The Banū Mūsā brothers ("Sons of Moses"), namely Abū Jaʿfar, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (before 803 – February 873), Abū al‐Qāsim, Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century) and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century), were three 9th-century scholars who lived and worked in Baghdad.

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Bangladesh

Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ, lit. "The country of Bengal"), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ), is a country in South Asia.

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Barbie

Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959.

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Barcode

A barcode (also bar code) is an optical, machine-readable, representation of data; the data usually describes something about the object that carries the barcode.

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Barnes Wallis

Sir Barnes Neville Wallis (26 September 1887 – 30 October 1979), was an English scientist, engineer and inventor.

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Barograph

A barograph is a barometer that records the barometric pressure over time.

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Barometer

A barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure.

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Barrel

A barrel, cask, or tun is a hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of wooden staves bound by wooden or metal hoops.

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Bartolomeo Cristofori

Bartolomeo Cristofori di Francesco (May 4, 1655 – January 27, 1731) was an Italian maker of musical instruments, generally regarded as the inventor of the piano.

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Bartolomeu de Gusmão

Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão (December 1685 – November 18, 1724) was a Portuguese priest and naturalist, who was a pioneer of lighter-than-air airship design.

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BASIC

BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.

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Basketball

Basketball is a team sport played on a rectangular court.

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Bathyscaphe

A bathyscaphe is a free-diving self-propelled deep-sea submersible, consisting of a crew cabin similar to a bathysphere, but suspended below a float rather than from a surface cable, as in the classic bathysphere design.

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Battle rifle

"Battle rifle" is a post-World War II term for military service rifles that are fed ammunition via detachable magazines and fire a full-powered rifle cartridge.

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Baudot code

The Baudot code, invented by Émile Baudot, is a character set predating EBCDIC and ASCII.

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Béla Schick

Béla Schick (16 July 1877 – 6 December 1967) was a Hungarian-born American pediatrician.

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Bearing (mechanical)

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts.

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Beaufort cipher

The Beaufort cipher, created by Sir Francis Beaufort, is a substitution cipher similar to the Vigenère cipher, with a slightly modified enciphering mechanism and tableau.

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Beaufort scale

The Beaufort scale is an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land.

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Beekeeping

Beekeeping (or apiculture) is the maintenance of bee colonies, commonly in man-made hives, by humans.

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Bekhterev's mixture

Bekhterev’s Mixture (Микстура Бехтерева, MixturaBechtereva) is a medicine with a sedative effect, affecting the central nervous system.

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Belarus

Belarus (Беларусь, Biełaruś,; Беларусь, Belarus'), officially the Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь; Республика Беларусь), formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia (Белоруссия, Byelorussiya), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest.

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Bell Helicopter

Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. is an American aerospace manufacturer headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas.

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Benjamin Chew Tilghman

Benjamin Chew Tilghman (18211901) was an American soldier and inventor.

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Benjamin Eisenstadt

Benjamin Eisenstadt (December 7, 1906 – April 8, 1996) was the designer of the modern sugar packet and developer of Sweet'N Low.

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Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Benoît Fourneyron

Benoît Fourneyron (October 31, 1802 – July 31, 1867) was a French engineer, born in Saint-Étienne, Loire.

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Bergius process

The Bergius process is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of high-volatile bituminous coal at high temperature and pressure.

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Bernard D. H. Tellegen

Bernard D.H. Tellegen (24 June 1900 – 30 August 1990) was a Dutch electrical engineer and inventor of the pentode and the gyrator.

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Bernard de Neumann

Frederick Bernard de Neumann (known in Austria and Germany as Bernhard von Neumann; (15 December 1943 - 18 April 2018) was a British mathematician, computer scientist, inventor, and naval historian. He was educated at the Royal Hospital School and Birmingham University, and was Professor of Mathematics at The City University. He was a descendent of Johann Andreas von Neumann, nobleman of the Holy Roman Empire, Vienna, 29 March 1797, and of Johann Heinrich von Neumann, nobleman of the Kingdom of Bavaria, Munich, 20 January 1824.

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Bernard Silver

Bernard Silver (September 21, 1924 – August 28, 1963) was an early developer of barcode technology alongside Norman Joseph Woodland.

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Bernard Vonnegut

Bernard Vonnegut (August 29, 1914 – April 25, 1997) was an American atmospheric scientist credited with discovering that silver iodide could be used effectively in cloud seeding to produce snow and rain.

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Bernhard Schmidt

Bernhard Woldemar Schmidt (– 1 December 1935) was a German optician.

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Bert Sakmann

Bert Sakmann (born 12 June 1942) is a German cell physiologist.

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Berthelot's reagent

Berthelot's reagent is an alkaline solution of phenol and hypochlorite, used in analytical chemistry.

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Bette Nesmith Graham

Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper.

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Beulah Louise Henry

Beulah Louise Henry (February 11, 1887 – February 1973) was an American inventor.

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Bhargav Sri Prakash

Bhargav Sri Prakash (born 20 April 1977) is an entrepreneur, inventor and engineer of Indian origin who is based in silicon valley.

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Bi Sheng

Bì Shēng (990–1051 AD) was a Chinese artisan and inventor of the world's first movable type technology, one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China.

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Bicycle

A bicycle, also called a cycle or bike, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other.

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Bicycle lighting

Bicycle lighting is illumination attached to bicycles whose purpose above all is, along with reflectors, to improve the visibility of the bicycle and its rider to other road users under circumstances of poor ambient illumination.

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Bielschowsky stain

The Bielschowsky technique is a silver staining method used in histochemistry for the visualization of nerve fibers, including multipolar interneurons the cerebellum.

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Bifocals

Bifocals are eyeglasses with two distinct optical powers.

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Bill Gallagher (inventor)

Alfred William Gallagher MBE (17 May 1911 – 8 August 1990) (known as Bill Gallagher) was a New Zealand farmer, inventor, manufacturing engineer, businessman and commercial fisherman.

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Binomial nomenclature

Binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system") also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.

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BioBrick

BioBrick parts are DNA sequences which conform to a restriction-enzyme assembly standard.

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Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 belonging to the group of diphenylmethane derivatives and bisphenols, with two hydroxyphenyl groups.

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Bjarne Stroustrup

Bjarne Stroustrup (born 30 December 1950) is a Danish computer scientist, who is most notable for the creation and development of the widely used C++ programming language.

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Black & Decker Workmate

The Black & Decker Workmate is a strong, adaptable general purpose portable workbench and general carpentry tool manufactured under the brand Black & Decker.

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Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian.

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Blissymbols

Blissymbols or Blissymbolics was conceived as an ideographic writing system called Semantography consisting of several hundred basic symbols, each representing a concept, which can be composed together to generate new symbols that represent new concepts.

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Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

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Blow torch

A blowtorch (U.S. and Australia), or blowlamp (UK), is a fuel-burning tool used for applying flame and heat to various applications, usually metalworking.

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Blue laser

A blue laser is a laser that emits electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 360 and 480 nanometres, which the human eye sees as blue or violet.

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Boat ski

The Boat ski is a shock absorbing system invented by Spede Pasanen for the bow of a small motorboat with a powerful outboard motor.

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Bob Kahn

Robert Elliot Kahn (born December 23, 1938) is an American electrical engineer, who, along with Vint Cerf, invented the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), the fundamental communication protocols at the heart of the Internet.

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Bobbin

A bobbin is a spindle or cylinder, with or without flanges, on which wire, yarn, thread or film is wound.

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Body mass index

The body mass index (BMI) or Quetelet index is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of an individual.

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Bolometer

A bolometer is a device for measuring the power of incident electromagnetic radiation via the heating of a material with a temperature-dependent electrical resistance.

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Bomber

A bomber is a combat aircraft designed to attack ground and naval targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry (such as bombs), firing torpedoes and bullets or deploying air-launched cruise missiles.

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Boring (manufacturing)

In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast) by means of a single-point cutting tool (or of a boring head containing several such tools), such as in boring a gun barrel or an engine cylinder.

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Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin

Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin (Борис Александрович Мамырин, May 25, 1919 - March 5, 2007) was a Russian scientist best known for his invention of the electrostatic ion mirror mass spectrometer known as the reflectron.

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Boris Borisovich Golitsyn

Prince Boris Borisovich Golitsyn (in Saint Petersburg – near Petrograd) was a prominent Russian physicist who invented the first electromagnetic seismograph in 1906.

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Boris Grabovsky

Boris Pavlovich Grabovsky (Бори́с Па́влович Грабо́вский 26 May 1901 – 13 January 1966) was a Soviet engineer who invented a first fully electronic TV set (video transmitting tube and video receiver) that was demonstrated in 1928.

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Boris Rosing

Boris Lvovich Rosing (Бори́с Льво́вич Ро́зинг; (April 23, 1869 (old style, May 5, 1869, new style). – April 20, 1933) was a Russian scientist and inventor in the field of television.

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Boris Stechkin

Boris Sergeyevich Stechkin (1891–1969) was Russian scientist, engineer and inventor.

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Bouncing bomb

A bouncing bomb is a bomb designed to bounce to a target across water in a calculated manner to avoid obstacles such as torpedo nets, and to allow both the bomb's speed on arrival at the target and the timing of its detonation to be pre-determined, in a similar fashion to a regular naval depth charge.

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Bra

A bra, short for brassiere (UK or), is a form-fitting undergarment suspender designed to support or cover the wearer's breasts.

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Bra size

The bra size (also known as brassiere measurement or bust size) is the measure which indicates the size characteristics of a bra.

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Braille

Braille is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired.

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Braille music

Braille music is a Braille code that allows music to be notated using Braille cells so music can be read by visually impaired musicians.

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Brake

A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system.

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Bran Ferren

Bran Ferren (born January 16, 1953), is an American technologist, artist, architectural designer, vehicle designer, engineer, lighting and sound designer, visual effects artist, scientist, lecturer, photographer, entrepreneur, and a prolific inventor.

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Brannock Device

The Brannock Device is a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock for measuring a person's shoe size.

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Brassicoraphanus

Brassicoraphanus is any intergeneric hybrid between the genera Brassica (cabbages, etc.) and Raphanus (radish).

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Bread clip

A bread clip is a device used to hold plastic bags closed, such as the ones in which sliced bread is commonly packaged.

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Breathalyzer

A breathalyzer or breathalyser (a portmanteau of breath and analyzer/analyser) is a device for estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample.

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Brendan Eich

Brendan Eich (born July 4, 1961) is an American technologist and creator of the JavaScript programming language.

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Bruce Ames

Bruce Nathan Ames (born December 16, 1928) is an American biochemist.

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Bubble chamber

A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent liquid (most often liquid hydrogen) used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it.

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Bubonic plague

Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis.

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Buckminster Fuller

Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor and futurist.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.

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Bulletin board system

A bulletin board system or BBS (also called Computer Bulletin Board Service, CBBS) is a computer server running software that allows users to connect to the system using a terminal program.

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Bunsen burner

A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.

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Buran (spacecraft)

Buran (Бура́н,, meaning "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"; GRAU index serial number: "11F35 K1") was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme.

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C (programming language)

C (as in the letter ''c'') is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.

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C++

C++ ("see plus plus") is a general-purpose programming language.

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C. Kumar N. Patel

Chandra Kumar Naranbhai Patel (born 2 July 1938) is an electrical engineer.

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Cadaveric blood transfusion

Cadaveric blood transfusion is the transfusion of blood from a dead body to a living person.

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Cai Lun

Cai Lun (CE 48– 121), courtesy name Jingzhong (敬仲), was a Chinese eunuch, inventor, and politician of the Han dynasty.

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Calcium channel blocker

Calcium channel blockers (CCB), calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists are several medications that disrupt the movement of calcium through calcium channels.

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Caller ID

Caller ID (caller identification, CID), also called calling line identification (CLID), Calling Line Identification (CLI), calling number delivery (CND), calling number identification (CNID), calling line identification presentation (CLIP), or call display, is a telephone service, available in analog and digital telephone systems, including VoIP, that transmits a caller's telephone number to the called party's telephone equipment when the call is being set up.

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Calvin Quate

Calvin F. Quate HonFRMS was born on 7 December 1923 in Baker, Nevada.

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Camcorder

A camcorder is an electronic device originally combining a video camera and a videocassette recorder.

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Camera obscura

Camera obscura (plural camera obscura or camera obscuras; from Latin, meaning "dark room": camera "(vaulted) chamber or room," and obscura "darkened, dark"), also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening.

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Camillo Golgi

Camillo Golgi (7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926) was an Italian biologist and pathologist known for his works on the central nervous system.

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Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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Candle

A candle is an ignitable wick embedded in wax, or another flammable solid substance such as tallow, that provides light, and in some cases, a fragrance.

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Canning

Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food contents are processed and sealed in an airtight container.

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Cannon

A cannon (plural: cannon or cannons) is a type of gun classified as artillery that launches a projectile using propellant.

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Caprotti valve gear

The Caprotti valve gear is a type of steam engine valve gear invented in the early 1920s by Italian architect and engineer Arturo Caprotti.

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Car

A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.

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Carbon arc welding

Carbon arc welding (CAW) is a process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a non-consumable carbon (graphite) electrode and the work-piece.

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Carbon dioxide laser

The carbon dioxide laser (CO2 laser) was one of the earliest gas lasers to be developed.

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Carbonated water

Carbonated water (bubbly water, fizzy water) is water into which carbon dioxide gas under pressure has been dissolved, either by technology or by a natural geologic source.

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Cardan grille

The Cardan grille is a method of writing secret messages using a grid.

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Cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery, maintaining the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the patient's body.

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Carl Auer von Welsbach

Carl Auer von Welsbach, also known as Carl Auer, Freiherr von Welsbach (1 September 1858 – 4 August 1929) was an Austrian scientist and inventor, who had a talent not only for discovering advances, but also for turning them into commercially successful products.

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Carl D. Keith

Carl Donald Keith (May 29, 1920 – November 9, 2008) was a chemist who was inventor of the three-way catalytic converter, which has played a dramatic role in reducing pollution from motor vehicles since their introduction in the mid-1970s.

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Carl Edvard Johansson

Carl Edvard Johansson (1864–1943) was a Swedish inventor and scientist.

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Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.

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Carl Reichenbach

Baron Dr.

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Carl Richard Nyberg

Carl Richard Nyberg (May 28, 1858, – 1939) was the founder of Max Sieverts Lödlampfabrik, then one of the largest industries in Sundbyberg, Sweden.

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Carl Wilhelm Siemens

Sir Charles William Siemens FRSA (originally Carl Wilhelm Siemens; 4 April 1823 – 19 November 1883) was a German-born engineer and entrepreneur who for most of his life worked in Britain and later became a British subject.

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Catgut

Catgut is a type of cord that is prepared from the natural fibre found in the walls of animal intestines.

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Cathode

A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device.

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Cathode ray tube

The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images.

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Ceiling fan

A ceiling fan is a mechanical fan, usually electrically powered, suspended from the ceiling of a room, that uses hub-mounted rotating paddles to circulate air.

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Celestial globe

Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky.

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Cell culture

Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.

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Cellophane

Cellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose.

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Celluloid

Celluloids are a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, with added dyes and other agents.

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Celsius

The Celsius scale, previously known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI).

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Cenocell

Cenocell is a patented concrete material that is manufactured without the addition of Portland cement.

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Central heating

A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms.

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Centrifugal fan

A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases.

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Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix.

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ChaCha (search engine)

ChaCha was a human-guided search engine.

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Chain drive

Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another.

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Chain pump

The chain pump is type of a water pump in which several circular discs are positioned on an endless chain.

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Chainsaw

A chainsaw is a portable, mechanical saw which cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain that runs along a guide bar.

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Chair

A chair is a piece of furniture with a raised surface supported by legs, commonly used to seat a single person.

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Chamberland filter

A Chamberland filter, also known as a Pasteur–Chamberland filter, is a porcelain water filter invented by Charles Chamberland in 1884.

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Chapman Stick

The Chapman Stick is an electric musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s.

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Charcoal

Charcoal is the lightweight black carbon and ash residue hydrocarbon produced by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances.

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Charge-coupled device

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value.

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Charles Algernon Parsons

Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, (13 June 1854 – 11 February 1931), the son of a member of the Irish peerage,http://www.tcd.ie/Secretary/FellowsScholars/discourses/discourses/1968_Lord%20Rosse%20on%20W.%20Parsons.pdf was an Anglo-Irish engineer, best known for his invention of the compound steam turbine, and as the namesake of C. A. Parsons and Company.

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Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath.

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Charles Cantor

Charles Cantor (born 1942) is an American molecular geneticist who, in conjunction with David Schwartz, developed pulse field gel electrophoresis for very large DNA molecules.

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Charles Chamberland

Charles Chamberland (12 March 1851 – 2 May 1908) was a French microbiologist from Chilly-le-Vignoble in the department of Jura who worked with Louis Pasteur.

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Charles Dow

Charles Henry Dow (November 6, 1851 – December 4, 1902) was an American journalist who co-founded Dow Jones & Company with Edward Jones and Charles Bergstresser.

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Charles F. Brannock

Charles F. Brannock (May 16, 1903 – November 22, 1992) was the inventor and manufacturer of the familiar Brannock Device for measuring overall length, width, and heel-to-ball length of the foot.

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Charles F. Kettering

Charles Franklin Kettering (August 29, 1876 – November 25, 1958) sometimes known as Charles "Boss" Kettering was an American inventor, engineer, businessman, and the holder of 186 patents.

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Charles Fabry

Maurice Paul Auguste Charles Fabry (11 June 1867 – 11 December 1945) was a French physicist.

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Charles Francis Jenkins

Charles Francis Jenkins (August 22, 1867 – June 6, 1934) was an American pioneer of early cinema and one of the inventors of television, though he used mechanical rather than electronic technologies.

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Charles Francis Richter

Charles Francis Richter; April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist and physicist. Richter is most famous as the creator of the Richter magnitude scale, which, until the development of the moment magnitude scale in 1979, quantified the size of earthquakes. Inspired by Kiyoo Wadati’s 1928 paper on shallow and deep earthquakes, Richter first used the scale in 1935 after developing it in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg; both worked at the California Institute of Technology. The quote “logarithmic plots are a device of the devil” is attributed to Richter.

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Charles Goodyear

Charles Goodyear (December 29, 1800 – July 1, 1860) was an American self-taught chemist and manufacturing engineer who developed vulcanized rubber, for which he received patent number 3633 from the United States Patent Office on June 15, 1844.

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Charles H. Henry

Charles H. Henry (May 6, 1937 – September 16, 2016) was an American physicist.

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Charles K. Bliss

Charles K. Bliss (1897–1985) was a chemical engineer and semiotician, and the inventor of Blissymbolics.

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Charles Leiper Grigg

Charles Leiper Grigg (May 11, 1868 – April 16, 1940) was the inventor of Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime soda, better known by its later name, 7 Up.

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Charles Lindbergh

Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), nicknamed Lucky Lindy, The Lone Eagle, and Slim was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist.

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Charles Macintosh

Charles Macintosh FRS (29 December 1766 – 25 July 1843) was a Scottish chemist and the inventor of waterproof fabric.

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Charles Mantoux

Charles Mantoux (May 14, 1877, Paris – 1947) was a French physician and the developer of the eponymous serological test for tuberculosis.

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Charles Martin Hall

Charles Martin Hall (December 6, 1863 – December 27, 1914) was an American inventor, businessman, and chemist.

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Charles Simonyi

Charles Simonyi (Simonyi Károly,; born September 10, 1948), son of Károly Simonyi, is a Hungarian-born American computer businessman.

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Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, CH, FRS (14 February 1869 – 15 November 1959) was a Scottish physicist and meteorologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cloud chamber.

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Charles Wheatstone

Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS (6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique).

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Charles Xavier Thomas

Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (May 5, 1785 – March 12, 1870) was a French inventor and entrepreneur best known for designing, patenting and manufacturing the first commercially successful mechanical calculator, the Arithmometer, and for founding the insurance companies Le Soleil and L'aigle which, under his leadership, became the number one insurance group in France at the beginning of the Second Empire.

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Charlie Booth

Charlie Booth (1 October 1903 – 20 May 2008) was an Australian athlete.

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Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.

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Cherenkov detector

A Cherenkov (Черенко́в) detector is a particle detector using the speed threshold for light production, the speed-dependent light output or the velocity-dependent light direction of Cherenkov radiation.

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Chester Carlson

Chester Floyd Carlson (February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American physicist, inventor, and patent attorney born in Seattle, Washington.

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Chester Greenwood

Chester Greenwood (December 4, 1858 – July 5, 1937), of Farmington, Maine, invented the earmuff in 1873, at the age of 15.

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Chinese treasure ship

A Chinese treasure ship was a type of large wooden ship in the fleet of admiral Zheng He, who led seven voyages during the early 15th-century Ming dynasty.

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Chinese typewriter

A Chinese typewriter is a typewriter that can type Chinese script.

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Ching W. Tang

Ching W. Tang is a Hong Kong-born American physical chemist.

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Chiropractic

Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine mostly concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine.

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Chloroform

Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl3.

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Chocolate chip cookie

A chocolate chip cookie is a drop cookie that originated in the United States and features chocolate chips (small morsels of sweetened chocolate) as its distinguishing ingredient.

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Chocolate milk

Chocolate milk is sweetened chocolate-flavored milk.

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Cholera

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

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Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens (Hugenius; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major figure in the scientific revolution.

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Christian Schnabel

Christian Leberecht Schnabel (13 May 1878, Regensburg—29 January 1936, Munich) was a German designer and inventor.

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Christmas card

A Christmas card is a greeting card sent as part of the traditional celebration of Christmas in order to convey between people a range of sentiments related to the Christmas and holiday season.

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Christoph Gerber

Christoph Gerber is a titular professor at the Department of Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland.

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Christopher Cockerell

Sir Christopher Sydney Cockerell CBE RDI FRS (4 June 1910 – 1 June 1999) was an English engineer, best known as the inventor of the hovercraft.

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Christopher Polhem

Christopher Polhammar (18 December 1661 – 30 August 1751), better known as Christopher Polhem, which he took after his ennoblement, was a Swedish scientist, inventor and industrialist.

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Chromatic aberration

In optics, chromatic aberration (abbreviated CA; also called chromatic distortion and spherochromatism) is an effect resulting from dispersion in which there is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same convergence point.

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Chromatography

Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.

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Chuck Hull

Chuck Hull (Charles W. Hull; born May 12, 1939) is the co-founder, executive vice president and chief technology officer of 3D Systems.

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CinemaScope

CinemaScope is an anamorphic lens series used, from 1953 to 1967, for shooting widescreen movies.

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Cinematograph

A cinematograph is a motion picture film camera, which also serves as a film projector and printer.

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Cinematography

Cinematography (also called Direction of Photography) is the science or art of motion-picture photography by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as film stock.

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Circular saw

A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or abrasive disc or blade to cut different materials using a rotary motion spinning around an arbor.

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Claire Parker

Claire Parker (August 31, 1906 – October 3, 1981) was an American engineer and animator.

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Clarence Birdseye

Clarence Frank Birdseye II (December 9, 1886 – October 7, 1956) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, and naturalist, and is considered to be the founder of the modern frozen food industry.

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Clark electrode

The Clark electrode is an electrode that measures ambient oxygen concentration in a liquid using a catalytic platinum surface according to the net reaction: It improves on a bare platinum electrode by use of a membrane to reduce fouling and metal plating onto the platinum.

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Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).

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Claude Chappe

Claude Chappe (December 25, 1763 – January 23, 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system that eventually spanned all of France.

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Clay

Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3, MgO etc.) and organic matter.

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Clinical pharmacology

Clinical pharmacology is the science of drugs and their clinical use.

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Clinical trial

Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research.

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Cloud chamber

A Cloud Chamber, also known as a Wilson Cloud Chamber, is a particle detector used for visualizing the passage of ionizing radiation.

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Cloud seeding

Cloud seeding is a form of weather modification that changes the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the microphysical processes within the cloud.

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Coandă effect

The Coandă effect is the tendency of a fluid jet to stay attached to a convex surface.

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Coaxial rotors

Coaxial rotors or "coax rotors" are a pair of helicopter rotors mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation, but turning in opposite directions (contra-rotation).

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Cobalt glass

Cobalt glass—known as "smalt" when ground as a pigment—is a deep blue colored glass prepared by including a cobalt compound, typically cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate, in a glass melt.

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Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola, or Coke (also Pemberton's Cola at certain Georgian vendors), is a carbonated soft drink produced by The Coca-Cola Company.

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Cocoa butter

Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is a pale-yellow, edible vegetable fat extracted from the cocoa bean.

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Cocoa solids

Cocoa solids are a mixture of many substances remaining after cocoa butter is extracted from cacao beans.

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Coenraad Johannes van Houten

Coenraad Johannes van Houten (March 15, 1801, Amsterdam – 27 May 1887, Weesp) was a Dutch chemist and chocolate maker known for the treatment of cocoa mass with alkaline salts to remove the bitter taste and make cocoa solids more water-soluble; the resulting product is still called "Dutch process chocolate".

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Coffee filter

A coffee filter is a coffee-brewing utensil, usually made of disposable paper.

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Coherer

The coherer was a primitive form of radio signal detector used in the first radio receivers during the wireless telegraphy era at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Colin Murdoch

Colin Albert Murdoch ONZM (6 February 1929 – 4 May 2008) was a New Zealand pharmacist and veterinarian who made a number of significant inventions, in particular the tranquilliser gun, the disposable hypodermic syringe and the child-proof medicine container.

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Collider

A collider is a type of particle accelerator involving directed beams of particles.

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Color management

In digital imaging systems, color management is the controlled conversion between the color representations of various devices, such as image scanners, digital cameras, monitors, TV screens, film printers, computer printers, offset presses, and corresponding media.

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Color photography

Color (or colour) photography is photography that uses media capable of reproducing colors.

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Color television

Color/Colour television is a television transmission technology that includes information on the color of the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set.

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Colossus computer

Colossus was a set of computers developed by British codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher.

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Column still

A column still, also called a continuous still, patent still or Coffey still, is a variety of still consisting of two columns.

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Combined oral contraceptive pill

The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as "the pill", is a type of birth control that is designed to be taken orally by women.

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Compact disc

Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982.

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Compiler

A compiler is computer software that transforms computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another programming language (the target language).

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Computer

A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.

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Computer mouse

A computer mouse is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface.

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Computer science

Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations.

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Concertina

A concertina is a free-reed musical instrument, like the various accordions and the harmonica.

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Condenser (optics)

A condenser is an optical lens which renders a divergent beam from a point source into a parallel or converging beam to illuminate an object.

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Condom

A condom is a sheath-shaped barrier device, used during sexual intercourse to reduce the probability of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

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Confocal microscopy

Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.

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Congreve rocket

The Congreve rocket was a British military weapon designed and developed by Sir William Congreve in 1804, based directly on Mysorean rockets.

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Conjunction (astronomy)

In astronomy, a conjunction occurs when two astronomical objects or spacecraft have either the same right ascension or the same ecliptic longitude, usually as observed from Earth.

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Contact lens

A contact lens, or simply contact, is a thin lens placed directly on the surface of the eye.

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Content-addressable memory

Content-addressable memory (CAM) is a special type of computer memory used in certain very-high-speed searching applications.

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Continuous track

Continuous track, also called tank tread or caterpillar track, is a system of vehicle propulsion in which a continuous band of treads or track plates is driven by two or more wheels.

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Continuously variable transmission

A continuously variable transmission (CVT), also known as a single-speed transmission, stepless transmission, pulley transmission, or, in case of motorcycles, a twist-and-go, is an automatic transmission that can change seamlessly through a continuous range of effective gear ratios.

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Continuum mechanics

Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis of the kinematics and the mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuous mass rather than as discrete particles.

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Cordless telephone

A cordless telephone or portable telephone is a telephone in which the handset is portable and communicates with the body of the phone by radio, instead of being attached by a cord.

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Corn flakes

Corn flakes, or cornflakes, are a breakfast cereal made by toasting flakes of cereal, usually maize (known as corn in the U.S.). The cereal was created by John Harvey Kellogg in 1894 as a food that he thought would be healthy for the patients of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan where he was superintendent.

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Cornelis Corneliszoon van Uitgeest

Cornelis Corneliszoon van Uitgeest, or Krelis Lootjes (c. 1550 - c. 1600) was a Dutch windmill owner from Uitgeest who invented the wind-powered sawmill, which made the conversion of log timber into planks 30 times faster than before.

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Corradino D'Ascanio

General Corradino D'Ascanio (February 1, 1891 in Popoli, Pescara – August 6, 1981 in Pisa) was an Italian aeronautical engineer.

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Correction fluid

A correction fluid or white-out is an opaque, usually white, fluid applied to paper to mask errors in text.

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Cotton candy

Cotton candy (also known as fairy floss in Australia and candy floss in South Africa, the UK, New Zealand and Ireland) is a form of spun sugar.

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Cotton gin

A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.

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Coulter counter

A Coulter counter is an apparatus for counting and sizing particles suspended in electrolytes.

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Counter-pressure brake

The counter-pressure brake (German: Gegendruckbremse), also named the Riggenbach counter-pressure brake after its inventor, Niklaus Riggenbach, is a dynamic railway brake on steam locomotives that brakes the locomotive using the driving cylinders.

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Cracking (chemistry)

In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors.

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Crash test dummy

A crash test dummy is a full-scale anthropomorphic test device (ATD) that simulates the dimensions, weight proportions and articulation of the human body, and is usually instrumented to record data about the dynamic behavior of the ATD in simulated vehicle impacts.

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Creativity techniques

Creativity techniques are methods that encourage creative actions, whether in the arts or sciences.

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Creosote

Creosote is a category of carbonaceous chemicals formed by the distillation of various tars and pyrolysis of plant-derived material, such as wood or fossil fuel.

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Crescograph

A crescograph is a device for measuring the growth in plants.

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Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea.

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Crookes radiometer

The Crookes radiometer, also known as a light mill, consists of an airtight glass bulb, containing a partial vacuum.

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Crookes tube

A Crookes tube (also Crookes–Hittorf tube) is an early experimental electrical discharge tube, with partial vacuum, invented by English physicist William Crookes and others around 1869-1875, in which cathode rays, streams of electrons, were discovered.

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Crossed-field amplifier

A crossed-field amplifier (CFA) is a specialized vacuum tube, first introduced in the mid-1950s and frequently used as a microwave amplifier in very-high-power transmitters.

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Crossword

A crossword is a word puzzle that usually takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white-and black-shaded squares.

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Crown cork

The crown cork (also known as a crown seal, crown cap or just a cap), the first form of bottle cap, was invented by William Painter in 1892 in Baltimore.

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Cryogenics

In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.

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Cryotron

The cryotron is a switch that operates using superconductivity.

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Cryptanalysis

Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of analyzing information systems in order to study the hidden aspects of the systems.

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Crystal radio

A crystal radio receiver, also called a crystal set, is a simple radio receiver, popular in the early days of radio.

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Crystallization

Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.

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Cultured pearl

A cultured pearl is a pearl created by an oyster farmer under controlled conditions.

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Cyanoacrylate

Cyanoacrylates are a family of strong fast-acting adhesives with industrial, medical, and household uses.

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Cyclonic separation

A cyclonic separation is a method of removing particulates from an air, gas or liquid stream, without the use of filters, through vortex separation.

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Cyclotron

A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1929-1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932.

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Cylinder (engine)

A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the space in which a piston travels.

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Cyrille Duquet

Cyrille Duquet (31 March 1841—1 December 1922) was a Canadian goldsmith, flutist, and inventor in Quebec.

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Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia, or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko), was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the:Czech Republic and:Slovakia on 1 January 1993.

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Czechs

The Czechs (Češi,; singular masculine: Čech, singular feminine: Češka) or the Czech people (Český národ), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history and Czech language.

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Czochralski process

The Czochralski process is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold), salts and synthetic gemstones.

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Daisuke Inoue

is a Japanese businessman best known as the inventor of the karaoke machine.

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Dalén light

A Dalén light is a light produced from burning of carbide gas (acetylene), combined with a solar sensor which automatically operates the light only during darkness.

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Damping ratio

Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory system that has the effect of reducing, restricting or preventing its oscillations.

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Dandy horse

The dandy horse is a human-powered vehicle that, being the first means of transport to make use of the two-wheeler principle, is regarded as the forerunner of the bicycle.

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Daniel David Palmer

Daniel David Palmer or D.D. Palmer (March 7, 1845 – October 20, 1913) was the founder of chiropractic.

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Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit FRS (24 May 1686 – 16 September 1736) was a Dutch-German-Polish physicist, inventor, and scientific instrument maker.

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Daniell cell

The Daniell cell is a type of electrochemical cell invented in 1836 by John Frederic Daniell, a British chemist and meteorologist, and consisted of a copper pot filled with a copper (II) sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid and a zinc electrode.

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Danny Hillis

William Daniel "Danny" Hillis (born September 25, 1956) is an American inventor, entrepreneur, scientist, and writer who is particularly known for his work in computer science.

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Dasymeter

A dasymeter was meant initially as a device to demonstrate the buoyant effect of gases like air; as shown in the pictures on the right.

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David Boggs

David Reeves Boggs (born 1950) is an electrical and radio engineer from the United States who developed early prototypes of Internet protocols, file servers, gateways, network interface cards and, along with Robert Metcalfe and others, co-invented Ethernet, the most popular family of technologies for local area computer networks.

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David Brewster

Sir David Brewster KH PRSE FRS FSA(Scot) FSSA MICE (11 December 178110 February 1868) was a British scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator.

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David Chaum

David Lee Chaum (born 1955) is an American computer scientist and cryptographer.

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David Edward Hughes

David Edward Hughes (16 May 1831 – 22 January 1900), was a British-American inventor, practical experimenter, and professor of music known for his work on the printing telegraph and the microphone.

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David Gestetner

David Gestetner (31 March 18548 March 1939) was the inventor of the Gestetner stencil duplicator, the first piece of office equipment that allowed production of numerous copies of documents quickly and inexpensively.

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David L. Mills

David L. Mills (born June 3, 1938) is an American computer engineer and Internet pioneer.

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David Schwarz (aviation inventor)

David Schwarz (David Švarc,;David in isolation:. 20 December 1850 – 13 January 1897)Ernst Heinrich Hirschel, Horst Prem, Gero Madelung, Aeronautical Research in Germany: From Lilienthal until Today, "The Controllable Airship - The Dirigible", pp.

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Davy lamp

The Davy lamp is a safety lamp for use in flammable atmospheres, invented in 1815 by Sir Humphry Davy.

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Dawon Kahng

Dawon Kahng (May 4, 1931 – May 13, 1992) was a Korean-American electrical engineer known for his work at Solid-State Electronics.

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Dazzle camouflage

Dazzle camouflage, also known as razzle dazzle (in the U.S.) or dazzle painting, was a family of ship camouflage used extensively in World War I, and to a lesser extent in World War II and afterwards.

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Döbereiner's lamp

Döbereiner's lamp, also called a "tinderbox" ("Feuerzeug"), is a lighter invented in 1823 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner; the lighter is based on the Fürstenberger lighter and was in production until ca.

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Dean Kamen

Dean L. Kamen (born April 5, 1951) is an American engineer, inventor, and businessman.

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Decimalisation

Decimalisation is the process of converting a currency from its previous non-decimal denominations to a decimal system (i.e., a system based on one basic unit of currency and one or more sub-units, such that the number of sub-units in one basic unit is a power of 10, most commonly 100).

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Deep column station

The deep column station is a type of subway station, consisting of a central hall with two side halls, connected by ring-like passages between a row of columns.

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Demographics of Belgium

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Belgium, including ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Dennis Gabor

Dennis Gabor (Gábor Dénes; 5 June 1900 – 9 February 1979) was a Hungarian-British electrical engineer and physicist, most notable for inventing holography, for which he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics.

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Dennis Ritchie

Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 – October 12, 2011) was an American computer scientist.

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Deodorant

A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body.

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Depth sounding

Depth sounding refers to the act of measuring depth.

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Dianin's compound

Dianin's compound (4-p-hydroxyphenyl-2,2,4-trimethylchroman) was first prepared by Aleksandr Dianin in 1914.

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Diaper

A diaper (American English) or a nappy (Australian English and British English) is a type of underwear that allows the wearer to defecate or urinate without the use of a toilet, by absorbing or containing waste products to prevent soiling of outer clothing or the external environment.

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Diaphragm (optics)

In optics, a diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening (aperture) at its center.

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Diesel engine

The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel which is injected into the combustion chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression (adiabatic compression).

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Diesel locomotive

A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine.

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Differential (mechanical device)

A differential is a gear train with three shafts that has the property that the rotational speed of one shaft is the average of the speeds of the others, or a fixed multiple of that average.

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Dimitar Paskov

Dimitar Paskov is a Bulgarian chemist who led the Sopharma team that extracted Nivalin (Galantamine) in 1959.

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Dipleidoscope

Dipleidoscope A dipleidoscope is an instrument used to determine true noon, its name comes from the Greek for double image viewer.

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Direct-sequence spread spectrum

In telecommunications, direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a spread spectrum modulation technique used to reduce overall signal interference.

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Dishwasher

A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishware and cutlery.

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Distillation

Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by selective boiling and condensation.

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Distraction osteogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis (DO), also called callus distraction, callotasis and osteodistraction, is a process used in orthopedic surgery, podiatric surgery, and oral and maxillofacial surgery to repair skeletal deformities and in reconstructive surgery.

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Dmitri Mendeleev

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (a; 8 February 18342 February 1907 O.S. 27 January 183420 January 1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor.

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Dmitri Z. Garbuzov

Dmitri Z. Garbuzov (October 27, 1940, Sverdlovsk, Russia – August 20, 2006, Princeton, New Jersey) was one of the pioneers and inventors of room temperature continuous-wave-operating diode lasers and high-power diode lasers.

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Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov

Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov (Дми́трий Дми́триевич Максу́тов) (– 12 August 1964) was a Russian / Soviet optical engineer and amateur astronomer.

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Dmitry Lachinov

Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov (Дмитрий Александрович Лачи́нов) (10 May 1842 – 15 October 1902) was a Russian physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, meteorologist and climatologist.

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DNA profiling

DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting, DNA testing, or DNA typing) is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, which are as unique as fingerprints.

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Dolby noise-reduction system

A Dolby noise-reduction system, or Dolby NR, is one of a series of noise reduction systems developed by Dolby Laboratories for use in analog magnetic tape recording.

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Donald A. Glaser

Donald Arthur Glaser (September 21, 1926 – February 28, 2013) was an American physicist, neurobiologist, and the winner of the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the bubble chamber used in subatomic particle physics.

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Douglas Engelbart

Douglas Carl Engelbart (January 30, 1925 – July 2, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor, and an early computer and Internet pioneer.

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Dow Jones Industrial Average

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), or simply the Dow, is a stock market index that shows how 30 large, publicly owned companies based in the United States have traded during a standard trading session in the stock market.

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Draisine

A draisine is a light auxiliary rail vehicle, driven by service personnel, equipped to transport crew and material necessary for the maintenance of railway infrastructure.

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Drift ice

Drift ice is any sea ice other than fast ice, the latter being attached ("fastened") to the shoreline or other fixed objects (shoals, grounded icebergs, etc.).Leppäranta, M. 2011.

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Drive by wire

Drive by wire, DbW, by-wire, Steer-by-wire, or x-by-wire technology in the automotive industry is the use of electrical or electro-mechanical systems for performing vehicle functions traditionally achieved by mechanical linkages.

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Drogue parachute

A drogue parachute is a parachute designed to be deployed from a rapidly moving object in order to slow the object, to provide control and stability, or as a pilot parachute to deploy a larger parachute.

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Drum machine

A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument that creates percussion.

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Drum memory

Drum memory was a magnetic data storage device invented by Gustav Tauschek in 1932 in Austria.

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Dry ice

Dry ice, sometimes referred to as "cardice" (chiefly by British chemists), is the solid form of carbon dioxide.

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Dual-clutch transmission

A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission or double-clutch transmission) is a type of automatic transmission or automated automotive transmission.

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Dudley Allen Buck

Dr.

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Dye-sensitized solar cell

A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC, DYSC or Grätzel cell) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells.

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Dynamic random-access memory

Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a type of random access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a separate tiny capacitor within an integrated circuit.

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Dynamite

Dynamite is an explosive made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered shells or clay) and stabilizers.

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Dynamo

A dynamo is an electrical generator that creates direct current using a commutator.

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Dynamometer

A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a device for measuring force, torque, or power.

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E. K. Gauzen

E.

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Eadweard Muybridge

Eadweard Muybridge (9 April 1830 – 8 May 1904, born Edward James Muggeridge) was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection.

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Earl W. Bascom

Earl Wesley Bascom (June 19, 1906 – August 28, 1995) was an American painter, printmaker, rodeo performer and sculptor, raised in Canada, who portrayed his own experiences cowboying and rodeoing across the American and Canadian West.

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Earmuffs

Earmuffs are objects designed to cover a person's ears for hearing protection or for warmth.

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Eau de Cologne

Eau de Cologne (German: Kölnisch Wasser; meaning "Water from Cologne"), or simply cologne, is a perfume originating from Cologne, Germany.

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Ecash

Ecash was conceived by David Chaum as an anonymous cryptographic electronic money or electronic cash system in 1983.

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Economizer

Economizers (US and Oxford spelling), or economisers (UK), are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or to perform useful function such as preheating a fluid.

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Ed Lowe (businessman)

Edward 'Ed' Lowe (July 10, 1920 – October 4, 1995) was an American businessman and entrepreneur, noted for the invention of cat litter.

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Eddy current

Eddy currents (also called Foucault currents) are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field in the conductor due to Faraday's law of induction.

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Edgar Villchur

Edgar Marion Villchur (28 May 1917 – 17 October 2011) was an American inventor, educator, and writer widely known for his 1954 invention of the acoustic suspension loudspeaker which revolutionized the field of high-fidelity equipment.

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Edman degradation

Edman degradation, developed by Pehr Edman, is a method of sequencing amino acids in a peptide.

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Eduard Locher

Eduard Locher (15 January 1840 in Zurich – 2 June 1910 in Zurich) was a Swiss engineer, inventor and independent contractor who received a doctorate honoris causa for his work.

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Edward Teller

Edward Teller (Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", although he claimed he did not care for the title.

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Edwin Beard Budding

Edwin Beard Budding (1796–1846), an engineer from Eastington, Stroud, was the English inventor of the lawnmower (1830) and adjustable spanner (1842).

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Edwin H. Land

Edwin Herbert Land, ForMemRS, FRPS, Hon.MRI (May 7, 1909 – March 1, 1991) was an American scientist and inventor, best known as the co-founder of the Polaroid Corporation.

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Edwin Southern

Sir Edwin Mellor Southern, FRS FRSE (born 7 June 1938) is an English Lasker Award-winning molecular biologist, Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford.

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Egg

An egg is the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own; at which point the animal hatches.

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Egypt

Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.

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Egypt (Roman province)

The Roman province of Egypt (Aigyptos) was established in 30 BC after Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) defeated his rival Mark Antony, deposed Queen Cleopatra VII, and annexed the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt to the Roman Empire.

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Ejection seat

In aircraft, an ejection seat or ejector seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft (usually military) in an emergency.

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Electret microphone

An electret microphone is a type of electrostatic capacitor-based microphone, which eliminates the need for a polarizing power supply by using a permanently charged material.

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Electric battery

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.

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Electric boat

While a significant majority of water vessels are powered by diesel engines, with sail power and gasoline engines also popular, boats powered by electricity have been used for over 120 years.

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Electric chair

Execution by electrocution, performed using an electric chair, is a method of execution originating in the United States in which the condemned person is strapped to a specially built wooden chair and electrocuted through electrodes fastened on the head and leg.

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Electric fence

An electric fence is a barrier that uses electric shocks to deter animals from crossing a boundary.

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Electric guitar

An electric guitar is a guitar that uses one or more pickups to convert the vibration of its strings into electrical signals.

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Electric motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

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Electric stove

An electric stove or electric range is a stove with an integrated electrical heating device to cook and bake.

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Electrical telegraph

An electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electrical signals, usually conveyed via dedicated telecommunication circuit or radio.

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Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion

An electrically-powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electrical energy to change the velocity of a spacecraft.

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Electrocardiography

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin.

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Electroconvulsive therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), formerly known as electroshock therapy, and often referred to as shock treatment, is a psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in patients to provide relief from mental disorders.

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Electroencephalography

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain.

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Electrolysis

In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

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Electromagnetic radiation

In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.

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Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles.

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Electromote

The Electromote was the world's first vehicle run like a trolleybus, which was first presented to the public on April 29, 1882, by its inventor Dr.

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Electron cooling

Electron cooling is a method to shrink the emittance (size, divergence, and energy spread) of a charged particle beam without removing particles from the beam.

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Electron microscope

An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination.

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Electron paramagnetic resonance

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons.

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Electronic cigarette

An electronic cigarette or e-cigarette is a handheld electronic device that simulates the feeling of tobacco smoking.

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Electronics

Electronics is the discipline dealing with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors.

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Electroscope

An electroscope is an early scientific instrument that is used to detect the presence and magnitude of electric charge on a body.

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Electrospray ionization

Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry to produce ions using an electrospray in which a high voltage is applied to a liquid to create an aerosol.

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Electrotachyscope

The electrotachyscope is an 1887 invention of Ottomar Anschütz of Germany which presents the illusion of motion with transparent serial photographs, chronophotographs, arranged on a spinning wheel of fortune or mandala-like glass disc, significant as a technological development in the history of cinema.

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Electrotyping

Electrotyping (also galvanoplasty) is a chemical method for forming metal parts that exactly reproduce a model.

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Elephant clock

The elephant clock was a medieval invention by Al-Jazari (1136–1206), a Muslim engineer and inventor of various clocks including the Elephant clock which consisted of a weight powered water clock in the form of an Asian elephant.

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Elevator

An elevator (US and Canada) or lift (UK, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and South Africa, Nigeria) is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel, or other structure.

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Eli Terry

Eli Terry Sr. (April 13, 1772 – February 24, 1852) was an inventor and clockmaker in Connecticut.

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Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney (December 8, 1765 – January 8, 1825) was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin.

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Elias Howe

Elias Howe Jr. (July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was an American inventor best known for his creation of the modern lockstitch sewing machine.

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Elihu Thomson

Elihu Thomson (March 29, 1853 – March 13, 1937) was an English-born American engineer and inventor who was instrumental in the founding of major electrical companies in the United States, the United Kingdom and France.

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Elijah McCoy

Elijah J. McCoy (May 2, 1844 – October 10, 1929) was a Canadian born African American inventor and engineer who was notable for his 57 U.S. patents, most having to do with the lubrication of steam engines.

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Elisha Otis

Elisha Graves Otis (August 3, 1811 – April 8, 1861) was an American industrialist, founder of the Otis Elevator Company, and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails.

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Ellen Eglin

Ellen Eglin (1849- after 1890) was an African-American inventor who invented a clothes wringer for washing machines.

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Elmer Ambrose Sperry

Elmer Ambrose Sperry, Sr. (October 12, 1860 – June 16, 1930) was an American inventor and entrepreneur, most famous as co-inventor, with Herman Anschütz-Kaempfe of the gyrocompass and as founder of the Sperry Gyroscope Company.

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Elmer R. Gates

Elmer R. Gates (1859 – 1923), the son of Jacob and Phoebe Goetz, American scientist and inventor; born near Dayton, Ohio, died in Washington, D.C. Gates’s inventions include the foam fire extinguisher, an improved electric iron, an aseptic brewing and fermenting process, electric loom mechanisms, diamagnetic and magnetic separators for extracting gold from sand, an incandescent gas mantle furnace, the educational toy “Box and Block,” and numerous other mechanical, scientific, psychological, and educational devices.

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Elon Musk

Elon Reeve Musk (born June 28, 1971) is an American business magnate, investor and engineer.

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Email

Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices.

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Emergency contraception

Emergency contraception (EC), or emergency postcoital contraception, are birth control measures that may be used after sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy.

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Emil Erlenmeyer

Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer, known in his own day and subsequently simply as Emil Erlenmeyer (28 June 1825 – 22 January 1909), was a German chemist known for contributing to the early development of the theory of structure, formulating the Erlenmeyer rule, and designing the Erlenmeyer flask, a type of chemical flask, which is named after him.

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Emil Strub

Emil Strub (13 July 1858 in Trimbach, Switzerland – 15 December 1909) was a Swiss builder, railway builder and inventor who invented the Strub rack system.

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Emile Berliner

Emile Berliner (May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929), originally Emil Berliner, was a German-born American inventor.

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Emmett Chapman

Emmett Chapman (born September 28, 1936) is an American jazz musician best known as the inventor of the Chapman Stick and maker of the Chapman Stick family of instruments.

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Emmy Noether

Amalie Emmy NoetherEmmy is the Rufname, the second of two official given names, intended for daily use.

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Emperor of All Russia

The Emperor or Empress of All Russia ((pre 1918 orthography) Императоръ Всероссійскій, Императрица Всероссійская, (modern orthography) Император Всероссийский, Императрица всероссийская, Imperator Vserossiyskiy, Imperatritsa Vserossiyskaya) was the absolute and later the constitutional monarch of the Russian Empire.

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ENIAC

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made.

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Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1.

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Enrico Forlanini

Enrico Forlanini (13 December 1848 – 9 October 1930) was an Italian engineer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer, known for his works on helicopters, aircraft, hydrofoils and dirigibles.

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Ephraim Hertzano

Ephraim Hertzano was a board game designer born in Romania.

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Equatorium

An equatorium (plural, equatoria) is an astronomical calculating instrument.

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Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is a type of sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual activity.

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Erhard Kietz

Dr.

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Eric Fossum

Eric R. Fossum (born October 17, 1957) is an American physicist and engineer known for developing the CMOS image sensor.

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Eric Tigerstedt

Eric Magnus Campbell Tigerstedt (August 14, 1887 – April 20, 1925) was one of the most significant inventors in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century and has been called the "Thomas Edison of Finland".

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Erlenmeyer flask

An Erlenmeyer flask, also known as a conical flask (BrE) or titration flask, is a type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck.

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Erna Schneider Hoover

Dr.

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Ernő Rubik

Ernő Rubik (born 13 July 1944) is a Hungarian inventor, architect and professor of architecture.

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Ernest Lawrence

Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was a pioneering American nuclear scientist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron.

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Ernst Abbe

Ernst Karl Abbe HonFRMS (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer.

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Ernst Ruska

Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (25 December 1906 – 27 May 1988) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics, including the design of the first electron microscope.

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Erwin Neher

Erwin Neher (born 20 March 1944) is a German biophysicist, specializing in the field of cell physiology.

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Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, (EGD) also called by various other names, is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract down to the duodenum.

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Esperanto

Esperanto (or; Esperanto) is a constructed international auxiliary language.

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Essential oil

An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (defined as "the tendency of a substance to vaporize") aroma compounds from plants.

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Esther Takeuchi

Esther Sans Takeuchi (born Esther Sans, Estere Sāns) is a materials scientist and chemical engineer, working on energy storage systems and power sources for biomedical devices.

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Estonia

Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.

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Ether

Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.

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Ethernet

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).

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Ethylammonium nitrate

Ethylammonium nitrate or ethylamine nitrate (EAN) is a salt with formula or·.

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Eugen Baumann

Eugen Baumann (12 December 1846 – 3 November 1896) was a German chemist.

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Eugene Kaspersky

Yevgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky (Russian: Евгений Валентинович Касперский; born 4 October 1965) is a Russian cybersecurity expert and the CEO of Kaspersky Lab, an IT security company with 4,000 employees.

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Eugene Polley

Eugene Polley (November 29, 1915 – May 20, 2012) was an engineer and engineering manager for Zenith Electronics and most widely known for inventing the first wireless remote control for television.

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Eugene Roshal

Eugene Roshal (translit) is a Russian software engineer best known as the developer of.

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Evangelista Torricelli

Evangelista Torricelli; 15 October 1608 – 25 October 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician, best known for his invention of the barometer, but is also known for his advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles.

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Explosively pumped flux compression generator

An explosively pumped flux compression generator (EPFCG) is a device used to generate a high-power electromagnetic pulse by compressing magnetic flux using high explosive.

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External fixation

External fixation is a surgical treatment used to stabilize bone and soft tissues at a distance from the operative or injury focus.

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Extraction (chemistry)

Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting in the separation of a substance from a matrix.

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Extravehicular activity

Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond the Earth's appreciable atmosphere.

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Fabry–Pérot interferometer

In optics, a Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI) or etalon is typically made of a transparent plate with two reflecting surfaces, or two parallel highly reflecting mirrors.

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Fahrenheit

The Fahrenheit scale is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by Dutch-German-Polish physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736).

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Fail-safe

A fail-safe in engineering is a design feature or practice that in the event of a specific type of failure, inherently responds in a way that will cause no or minimal harm to other equipment, the environment or to people.

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Far Manager

Far Manager (short for File and ARchive Manager) is an orthodox file manager for Microsoft Windows and a clone of Norton Commander.

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Fathullah Shirazi

Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), sometimes referred to as Amir Fathullah Shirazi, was a Persian-Indian polymath—a scholar, Islamic jurist, finance minister, mechanical engineer, inventor, mathematician, astronomer, physician, philosopher and artist—who worked for Akbar, ruler of the Mughal Empire.

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Fax

Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax (the latter short for telefacsimile), is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device.

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Fazlur Rahman Khan

Fazlur Rahman Khan (ফজলুর রহমান খান, Fozlur Rôhman Khan) (3 April 1929 – 27 March 1982) was a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer and architect, who initiated important structural systems for skyscrapers.

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Félix d'Herelle

Félix d'Hérelle (April 25, 1873 – February 22, 1949) was a French-Canadian microbiologist.

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Fe del Mundo

Fe Villanueva del Mundo, OLD ONS OGH, (born Fé Primitiva del Mundo y Villanueva; November 27, 1911 – August 6, 2011) was a Filipino pediatrician.

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Federico Faggin

Federico Faggin (born 1 December 1941), is an Italian physicist, inventor and entrepreneur, widely known for designing the first commercial microprocessor.

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Fedor Tokarev

Fedor Vasilievich Tokarev (Фёдор Васи́льевич То́карев; 2 June 1871. Tokarev.com. Retrieved on 2014-02-16. – 6 March 1968) was a Russian weapons designer and deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1937 to 1950.

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Fedorov Avtomat

The Fedorov Avtomat (also anglicized as Federov,MILITARY SMALL ARMS OF THE 20TH CENTURY, 7TH EDITION, BY IAN V. HOGG & JOHN S. WEEKS, KRAUSE PUBLICATIONS, 2000, PAGE 267, Russian: Автомат Фёдорова) (English: Federov Automatic Rifle) or FA was a select-fire, crew-served automatic rifle, designed by Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov in 1915 and produced in the Russian Empire and later in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

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Felix Hoffmann

Felix Hoffmann was born on 21 January 1868 in Ludwigsburg, the son of an industrialist.

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Female condom

A female condom (also known as a femidom or internal condom) is a device that is used during sexual intercourse as a barrier contraceptive to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs – such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV, though its protection against them is inferior to that by male condoms) and unintended pregnancy.

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Fenton's reagent

Fenton's reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide with ferrous iron as a catalyst that is used to oxidize contaminants or waste waters.

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Ferdinand von Zeppelin

Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin (8 July 1838 – 8 March 1917) was a German general and later aircraft manufacturer, who founded the Zeppelin airship company.

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Ferrocerium

Ferrocerium is a synthetic pyrophoric alloy that produces hot sparks that can reach temperatures of when rapidly oxidized by the process of striking.

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Fertilizer

A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.

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Feulgen stain

Feulgen stain is a staining technique discovered by Robert Feulgen and used in histology to identify chromosomal material or DNA in cell specimens.It is darkly stained.

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Fighter aircraft

A fighter aircraft is a military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat against other aircraft, as opposed to bombers and attack aircraft, whose main mission is to attack ground targets.

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File archiver

A file archiver is a computer program that combines a number of files together into one archive file, or a series of archive files, for easier transportation or storage.

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File format

A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file.

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Film

A film, also called a movie, motion picture, moving pícture, theatrical film, or photoplay, is a series of still images that, when shown on a screen, create the illusion of moving images.

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Film editing

Film editing is a technical part of the post-production process of filmmaking.

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Fingerprint

A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger.

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Fire extinguisher

A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations.

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Firefighting foam

Firefighting foam is a foam used for fire suppression.

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Fischer assay

The Fischer assay is a standardized laboratory test for determining the oil yield from oil shale to be expected from a conventional shale oil extraction.

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Fischer–Tropsch process

The Fischer–Tropsch process is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons.

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Fischertechnik

Fischertechnik is a brand of construction toy.

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Fixed-wing aircraft

A fixed-wing aircraft is an aircraft, such as an airplane or aeroplane (note the two different spellings), which is capable of flight using wings that generate lift caused by the vehicle's forward airspeed and the shape of the wings.

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Flash boiler

A flash boiler is a type of water-tube boiler.

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Flash freezing

In physics and chemistry, flash freezing is a naturally occurring phenomenon, but also used by people in everyday life in the food industry and forecasting in the field of meteorology.

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Flash memory

Flash memory is an electronic (solid-state) non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

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Flip-disc display

The flip-disc display (or flip-dot display) is an electromechanical dot matrix display technology used for large outdoor signs, normally those that will be exposed to direct sunlight.

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Floating-gate MOSFET

The floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS) is a field-effect transistor, whose structure is similar to a conventional MOSFET.

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Floyd Paxton

Floyd G. Paxton (March 7, 1918 – December 10, 1975) was a manufacturer of ballbearings during World War II, and later inventor of the bread clip, a notched plastic tag used for sealing bags of bread worldwide.

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Fluorescein

Fluorescein is a manufactured organic compound and dye.

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Flush toilet

A flush toilet (also known as a flushing toilet, flush lavatory, or water closet (WC)) is a toilet that disposes of human excreta (urine and feces) by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location for disposal, thus maintaining a separation between humans and their excreta.

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Flute

The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group.

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Flywheel

A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational energy.

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Focal-plane shutter

In camera design, a focal-plane shutter (FPS) is a type of photographic shutter that is positioned immediately in front of the focal plane of the camera, that is, right in front of the photographic film or image sensor.

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Forrest Parry

Forrest Corry Parry (July 4, 1921 – December 31, 2005) was the IBM engineer who invented the Magnetic stripe card used for Credit cards and identification badges.

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Foucault pendulum

The Foucault pendulum or Foucault's pendulum is a simple device named after French physicist Léon Foucault and conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the Earth's rotation.

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Fountain pen

A fountain pen is a nib pen that, unlike its predecessor, the dip pen, contains an internal reservoir of liquid ink.

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Franc Trkman

Franc Trkman (1903-1978) was an inventor and entrepreneur.

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Francis Beaufort

Rear Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, KCB, FRS, FRGS, FRAS, MRIA (27 May 1774 – 17 December 1857) was an Irish hydrographer and officer in the Royal Navy.

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Francis Rogallo

Francis Melvin Rogallo (January 27, 1912 – September 1, 2009) was an American aeronautical engineer inventor born in Sanger, California, U.S.; he is credited with the invention of the Rogallo wing, or "flexible wing", a precursor to the modern hang glider and paraglider.

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Frank Hornby

Frank Hornby (15 May 1863 – 21 September 1936) was an English inventor, businessman and politician.

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Frank Pantridge

Professor James Francis "Frank" Pantridge, CBE, MC, MD, (3 October 1916 – 26 December 2004) was a physician and cardiologist from Northern Ireland who transformed emergency medicine and paramedic services with the invention of the portable defibrillator.

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Frank Whittle

Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle (1 June 1907 – 9 August 1996) was a British Royal Air Force air officer.

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Frank Zamboni

Frank Joseph Zamboni, Jr. (January 16, 1901 – July 27, 1988) was an American inventor and engineer, whose most famous invention is the modern ice resurfacer, with his surname being registered as a trademark for these resurfacers.

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Franklin stove

The Franklin stove is a metal-lined fireplace named after Benjamin Franklin, who invented it in 1741.

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Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist

Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist (1862 – 1931) was a Swedish inventor.

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Franz Joseph Emil Fischer

Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (19 March 1877 in Freiburg im Breisgau – 1 December 1947 in Munich) was a German chemist.

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Franz San Galli

Franz San Galli (Франц Карлович Сан Галли, Franz Karlovich San Galli; 10 March 1824 – 30 July 1908) was a prominent Russian public figure, entrepreneur and inventor.

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Franz Ziehl

Dr.

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Frasch process

The Frasch process is a method to extract sulfur from underground deposits.

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Frederick Sanger

Frederick Sanger (13 August 1918 – 19 November 2013) was a British biochemist who twice won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, one of only two people to have done so in the same category (the other is John Bardeen in physics), the fourth person overall with two Nobel Prizes, and the third person overall with two Nobel Prizes in the sciences.

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Frederick Walton

Frederick Edward Walton (13 March 183416 May 1928), was an English manufacturer and inventor whose invention of Linoleum in Staines was patented in 1860.

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Freon

Freon is a registered trademark of The Chemours Company, which uses it for a number of halocarbon products.

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Frequency analysis

In cryptanalysis, frequency analysis is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext.

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Fresnel lens

A Fresnel lens is a type of compact lens originally developed by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel for lighthouses.

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Friedrich Bergius

Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius (11 October 1884 – 30 March 1949) was a German chemist known for the Bergius process for producing synthetic fuel from coal, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1931, together with Carl Bosch) in recognition of contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods.

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Friedrich Clemens Gerke

Friedrich Clemens Gerke (22 January 1801 – 21 May 1888) was a German writer, journalist, musician and pioneer of telegraphy who revised the Morse code in 1848.

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Friedrich Neelsen

Friedrich Carl Adolf Neelsen (29 March 1854, Uetersen - April 11, 1894, Dresden) was a German pathologist.

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Friedrich Soennecken

Friedrich Soennecken (September 20, 1848 – July 2, 1919), was an entrepreneur and inventor.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn

Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn (born 11 November 1853 in Lübeck; died 1927 in Berlin) was a German inventor.

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FriendsLearn

FriendsLearn is a privately held Silicon Valley EdTech and mHealth startup company headquartered in Palo Alto California, USA.

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Frisbee

A frisbee (also called a flying disc or simply a disc) is a gliding toy or sporting item that is generally plastic and roughly in diameter with a lip, used recreationally and competitively for throwing and catching, for example, in flying disc games.

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Frits Zernike

Frits Zernike (16 July 1888 – 10 March 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize for physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope.

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Fritz Haber

Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.

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Fritz Klatte

Fritz Klatte (28 March 1880, Diepholz – 11 February 1934) was a German chemist and the discoverer of polyvinyl acetate, with German patent (GP 281687 1912) for its preparation from acetylene gas.

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Fritz Pfleumer

Fritz Pfleumer (20 March 1881 in Salzburg – 29 August 1945 in Radebeul) was a German-Austrian engineer who invented magnetic tape for recording sound.

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Fuel cell

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen fuel with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.

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Fujio Masuoka

is a Japanese engineer, best known as the inventor of flash memory.

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Fuse (electrical)

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit.

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Fused filament fabrication

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a 3D printing process that uses a continuous filament of a thermoplastic material.

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Fused quartz

Fused quartz or fused silica is glass consisting of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form.

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Fuzzball router

Fuzzball routers were the first modern routers on the Internet.

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Fyodor Pirotsky

Fyodor Apollonovich Pirotsky (Фёдор Аполлонович Пироцкий; -) was a Russian engineer of Ukrainian origin and inventor of the world's first railway electrification system and electric tram.

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Gabriel Lippmann

Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann (16 August 1845 – 13 July 1921) was a Franco-Luxembourgish physicist and inventor, and Nobel laureate in physics for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference.

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Galantamine

Galantamine (Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl, Lycoremine) is used for the treatment of cognitive decline in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and various other memory impairments.

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Game Boy

The is an 8-bit handheld game console which was developed and manufactured by Nintendo and first released on the 100th anniversary of Nintendo in Japan on, in North America on and in Europe on.

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Gamma camera

A gamma camera (γ-camera), also called a scintillation camera or Anger camera, is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy.

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Gardner-Serpollet

Gardner-Serpollet was a French manufacturer of steam-powered cars in the early 20th century.

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Garrett Morgan

Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. (March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963) was an American inventor and community leader of African-American descent.

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Gary Starkweather

Gary Keith Starkweather (born January 9, 1938) is an American engineer and inventor most notable for the invention of the laser printer and color management.

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Gas laser

A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light.

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Gas lighting

Gas lighting is production of artificial light from combustion of a gaseous fuel, such as hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, propane, butane, acetylene, ethylene, or natural gas.

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Gas mantle

An incandescent gas mantle, gas mantle or Welsbach mantle is a device for generating bright white light when heated by a flame.

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Gas mask

The gas mask is a mask used to protect the user from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases.

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Gas turbine

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous combustion, internal combustion engine.

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Gauge (firearms)

The gauge of a firearm is a unit of measurement used to express the inner diameter (bore diameter) of the barrel.

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Gauge block

Gauge blocks (also known as gage blocks, Johansson gauges, slip gauges, or Jo blocks) are a system for producing precision lengths.

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Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov

Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov (May 1, 1875 – 1960) was a Soviet astronomer who was a pioneer in astrobiology and is considered to be the father of astrobotany.

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Gavriil Ilizarov

Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov (Гавриил Абрамович Илизаров; 15 June 1921 – 24 July 1992) was a Soviet physician, known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the method of surgery named after him, the Ilizarov surgery.

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Gazi Yaşargil

Mahmut Gazi Yaşargil (born July 6, 1925) is a Turkish medical scientist and neurosurgeon.

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Gömöri trichrome stain

Gömöri trichrome stain is a histological stain used on muscle tissue.

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Gear

A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut like teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque.

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Geiger counter

The Geiger counter is an instrument used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation used widely in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics and the nuclear industry.

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Gene Dolgoff

Gene (Eugene) Dolgoff (born 1950) is the founder, CEO, and CTO of HOLOBEAM TECHNOLOGIES INC., which is developing new technologies for treating diseases and medical imaging.

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Gene targeting

Gene targeting (also, replacement strategy based on homologous recombination) is a genetic technique that uses homologous recombination to modify an endogenous gene.

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General anaesthetic

General anaesthetics (or anesthetics, see spelling differences) are often defined as compounds that induce a reversible loss of consciousness in humans or loss of righting reflex in animals.

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Genetically modified mouse

A genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) is a mouse that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques.

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Genetically modified organism

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism).

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Genko Forest Belt

Genko's Forest Belt (Лесополоса Генко) - is a system of historic forest belts in Russia's Ulyanovsk Oblast.

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Geodesic dome

A geodesic dome is a hemispherical thin-shell structure (lattice-shell) based on a geodesic polyhedron.

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George Ballas

George Charles Ballas Sr. (June 28, 1925 – June 25, 2011) was an American entrepreneur.

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George Cayley

Sir George Cayley, 6th Baronet (27 December 1773 – 15 December 1857) was an English engineer, inventor, and aviator.

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George Constantinescu

George "Gogu" Constantinescu (first name's diminutive is Gogu, last name also Constantinesco; 4 October 1881 – 11 December 1965) was a Romanian scientist, engineer and inventor.

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George de Hevesy

George Charles de Hevesy (Georg Karl von Hevesy; 1 August 1885 – 5 July 1966) was a Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate, recognized in 1943 for his key role in the development of radioactive tracers to study chemical processes such as in the metabolism of animals.

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George de Mestral

George de Mestral (June 19, 1907February 8, 1990) was a Swiss electrical engineer who invented the hook and loop fastener.

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George E. Smith

George Elwood Smith (born May 10, 1930) is an American scientist, applied physicist, and co-inventor of the charge-coupled device (CCD).

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George Eastman

George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) was an American entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and popularized the use of roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream.

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George Eliava

George Eliava (Georgian — გიორგი ელიავა; January 13, 1892 – July 10, 1937) was a Georgian microbiologist who worked with bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).

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George H. Heilmeier

George Harry Heilmeier (May 22, 1936 – April 21, 2014) was an American engineer, manager, and a pioneering contributor to liquid crystal displays (LCDs), for which he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

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George Pullman

George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was an American engineer and industrialist.

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George Stephenson

George Stephenson (9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848) was a British civil engineer and mechanical engineer.

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George Westinghouse

George Westinghouse Jr. (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914) was an American entrepreneur and engineer based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry, gaining his first patent at the age of 19.

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George William Manby

Captain George William Manby FRS (8 November 1765 – 18 November 1854) was an English author and inventor.

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Georges Claude

Georges Claude (24 September 187023 May 1960) was a French engineer and inventor.

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Georges Lakhovsky

Georges Lakhovsky (born Georgei Lakhovsky; Георгий Лаховский; 17 September 1869 – 31 August 1942) was a Belarusian-French engineer, scientist, author and inventor.

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Georgi Nadjakov

Georgi Nadjakov (also spelled Georgi Nadzhakov) (Георги Наджаков) (26 December 1896 – 24 February 1981) was a Bulgarian physicist.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Georgii Karpechenko

Georgii Dmitrievich Karpechenko (1899 in Velsk, Vologda Governorate – July 28, 1941) was a Russian and Soviet biologist.

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Georgios Papanikolaou

Georgios Nikolaou Papanikolaou (or George Papanicolaou; Γεώργιος Ν. Παπανικολάου; 13 May 1883 – 19 February 1962) was a Greek pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection, and inventor of the "Pap smear".

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Georgy Gause

Georgii Frantsevich Gause (Гео́ргий Фра́нцевич Га́узе; December 27, 1910 – May 4, 1986), was a Russian biologist who proposed the competitive exclusion principle, fundamental to the science of ecology.

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Gerard K. O'Neill

Gerard Kitchen O'Neill (February 6, 1927 – April 27, 1992) was an American physicist and space activist.

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Gerd Binnig

Gerd Binnig (born 20 July 1947) is a German physicist, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope.

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Gerhard Fischer (inventor)

Gerhard Fisher contributed to the development and popularity of the hand held metal detector.

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Gerhard M. Sessler

Gerhard M. Sessler (born 15 February 1931 in Rosenfeld, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) is a German inventor and scientist.

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Germans

Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.

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Gerolamo Cardano

Gerolamo (or Girolamo, or Geronimo) Cardano (Jérôme Cardan; Hieronymus Cardanus; 24 September 1501 – 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath, whose interests and proficiencies ranged from being a mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, writer, and gambler.

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Gersh Budker

Gersh Itskovich Budker (Герш Ицкович Будкер), also named Andrey Mikhailovich Budker, (1 May 1918 – 4 July 1977) was a Soviet physicist, specialized in nuclear physics and accelerator physics.

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Gestetner

The Gestetner is a type of duplicating machine named after its inventor, David Gestetner (18541939).

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Gheorghe Marinescu

Gheorghe Marinescu (28 February 1863 – 15 May 1938) was a Romanian neurologist, founder of the Romanian School of Neurology.

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Giacomo da Lentini

Giacomo da Lentini, also known as Jacopo (il) Notaro, was an Italian poet of the 13th century.

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Giemsa stain

Giemsa stain, named after German chemist and bacteriologist Gustav Giemsa, is used in cytogenetics and for the histopathological diagnosis of malaria and other parasites.

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Giesl ejector

A Giesl ejector is a suction draught system for steam locomotives that works on the same principle as a feedwater pump.

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Gilhoolie

The Gilhoolie is a kitchen appliance that opens jars and bottles.

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Gilles de Roberval

Gilles Personne de Roberval (August 10, 1602 – October 27, 1675), French mathematician, was born at Roberval near Beauvais, France.

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Gilmore Schjeldahl

Gilmore Tilmen Schjeldahl (June 1, 1912March 10, 2002) was an American businessman and inventor in plastics, adhesives and circuitry.

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Giovanni Battista Amici

Giovanni Battista Amici (25 March 1786 – 10 April 1863) was an Italian astronomer, microscopist, and botanist.

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Giovanni Caselli

Father Giovanni Caselli (8 June 1815 – 25 April 1891) was an Italian physicist, inventor and priest.

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Giovanni Luppis

Giovanni (Ivan) Biagio Luppis von Rammer (27 August 1813 – 11 January 1875), sometimes also known by the Croatian name of Vukić, was an officer of the Austro-Hungarian Navy who developed the first prototypes of the self-propelled torpedo.

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Girdler sulfide process

The Girdler sulfide (GS) process, also known as the GeibSpevack (GS) process, is an industrial production method for filtering out of natural water the heavy water (deuterium oxide.

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Giulio Natta

Giulio Natta (26 February 1903 – 2 May 1979) was an Italian chemist and Nobel laureate.

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Giuseppe Zamboni

Giuseppe Zamboni (June 1, 1776 – July 25, 1846) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and physicist who invented the Zamboni pile, an early electric battery similar to the voltaic pile.

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Glass harmonica

The glass harmonica, also known as the glass armonica, glass harmonium, bowl organ, hydrocrystalophone, or simply the armonica or harmonica (derived from ἁρμονία, harmonia, the Greek word for harmony), is a type of musical instrument that uses a series of glass bowls or goblets graduated in size to produce musical tones by means of friction (instruments of this type are known as friction idiophones).

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Gleb Kotelnikov

Gleb Yevgeniyevich Kotelnikov (Котельников, Глеб Евгеньевич in Russian, – November 22, 1944), was the Russian-Soviet inventor of the knapsack parachute (first in the hard casing and then in the soft pack), and braking parachute.

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Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy

Gleb Evgeniyevich Lozino-Lozinskiy (Глеб Евгеньевич Лозино-Лозинский), (Kiev, Russian Empire (now Ukraine since 1991), December 25, 1909 – Moscow, November 28, 2001) was a Russian and Ukrainian engineer, General Director and General Designer of the JSC NPO Molniya, lead developer of the Russian Spiral and Shuttle Buran programme, Doctor of Science, Hero of Socialist Labour, laureate of Lenin Prize (1962) and State Prizes (1950, 1952).

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Globe

A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere.

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Gnomon

A gnomon (from Greek γνώμων, gnōmōn, literally: "one that knows or examines") is the part of a sundial that casts a shadow.

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Goldsworthy Gurney

Sir Goldsworthy Gurney (1793–1875) was a surgeon, chemist, lecturer, consultant, architect, builder and prototypical British gentleman scientist and inventor, of the Victorian era.

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Golgi's method

Golgi's method is a silver staining technique that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy.

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Google Search

Google Search, commonly referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google, is a web search engine developed by Google.

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Gordon Gould

Gordon Gould (July 17, 1920 – September 16, 2005) was an American physicist who is widely, but not universally, credited with the invention of the laser (Others attribute the invention to Theodore Maiman).

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Gore-Tex

Gore-Tex is a waterproof, breathable fabric membrane and registered trademark of W. L. Gore and Associates.

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Grace Hopper

Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral.

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Gram stain

Gram stain or Gram staining, also called Gram's method, is a method of staining used to distinguish and classify bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative).

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Gramicidin S

Gramicidin S or Gramicidin Soviet is an antibiotic that is effective against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as some fungi.

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Gramme machine

A Gramme machine, Gramme ring, Gramme magneto, or Gramme dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current, named for its Belgian inventor, Zénobe Gramme, and was built as either a dynamo or a magneto.

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Granville Woods

Granville Tailer Woods (April 23, 1856 – January 30, 1910) was an American inventor who held more than 50 patents.

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Graphene

Graphene is a semi-metal with a small overlap between the valence and the conduction bands (zero bandgap material).

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Green fluorescent protein

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues (26.9 kDa) that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range.

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Greg Henderson (inventor)

Greg Henderson (born 1965) is co-founder and chief executive officer of Arx Pax Labs, Inc. A graduate of West Point and UC Berkeley (with a Master's in Architecture), he is a licensed architect, a builder, and an inventor.

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Gregorian telescope

The Gregorian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope designed by Scottish mathematician and astronomer James Gregory in the 17th century, and first built in 1673 by Robert Hooke.

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Gregory Goodwin Pincus

Dr.

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Gridshell

A gridshell is a structure which derives its strength from its double curvature (in a similar way that a fabric structure derives strength from double curvature), but is constructed of a grid or lattice.

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Grocott's methenamine silver stain

In pathology, the Grocott-Gomori's (or Gömöri) methenamine silver stain, abbreviated GMS, is a popular staining method in histology.

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Ground effect vehicle

A ground-effect vehicle (GEV) is a vehicle that is designed to attain sustained flight over a level surface (usually over the sea) by making use of ground effect, the aerodynamic interaction between the wings and the surface.

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Guglielmo Marconi

Guglielmo Marconi, 1st Marquis of Marconi (25 April 187420 July 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system.

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Guido of Arezzo

Guido of Arezzo (also Guido Aretinus, Guido Aretino, Guido da Arezzo, Guido Monaco, or Guido d'Arezzo, or Guy of Arezzo also Guy d'Arezzo) (991/992 – after 1033) was an Italian music theorist of the Medieval era.

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Guido van Rossum

Guido van Rossum (born 31 January 1956) is a Dutch programmer best known as the author of the Python programming language, for which he is the "Benevolent Dictator For Life" (BDFL), which means he continues to oversee Python development, making decisions when necessary.

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Guidonian hand

In Medieval music, the Guidonian hand was a mnemonic device used to assist singers in learning to sight-sing.

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Guillotine

A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.

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Gun barrel

A gun barrel is a crucial part of gun-type ranged weapons such as small firearms, artillery pieces and air guns.

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Gunpei Yokoi

, sometimes transliterated Gumpei Yokoi, was a Japanese video game designer.

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Gunther von Hagens

Gunther von Hagens (born Gunther Gerhard Liebchen; 10 January 1945) is a German anatomist who invented the technique for preserving biological tissue specimens called plastination.

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Gustaf Dalén

Nils Gustaf Dalén (30 November 1869 – 9 December 1937) was a Swedish Nobel Laureate and industrialist, the founder of the AGA company and inventor of the AGA cooker and the Dalén light.

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Gustaf de Laval

Karl Gustaf Patrik de Laval (9 May 1845 – 2 February 1913) was a Swedish engineer and inventor who made important contributions to the design of steam turbines and dairy machinery.

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Gustaf Erik Pasch

Gustaf Erik Pasch (born Berggren) (September 3, 1788 – September 6, 1862) was a Swedish inventor and professor of chemistry at Karolinska institute in Stockholm and inventor of the safety match.

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Gustav Giemsa

Gustav Giemsa (November 20, 1867 – June 10, 1948) was a German chemist and bacteriologist who was a native of Medar-Blechhammer (now part of the city Kędzierzyn-Koźle).

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Gustav Guanella

Gustav Guanella (June 21, 1909 – January 12, 1982) was a Swiss inventor who held numerous patents.

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Gustav Tauschek

Gustav Tauschek (April 29, 1899, Vienna, Austria – February 14, 1945, Zürich, Switzerland) was an Austrian pioneer of Information technology and developed numerous improvements for punched card-based calculating machines from 1922 to 1945.

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Guy Severin

Guy Ilyich Severin (Гай Ильи́ч Севери́н, Gay Ilyich Severin; July 24, 1926 – February 7, 2008) — scientist, engineer, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, doctor of technical science, professor, full member of the International Academy of Astronautics, inventor and producer of a number of aerospace life-rescue systems and space-suits.

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György Gömöri

György Gömöri (also George Gömöri or George Gomori; 1904–1957) was a Hungarian-American physician who became famous as a histochemist.

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Gyrocar

A gyrocar is a two-wheeled automobile.

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Gyrocompass

A gyrocompass is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth (or another planetary body if used elsewhere in the universe) to find geographical direction automatically.

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Gyroscope

A gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος gûros, "circle" and σκοπέω skopéō, "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular velocity.

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Gyula Takátsy

Gyula Takátsy (1914–1980), was a Hungarian medical doctor, microbiologist and inventor.

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Haber process

The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today.

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HAL (robot)

The Hybrid Assistive Limb (also known as HAL) is a powered exoskeleton suit developed by Japan's Tsukuba University and the robotics company Cyberdyne.

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Hal Anger

Hal Oscar Anger (May 20, 1920 – October 31, 2005) was an American electrical engineer and biophysicist at Donner Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, known for his invention of the gamma camera.

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Half-track

A half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with regular wheels at the front for steering and continuous tracks at the back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load.

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Hamming code

In telecommunication, Hamming codes are a family of linear error-correcting codes.

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Hanaoka Seishū

was a Japanese surgeon of the Edo period with a knowledge of Chinese herbal medicine, as well as Western surgical techniques he had learned through Rangaku (literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning").

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Hand washing

Hand washing, also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms.

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Hang gliding

Hang gliding is an air sport or recreational activity in which a pilot flies a light, non-motorised foot-launched heavier-than-air aircraft called a hang glider.

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Hans Berger

Hans Berger (21 May 1873 – 1 June 1941) was a German psychiatrist.

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Hans Christian Ørsted

Hans Christian Ørsted (often rendered Oersted in English; 14 August 17779 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism.

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Hans Christian Gram

Hans Christian Joachim Gram (September 13, 1853 – November 14, 1938) was a Danish bacteriologist noted for his development of the Gram stain.

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Hans Geiger

Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist.

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Hans Lippershey

Hans Lippershey (1570 – buried 29 September 1619), also known as Johann Lippershey or Lipperhey, was a German-Dutch spectacle-maker.

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Hans Tropsch

Hans Tropsch (October 7, 1889 – October 8, 1935) was a chemist responsible, along with Franz Fischer, for the development of the Fischer-Tropsch process.

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Hard disk drive

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is an electromechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material.

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Harmonic drive

Harmonic Drive is the brand name of strain wave gear trademarked by the Harmonic Drive company, and invented in 1957 by C.W. Musser.

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Harry Coover

Harry Wesley Coover Jr. (March 6, 1917 – March 26, 2011) was the inventor of Eastman 910, commonly known as Super Glue.

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Harry Houdini

Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss or Harry Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-born American illusionist and stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts.

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Hearing aid

A hearing aid is a device designed to improve hearing by making sound audible to a person with hearing loss.

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Heat engine

In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy—and chemical energy—to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work.

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Heavy bomber

Heavy bombers are bomber aircraft capable of delivering the largest payload of air-to-ground weaponry (usually bombs) and longest range of their era.

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Hedy Lamarr

Hedy Lamarr (born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler, November 9, 1914 January 19, 2000) was an Austrian-born American film actress and inventor.

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Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

Professor Heike Kamerlingh Onnes FRSFor HFRSE FCS (21 September 1853 – 21 February 1926) was a Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate.

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Heinrich Göbel

Heinrich Göbel, or Henry Goebel (April 20, 1818 – December 4, 1893), born in Springe, Germany, was a precision mechanic and inventor.

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Heinrich Hertz

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves theorized by James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light.

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Heinrich Rohrer

Heinrich Rohrer (6 June 1933 – 16 May 2013) was a Swiss physicist who shared half of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics with Gerd Binnig for the design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).

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Helge Palmcrantz

Helge Palmcrantz (1842–1880), Swedish inventor and industrialist, was born in Hammerdal, in the province of Jämtland, the son of a captain in the Jämtlands fältjägarregemente.

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Helicopter

A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors.

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Heliocentrism

Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

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Helium

Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.

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Hellschreiber

The Hellschreiber, Feldhellschreiber or Typenbildfeldfernschreiber (also Hell-Schreiber named after its inventor Rudolf Hell) is a facsimile-based teleprinter invented by Rudolf Hell.

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Helmholtz pitch notation

Helmholtz pitch notation is a system for naming musical notes of the Western chromatic scale.

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Helmholtz resonance

Helmholtz resonance or wind throb is the phenomenon of air resonance in a cavity, such as when one blows across the top of an empty bottle.

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Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis, also spelled haemodialysis, commonly called kidney dialysis or simply dialysis, is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally.

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Henri Coandă

Henri Marie Coandă (7 June 1886 – 25 November 1972Flight 1973) was a Romanian inventor, aerodynamics pioneer, and builder of an experimental aircraft, the Coandă-1910 described by Coandă in the mid-1950s as the world's first jet, a controversial claim disputed by some and supported by others.

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Henri Giffard

Baptiste Jules Henri Jacques Giffard (8 February 182514 April 1882) was a French engineer.

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Henry Burden

Henry Burden (April 22, 1791 – January 19, 1871) was an engineer and businessman who built an industrial complex in Troy, New York called the Burden Iron Works.

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Henry Cole

Sir Henry Cole (15 July 1808 – 18 April 1882) was a British civil servant and inventor who facilitated many innovations in commerce and education in 19th century in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Henry Heimlich

Henry Judah Heimlich (February 3, 1920 – December 17, 2016) was an American thoracic surgeon and medical researcher.

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Henry John Horstman Fenton

Henry John Horstman Fenton (18 February 1854 – 13 January 1929) was a British chemist who, in the 1890s invented Fenton's reagent, at toxics.usgs.gov a solution of hydrogen peroxide and an iron catalyst that is used to oxidize contaminants or waste waters.

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Henry Maudslay

Henry Maudslay (pronunciation and spelling) (22 August 1771 – 14 February 1831) was a British machine tool innovator, tool and die maker, and inventor.

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Henry Perky

Henry Drushel Perky (7 December 1843 – 29 June 1906) was a lawyer, businessman, promoter and inventor.

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Henry Shrapnel

Lieutenant General Henry Shrapnel (3 June 1761 – 13 March 1842) was a British Army officer whose name has entered the English language as the inventor of the shrapnel shell.

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Herbalism

Herbalism (also herbal medicine or phytotherapy) is the study of botany and use of plants intended for medicinal purposes or for supplementing a diet.

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Herbert Boyer

Herbert Wayne "Herb" Boyer (born July 10, 1936) is a researcher and entrepreneur in biotechnology.

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Herman Frasch

Herman Frasch (December 25, 1851 in Oberrot bei Gaildorf, Württemberg – May 1, 1914 in Paris) was a mining engineer and inventor known for his work with petroleum and sulphur.

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Herman Hollerith

Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was an American inventor who developed an electromechanical punched card tabulator to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting.

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Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe

Hermann Franz Joseph Hubertus Maria Anschütz-Kaempfe (3 October 1872 – 6 May 1931) was a German scientist and inventor.

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Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions in several scientific fields.

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Hero of Alexandria

Hero of Alexandria (ἭρωνGenitive: Ἥρωνος., Heron ho Alexandreus; also known as Heron of Alexandria; c. 10 AD – c. 70 AD) was a mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt.

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Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

The heroic theory of invention and scientific development is the hypothesis that the principal authors of inventions and scientific discoveries are unique heroic individuals "great scientists" or "geniuses." A competing hypothesis ("multiple discovery") is that most inventions and scientific discoveries are made independently and simultaneously by multiple inventors and scientists.

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Hidetsugu Yagi

was a Japanese electrical engineer from Osaka, Japan.

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Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès

Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès (Draguignan 24 October 1817 – Paris 31 May 1880) was a French chemist and the inventor of margarine.

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Hippolyte Pixii

Hippolyte Pixii (1808–1835) was an instrument maker from Paris, France.

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Hiram Maxim

Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim (5 February 1840 – 24 November 1916) was an American-born British inventor, best known as the creator of the Maxim Gun, the first portable fully automatic machine gun.

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History of Iran

The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.

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Hive frame

A hive frame or honey frame is a structural element in a beehive that holds the honeycomb or brood comb within the hive enclosure or box.

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Hole punch

A hole punch (also known as a hole puncher) most commonly refers to an office tool that is used to create holes in sheets of paper, often for the purpose of collecting the sheets in a binder or folder.

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Holography

Holography is the science and practice of making holograms.

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Holter monitor

In medicine, a Holter monitor (often simply Holter) is a type of ambulatory electrocardiography device, a portable device for cardiac monitoring (the monitoring of the electrical activity of the cardiovascular system) for at least 24 to 48 hours (often for two weeks at a time).

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Hon Lik

Hon Lik or Han Li (born September 26, 1951) is a Chinese pharmacist who invented the modern electronic cigarette.

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Hot air balloon

A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air.

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Hovannes Adamian

Hovhannes (Ivan) Abgari Adamian (5 February 1879, Baku – 12 September 1932, Leningrad) was an Armenian and Soviet engineer, an author of more than 20 inventions.

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Hoverboard

A hoverboard (or hover board) is a fictional levitating board used for personal transportation, first described by author M. K. Joseph in 1967 and popularized by the Back to the Future film franchise.

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Hovercraft

A hovercraft, also known as an air-cushion vehicle or ACV, is a craft capable of travelling over land, water, mud, ice, and other surfaces.

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HPV vaccines

Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus.

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Huang Hongjia

HongJia Huang (黄宏嘉, born August 5, 1924) is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and a professor at Shanghai University.

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Hub van Doorne

Hubert Jozef (“Hub”) van Doorne (1 January 1900 – 23 May 1979) was the founder of Van Doorne's Aanhangwagenfabriek (Trailer factory) and of Van Doorne's Automobielfabriek (vehicle factory) known as DAF, together with his brother Willem (Wim) van Doorne.

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Hubert Schlafly

Hubert Joseph "Hub" Schlafly Jr. (August 14, 1919 – April 20, 2011) was an American electrical engineer who co-invented the teleprompter.

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Hug machine

A hug machine, also known as a hug box, a squeeze machine, or a squeeze box, is a deep-pressure device designed to calm hypersensitive persons, usually individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

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Hugh Bradner

Hugh Bradner (November 5, 1915 – May 5, 2008) was an American physicist at the University of California who is credited with inventing the neoprene wetsuit, which helped to revolutionize scuba diving.

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Hugo Schiff

Hugo (Ugo) Schiff (26 April 1834 – 8 September 1915) was an Italian naturalized chemist, German by nationality.

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Hull (watercraft)

The hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat.

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Human power

Human power is work or energy that is produced from the human body.

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Human spaceflight

Human spaceflight (also referred to as crewed spaceflight or manned spaceflight) is space travel with a crew or passengers aboard the spacecraft.

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Humanoid robot

A humanoid robot is a robot with its body shape built to resemble the human body.

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Humberto Fernández Morán

Humberto Fernández-Morán Villalobos (February 18, 1924 March 17, 1999) was a Venezuelan research scientist born in Maracaibo, Venezuela, renowned for inventing the diamond knife or scalpel, significantly advancing the development of electromagnetic lenses for electron microscopy based on superconducting technology, and many other scientific contributions.

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Humphry Davy

Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet (17 December 177829 May 1829) was a Cornish chemist and inventor, who is best remembered today for isolating, using electricity, a series of elements for the first time: potassium and sodium in 1807 and calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron the following year, as well as discovering the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine.

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Hungarian notation

Hungarian notation is an identifier naming convention in computer programming, in which the name of a variable or function indicates its intention or kind, and in some dialects its type.

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Hydraulic accumulator

A hydraulic accumulator is a pressure storage reservoir in which a non-compressible hydraulic fluid is held under pressure that is applied by an external source.

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Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula.

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Hydrofoil

A hydrofoil is a lifting surface, or foil, that operates in water.

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Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation – to treat with hydrogen – is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum.

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Hydropower

Hydropower or water power (from ύδωρ, "water") is power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.

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Hydrostatic equilibrium

In fluid mechanics, a fluid is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium or hydrostatic balance when it is at rest, or when the flow velocity at each point is constant over time.

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Hygrometer

A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the amount of humidity and water vapor in the atmosphere, in soil, or in confined spaces.

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Hyman G. Rickover

Admiral Hyman G. Rickover (January 27, 1900 – July 8, 1986), U.S. Navy, directed the original development of naval nuclear propulsion and controlled its operations for three decades as director of Naval Reactors.

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Hyperbaric welding

Hyperbaric welding is the process of welding at elevated pressures, normally underwater.

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Hyperboloid structure

Hyperboloid structures are architectural structures designed using a hyperboloid in one sheet.

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Hypergolic propellant

A hypergolic propellant combination used in a rocket engine is one whose components spontaneously ignite when they come into contact with each other.

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Hypermedia

Hypermedia, an extension of the term hypertext, is a nonlinear medium of information that includes graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks.

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Hypertext

Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail (also called StretchText).

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Ian Frazer

Ian Hector Frazer (born 6 January 1953) is a Scottish-born Australian immunologist, the founding CEO and Director of Research of the Translational Research Institute (Australia).

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Ibn al-Haytham

Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized Alhazen; full name أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) was an Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Ibn al-Jazzar

Ahmed Bin Jaafar Bin Brahim Ibn Al Jazzar Al-Qayrawani (895 – 979) (أبو جعفر أحمد بن أبي خالد بن الجزار القيرواني), was an influential 10th-century Muslim Arab physician who became famous for his writings on Islamic medicine.

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Ibn al-Shatir

ʿAlāʾ al‐Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm known as Ibn al-Shatir or Ibn ash-Shatir (ابن الشاطر; 1304–1375) was an Arab astronomer, mathematician and engineer.

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IBOT

The iBOT is a powered wheelchair developed by Dean Kamen in a partnership between DEKA and Johnson and Johnson's Independence Technology division.

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Ice cream maker

A domestic ice cream maker is a machine used to make small quantities of ice cream for personal consumption.

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Ice resurfacer

An ice resurfacer is a vehicle or hand-pushed device used to clean and smooth the surface of a sheet of ice, usually in an ice rink.

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Icebreaker

An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships.

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Iconoscope

The Iconoscope (from the Greek: εἰκών "image" and σκοπεῖν "to look, to see") was the first practical video camera tube to be used in early television cameras.

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Ida Rosenthal

Ida Rosenthal (born Ida Kaganovich; January 9, 1886 – March 29, 1973) was a Belarusian-born American dressmaker and businesswoman.

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Ignacy Łukasiewicz

Jan Józef Ignacy Łukasiewicz (8 March 1822 – 7 January 1882) was a Polish pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist.

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Ignazio Porro

Ignazio Porro (25 November 1801 – 8 October 1875) was an Italian inventor of optical instruments.

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Igor Gorynin

Igor Vasilievich Gorynin (Игорь Васильевич Горынин; 10 March 1926 – 9 May 2015) was a Russian metallurgist, creator of many new titanium and aluminium alloys, and reactor steels.

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Igor Kurchatov

Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (И́горь Васи́льевич Курча́тов; 8(21) January 1903 – 7 February 1960), was a Soviet nuclear physicist who is widely known as the director of the Soviet atomic bomb project.

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Igor Sikorsky

Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (a, tr. Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972),Fortier, Rénald.

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Igor Spassky

Igor Dmitriyevich Spasskiy (Игорь Дмитриевич Спасский, born August 2, 1926) is a Russian (and former Soviet) scientist, engineer and entrepreneur, General Designer of nearly 200 Soviet and Russian nuclear submarines, and the head of the Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering Rubin.

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Igor Tamm

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (a; 8 July 1895 – 12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, for their 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation.

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Ilizarov apparatus

The Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or reshape limb bones; as a limb-sparing technique to treat complex and/or open bone fractures; and in cases of infected nonunions of bones that are not amenable with other techniques.

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Image scanner

An image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner, although the term is ambiguous out of context (barcode scanner, CT scanner etc.)—is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital image.

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Immunofluorescence

Immunofluorescence is a technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope and is used primarily on microbiological samples.

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In situ hybridization

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ), or, if the tissue is small enough (e.g., plant seeds, Drosophila embryos), in the entire tissue (whole mount ISH), in cells, and in circulating tumor cells (CTCs).

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In vitro fertilisation

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro ("in glass").

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Incandescent light bulb

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence).

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Indigo dye

Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color (see indigo).

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Induction coil

An induction coil or "spark coil" (archaically known as an inductorium or Ruhmkorff coil after Heinrich Ruhmkorff) is a type of electrical transformer used to produce high-voltage pulses from a low-voltage direct current (DC) supply.

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Induction motor

An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding.

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Industrial robot

An industrial robot is a robot system used for manufacturing.

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Injector

A steam injector is typically used to deliver cold water to a boiler against its own pressure using its own live or exhaust steam, replacing any mechanical pump.

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Instant noodle

Instant noodles are sold in a precooked and dried noodle block, with flavoring powder and/or seasoning oil.

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Insulator (electricity)

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field.

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Integral imaging

Integral imaging is an autostereoscopic and multiscopic three-dimensional imaging technique that captures and reproduces a light field by using a two-dimensional array of microlenses, sometimes called a fly's-eye lens, normally without the aid of a larger overall objective or viewing lens.

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Integrated circuit

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.

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Intelligence quotient

An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.

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Intercontinental ballistic missile

An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a guided ballistic missile with a minimum range of primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads).

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Interlaced video

Interlaced video is a technique for doubling the perceived frame rate of a video display without consuming extra bandwidth.

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Intermittency

In dynamical systems, intermittency is the irregular alternation of phases of apparently periodic and chaotic dynamics (Pomeau–Manneville dynamics), or different forms of chaotic dynamics (crisis-induced intermittency).

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Internal combustion engine

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

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International Klein Blue

International Klein Blue (IKB) is a deep blue hue first mixed by the French artist Yves Klein.

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Internet

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.

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Internet Protocol

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries.

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Internet Relay Chat

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an application layer protocol that facilitates communication in the form of text.

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Inventor

An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method, form, device or other useful means that becomes known as an invention.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).

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Ionic liquid

An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state.

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Ionocraft

An ionocraft or ion-propelled aircraft (commonly known as a lifter or hexalifter) is a device that uses an electrical electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phenomenon to produce thrust in the air without requiring any combustion or moving parts.

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IPad

iPad is a line of tablet computers designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc., which run the iOS mobile operating system.

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IPhone

iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The iPhone line of products use Apple's iOS mobile operating system software.

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IPod

The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released.

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Ira Remsen

Ira Remsen (February 10, 1846 – March 4, 1927) was a chemist who, along with Constantin Fahlberg, discovered the artificial sweetener saccharin.

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Ira Van Gieson

Ira Thompson Van Gieson (1866, Long Island – March 24, 1913, New York City) was an American neurologist, psychiatrist, bacteriologist and neuropathologist.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Iraq

Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.

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Iron lung

A negative pressure ventilator, often referred to colloquially as an iron lung, is a nearly-obsolete mechanical respirator which enables a person to breathe on their own in a normal manner, when muscle control is lost, or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability, as may result from certain diseases (e.g. poliomyelitis, botulism) and certain poisons (e.g. barbiturates, tubocurarine).

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Iron sights

Iron sights are a system of shaped alignment markers (usually metal) used as a sighting device to assist in the aiming of a device such as a firearm, crossbow, or telescope, and exclude the use of optics as in reflector (reflex) sights, holographic sights, and telescopic sights.

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Irving Langmuir

Irving Langmuir (January 31, 1881 – August 16, 1957) was an American chemist and physicist.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution.

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Isaac Singer

Isaac Merritt Singer (October 27, 1811 – July 23, 1875) was an American inventor, actor, and businessman.

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Ismail al-Jazari

Badīʿ az-Zaman Abū l-ʿIzz ibn Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī (1136–1206, بديع الزمان أَبُو اَلْعِزِ بْنُ إسْماعِيلِ بْنُ الرِّزاز الجزري) was a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan, artist and mathematician.

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Italians

The Italians (Italiani) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation native to the Italian peninsula.

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Ivan Elmanov

Ivan Kirillovich Elmanov (Иван Кириллович Эльманов) was a Russian inventor.

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Ivan Fyodorov (printer)

Ivan Fyodorov (Ива́н Фёдоров, sometimes transliterated as Fedorov or Fiodorov; c. 1525 in Grand Duchy of Moscow – December 16, 1583 in Lwów, Ruthenian Voivodeship, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) was one of the fathers of Eastern Slavonic printing (along with Schweipolt Fiol and Francysk Skaryna), he was the first known Russian printer in Muscovy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he was also a skilled cannon maker and the inventor of a multibarreled mortar.

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Ivan Knunyants

Ivan Lyudvigovich Knunyants (Իվան Կնունյանց, Иван Людвигович Кнунянц; (Shusha, Elisabethpol Governorate, Russian Empire) – 21 December 1990 (Moscow), was a Soviet chemist of Armenian origin, academic of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a Major General and engineer, who significantly contributed to the advancement of Soviet chemistry. He made more than 200 inventions, many of which used in the Soviet industry. Graduated from Moscow Bauman Highest Technical School (MVTU) 1928, student of Aleksei Chichibabin. Leader of laboratory for elementooranic chemistry. He was one of the pioneers of the synthesis of poly-caprolactam (capron, nylon-6, polyamide-6), founder of Soviet school of fluorocarbon's chemistry, one of major developers of Soviet chemical weapons program, also an author of a few drugs for chemotherapy of cancer. He proposed the method of getting the 5-hydroxypentan-2-one from ethyl ethanoate and oxirane, also used in the industrial synthesis of vitamin B. His scientific group synthesized compounds containing fluorine, along with nitro-, amino-hydroxy-isoquinoline-air and other groups.

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Ivan Kulibin

Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (April 21, 1735 – August 11, 1818) was a Russian mechanic and inventor.

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Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (a; 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.

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Ivan Plotnikov

Ivan Vasilyevich Plotnikov (Иван Васильевич Плотников) (1902–1995) was a Russian engineer and inventor of kirza, a type of artificial leather based on the multi-layer textile fabric, modified by membrana-like substances, a cheap and effective replacement for the natural leather.

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Ivan Polzunov

Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov (Иван Иванович Ползунов 1728 – May 27, 1766 n.s.) was a Russian inventor.

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Iwan Serrurier

Iwan Serrurier (21 September 1878 in Leiden – 1953) was a Dutch-born electrical engineer notable for inventing the Moviola.

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J. Presper Eckert

John Adam Presper "Pres" Eckert Jr. (April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995) was an American electrical engineer and computer pioneer.

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J. Robert Oppenheimer

Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley.

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J. Stuart Blackton

James Stuart Blackton (January 5, 1875 – August 13, 1941) was a British-American film producer and director of the silent era.

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Jack Cover

John "Jack" Higson Cover Jr. (April 6, 1920 – February 7, 2009) was the inventor of the Taser stun gun.

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Jack Kilby

Jack St.

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Jacob Rabinow

Jacob Rabinow (January 8, 1910 – September 11, 1999) was an engineer and inventor.

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Jacob W. Davis

Jacob W. Davis (born Jacob Youphes) (1831–1908) was a Latvian/American tailor who is credited with inventing modern jeans.

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Jacques Cousteau

Jacques-Yves Cousteau (11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, conservationist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water.

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Jacques E. Brandenberger

Jacques Edwin Brandenberger (19 October 1872 – 13 July 1954) was a Swiss chemist and textile engineer who in 1908 invented cellophane.

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Jagadish Chandra Bose

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, CSI, CIE, FRS (30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937), also spelled Jagdish and Jagadis, was a polymath, physicist, biologist, biophysicist, botanist and archaeologist, and an early writer of science fiction.

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James Clerk Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics.

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James Dewar

Sir James Dewar FRS FRSE (20 September 1842 – 27 March 1923) was a Scottish chemist and physicist.

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James Dyson

Sir James Dyson (born 2 May 1947) is a British inventor, industrial design engineer and founder of the Dyson company.

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James Fergason

James Lee Fergason (January 12, 1934 – December 9, 2008) was an American inventor and business entrepreneur.

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James Gosling

James Arthur Gosling, OC (born May 19, 1955) is a Canadian computer scientist, best known as the founder and lead designer behind the Java programming language.

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James Gregory (mathematician)

James Gregory FRS (November 1638 – October 1675) was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer.

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James Hargreaves

James Hargreaves (c. 1720 – 22 April 1778) was a weaver, carpenter and inventor in Lancashire, England.

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James Henry Greathead

James Henry Greathead (6 August 1844 – 21 October 1896) was a civil engineer renowned for his work on the London Underground railway.

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James Homer Wright

James Homer Wright (April 8, 1869 – January 3, 1928) was an early and influential American pathologist, who from 1896 to 1926 was chief of pathology at Massachusetts General Hospital.

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James Leonard Plimpton

James Leonard Plimpton (1828, Medfield, Massachusetts - 1911) was an American inventor who is known for changing the skating world with his patented roller skates in 1863.

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James McLurkin

James McLurkin (born in 1972) is an engineering assistant professor at Rice University specializing in swarm robotics.

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James Naismith

James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was an American physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator.

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James Nasmyth

James Hall Nasmyth (sometimes spelled Naesmyth, Nasmith, or Nesmyth) (19 August 1808 – 7 May 1890) was a Scottish engineer, philosopher, artist and inventor famous for his development of the steam hammer.

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James Watt

James Watt (30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.

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Jamshīd al-Kāshī

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd Masʿūd al-Kāshī (or al-Kāshānī) (غیاث الدین جمشید کاشانی Ghiyās-ud-dīn Jamshīd Kāshānī) (c. 1380 Kashan, Iran – 22 June 1429 Samarkand, Transoxania) was a Persian astronomer and mathematician.

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Jan Czochralski

Jan Czochralski (23 October 1885 – 22 April 1953) was a Polish chemist who invented the Czochralski process and pioneer in semi conductor industry, which is used for growing single crystals and in the production of semiconductor wafers.

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Japanese typewriter

The first practical was invented by Kyota Sugimoto in 1915.

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Jarkko Oikarinen

Jarkko Oikarinen (born 16 August 1967, in Kuusamo, Finland) is the inventor of the first Internet chat network, called Internet Relay Chat (IRC), where he is known as WiZ.

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Java (programming language)

Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

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JavaScript

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, interpreted programming language.

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János Irinyi

János Irinyi (sometimes also spelled János Irínyi; Romanian: Ioan Irinyi 18 May 1817 in Albis – 17 December 1895) was a Hungarian chemist and inventor of the noiseless and non-explosive match.

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József Károly Hell

Jozef Karol Hell (Slovak: Jozef Karol Hell, German: Josef/ph Karl Hell, Hungarian: Hell József Károly) (15 May 1713, Szélakna (Windschacht, Piarg, now Štiavnické Bane) - 11 March 1789, Selmecbánya (Schemnitz, now Banská Štiavnica)) was a Hungarian mining engineer and inventor, who invented the water-pillar (water pump machine) in 1749 (first use 1753).

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Jean-Antoine Nollet

Jean-Antoine Nollet (19 November 1700 – 25 April 1770) was a French clergyman and physicist.

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Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier

Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier was a French chemistry and physics teacher, and one of the first pioneers of aviation.

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Jeans

Jeans are a type of trousers, typically made from denim or dungaree cloth.

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Jerome H. Lemelson

Jerome "Jerry" Hal Lemelson (July 18, 1923 – October 1, 1997) was an American engineer, inventor, and patent holder.

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Jet aircraft

A jet aircraft (or simply jet) is an aircraft (nearly always a fixed-wing aircraft) propelled by jet engines (jet propulsion).

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Jet engine

A jet engine is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion.

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Jian Zhou

Jian Zhou (1957 – March 1999) was a Chinese virologist and cancer researcher, who with fellow researcher Ian Frazer, invented Gardasil and Cervarix, the vaccines for stimulating human immunological resistance to the cervical cancer-inducing human papilloma virus.

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Jimmy Hotz

Jimmy Hotz (born October 12, 1953) is an American inventor, record producer, recording engineer, electronic music pioneer, audio expert, author and musician.

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Jimmy Wales

Jimmy Donal Wales (born August 7, 1966), also known by the online moniker Jimbo, is an American Internet entrepreneur, best known as the co-founder of the online non-profit encyclopedia Wikipedia, and the for-profit web hosting company Wikia.

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Johan Petter Johansson

Johan Petter Johansson (December 12, 1853 – August 25, 1943), sometimes known as JP, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist.

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Johann Maria Farina

Johann Maria Farina 1685–1766 Giovanni Maria Farina (born 8 December 1685, Santa Maria Maggiore; Germanized name: Johann Maria Farina, Francized: Jean Marie Farina – 25 November 1766, Cologne) was an Italian-born perfumier from Germany who created the first Eau de Cologne.

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Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner

Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (13 December 1780 – 24 March 1849) was a German chemist who is best known for work that foreshadowed the periodic law for the chemical elements and inventing the first lighter, which was known as the Döbereiner's lamp.

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Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (– February 3, 1468) was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with the printing press.

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John Ambrose Fleming

Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS (29 November 1849 – 18 April 1945), an English electrical engineer and physicist, invented the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube, and also established the left-hand rule for electric motors.

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John Barber (engineer)

John Barber (1734–1793) was an English coal viewer and inventor.

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John Bardeen

John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer.

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John Bennet Lawes

Sir John Bennet Lawes, 1st Baronet, FRS (28 December 1814 – 31 August 1900) was an English entrepreneur and agricultural scientist.

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John Blenkinsop

John Blenkinsop (1783 – 22 January 1831) was an English mining engineer and an inventor of steam locomotives, who designed the first practical railway locomotive.

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John Boyd Dunlop

John Boyd Dunlop (5 February 1840 – 23 October 1921) was a Scottish inventor and veterinary surgeon who spent most of his career in Ireland.

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John Ericsson

John Ericsson (born Johan) (July 31, 1803 – March 8, 1889) was a Swedish-American inventor, active in England and the United States, and regarded as one of the most influential mechanical engineers ever.

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John Fenn (chemist)

John Bennett Fenn (June 15, 1917December 10, 2010) was an American research professor of analytical chemistry who was awarded a share of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002.

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John Fowler (agricultural engineer)

John Fowler (11 July 1826 – 4 December 1864) was an English agricultural engineer who was a pioneer in the use of steam engines for ploughing and digging drainage channels.

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John Frederic Daniell

John Frederic Daniell FRS (12 March 1790 – 13 March 1845) was an English chemist and physicist.

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John G. Kemeny

John George Kemeny; May 31, 1926 – December 26, 1992) was a Jewish-American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator best known for co-developing the BASIC programming language in 1964 with Thomas E. Kurtz. Kemeny served as the 13th President of Dartmouth College from 1970 to 1981 and pioneered the use of computers in college education. Kemeny chaired the presidential commission that investigated the Three Mile Island accident in 1979. According to György Marx he was one of The Martians.

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John Goffe Rand

John Goffe Rand (1801–1873) lived and worked in Boston, London, and New York as a portrait painter and inventor.

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John Hadley

John Hadley (16 April 1682 – 14 February 1744) was an English mathematician, and laid claim to the invention of the octant, two years after Thomas Godfrey claimed the same.

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John Harington (writer)

Sir John Harington (also spelled Harrington, baptised 4 August 1560 – 20 November 1612), of Kelston, but baptised in London, was an English courtier, author and translator popularly known as the inventor of the flush toilet.

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John Harrison

John Harrison (– 24 March 1776) was a self-educated English carpenter and clockmaker who invented a marine chronometer, a long-sought-after device for solving the problem of calculating longitude while at sea.

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John Harvey Kellogg

John Harvey Kellogg, M.D. (February 26, 1852 – December 14, 1943) was an American medical doctor, nutritionist, inventor, health activist, and businessman.

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John Haven Emerson

John Haven "Jack" Emerson (February 5, 1906 – February 4, 1997) was an American inventor of biomedical devices, specializing in respiratory equipment.

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John Hays Hammond Jr.

John Hays Hammond Jr. (April 13, 1888 – February 12, 1965) was an American inventor known as "The Father of Radio Control".

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John Herschel

Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, experimental photographer who invented the blueprint, and did botanical work.

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John Heysham Gibbon

John Heysham Gibbon Jr., AB, MD, (September 29, 1903 – February 5, 1973) was an American surgeon best known for inventing the heart–lung machine and performing subsequent open heart surgeries which revolutionized heart surgery in the twentieth century.

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John Howard Kyan

John Howard Kyan (27 November 1774 – 5 January 1850) was the inventor of the 'kyanising' process for preserving wood.

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John J. Mooney

John J. Mooney (born 1929) is an American chemical engineer who was co-inventor of the three-way catalytic converter, which has played a dramatic role in reducing pollution from motor vehicles since their introduction in the mid-1970s.

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John Joseph Montgomery

John Joseph Montgomery (February 15, 1858 – October 31, 1911) was an American inventor, physicist, engineer, and professor at Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California who is best known for his invention of controlled heavier-than-air flying machines.

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John Landis Mason

John Landis Mason (1832 in Vineland, New Jersey – February 26, 1902), was an American tinsmith and the patentee of the metal screw-on lid for antique fruit jars that have come to be known as Mason jars.

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John Logie Baird

John Logie Baird FRSE (13 August 188814 June 1946) was a Scottish engineer, innovator, one of the inventors of the mechanical television, demonstrating the first working television system on 26 January 1926, and inventor of both the first publicly demonstrated colour television system, and the first purely electronic colour television picture tube.

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John Loudon McAdam

John Loudon McAdam (23 September 1756 – 26 November 1836) was a Scottish engineer and road-builder.

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John Mauchly

John William Mauchly (August 30, 1907 – January 8, 1980) was an American physicist who, along with J. Presper Eckert, designed ENIAC, the first general purpose electronic digital computer, as well as EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer made in the United States.

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John Napier

John Napier of Merchiston (1550 – 4 April 1617); also signed as Neper, Nepair; nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston) was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His Latinized name was Ioannes Neper. John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics. Napier's birthplace, Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, is now part of the facilities of Edinburgh Napier University. Napier died from the effects of gout at home at Merchiston Castle and his remains were buried in the kirkyard of St Giles. Following the loss of the kirkyard there to build Parliament House, he was memorialised at St Cuthbert's at the west side of Edinburgh.

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John Pemberton

John Stith Pemberton (July 8, 1831 – August 16, 1888) was an American pharmacist who is best known as the inventor of Coca-Cola.

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John Roebuck

John Roebuck of Kinneil FRS FRSE (1718 – 17 July 1794) was an English inventor and industrialist who played an important role in the Industrial Revolution and who is known for developing the industrial-scale manufacture of sulphuric acid.

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John Stringfellow

John Stringfellow (1799 – 13 December 1883) was born in Sheffield, England and is known for his work on the Aerial Steam Carriage with William Samuel Henson.

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John Thompson Dorrance

John Thompson Dorrance (November 11, 1873 – September 21, 1930) was an American chemist who discovered a method to create condensed soup, and served as president of the Campbell Soup Company from 1914 to 1930.

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John Venn

John Venn, FRS, FSA, (4 August 1834 – 4 April 1923) was an English logician and philosopher noted for introducing the Venn diagram, used in the fields of set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science.

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John Vincent Atanasoff

John Vincent Atanasoff (October 4, 1903 – June 15, 1995) was an American-Bulgarian physicist and inventor, best known for being credited with inventing the first electronic digital computer.

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John von Neumann

John von Neumann (Neumann János Lajos,; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath.

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John Wesley Hyatt

John Wesley Hyatt (November 28, 1837 – May 10, 1920) was an American inventor.

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Jolly balance

The Jolly balance is an instrument for determining specific gravities.

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Jonas Salk

Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher and virologist.

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Jonas Wenström

Jonas Wenström (born August 4, 1855 in Hällefors, died December 22, 1893 in Västerås) was a Swedish engineer and inventor.

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Josef Popper-Lynkeus

Josef Popper-Lynkeus (21 February 1838 – 22 December 1921) was an Austrian scholar, writer, and inventor.

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Josef Ressel

Joseph Ludwig Franz Ressel (Josef Ludvík František Ressel; 29 June 1793 – 9 October 1857) was an Austrian forester and inventor of Czech-German descent, who designed one of the first working ship's propellers.

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Joseph Aspdin

Joseph Aspdin (December 1778 – 20 March 1855) was an English cement manufacturer who obtained the patent for Portland cement on 21 October 1824.

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Joseph Day (inventor)

Joseph Day (1855 in London – 1946) is a little-known English engineer who developed the extremely widely used crankcase-compression two-stroke petrol engine, as used for small engines from lawnmowers to mopeds and small motorcycles.

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Joseph G. Gall

Joseph Grafton Gall (born April 14, 1928) is an American cell biologist and winner of the 2006 Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award.

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Joseph Henry

Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797 – May 13, 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

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Joseph John O'Connell

Joseph John O'Connell (1861 – 1959), 1st, was an electrical engineer and inventor.

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Joseph Plateau

Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (14 October 1801 – 15 September 1883) was a Belgian physicist.

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Joseph Priestley

Joseph Priestley FRS (– 6 February 1804) was an 18th-century English Separatist theologian, natural philosopher, chemist, innovative grammarian, multi-subject educator, and liberal political theorist who published over 150 works.

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Joseph Shivers

Joseph Clois Shivers, Jr. (November 29, 1920 – September 1, 2014) was an American textile chemist who was based in West Chester, Pennsylvania, best known for his role in the structural development of Spandex, a thermoplastic elastomer, in the 1950s, while employed at DuPont.

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Joseph Swan

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was an English physicist, chemist, and inventor.

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Josephine Cochrane

Josephine Garis Cochran (Cochrane) (March 8, 1839 in Ashtabula County, Ohio - August 14, 1913 (Age 74) in Chicago, Illinois) was the inventor of the first commercially successful automatic dishwasher, which she constructed together with mechanic George Butters.

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Josip Belušić

Josip Belušić (1847 - ?) was a Croatian inventor.

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Joy Mangano

Joy Mangano (born February 1, 1956) Family search can be wrong ---> is an American inventor and entrepreneur known for inventions such as the self-wringing Miracle Mop.

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Jozef Murgaš

Jozef Murgaš (English Joseph Murgas) (17 February 1864 – 11 May 1929) was a Slovak inventor, architect, botanist, painter, and Roman Catholic priest.

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Juan de la Cierva

Juan de la Cierva y Codorníu, 1st Count of De La Cierva (21 September 1895 in Murcia, Spain – 9 December 1936 in Croydon, United Kingdom) was a Spanish civil engineer, pilot and aeronautical engineer.

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Juan Vucetich

Juan Vucetich (July 20, 1858 – January 25, 1925) was a Croatian-born Argentine anthropologist and police official who pioneered the use of fingerprinting.

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Jules Montenier

Dr.

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Julio Palmaz

Julio Palmaz (December 13, 1945 in La Plata, Argentina) is a doctor of vascular radiology at University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.

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Julius Fromm

Julius Fromm (4 March 1883 – 12 May 1945) was a Polish-German entrepreneur, chemist and inventor of a process for making condoms from liquefied rubber.

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Julius Richard Petri

Julius Richard Petri (May 31, 1852 – December 20, 1921) was a German microbiologist who is generally credited with inventing the device known as the Petri dish after him, while working as assistant to bacteriologist Robert Koch.

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Jun-ichi Nishizawa

is a Japanese engineer and inventor.

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Justus von Liebig

Justus Freiherr von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and was considered the founder of organic chemistry.

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Kaleidoscope

A kaleidoscope is an optical instrument with two or more reflecting surfaces tilted to each other in an angle, so that one or more (parts of) objects on one end of the mirrors are seen as a regular symmetrical pattern when viewed from the other end, due to repeated reflection.

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Kamov

Kamov JSC (Камов) is a Russian rotorcraft manufacturing company based in Lyubertsy, Russia.

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Karaoke

Karaoke, is a form of interactive entertainment or video game developed in Japan in which an amateur singer sings along with recorded music (a music video) using a microphone.

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Karl Benz

Karl Friedrich Benz (25 November 1844 – 4 April 1929) was a German engine designer and automobile engineer.

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Karl Drais

Karl Freiherr von Drais (full name: Karl Friedrich Christian Ludwig Freiherr Drais von Sauerbronn) (29 April 1785 in Karlsruhe – 10 December 1851 in Karlsruhe) was a German forest official and significant inventor in the Biedermeier period.

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Karl Ferdinand Braun

Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918) was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate in physics.

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Karl Guthe Jansky

Karl Guthe Jansky (October 22, 1905 – February 14, 1950) was an American physicist and radio engineer who in August 1931 first discovered radio waves emanating from the Milky Way.

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Karl Jatho

Karl Jatho (3 February 1873 – 8 December 1933) was a German pioneer and inventor, performer and public servant of the city of Hanover.

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Karl Nessler

Karl Ludwig Nessler (2 May 1872 in Todtnau, Germany – 22 January 1951 in Harrington Park, New Jersey, USA) was the inventor of the permanent wave.

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Karl Ziegler

Karl Waldemar Ziegler (November 26, 1898 – August 12, 1973) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963, with Giulio Natta, for work on polymers.

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Karl-Hermann Geib

Karl–Hermann Geib (12 March 190821 July 1949) was a German physical chemist who, in 1943, developed the "dual temperature exchange sulphide process" (known as the Girdler sulfide process) which is regarded as the "most cost-effective process for producing heavy water".

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Kary Mullis

Kary Banks Mullis (born December 28, 1944) is a Nobel Prize-winning American biochemist.

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Kaspersky Anti-Virus

Kaspersky Anti-Virus (Антивирус Касперского (Antivirus Kasperskogo); formerly known as AntiViral Toolkit Pro; often referred to as KAV) is an antivirus program developed by Kaspersky Lab.

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Kaspersky Internet Security

Kaspersky Internet Security (often abbreviated to KIS) is an internet security suite developed by Kaspersky Lab compatible with Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. KIS offers protection from malware, as well as email spam, phishing and hacking attempts, and data leaks.

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Kaspersky Lab

Kaspersky Lab (/kæˈspɜːrski/; Russian: Лаборатория Касперского, Laboratoriya Kasperskogo) is a multinational cybersecurity and anti-virus provider headquartered in Moscow, Russia and operated by a holding company in the United Kingdom.

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Katharine Burr Blodgett

Katharine Burr Blodgett (January 10, 1898 – October 12, 1979) was an American physicist and chemist known for her work on surface chemistry, in particular her invention of "invisible" or nonreflective glass while working at General Electric. She was the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Cambridge, in 1926.

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Katsuhiko Okamoto

Katsuhiko Okamoto is a Japanese inventor who specializes in modifications of the Rubik's Cube.

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Kazuo Hashimoto

was a Japanese inventor who registered over 1,000 patents throughout the world, including patents for Caller-ID system and telephone answering machine.

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Kálmán Tihanyi

Kálmán Tihanyi (28 April 1897 – 26 February 1947) was a Hungarian physicist, electrical engineer and inventor.

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Kégresse track

A Kégresse track is a kind of rubber or canvas continuous track which uses a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments.

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Kōnosuke Matsushita

was a Japanese industrialist who founded Panasonic, the largest Japanese consumer electronics company.

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Kees Schouhamer Immink

Kornelis Antonie "Kees" Schouhamer Immink (born 18 December 1946) is a Dutch scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur, who pioneered and advanced the era of digital audio, video, and data recording, including popular digital media such as Compact Disc, DVD and Blu-ray Disc.

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Kelvin

The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.

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Ken Kutaragi

is the former Chairman and Group CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment (SCEI), the video game division of Sony Corporation, and current president and CEO of Cyber AI Entertainment.

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Kenyon Taylor

Maurice Kenyon Taylor (26 June 1908 – 29 June 1986) was a British electrical engineer and inventor responsible for many diverse technological developments and inventions, producing over 70 patents during his career.

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Kerim Kerimov

Lieutenant-General Kerim Aliyevich Kerimov (Kərim Əli oğlu Kərimov, Керим Алиевич Керимов; November 14, 1917–March 29, 2003) was a Soviet engineer of Azerbaijani ethnicity, who is regarded as one of many scientists and founders in the Soviet Union's space program, and for many years a central figure in the Soviet space program.

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Kerosene

Kerosene, also known as paraffin, lamp oil, and coal oil (an obsolete term), is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum.

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Kerosene lamp

A kerosene lamp (also known as a paraffin lamp in some countries) is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene (paraffin) as a fuel.

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Kevlar

Kevlar is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.

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Kia Silverbrook

Kia Silverbrook (born 1958) is an Australian inventor, scientist, and serial entrepreneur.

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Kinder Surprise

Kinder Surprise, also known as Kinder Egg or Kinder Surprise Egg, is a candy manufactured by the Italian company Ferrero SpA since 1974.

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Kinescope

Kinescope, shortened to kine, also known as telerecording in Britain, is a recording of a television program on motion picture film, directly through a lens focused on the screen of a video monitor.

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Kipp's apparatus

Kipp's apparatus, also called Kipp generator, is an apparatus designed for preparation of small volumes of gases.

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Kirza

Kirza (кирза) is a type of artificial leather based on the multi-layer textile fabric, modified by membrane-like substances, produced mainly in the Soviet Union and Russia.

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Knitting machine

A knitting machine is a device used to create knitted fabrics in a semi or fully automated fashion.

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Knockout mouse

A knockout mouse or knock-out mouse is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or "knocked out", an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.

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Konrad Zuse

Konrad Zuse (22 June 1910 – 18 December 1995) was a German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer.

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Konstantin Khrenov

Konstantin Konstantinovich Khrenov (Константин Константинович Хренов; 13 February 1894 – 12 October 1984) was a Soviet engineer and inventor who in 1932 introduced underwater welding and cutting of metals.

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Konstantin Konstantinov

Konstantin Ivanovich Konstantinov (Константин Иванович Константинов, 1817 or 1819 – 12 January 1871) was a Russian artillery officer and scientist in the fields of artillery, rocketry and instrument making.

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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (a; Konstanty Ciołkowski; 19 September 1935) was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory of ethnic Polish descent.

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Kotaro Honda

Kotaro Honda (本多 光太郎, Honda Kōtarō, born on February 23, 1870 in Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture – February 12, 1954) was a Japanese scientist and inventor.

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Kroll process

The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium.

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KS Steel

KS Steel, a permanent magnetic steel with three times the magnetic resistance of tungsten steel, was developed in 1917 by the Japanese scientist and inventor Kotaro Honda.

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Kyota Sugimoto

was a Japanese inventor who developed the first practical Japanese typewriter.

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L. L. Zamenhof

Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof; –), credited as L. L. Zamenhof and sometimes as the pseudonymous Dr.

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Ladislas Starevich

Ladislav Starevich (Владисла́в Алекса́ндрович Старе́вич, Władysław Starewicz; August 8, 1882 – February 26, 1965) was a Polish-Russian stop-motion animator notable as the author of the first puppet-animated film The Beautiful Lukanida (1912).

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Lamination

Lamination is the technique of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance or other properties from the use of differing materials.

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Land Camera

Land Cameras are instant cameras with self-developing film named after their inventor, Edwin Land, who created them while working for Research Row in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Land mine

A land mine is an explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it.

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Land sailing

Land sailing, also known as 'sand yachting' or 'land yachting', is the act of moving across land in a wheeled vehicle powered by wind through the use of a sail.

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Larry Page

Lawrence Edward Page (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur who co-founded Google with Sergey Brin.

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Larry Sanger

Lawrence Mark Sanger (born) is an American Internet project developer, co-founder of Wikipedia, and the founder of Citizendium.

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Lars Magnus Ericsson

Lars Magnus Ericsson (5 May 1846 – 17 December 1926) was a Swedish inventor, entrepreneur and founder of telephone equipment manufacturer Ericsson (incorporated as Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson).

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Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

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Laser diode

A laser diode, (LD), injection laser diode (ILD), or diode laser is a semiconductor device similar to a light-emitting diode in which the laser beam is created at the diode's junction.

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Laser printing

Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process.

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Lasse Hessel

Lasse Hessel (born 1940 in Denmark) also known as "the family doctor", is a Danish inventor, author and MD noted for such inventions as the Femidom and the Femi-X pill, and an internationally acknowledged expert on nutrition and dietary fibre.

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Lathe

A lathe is a tool that rotates the workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, and turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.

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Latvia

Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

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Launch pad

A launch pad is an above-ground platform from which a rocket-powered missile or space vehicle is vertically launched.

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Lavochkin

NPO Lavochkin (НПО Лавочкина, OKB-301, also called Lavochkin Research and Production Association or shortly Lavochkin Association, LA) is a Russian aerospace company.

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Lawn mower

A lawn mower (mower) is a machine utilizing one or more revolving blades to cut a grass surface to an even height.

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László Bíró

László József Bíró or Ladislao José Biro (born as László József Schweiger, 29 September 1899 – 24 October 1985) was a Hungarian-Argentine inventor, who patented the first commercially successful modern ballpoint pen. The first ball point pen was invented roughly fifty years earlier by John J. Loud but it did not attain commercial success.

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Léon Foucault

Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (18 September 1819 – 11 February 1868) was a French physicist best known for his demonstration of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation.

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Léon Serpollet

Léon Serpollet (4 October 1858 – 1 February 1907) was a French industrialist and pioneer of steam automobiles, under the Gardner-Serpollet brand.

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Léon Theremin

Lev Sergeyevich Termen (p; – 3 November 1993), or Léon Theremin in the United States, was a Russian and Soviet inventor, most famous for his invention of the theremin, one of the first electronic musical instruments and the first to be mass-produced.

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LCD projector

An LCD projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface.

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Lead chamber process

The lead chamber process was an industrial method used to produce sulfuric acid in large quantities.

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Lee de Forest

Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor, self-described "Father of Radio", and a pioneer in the development of sound-on-film recording used for motion pictures.

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Lego

Lego (stylized as LEGO) is a line of plastic construction toys that are manufactured by The Lego Group, a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark.

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Leland Clark

Leland C. Clark Jr. (December 4, 1918 – September 25, 2005) was an American biochemist born in Rochester, New York.

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Leo Baekeland

Leo Henricus Arthur Baekeland FRSE(Hon) (November 14, 1863 – February 23, 1944) was a Belgian-American chemist.

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Leo Szilard

Leo Szilard (Szilárd Leó; Leo Spitz until age 2; February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Hungarian-German-American physicist and inventor.

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Leonard Bocour

Leonard Bocour (March 18, 1910 – September 6, 1993) was an American artist.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.

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Leonid Gobyato

Leonid Nikolaevich Gobyato (Леонид Николаевич Гобято) (6 February 1875 – 21 May 1915) was a lieutenant-general (awarded posthumously in 1915) in the Imperial Russian Army and designer of the modern, man-portable mortar.

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Leonty Shamshurenkov

Leonty Luk'yanovich Shamshurenkov (Леонтий Лукьянович Шамшуренков) (1687—1758) was a self-taught Russian inventor of peasant origin, who designed a device for lifting the Tsar Bell onto a bell-tower, constructed in 1752 the first self-propelling or self-running carriage (may be regarded as precursor to both quadrocycle and automobile) and proposed projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge.

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Les Paul

Lester William Polsfuss (June 9, 1915 – August 12, 2009), known as Les Paul, was an American jazz, country, and blues guitarist, songwriter, luthier, and inventor.

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Lever action

Lever action is a type of firearm action which uses a lever located around the trigger guard area (often including the trigger guard itself) to load fresh cartridges into the chamber of the barrel when the lever is worked.

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Levi Strauss

Levi Strauss (born Löb Strauß,; February 26, 1829 – September 26, 1902) was a German-American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans.

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Lewis Howard Latimer

Lewis Howard Latimer (September 4, 1848 – December 11, 1928) was an American inventor and draftsman.

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Lewis Urry

Lewis Frederick Urry (–) was a Canadian chemical engineer and inventor.

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Leyden jar

A Leyden jar (or Leiden jar) stores a high-voltage electric charge (from an external source) between electrical conductors on the inside and outside of a glass jar.

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Lifeboat (shipboard)

A lifeboat is a small, rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard a ship.

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Light-emitting diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.

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Lightning detection

A lightning detector is a device that detects lightning produced by thunderstorms.

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Lightning rod

A lightning rod (US, AUS) or lightning conductor (UK) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike.

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Lightning switch

Lightning switch is a wireless and batteryless remote control switch technology manufactured by PulseSwitch Systems, a member of The Face Companies Group of Norfolk, Virginia.

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Lin Yutang

Lin Yutang (October 10, 1895 – March 26, 1976) was a Chinese writer, translator, linguist, philosopher and inventor.

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Lincomycin

Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis.

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Linkage (mechanical)

A mechanical linkage is an assembly of bodies connected to manage forces and movement.

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Linnaeus' flower clock

Linnaeus' flower clock was a garden plan hypothesized by Carl Linnaeus that would take advantage of several plants that open or close their flowers at particular times of the day to accurately indicate the time.

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Linoleum

Linoleum, also called Lino, is a floor covering made from materials such as solidified linseed oil (linoxyn), pine rosin, ground cork dust, wood flour, and mineral fillers such as calcium carbonate, most commonly on a burlap or canvas backing.

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Lint remover

A lint roller or lint remover is a roll of one-sided adhesive paper on a cardboard or plastic barrel that is mounted on a central spindle, with an attached handle.

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Linus Yale Jr.

Linus Yale Jr. (April 4, 1821 – December 25, 1868) was an American mechanical engineer, manufacturer, and co-founder of the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company.

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Linus Yale Sr.

Linus Yale Sr. (27 April 1797 – 8 August 1858) was an American inventor and manufacturer of locks.

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Lippmann electrometer

A Lippmann electrometer is a device for detecting small rushes of electric current and was invented by Gabriel Lippmann in 1873.

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Lippmann plate

Gabriel Lippmann conceived a two-step method to record and reproduce colours, variously known as.

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Liquid Paper

Liquid Paper is an American brand of the Newell Rubbermaid company marketed international that sells correction fluid, correction pens, and correction tape.

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Liquid-crystal display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals.

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Liquid-propellant rocket

A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket is a rocket engine that uses liquid propellants.

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Lisitsyn family

The Lisitsyn family (Лисицыны) was a Russian family of the first documented samovar-makers, metalworkers and businessmen, living in the city of Tula in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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List of Edison patents

Below is a list of Edison patents.

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List of emerging technologies

Emerging technologies are those technical innovations which represent progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage.

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List of Forlanini airships

This is a complete list of Forlanini airships designed and built by the Italian pioneer Enrico Forlanini from 1900 to 1931 (posthumously).

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List of most-produced aircraft

This is a list of the most-produced aircraft types whose numbers exceed or exceeded 5,000.

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List of prolific inventors

Thomas Alva Edison was widely known as the America's most prolific inventor, even after his death in 1931.

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Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.

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Litter box

A litter box, sometimes called a sandbox, litter tray, cat pan, litter pan, or catbox, is an indoor feces and urine collection box for cats (as well as rabbits, ferrets, micro pigs; small dogs, such as Beagles and Chihuahuas; and other pets that instinctively or through training will make use of such a repository) that are permitted free roam of a home but who cannot or do not always go outside to relieve themselves.

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Live-action animated film

A live-action/animated film is one that combines live action filmmaking with animation.

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Livens Projector

The Livens Projector was a simple mortar-like weapon that could throw large drums filled with flammable or toxic chemicals.

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Lloyd Groff Copeman

Lloyd Groff Copeman (28 December 1881 – 5 July 1956) was an American inventor who devised the first electric stove and the flexible rubber ice cube tray, among other products.

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Loading coil

A loading coil or load coil is an inductor that is inserted into an electronic circuit to increase its inductance.

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Logarithm

In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation.

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Lollipop

A lollipop is a type of sugar candy usually consisting of hard candy mounted on a stick and intended for sucking or licking.

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Loom

A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry.

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Lori Greiner

Lori Greiner (born December 9, 1969) is an American inventor, entrepreneur, and television personality.

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Lotus Europa

The Lotus Europa name is used on two distinct mid-engined GT coupé cars built by Lotus Cars.

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Louis Braille

Louis Braille (4 January 1809 – 6 January 1852) was a French educator and inventor of a system of reading and writing for use by the blind or visually impaired.

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Lucien Olivier

Lucien Olivier (Люсьен Оливье) (1838–14 November 1883) was a Russian chef of Belgian and French descent,П.

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Lucien Vidi

Lucien Vidie (1805, Nantes – April 1866, Nantes) was a French physicist.

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Lucio Bini

Lucio Bini (1908–1964) was an Italian psychiatrist and professor at the University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy.

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Ludvig Nobel

Ludvig Immanuel Nobel (Russian: Лю́двиг Эммануи́лович Нобе́ль; Swedish: Ludvig Emmanuel Nobel; 27 July 1831, Stockholm – 12 April 1888, Cannes) was a Swedish-Russian engineer, a noted businessman and a humanitarian.

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Luigi Palmieri

Luigi Palmieri (April 22, 1807 – September 9, 1896) was an Italian physicist and meteorologist.

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Lunisolar calendar

A lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year.

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Lunokhod programme

Lunokhod (Луноход, "Moonwalker") was a series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the Moon between 1969 and 1977.

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Lyman Spitzer

Lyman Strong Spitzer, Jr. (June 26, 1914 – March 31, 1997) was an American theoretical physicist, astronomer and mountaineer.

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Lysergic acid diethylamide

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects, which may include altered awareness of one's surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and images that seem real though they are not.

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Lyulka

Lyulka was a USSR aero engine design bureau and manufacturer from 1938 to the 1990s, when manufacturing and design elements were integrated as NPO Saturn based at Rybinsk.

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Ma Jun

Ma Jun (220–265), courtesy name Deheng, was a Chinese mechanical engineer and politician who lived in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

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Machine gun

A machine gun is a fully automatic mounted or portable firearm designed to fire bullets in rapid succession from an ammunition belt or magazine, typically at a rate of 300 rounds per minute or higher.

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Macintosh

The Macintosh (pronounced as; branded as Mac since 1998) is a family of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. since January 1984.

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Madam C. J. Walker

Sarah Breedlove (December 23, 1867 – May 25, 1919), known as Madam C. J. Walker, was an African-American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and a political and social activist.

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Magazine (firearms)

A magazine is an ammunition storage and feeding device within or attached to a repeating firearm.

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Magnetic field

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.

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Magnetic field architecture

Magnetic Field Architecture (MFA) is based on Lenz’s Law, which states that if a magnetic field moves relative to a conductor, an eddy current is generated in that conductor.

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Magnetic particle clutch

A magnetic particle clutch is a special type of electromagnetic clutch which does not use friction plates.

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Magnetic stripe card

A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card.

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Magnetic tape

Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film.

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Magnifying glass

A magnifying glass (called a hand lens in laboratory contexts) is a convex lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an object.

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Maidenform

Maidenform Brands is a manufacturer of women's underwear, founded in 1922 by three people: seamstress Ida Rosenthal; Enid Bissett, who owned the shop that employed her; and Ida's husband, William Rosenthal.

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Maintaining power

In horology, a maintaining power is a mechanism for keeping a clock or watch going while it is being wound.

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Maksutov telescope

The Maksutov (also called a "Mak") is a catadioptric telescope design that combines a spherical mirror with a weakly negative meniscus lens in a design that takes advantage of all the surfaces being nearly "spherically symmetrical".

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Malaysia

Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.

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Mamoru Imura

is a Japanese inventor, music composer, and Chief Executive Officer of Vita Craft Corporation and Vita Craft Japan who currently resides in Nishinomiya, Japan.

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Mangle (machine)

A mangle or wringer is a mechanical laundry aid consisting of two rollers in a sturdy frame, connected by cogs and, in its home version, powered by a hand crank or electricity.

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Mangonel

A mangonel, also called the traction trebuchet, was a type of catapult or siege engine used in China starting from the Warring States period, and later across Eurasia in the 6th century AD.

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Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

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Mantoux test

The Mantoux test or Mendel-Mantoux test (also known as the Mantoux screening test, tuberculin sensitivity test, Pirquet test, or PPD test for purified protein derivative) is a tool for screening for tuberculosis (TB) and for tuberculosis diagnosis.

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Marc Seguin

Marc Seguin (20 April 1786 – 24 February 1875) was a French engineer, inventor of the wire-cable suspension bridge and the multi-tubular steam-engine boiler.

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Marcel Kiepach

Marcel Kiepach (February 12, 1894 - August 12, 1915) was a Croatian inventor.

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Marcellin Berthelot

Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot FRS FRSE (25 October 1827 – 18 March 1907) was a French chemist and politician noted for the ThomsenendashBerthelot principle of thermochemistry.

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Marcian Hoff

Marcian Edward "Ted" Hoff Jr. (born October 28, 1937 in Rochester, New York) is one of the inventors of the microprocessor.

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Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi

Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi was a 12th-century Ayyubid-era writer and expert on military matters.

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Margaret E. Knight

Margaret Eloise Knight (February 14, 1838 – October 12, 1914) was an American inventor, notably of the flat-bottomed paper bag.

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Margaret Wilcox

Margaret Wilcox, (b. 1838, Chicago, Illinois) was an American engineer, and one of the first women mechanical engineers.

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Margarine

Margarine is an imitation butter spread used for flavoring, baking, and cooking.

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Maria Beasley

Maria E. Beasley (neé Kenny) was born in Philadelphia.

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Marie Van Brittan Brown

Marie Van Brittan Brown (October 30, 1922 – February 2, 1999) was an African-American inventor, becoming the originator of the home security system in 1966, along with her husband Albert Brown, a patent was granted in 1969.

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Marin Soljačić

Marin Soljačić (born February 7, 1974) is a Croatian-American physicist and electrical engineer known for wireless non-radiative energy transfer.

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Marine chronometer

A marine chronometer is a timepiece that is precise and accurate enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation.

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Mariner's astrolabe

The mariner's astrolabe, also called sea astrolabe, was an inclinometer used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the sun's noon altitude (declination) or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination.

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Mario Capecchi

Mario Ramberg Capecchi (Verona, Italy, 6 October 1937) is an Italian-born American molecular geneticist and a co-winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering a method to create mice in which a specific gene is turned off, known as knockout mice.

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Marion Donovan

Marion O'Brien Donovan (October 15, 1917 – November 4, 1998) was an American inventor and entrepreneur.

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Marjorie Joyner

Marjorie Stewart Joyner (October 24, 1896 – December 27, 1994) was an American businesswoman.

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Mark Serrurier

Mark Serrurier (12 May 1904 in Pasadena, California – 14 February 1988) is the son of Dutch-born electrical engineer, Iwan Serrurier, who created the Moviola in 1924 which became the technology used for film editing.

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Mark W. Publicover

Mark William Publicover (born 1958 in Los Gatos, California) is an American entrepreneur, inventor and co-founder-owner (with Valerie DePiazza Publicover) of JumpSport, Inc. in Silicon Valley.

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Marker pen

A marker pen, fineliner, marking pen, felt-tip marker, felt-tip pen, flow marker, texta (in Australia), sketch pen (in India) or koki (in South Africa), is a pen which has its own ink-source and a tip made of porous, pressed fibers such as felt.

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Martin Chalfie

Martin Lee Chalfie (born January 15, 1947) is an American scientist.

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Martin Cooper (inventor)

Martin "Marty" Cooper (born December 26, 1928) is an American engineer.

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Martin Evans

Sir Martin John Evans (born 1 January 1941) is a British biologist who, with Matthew Kaufman, was the first to culture mice embryonic stem cells and cultivate them in a laboratory in 1981.

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Marvin Minsky

Marvin Lee Minsky (August 9, 1927 – January 24, 2016) was an American cognitive scientist concerned largely with research of artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts concerning AI and philosophy.

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Mary Anderson (inventor)

Mary Anderson (February 19, 1866 – June 27, 1953), Birmingham Post-Herald, June 29, 1953 was an American real estate developer, rancher, viticulturist and inventor of the windshield wiper blade.

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Mary Kenner

Mary Beatrice Davidson Kenner (May 17, 1912 – January 13, 2006) was an African-American inventor most noted for her development of the sanitary belt.

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Masatoshi Shima

is a Japanese electronics engineer, who was one of the designers of the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, along with Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley Mazor.

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Maser

A maser (an acronym for "microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation") is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification by stimulated emission.

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Masking tape

Masking tape, also known as painter's tape, is a type of pressure-sensitive tape made of a thin and easy-to-tear paper, and an easily released pressure-sensitive adhesive.

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Mason jar

A Mason jar, named after John Landis Mason who first invented and patented it in 1858, is a molded glass jar used in home canning to preserve food.

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Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.

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Mastermind (board game)

No description.

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Match

A match is a tool for starting a fire.

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Matryoshka doll

A matryoshka doll (a), also known as a Russian nesting doll, stacking dolls, or Russian doll, is a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside another.

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Matthew Piers Watt Boulton

Matthew Piers Watt Boulton (22 September 1820 – 30 June 1894), also published under the pseudonym M. P. W.

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Maurice Hilleman

Maurice Ralph Hilleman (August 30, 1919 – April 11, 2005) was an American microbiologist who specialized in vaccinology and developed over 40 vaccines, an unparalleled record of productivity.

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Mauveine

Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic dye.

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Max Bielschowsky

Max Bielschowsky (February 19, 1869 – August 15, 1940) was a German neuropathologist born in Breslau.

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Meccano

Meccano is a model construction system created in 1898 by Frank Hornby in Liverpool, United Kingdom.

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Mechanical equilibrium

In classical mechanics, a particle is in mechanical equilibrium if the net force on that particle is zero.

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Mechanical pencil

A mechanical pencil (US English) or propelling pencil (UK English), also clutch pencil, is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a "lead".

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Mechanical puzzle

A mechanical puzzle is a puzzle presented as a set of mechanically interlinked pieces.

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Melitta Bentz

Amalie Auguste Melitta Bentz (31 January 1873 – 29 June 1950), born Amalie Auguste Melitta Liebscher, was a German entrepreneur who invented the coffee filter in 1908.

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Memjet

Memjet is a printing technology and components company.

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Mercury (element)

Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

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Mercury-in-glass thermometer

The mercury-in-glass or mercury thermometer was invented by physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam (1714).

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.

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Metal detector

A metal detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby.

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Metal lathe

A metal lathe or metalworking lathe is a large class of lathes designed for precisely machining relatively hard materials.

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Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity.

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Metronome

A metronome, from ancient Greek μέτρον (métron, "measure") and νέμω (némo, "I manage", "I lead"), is a device that produces an audible click or other sound at a regular interval that can be set by the user, typically in beats per minute (BPM).

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Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

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Michael Grätzel

Michael Grätzel (born 11 May 1944, in Dorfchemnitz, Saxony, Germany) is a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne where he directs the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces.

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Michael Smith (chemist)

Michael Smith (April 26, 1932 – October 4, 2000) was a British-born Canadian biochemist and businessman.

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Michele Ferrero

Michele Ferrero (26 April 1925 – 14 February 2015) was an Italian entrepreneur.

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Microcredit

Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history.

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Microfinance

Microfinance initially had a limited definition - the provision of microloans to poor entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services.

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Micrometer

A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for precise measurement of components in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Microphone

A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal.

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Microprocessor

A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits.

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Microscope

A microscope (from the μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

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Microtiter plate

A microtiter plate (spelled Microtiter is a registered trade name in the United States) or microplate or microwell plate or multiwell, is a flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes.

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Microtome

A microtome (from the Greek mikros, meaning "small", and temnein, meaning "to cut") is a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material, known as sections.

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Microwave oven

A microwave oven (also commonly referred to as a microwave) is an electric oven that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range.

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Miguel Nicolelis

Miguel Ângelo Laporta Nicolelis, M.D., Ph.D. (born March 7, 1961), is a Brazilian scientist and physician, best known for his pioneering work in "reading monkey thought".

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Mihajlo Pupin

Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin, Ph.D., LL.D. (Serbian Cyrillic: Михајло Идворски Пупин,; 4 October 1858Although Pupin's birth year is sometimes given as 1854 (and Serbia and Montenegro issued a postage stamp in 2004 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of his birth), peer-reviewed sources list his birth year as 1858. See.

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Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky

Mikhail Osipovich Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (Михаи́л О́сипович Доли́во-Доброво́льский; Michail von Dolivo-Dobrowolsky or Michail Ossipowitsch Doliwo-Dobrowolski; Michał Doliwo-Dobrowolski; &ndash) was a Polish-Russian engineer, electrician, and inventor.

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Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft designer)

Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich (Михаи́л Ио́сифович Гуре́вич) (– 12 November 1976) was a Soviet Jewish aircraft designer, a partner (with Artem Mikoyan) who co-founded the famous MiG military aviation bureau.

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Mikhail Kalashnikov

Lieutenant-General Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (p; 10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian general, inventor, military engineer and small arms designer.

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Mikhail Koshkin

Mikhail Ilyich Koshkin (Russian: Михаил Ильич Кошкин, Ukrainian: Михайло Ілліч Кошкін, Mykhaylo Illich Koshkin, 3 December 1898, Brynchagi, Yaroslavl Oblast – 26 September 1940) was a Soviet tank designer, chief designer of the famous T-34 medium tank.

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Mikhail Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (ləmɐˈnosəf|a.

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Mikhail Mil

Mikhail Leontyevich Mil (Михаи́л Лео́нтьевич Миль; 22 November 1909 – 31 January 1970), aerospace engineer, scientist.

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Mikhail Pomortsev

Mikhail Mikhaylovich Pomortsev (July 24, 1851, Vasilyevshchina – July 2, 1916, all n.s.) was a Russian meteorologist and engineer.

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Mikhail Tikhonravov

Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (July 29, 1900, Vladimir – March 3, 1974) was a Soviet aerospace engineer and scientist who was a pioneer of spacecraft design and rocketry.

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Mikhail Tsvet

Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet (Михаил Семёнович Цвет, also spelled Tsvett, Tswett, Tswet, Zwet, and Cvet) (Asti, 1872 – Voronezh, 1919) was a Russian-Italian botanist who invented adsorption chromatography.

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Mikimoto Kōkichi

was a Japanese entrepreneur who is credited with creating the first cultured pearl and subsequently starting the cultured pearl industry with the establishment of his luxury pearl company Mikimoto.

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Mikoyan

Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG (Rossiyskaya samoletostroitel'naya korporatsiya "MiG") is a Russian aerospace joint stock company.

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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105 part of a programme known as the Spiral (aerospace system), was a manned test vehicle to explore low-speed handling and landing.

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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-15; USAF/DoD designation: Type 14; NATO reporting name: Fagot) is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union.

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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21; NATO reporting name: Fishbed) is a supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau in the Soviet Union.

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Miksa Déri

Miksa Déri (27 October 1854 November, Bács, Kingdom of Hungary, (now: Bač, Serbia) – 3 March 1938) was a Hungarian electrical engineer, inventor, power plant builder.

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Mikulin AM-34

The Mikulin AM-34 (M-34) was a Soviet mass-produced, liquid-cooled, aircraft engine.

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Mil Mi-8

The Mil Mi-8 (Ми-8, NATO reporting name: Hip) is a medium twin-turbine helicopter, originally designed by the Soviet Union, and now produced by Russia.

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Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant

Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant (Московский вертолётный завод им.) is a Russian designer and producer of helicopters headquartered in Tomilino.

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Mil V-12

The Mil V-12 (NATO reporting name: Homer), given the project number Izdeliye 65 ("Item 65"), is the largest helicopter ever built.

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Miller Reese Hutchison

Miller Reese Hutchison (August 6, 1876 – February 16, 1944) was an American electrical engineer and inventor.

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MIMO

In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (pronounced or), is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmit and receive antennas to exploit multipath propagation.

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Min Chueh Chang

Dr.

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Mining

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.

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Minox

| name.

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Miriam Benjamin

Miriam E. Benjamin (September 16, 1861 – 1947) was an American school teacher and inventor from Washington, D.C. On July 17, 1888 she obtained a patent for her invention, the Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels.

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MKM steel

MKM steel, an alloy containing nickel and aluminum, was developed in 1931 by the Japanese metallurgist Tokuhichi Mishima.

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Mobile phone

A mobile phone, known as a cell phone in North America, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area.

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Molding sand

Molding sand, also known as foundry sand, is a sand that when moistened and compressed or oiled or heated tends to pack well and hold its shape.

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Momofuku Ando

, ORS, (March 5, 1910 – January 5, 2007) was a Taiwanese-Japanese inventor and businessman born in Imperial Japanese Taiwan who founded Nissin Food Products Co., Ltd..

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Monocalcium phosphate

Monocalcium phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(H2PO4)2 ("ACMP" or "CMP-A" for anhydrous monocalcium phosphate).

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Monorail

A monorail is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail.

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Montgolfier brothers

Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) were paper manufacturers from Annonay, in Ardèche, France best known as inventors of the Montgolfière-style hot air balloon, globe aérostatique.

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Moog synthesizer

Moog synthesizer (pronounced; often anglicized to, though Robert Moog preferred the former) may refer to any number of analog synthesizers designed by Robert Moog or manufactured by Moog Music, and is commonly used as a generic term for older-generation analog music synthesizers.

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Mordecai Meirowitz

Mordechai Meirovitz (born 1930 in Romania) was an Israeli telecommunications expert.

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Moritz von Jacobi

Moritz Hermann (Boris Semyonovich) von Jacobi (Борис Семёнович (Морис-Герман) Якоби) (21 September 1801 – 10 March 1874) was a German and Russian engineer and physicist born in Potsdam.

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Morocco

Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.

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Morse code

Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment.

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Mortar (weapon)

A mortar is usually a simple, lightweight, man portable, muzzle-loaded weapon, consisting of a smooth-bore metal tube fixed to a base plate (to absorb recoil) with a lightweight bipod mount.

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Mosin–Nagant

The 3-line rifle M1891 (трёхлинейная винтовка образца 1891 года, tryokhlineynaya vintovka obraztsa 1891 goda), colloquially known as Mosin–Nagant (винтовка Мосина, ISO 9) is a five-shot, bolt-action, internal magazine–fed, military rifle developed from 1882 to 1891, and used by the armed forces of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and various other nations.

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Moss bioreactor

A moss bioreactor with ''Physcomitrella patens'' A moss bioreactor is a photobioreactor used for the cultivation and propagation of mosses.

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Motorboat

A motorboat, speedboat, or powerboat is a boat which is powered by an engine.

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Motorin family

The Motorins, also spelled Matorins (Моторины, Маторины in Russian) were a famous Russian family of bellfounders.

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Movable type

Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation) usually on the medium of paper.

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Movie camera

The movie camera, film camera or cine-camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on an image sensor or on a film.

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Movie projector

A movie projector is an opto-mechanical device for displaying motion picture film by projecting it onto a screen.

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Moviola

A Moviola is a device that allows a film editor to view a film while editing.

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Mstislav Keldysh

Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh (Мстисла́в Все́володович Ке́лдыш; – 24 June 1978) was a Soviet scientist in the field of mathematics and mechanics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946), President of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1961–1975), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961, 1971), fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1968).

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Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī

Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari (died 796 or 806) was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.

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Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire (گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān)) or Mogul Empire was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco-Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia, but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances; only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian, while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry. The dynasty was Indo-Persian in culture, combining Persianate culture with local Indian cultural influences visible in its traits and customs. The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Afghanistan. It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning approximately four million square kilometres at its zenith, after only the Maurya Empire, which spanned approximately five million square kilometres. The Mughal Empire ushered in a period of proto-industrialization, and around the 17th century, Mughal India became the world's largest economic power, accounting for 24.4% of world GDP, and the world leader in manufacturing, producing 25% of global industrial output up until the 18th century. The Mughal Empire is considered "India's last golden age" and one of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires (along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia). The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir, the region enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony, and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions. Akbar was a successful warrior who also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. All Mughal emperors were Muslims; Akbar, however, propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called Dīn-i Ilāhī, as recorded in historical books like Ain-i-Akbari and Dabistān-i Mazāhib. The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Maratha Empire|Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pashtuns, the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, between 1628 and 1658, was the zenith of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Category:History of Bengal Category:History of West Bengal Category:History of Bangladesh Category:History of Kolkata Category:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan Category:Medieval India Category:Historical Turkic states Category:Mongol states Category:1526 establishments in the Mughal Empire Category:1857 disestablishments in the Mughal Empire Category:History of Pakistan.

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Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

There is some confusion in the literature on whether al-Khwārizmī's full name is ابو عبد الله محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي or ابو جعفر محمد بن موسی الخوارزمی.

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Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi

Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariyyā-ye Rāzī, also known by his Latinized name Rhazes or Rasis) (854–925 CE), was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher, and important figure in the history of medicine.

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Muhammad Saleh Thattvi

Muhammad saleh Thattvi (1074 AH/1663–64 AD), Mughal metallurgist, astronomer, geometer and craftsman, was born and raised in Thatta, Sindh province in Pakistan, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the governorship of the Mughal Nawab Mirza Ghazi Beg of Sindh.

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Muhammad Yunus

Muhammad Yunus (মুহাম্মদ ইউনূস; born 28 June 1940) is a Bangladeshi social entrepreneur, banker, economist, and civil society leader who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding the Grameen Bank and pioneering the concepts of microcredit and microfinance.

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Mulalo Doyoyo

Mulalo Doyoyo (born 13 August 1970) is a South African engineer, inventor, and professor.

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Multi-touch

In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface (a trackpad or touchscreen) to recognize the presence of more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface.

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Multiplane camera

The multiplane camera is a motion-picture camera used in the traditional animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another.

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Multitrack recording

Multitrack recording (MTR)—also known as multitracking, double tracking, or tracking—is a method of sound recording developed in 1955 that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources or of sound sources recorded at different times to create a cohesive whole.

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Mural instrument

A mural instrument is an angle measuring device mounted on or built into a wall.

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Murasaki Shikibu

was a Japanese novelist, poet and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial court during the Heian period.

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Musical instrument

A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds.

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Musical notation

Music notation or musical notation is any system used to visually represent aurally perceived music played with instruments or sung by the human voice through the use of written, printed, or otherwise-produced symbols.

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Mutsuo Sugiura

was a Japanese engineer famous for being the first to develop a Gastro-camera (a present-day Esophagogastroduodenoscope).

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Myra Juliet Farrell

Myra Juliet Farrell (also Myra Juliet Welsh and Myra Juliet Taylor; 25 February 1878 – 8 March 1957) was an Australian inventor and artist.

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Myriad year clock

The, was a universal clock designed by the Japanese inventor Hisashige Tanaka in 1851.

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Nagai Nagayoshi

was a notable Japanese organic chemist and pharmacologist, best known for his study of ephedrine.

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Narcís Monturiol

Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (28 September 1819 – 6 September 1885) was a Spanish artist and engineer.

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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tūsī (محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی‎ 18 February 1201 – 26 June 1274), better known as Nasir al-Din Tusi (نصیر الدین طوسی; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.

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Nebuchadnezzar II

Nebuchadnezzar II (from Akkadian dNabû-kudurri-uṣur), meaning "O god Nabu, preserve/defend my firstborn son") was king of Babylon c. 605 BC – c. 562 BC, the longest and most powerful reign of any monarch in the Neo-Babylonian empire.

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Neil Arnott

Dr Neil Arnott FRS LLD (15 May 1788March 1874) was a Scottish physician and inventor.

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Neomycin

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops.

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Neon lamp

A neon lamp (also neon glow lamp) is a miniature gas discharge lamp.

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Neonatal intensive care unit

A neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), also known as an intensive care nursery (ICN), is an intensive care unit specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants.

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Neoprene

Neoprene (also polychloroprene or pc-rubber) is a family of synthetic rubbers that are produced by polymerization of chloroprene.

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Nephoscope

Nephoscope is an instrument for measuring the altitude, direction, and velocity of clouds.

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Nestor Genko

Nestor Karlovich Genko (or Henko, Нестор Карлович Генко) January 22 (February 3) 1839 in the Grodno Governorate, province of Kurland, Russian Empire – January, 28 (February 10) 1904 in Menton, France), was a scientist in the field of forestry, known for creation of the world's first major watershed protection forest belt system, the Genko Forest Belt, located in the east of Ulyanovsk Oblast. He was also a hero of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.

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Nestor Makhno

Nestor Ivanovych Makhno or Bat'ko ("Father") Makhno (Не́стор Івáнович Махно́; October 26, 1888 (N.S. November 7) – July 25, 1934) was a Ukrainian anarcho-communist revolutionary and the commander of an independent anarchist army in Ukraine in 1917–22.

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Network Time Protocol

Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks.

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Neurosurgery

Neurosurgery, or neurological surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.

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Never Mind the Buzzcocks

Never Mind the Buzzcocks is a British comedy panel game, themed on pop music, that aired between 1996 and 2015.

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Nicéphore Niépce

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (7 March 1765 – 5 July 1833) was a French inventor, now usually credited as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in that field.

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Nicholas Callan

Father Nicholas Joseph Callan (22 December 1799 – 10 January 1864) was an Irish priest and scientist from Darver, County Louth, Ireland.

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Nicholas McKay (inventor)

Nicholas McKay, Sr. (December 8, 1920 - November 15, 2014) was an American inventor and entrepreneur.

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Nick Holonyak

Nick Holonyak Jr. (born November 3, 1928) is an American engineer and educator.

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Nicolas Appert

Nicolas Appert (17 November 1749 Châlons-sur-Marne (present Châlons-en-Champagne), present Marne – 1 June 1841 Massy) was the French inventor of airtight food preservation.

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Nicolas Florine

Nicolas Florine, born Nikolay Florin (19 July 1891 – 21 January 1972), was an engineer who settled in Belgium.

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Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) was a French inventor who built the first working self-propelled land-based mechanical vehicle, the world's first automobile.

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Night vision

Night vision is the ability to see in low-light conditions.

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Niklaus Riggenbach

Niklaus Riggenbach (21 May 1817 – 25 July 1899) was the inventor of the Riggenbach rack system and the counter-pressure brake.

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Niklaus Wirth

Niklaus Emil Wirth (born 15 February 1934) is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering.

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Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla (Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist who is best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.

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Nikolai Korotkov

Nikolai Sergeyevich Korotkov (also romanized Korotkoff; Николай Серге́евич Коротков) (– 14 March 1920) was a Russian surgeon, a pioneer of 20th century vascular surgery, and the inventor of auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement.

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Nikolai Nikitin

Nikolay Vasilyevich Nikitin (15 December 1907 - 3 March 1973) was a structural designer and construction engineer of the Soviet Union, best known for his monumental structures.

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Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov

Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov (Никола́й Никола́евич Полика́рпов) (June 8, 1892 – July 30, 1944) was a Soviet aeronautical engineer and aircraft designer, known as "King of Fighters".

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Nikolay Basov

Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov (Никола́й Генна́диевич Ба́сов; 14 December 1922 – 1 July 2001) was a Soviet physicist and educator.

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Nikolay Benardos

Nikolay Nikolayevich Benardos (Никола́й Никола́евич Бенардо́с) (1842–1905) was a Russian inventor of Greek origin who in 1881 introduced carbon arc welding, which was the first practical arc welding method.

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Nikolay Brusentsov

Nikolay Petrovich Brusentsov (Никола́й Петро́вич Брусенцо́в; 7 February 1925 in Kamenskoe, Ukrainian SSR – 4 December 2014) was a computer scientist, most famous for having built a (balanced) ternary computer, Setun, together with Sergei Sobolev in 1958.

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Nikolay Kamov

Nikolay Ilyich Kamov (Никола́й Ильи́ч Ка́мов) was the leading constructor of the Soviet/Russian Kamov helicopter design bureau.

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Nikolay Lebedenko

Nikolay Lebedenko (Никола́й Лебеде́нко) was a Russian military engineer, mostly known as the main developer of the Lebedenko Tank, or the Tsar Tank, which was the largest armored vehicle in history, constructed in 1916–1917.

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Nikolay Pirogov

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (–) was a prominent Russian scientist, medical doctor, pedagogue, public figure, and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847).

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Nikolay Popov

Nikolay Popov (December 14, 1931 – February 4, 2008) was a Russian engineer; he was chief designer of the T-80 tank, which was first built by the Soviet Union during the 1970s.

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Nikolay Slavyanov

Nikolay Gavrilovich Slavyanov (Никола́й Гаври́лович Славя́нов; –) was a Russian inventor who in 1888 introduced arc welding with consumable metal electrodes, or shielded metal arc welding, the second historical arc welding method after carbon arc welding invented earlier by Nikolay Benardos.

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Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky

Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky (p; – March 17, 1921) was a Russian scientist, mathematician and engineer, and a founding father of modern aero- and hydrodynamics.

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Nikolay Zelinsky

Nikolay Dimitrievich Zelinsky (Никола́й Дми́триевич Зели́нский in Russian) (6 February n.s., 1861 in Tiraspol, Russian Empire – 31 July 1953 in Moscow), Russian and Soviet chemist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of USSR (1929).

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Nikonos

Nikonos Calypso is the name of a series of 35mm format cameras specifically designed for underwater photography launched by Nikon in 1963.

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Nils Bohlin

Nils Ivar Bohlin (July 17, 1920 – September 21, 2002) was a Swedish engineer and inventor who invented the three-point safety belt while working at Volvo.

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Nipkow disk

A Nipkow disk (sometimes Anglicized as Nipkov disk; patented in 1884), also known as scanning disk, is a mechanical, rotating, geometrically operating image scanning device, patented in 1885 by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.

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Noether's theorem

Noether's (first) theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law.

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Norman Gaylord

Norman Grant Gaylord (born Norman Gershon Goldstein; February 16, 1923 – September 18, 2007) was an American industrial chemist and research scientist.

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Norman Holter

Norman Jefferis "Jeff" Holter (February 1, 1914 – July 21, 1983) was an American biophysicist who invented the Holter monitor, a portable device for continuously monitoring the electrical activity of the heart for 24 hours or more.

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Norman Joseph Woodland

Norman Joseph Woodland (September 6, 1921 – December 9, 2012) was an American inventor, best known as one of the inventors of the barcode, for which he received a patent in October 1952.

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Norman Larsen

Norman Bernard Larsen (1923—1970) was an American industrial chemist.

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Norman Wilkinson (artist)

Norman Wilkinson (24 November 1878 – 30 May 1971) was a British artist who usually worked in oils, watercolors and drypoint.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.

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Nuclear marine propulsion

Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship or submarine with heat provided by a nuclear power plant.

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Nuclear power plant

A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor.

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Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.

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Nuclear submarine

A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).

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Nursing bra

A nursing bra is a specialized brassiere that provides additional support to women who are lactating and permits comfortable breastfeeding without the need to remove the bra.

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Nutella

Nutella is a brand of sweetened hazelnut cocoa spread manufactured by the Italian company Ferrero that was first introduced in 1965, although its first iteration dates to 1963.

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Nylon

Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers, based on aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamides.

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Nylon 6

Nylon 6 or polycaprolactam is a polymer developed by Paul Schlack at IG Farben to reproduce the properties of nylon 6,6 without violating the patent on its production.

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Nystatin

Nystatin, sold under the brandname Mycostatin among others, is an antifungal medication.

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Observatory

An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial or celestial events.

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Octant (instrument)

The octant, also called reflecting quadrant, is a measuring instrument used primarily in navigation.

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Odhner Arithmometer

The Odhner Arithmometer was a very successful pinwheel calculator invented in Russia in 1873 by W. T. Odhner, a Swedish immigrant.

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Odometer

An odometer or odograph is an instrument used for measuring the distance travelled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or car.

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Off-road vehicle

An off-road vehicle is considered to be any type of vehicle which is capable of driving on and off paved or gravel surface.

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Ognjeslav Kostović Stepanović

Ognjeslav Kostović Stepanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Огњеслав Костовић Степановић) (1851 – 16 December 1916) was a Serbian inventor.

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Oil lamp

An oil lamp is an object used to produce light continuously for a period of time using an oil-based fuel source.

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Oil tanker

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products.

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Oil terminal

An oil depot (sometimes called a tank farm, installation or oil terminal) is an industrial facility for the storage of oil and/or petrochemical products and from which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage facilities.

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Ole Evinrude

Ole Evinrude, born Ole Andreassen Aaslundeie (April 19, 1877 – July 12, 1934) was a Norwegian-American entrepreneur, known for the invention of the first outboard motor with practical commercial application.

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Ole Kirk Christiansen

Ole Kirk Christiansen (7 April 1891 – 11 March 1958) was the founder of the Danish construction toy company The Lego Group.

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OLED

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current.

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Oleg Losev

Oleg Vladimirovich Losev (Оле́г Влади́мирович Ло́сев, sometimes spelled Lossev or Lossew in English) (10 May 1903 – 22 January 1942) was a Russian scientist and inventor, An English translation is on the Springer archive who made significant discoveries in the field of semiconductor junctions.

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Olexander Smakula

Olexander Smakula (Олександр Теодорович Смакула, Александр Теодорович Смакула) (1900 in Dobrovody, Austria–Hungary, today Ukraine – 17 May 1983 in Auburn, Massachusetts, USA), also described in English as Alexander Smakula, was a Ukrainian physicist known for the invention of anti-reflective lens coatings based on optical interference.

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Oliver Smithies

Oliver Smithies (23 June 1925 – 10 January 2017) was a British-born American geneticist and physical biochemist.

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Olivia Poole

Susan Olivia Poole (1889–1975) grew up in Minnesota at the White Earth Indian Reservation.

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Olivier salad

Olivier salad (салат Оливье Salat Olivye)It is called "Olivier salad" in Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, as well as in Iran and the United States.

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On-board diagnostics

On-board diagnostics (OBD) is an automotive term referring to a vehicle's self-diagnostic and reporting capability.

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Open hearth furnace

Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel.

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Operant conditioning chamber

An operant conditioning chamber (also known as the Skinner box) is a laboratory apparatus used to study animal behavior.

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Ophthalmoscopy

Ophthalmoscopy, also called funduscopy, is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope (or funduscope).

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Optical character recognition

Optical character recognition (also optical character reader, OCR) is the mechanical or electronic conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene-photo (for example the text on signs and billboards in a landscape photo) or from subtitle text superimposed on an image (for example from a television broadcast).

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Optical communication

Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is communication at a distance using light to carry information.

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Optical mouse

An optical mouse is a computer mouse which uses a light source, typically a light-emitting diode (LED), and a light detector, such as an array of photodiodes, to detect movement relative to a surface.

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Optical telescope

An optical telescope is a telescope that gathers and focuses light, mainly from the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, to create a magnified image for direct view, or to make a photograph, or to collect data through electronic image sensors.

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Optics

Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.

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Optophonic Piano

The Optophonic Piano is an electronic optical instrument created by the Russian Futurist painter Vladimir Baranoff Rossiné.

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Orbitrap

In mass spectrometry, Orbitrap is an ion trap mass analyzer consisting of an outer barrel-like electrode and a coaxial inner spindle-like electrode that traps ions in an orbital motion around the spindle.

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Osamu Shimomura

is a Japanese organic chemist and marine biologist, and Professor Emeritus at Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and Boston University School of Medicine.

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Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as a scope or o-scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time.

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Ostankino Tower

Ostankino Tower (Останкинская телебашня, Ostankinskaya telebashnya) is a television and radio tower in Moscow, Russia, owned by the Moscow branch of unitary enterprise Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network.

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Ottó Bláthy

Ottó Titusz Bláthy (11 August 1860 – 26 September 1939) was a Hungarian electrical engineer.

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Otto Lilienthal

Otto Lilienthal (23 May 1848 – 10 August 1896) was a German pioneer of aviation who became known as the flying man.

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Otto Schmitt

Otto Herbert Schmitt (April 6, 1913 – January 6, 1998) was an American inventor, engineer, and biophysicist known for his scientific contributions to biophysics and for establishing the field of biomedical engineering.

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Otto von Guericke

Otto von Guericke (originally spelled Gericke,; November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar)) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician.

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Otto Wichterle

Otto Wichterle (27 October 1913 in Prostějov in Austria-Hungary, now the Czech Republic – 18 August 1998) was a Czech chemist, best known for his invention of modern soft contact lenses.

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Ottomar Anschütz

Ottomar Anschütz (16 May 1846 in Lissa – 30 May 1907 in Berlin) was a German inventor, photographer, and chronophotographer.

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Outboard motor

An outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats, consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine, gearbox and propeller or jet drive, designed to be affixed to the outside of the transom.

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Outer space

Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.

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Padlock

Padlocks are portable locks with a shackle that may be passed through an opening (such as a chain link, or hasp staple) to prevent use, theft, vandalism or harm.

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Pantelegraph

The pantelegraph (Italian: pantelegrafo; French: pantélégraphe) was an early form of facsimile machine transmitting over normal telegraph lines developed by Giovanni Caselli, used commercially in the 1860s, that was the first such device to enter practical service, It could transmit handwriting, signatures, or drawings within an area of up to 150 × 100 mm.

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Pap test

The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear, cervical smear, or smear test) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb).

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Papanicolaou stain

Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic staining cytological technique developed by George Papanikolaou, the father of cytopathology.

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Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.

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Paper model

Paper models, also called card models or papercraft, are models constructed mainly from sheets of heavy paper, paperboard, card stock, or foam.

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Parachute

A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag (or in the case of ram-air parachutes, aerodynamic lift).

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Paraffin wax

Paraffin wax is a white or colourless soft solid, derived from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms.

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Pascal (programming language)

Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69 and published in 1970, as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. It is named in honor of the French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal. Pascal was developed on the pattern of the ALGOL 60 language. Wirth had already developed several improvements to this language as part of the ALGOL X proposals, but these were not accepted and Pascal was developed separately and released in 1970. A derivative known as Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985; this was used by Apple Computer and Borland in the late 1980s and later developed into Delphi on the Microsoft Windows platform. Extensions to the Pascal concepts led to the Pascal-like languages Modula-2 and Oberon.

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Pascal's calculator

A Pascaline signed by Pascal in 1652 Top view and overview of the entire mechanism''Œuvres de Pascal'' in 5 volumes, ''La Haye'', 1779 Pascal's calculator (also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascaline) is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century.

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Patch clamp

The patch clamp technique is a laboratory technique in electrophysiology used to study ionic currents in individual isolated living cells, tissue sections, or patches of cell membrane.

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Paul Berg

Paul Berg (born June 30, 1926) is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University.

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Paul C. Fisher

Paul C. Fisher (October 10, 1913 – October 20, 2006) was an American inventor and politician.

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Paul Eisler

Paul Eisler (1907 – 26 October 1992, London) was an Austrian inventor born in Vienna.

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Paul Gottlieb Nipkow

Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow (22 August 1860 – 24 August 1940) was a German technician and inventor.

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Paul Offit

Paul A. Offit (born 27 March 1951) is an American pediatrician specializing in infectious diseases, vaccines, immunology, and virology.

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Paul Walden

Paul Walden (Pauls Valdens; Павел Иванович Вальден; Paul von Walden; 26 July 1863 – 22 January 1957) was a Russian, Latvian and German chemist known for his work in stereochemistry and history of chemistry.

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Paul Winchell

Paul Winchell (born Paul Wilchinsky; December 21, 1922 – June 24, 2005) was an American ventriloquist, comedian, actor, voice artist, humanitarian, and inventor whose career flourished in the 1950s and 1960s.

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Pavel Cherenkov

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Па́вел Алексе́евич Черенко́в, July 28, 1904 – January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.

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Pavel Molchanov

Pavel Alexandrovich Molchanov (Павел Александрович Молчанов) (in Volosovo, Russian Empire – October 1941 in Leningrad, Russian SFSR) was a Soviet Russian meteorologist and the inventor of the first russian radiosonde in 1930, while the French Pierre Idrac (1885-1935) and Robert Bureau (1892-1965) were the first to develop the radiosonde in 1929.

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Pavel Schilling

Baron Pavel L'vovitch Schilling, also known as Paul Schilling (5 April 1786, Reval (now, Tallinn), Russian empire – St. Petersburg, Russia, 25 July 1837), was a diplomat of Baltic German origin employed in the service of Russia in Germany, and who built a pioneering electrical telegraph.

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Pavel Sukhoi

Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi (Па́вел О́сипович Сухо́й; Па́вел Во́сіпавіч Сухі́, Paviel Vosipavič Suchi) (22 July 1895 – 15 September 1975) was a Soviet aerospace engineer.

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Pavel Yablochkov

Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov (also transliterated as Jablochkoff) (Павел Николаевич Яблочков in Russian) (&ndash) was a Russian electrical engineer, businessman and the inventor of the Yablochkov candle (a type of electric carbon arc lamp) and the transformer.

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Pehr Victor Edman

Pehr Victor Edman (April 14, 1916 — March 19, 1977) was a Swedish biochemist.

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Pendulum

A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.

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Pendulum clock

A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element.

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Penicillin

Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).

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Pentode

A pentode is an electronic device having five active electrodes.

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Percy Lavon Julian

Percy Lavon Julian (April 11, 1899 – April 19, 1975) was an African American research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants.

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Percy Spencer

Percy Lebaron Spencer (July 9, 1894 – September 8, 1970) was an American physicist and inventor.

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Perfusion

Perfusion is the passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue.

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Periodic table

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose structure shows periodic trends.

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Perm (hairstyle)

A permanent wave, commonly called a perm or "permanent", involves the use of heat and/or chemicals to break and reform the cross-linking bonds of the hair structure.

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Permanent press

A permanent press is a characteristic of fabric that has been chemically processed to resist wrinkles and hold its shape.

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Personal flotation device

A personal flotation device (abbreviated as PFD; also referred to as a life jacket, life preserver, life belt, Mae West, life vest, life saver, cork jacket, buoyancy aid or flotation suit) is a piece of equipment designed to assist a wearer to keep afloat in water.

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Peter Carl Goldmark

Peter Carl Goldmark (Goldmark Péter Károly) (December 2, 1906 – December 7, 1977) was a Hungarian-American engineer who, during his time with Columbia Records, was instrumental in developing the long-playing microgroove 33-1/3 rpm phonograph disc, the standard for incorporating multiple or lengthy recorded works on a single disc for two generations.

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Peter Durand

Peter Durand was a British merchant who is widely credited with receiving the first patent for the idea of preserving food using tin cans.

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Peter Petroff

Peter Petroff (Bulgarian: Петър Петров) (October 21, 1919 – February 27, 2003 The New York Times: Peter D. Petroff Dies at 83.) was a Bulgarian American inventor, engineer, NASA scientist, and adventurer.

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Peter the Great

Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.

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Petrache Poenaru

Petrache Poenaru (1799–1875) was a Romanian inventor of the Enlightenment era.

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Petri dish

A Petri dish (sometimes spelled "Petrie Dish" and alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish), named after the German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri, is a shallow cylindrical glass or plastic lidded dish that biologists use to culture cellssuch as bacteriaor small mosses.

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Petro Prokopovych

Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850, Петро Прокопович) was the founder of commercial beekeeping.

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Petrus Jacobus Kipp

Petrus Jacobus Kipp (Utrecht, 5 March 1808 – Delft, 3 February 1864) was a Dutch apothecary, chemist and instrument maker.

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PH

In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

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Phage therapy

Phage therapy or viral phage therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.

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Pharmacopoeia

A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (literally, “drug-making”), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.

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Pharmacotherapy

Pharmacotherapy is therapy using pharmaceutical drugs, as distinguished from therapy using surgery (surgical therapy), radiation (radiation therapy), movement (physical therapy), or other modes.

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Phase-contrast microscopy

Phase-contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image.

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Phenakistiscope

The phénakisticope (better known as phenakistiscope or the later misspelling phenakistoscope) was the first widespread animation device that created a fluid illusion of motion.

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Phenol

Phenol, also known as phenolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.

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Phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn" or "phph" in shorthand notation.

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Philip Diehl (inventor)

Philip H. Diehl (January 29, 1847 – April 7, 1913) was a German-American mechanical engineer and inventor who held several U.S. patents, including electric incandescent lamps, electric motors for sewing machines and other uses, and ceiling fans.

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Philip M. Parker

Philip M. Parker (born June 20, 1960) holds the INSEAD Chair Professorship of Management Science at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France).

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Philipp von Jolly

Johann Philipp Gustav von Jolly (26 September 1809 – 24 December 1884) was a German physicist and mathematician.

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Philo Farnsworth

Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor and television pioneer.

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Phonofilm

Phonofilm is an optical sound-on-film system developed by inventors Lee de Forest and Theodore Case in the 1920s.

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Phonograph

The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.

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Phonograph record

A phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English, or record) is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove.

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Photo booth

A photo booth is a vending machine or modern kiosk that contains an automated, usually coin-operated, camera and film processor.

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Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons or other free carriers when light shines on a material.

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Photographic fixer

Photographic fixer is a mix of chemicals used in the final step in the photographic processing of film or paper.

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Photography

Photography is the science, art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

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Photometer

A photometer, generally, is an instrument that measures light intensity or the optical properties of solutions or surfaces.

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PHP

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (or simply PHP) is a server-side scripting language designed for Web development, but also used as a general-purpose programming language.

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Piano

The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori around the year 1700 (the exact year is uncertain), in which the strings are struck by hammers.

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Pierre Vernier

Pierre Vernier (19 August 1580 at Ornans, Franche-Comté, Spanish Habsburgs (now France) – 14 September 1637, same location) was a French mathematician and instrument inventor.

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Pieter van Musschenbroek

Pieter van Musschenbroek (14 March 1692 – 19 September 1761) was a Dutch scientist.

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PIN diode

A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, undoped intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region.

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Pin tumbler lock

The pin tumbler lock (or Yale lock, after lock manufacturers Yale) is a lock mechanism that uses pins of varying lengths to prevent the lock from opening without the correct key.

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Pinhole camera

A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens but with a tiny aperture, a pinhole – effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side.

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Pinscreen animation

Pinscreen animation makes use of a screen filled with movable pins, which can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen.

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Pipe wrench

The pipe wrench (US), Stillson wrench or Stillsons (UK) is an adjustable wrench/spanner used for turning soft iron pipes and fittings with a rounded surface.

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Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods or material through a pipe.

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Piston

A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms.

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Plastination

Plastination is a technique or process used in anatomy to preserve bodies or body parts, first developed by Gunther von Hagens in 1977.

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Playfair cipher

The Playfair cipher or Playfair square or Wheatstone-Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digram substitution cipher.

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PlayStation

is a gaming brand that consists of four home video game consoles, as well as a media center, an online service, a line of controllers, two handhelds and a phone, as well as multiple magazines.

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Plumb bob

A plumb bob, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line, or plumb-line.

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Plywood

Plywood is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another.

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Pointing stick

A pointing stick is an isometric joystick used as a pointing device, as with a touchpad or trackball, typically mounted in a computer keyboard.

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Polaroid Corporation

Polaroid is an American company that is a brand licensor and marketer of its portfolio of consumer electronics to companies that distribute consumer electronics and eyewear.

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Polikarpov

Polikarpov Design Bureau was a Soviet OKB (design bureau) for aircraft, led by Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov.

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Polikarpov Po-2

The Polikarpov Po-2 (also U-2, for its initial ''uchebnyy'' role as a flight instruction aircraft) served as a general-purpose Soviet biplane, nicknamed Kukuruznik (Кукурузник,Gunston 1995, p. 292. from Russian "kukuruza" (кукуруза) for maize; thus, "maize duster" or "crop duster"), NATO reporting name "Mule".

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Polio vaccine

Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

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Polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene that has numerous applications.

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Polyvinyl chloride

Polyvinyl chloride, also known as polyvinyl or '''vinyl''', commonly abbreviated PVC, is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer, after polyethylene and polypropylene.

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Porro prism

In optics, a Porro prism, named for its inventor Ignazio Porro, is a type of reflection prism used in optical instruments to alter the orientation of an image.

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Portland cement

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout.

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Post-it Note

A Post-it Note (or sticky note) is a small piece of paper with a re-adherable strip of glue on its back, made for temporarily attaching notes to documents and other surfaces.

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Postage meter

A postage meter or franking machine is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage (or franking) to mailed matter.

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Postage stamp

A postage stamp is a small piece of paper that is purchased and displayed on an item of mail as evidence of payment of postage.

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Powertrain

In a motor vehicle, the term powertrain or powerplant describes the main components that generate power and deliver it to the road surface, water, or air.

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Pranoti Nagarkar-Israni

Pranoti Nagarkar-Israni is the co-founder and CTO of Zimplistic Inventions Pvt Ltd based in Singapore.

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Pressure measurement

Pressure measurement is the analysis of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface.

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Pressure suit

A pressure suit is a protective suit worn by high-altitude pilots who may fly at altitudes where the air pressure is too low for an unprotected person to survive, even breathing pure oxygen at positive pressure.

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Prestressed concrete

Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction which is "pre-stressed" by being placed under compression prior to supporting any loads beyond its own dead weight.

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Printed circuit board

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate.

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Printing

Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template.

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Printing press

A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.

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Printing telegraph

The printing telegraph was invented by Royal Earl House in 1846.

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Probiotic

Probiotics are microorganisms that are claimed to provide health benefits when consumed.

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Program (machine)

A program is a set of instructions used to control the behavior of a machine, often a computer (in this case it is known as a computer program).

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Projectile

A projectile is any object thrown into space (empty or not) by the exertion of a force.

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Propeller

A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein sequencing

Protein sequencing is the practical process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide.

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Pseudoscope

A pseudoscope is a binocular optical instrument that reverses depth perception.

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Psychological fiction

Psychological fiction (also psychological realism) is a literary genre that emphasizes interior characterization, as well as the motives, circumstances, and internal action which is derivative from and creates external action; not content to state what happens, but rather reveals and studies the motivation behind the action.

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Pulse-code modulation

Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals.

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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of large deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules by applying to a gel matrix an electric field that periodically changes direction.

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Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.

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Punched card

A punched card or punch card is a piece of stiff paper that can be used to contain digital data represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions.

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Puppet

A puppet is an object, often resembling a human, animal or mythical figure, that is animated or manipulated by a person called a puppeteer.

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Pyotr Kapitsa

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa or Peter Kapitza (Russian: Пётр Леони́дович Капи́ца, Romanian: Petre Capiţa (– 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate, best known for his work in low-temperature physics.

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Pyotr Shilovsky

Pyotr Petrovich Shilovsky (Пётр Петрович Шиловский) (1871 – June 3, 1957 in Herefordshire) was a Russian count, jurist, statesman, and governor of Kostroma in 1910-1912 and of Olonets Governorate in 1912-1913.

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Pyranometer

A pyranometer is a type of actinometer used for measuring solar irradiance on a planar surface and it is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m2) from the hemisphere above within a wavelength range 0.3 μm to 3 μm.

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Pyrocollodion

Pyrocollodion is a smokeless powder invented by Dmitri Mendeleev.

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Pyrometer

A pyrometer is a type of remote-sensing thermometer used to measure the temperature of a surface.

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Python (programming language)

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

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Quantum machine

A quantum machine is a human-made device whose collective motion follows the laws of quantum mechanics.

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Quantum well laser

A quantum well laser is a laser diode in which the active region of the device is so narrow that quantum confinement occurs.

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Quarantine

A quarantine is used to separate and restrict the movement of people; it is a 'a restraint upon the activities or communication of persons or the transport of goods designed to prevent the spread of disease or pests', for a certain period of time.

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Quasiturbine

The Quasiturbine or Qurbine engine is a proposed pistonless rotary engine using a rhomboidal rotor whose sides are hinged at the vertices.

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Queen excluder

In beekeeping, the queen excluder is a selective barrier inside the beehive that allows worker bees but not the larger queens and drones to traverse the barrier.

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Quick release skewer

A quick release skewer is a mechanism for attaching a wheel to a bicycle.

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R-7 (rocket family)

The R-7 family of rockets (Р-7) is a series of rockets, derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka, the world's first ICBM.

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R-7 Semyorka

The R-7 (Р-7 "Семёрка") was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War, and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile.

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R. G. LeTourneau

Robert Gilmour LeTourneau (November 30, 1888 – June 1, 1969), was born in Richford, Vermont, and was a prolific inventor of earthmoving machinery.

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Rachel Fuller Brown

Rachel Fuller Brown (November 23, 1898 – January 14, 1980) was a chemist best known for her long-distance collaboration with microbiologist Elizabeth Lee Hazen in developing the first useful antifungal antibiotic, nystatin, while doing research for the Division of Laboratories and Research of the New York State Department of Health.

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Radar

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.

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Radial keratotomy

Radial keratotomy (RK) is a refractive surgical procedure to correct myopia (nearsightedness) that was developed in 1974, by Svyatoslav Fyodorov, a Russian ophthalmologist.

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Radial tire

A radial tire (more properly, a radial-ply tire) is a particular design of vehicular tire.

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Radiation hardening

Radiation hardening is the act of making electronic components and systems resistant to damage or malfunctions caused by ionizing radiation (particle radiation and high-energy electromagnetic radiation), such as those encountered in outer space and high-altitude flight, around nuclear reactors and particle accelerators, or during nuclear accidents or nuclear warfare.

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Radiator

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating.

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Radio control

Radio control (often abbreviated to R/C or simply RC) is the use of radio signals to remotely control a device.

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Radio receiver

In radio communications, a radio receiver (receiver or simply radio) is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form.

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Radio telescope

A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to receive radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy.

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Radioactive tracer

A radioactive tracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radionuclide so by virtue of its radioactive decay it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioisotope follows from reactants to products.

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Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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Radiosonde

A radiosonde is a battery-powered telemetry instrument package carried into the atmosphere usually by a weather balloon that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver.

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Rail fastening system

A rail fastening system is a means of fixing rails to railroad ties (North America) or sleepers (British Isles, Australasia, and Africa).

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Railway air brake

A railway air brake is a railway brake power braking system with compressed air as the operating medium.

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Raincoat

A raincoat or slicker is a waterproof or water-resistant coat worn to protect the body from rain.

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Ralf Reski

Ralf Reski (born 18 November 1958 in Gelsenkirchen) is a German Professor of Plant Biotechnology and former Dean of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Freiburg.

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Ralph H. Baer

Ralph Henry Baer (born Rudolf Heinrich Baer; March 8, 1922 – December 6, 2014) was a German-born American inventor, game developer, and engineer.

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Randi Altschul

Randice-Lisa "Randi" Altschul (born 1960) is an American toy inventor based in Cliffside Park, New Jersey.

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Randomized controlled trial

A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a type of scientific (often medical) experiment which aims to reduce bias when testing a new treatment.

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Ransom E. Olds

Ransom Eli Olds (June 3, 1864 – August 26, 1950) was a pioneer of the American automotive industry, after whom the Oldsmobile and REO brands were named.

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RAR (file format)

RAR is a proprietary archive file format that supports data compression, error recovery and file spanning.

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Rasmus Lerdorf

Rasmus Lerdorf (born 22 November 1968) is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

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Ray Dolby

Ray Milton Dolby (January 18, 1933 – September 12, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor of the noise reduction system known as Dolby NR.

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Ray Kurzweil

Raymond Kurzweil (born February 12, 1948) is an American author, computer scientist, inventor and futurist.

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Ray Tomlinson

Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (April 23, 1941 – March 5, 2016) was a pioneering American computer programmer who implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet, in 1971; he is internationally known and credited as the inventor of email.

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Raymond Scott

Raymond Scott (born Harry Warnow, September 10, 1908 – February 8, 1994) was an American composer, band leader, pianist, engineer, recording studio maverick, and electronic instrument inventor.

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RD-170

The RD-170 (РД-170, Ракетный Двигатель-170, Rocket Engine-170) is the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine, designed and produced in the Soviet Union by NPO Energomash for use with the Energia launch vehicle.

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Reciprocating engine

A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is typically a heat engine (although there are also pneumatic and hydraulic reciprocating engines) that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion.

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Reflecting telescope

A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is a telescope that uses a single or a combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image.

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Reflectron

A reflectron (mass reflectron) is a type of time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS) that comprises a pulsed ion source, field-free region, ion mirror, and ion detector and uses a static or time dependent electric field in the ion mirror to reverse the direction of travel of the ions entering it.

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Refractometer

A refractometer is a laboratory or field device for the measurement of an index of refraction (refractometry).

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Refrigerator

A refrigerator (colloquially fridge, or fridgefreezer in the UK) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room.

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Reginald Fessenden

Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (October 6, 1866 – July 22, 1932) was a Canadian-born inventor, who did a majority of his work in the United States and also claimed U.S. citizenship through his American-born father.

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Regional jet

A regional jet (RJ) is a class of short to medium-range turbofan powered regional airliners.

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Reichstein process

The Reichstein process in chemistry is a combined chemical and microbial method for the production of ascorbic acid from D-glucose that takes place in several steps.

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Relative density

Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.

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Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch.

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Remote control

In electronics, a remote control or clicker is a component of an electronic device used to operate the device from a distance, usually wirelessly.

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René Laennec

René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec (17 February 1781 – 13 August 1826) was a French physician.

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Resonant inductive coupling

Resonant inductive coupling or magnetic phase synchronous coupling is a phenomenon with inductive coupling where the coupling becomes stronger when the "secondary" (load-bearing) side of the loosely coupled coil resonates.

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Revolver

A revolver (also called a wheel gun) is a repeating handgun that has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing.

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Revolving door

A revolving door typically consists of three or four doors that hang on a central shaft and rotate around a vertical axis within a cylindrical enclosure.

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Reynold B. Johnson

Reynold B. Johnson (July 16, 1906September 15, 1998) was an American inventor and computer pioneer.

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RFIQin

RFIQin, also referred to as RFIQ, is a patented automatic cooking device that consists of three different sized pans, a portable induction heater, and recipe cards, which is designed by Vita Craft Corporation, but is currently only sold in Japan through Vita Craft Japan.

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Rhythmicon

The Rhythmicon—also known as the Polyrhythmophone—was the world's first electronic drum machine (or "rhythm machine", the original term for devices of the type).

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Ri Sung-gi

Ri Sung-gi, also often spelled Lee Sung-ki or Yi Sung-gi (1905–1996) was a North Korean chemist.

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Richard F. Lyon

Richard Francis Lyon (born 1952) is an American inventor, scientist, and engineer.

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Richard Gurley Drew

Richard Gurley Drew (June 22, 1899 – December 14, 1980) was an American inventor who worked for Johnson and Johnson, Permacel Co., and 3M in St. Paul, Minnesota, where he invented masking tape and cellophane tape.

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Richard Hall Gower

Captain Richard Hall Gower (1768–1833) was an English mariner, empirical philosopher, nautical inventor, entrepreneur, and humanitarian.

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Richard Hamming

Richard Wesley Hamming (February 11, 1915 – January 7, 1998) was an American mathematician whose work had many implications for computer engineering and telecommunications.

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Richard Jordan Gatling

Richard Jordan Gatling (September 12, 1818 – February 26, 1903) was an American inventor best known for his invention of the Gatling gun, considered to be the first successful machine gun, though it is not a true machine gun by modern definitions.

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Richard T. Whitcomb

Richard Travis Whitcomb (February 21, 1921 – October 13, 2009) was an American aeronautical engineer who was noted for his contributions to the science of aerodynamics.

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Richard Trevithick

Richard Trevithick (13 April 1771 – 22 April 1833) was a British inventor and mining engineer from Cornwall, England.

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Richter magnitude scale

The so-called Richter magnitude scale – more accurately, Richter's magnitude scale, or just Richter magnitude – for measuring the strength ("size") of earthquakes refers to the original "magnitude scale" developed by Charles F. Richter and presented in his landmark 1935 paper, and later revised and renamed the Local magnitude scale, denoted as "ML" or "ML".

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Ring binder

Ring binders (loose leaf binders, looseleaf binders, or sometimes called files in Britain) are large folders that contain file folders or hole punched papers.

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Robert A. Heinlein

Robert Anson Heinlein (See also the biography at the end of For Us, the Living, 2004 edition, p. 261. July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an American science-fiction writer.

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Robert Adler

Robert Adler (December 4, 1913 – February 15, 2007) was an Austrian-born American inventor who held numerous patents.

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Robert Bunsen

Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (30 March 1811N1 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist.

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Robert Cailliau

Robert Cailliau (born 26 January 1947) is a Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who created the first web browser for the Mac.

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Robert Edwards (physiologist)

Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards, (27 September 1925 – 10 April 2013) was an English physiologist and pioneer in reproductive medicine, and in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) in particular.

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Robert Feulgen

Joachim Wilhelm Robert Feulgen (2 September 1884 – 24 October 1955) was a German physician and chemist who, in 1914, developed a method for staining DNA (now known as the Feulgen stain) and who also discovered plant and animal nuclear DNA ("thymonucleic acid") congeniality.

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Robert Fulton

Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765 – February 25, 1815) was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Clermonts.

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Robert H. Dennard

Robert Dennard (born September 5, 1932) is an American electrical engineer and inventor.

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Robert H. Goddard

Robert Hutchings Goddard (October 5, 1882 – August 10, 1945) was an American engineer, professor, physicist, and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket.

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Robert Hooke

Robert Hooke FRS (– 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath.

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Robert Koch

Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist.

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Robert Metcalfe

Robert Melancton Metcalfe (born April 7, 1946) is an electrical engineer from the United States who co-invented Ethernet, founded 3Com and formulated Metcalfe's Law.

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Robert Moog

Robert Arthur Moog ("mogue"; May 23, 1934 – August 21, 2005), founder of Moog Music, was an American engineer and pioneer of electronic music, best known as the inventor of the Moog synthesizer.

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Robert N. Hall

Robert Noel Hall (December 25, 1919 – November 7, 2016) was an American engineer and applied physicist.

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Robert Stirling

The Reverend Dr Robert Stirling (25 October 1790 – 6 June 1878) was a Scottish clergyman, and inventor of the Stirling engine.

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Robert Swanson (inventor)

Robert Swanson (1905–1994) was a Canadian researcher and developer, and is credited with the invention of the first five and six-chime air horns for use on locomotives.

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Robert W. Gore

Robert W. "Bob" Gore (born April 15, 1937) is an American engineer and scientist, inventor and businessman.

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Robert Watson-Watt

Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, KCB, FRS, FRAeS (13 April 1892 – 5 December 1973) was a Scottish pioneer of radio direction finding and radar technology.

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Roberval balance

The Roberval balance is a weighing scale presented to the French Academy of Sciences by the French mathematician Gilles Personne de Roberval in 1669.

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Robotics

Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science, and others.

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Rocket (weapon)

A rocket is a self-propelled, unguided weapon system powered by a rocket motor.

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Rocket engine

A rocket engine uses stored rocket propellant mass for forming its high-speed propulsive jet.

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Rogallo wing

The Rogallo wing is a flexible type of airfoil.

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Roger Y. Tsien

Roger Yonchien Tsien (February 1, 1952 – August 24, 2016) was a Han Chinese/Taiwanese-American biochemist.

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Roland Moreno

Roland Moreno (11 June 1945 – 29 April 2012) was a French inventor, engineer, humorist and author who was the inventor of the memory card.

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Roll film

Rollfilm or roll film is any type of spool-wound photographic film protected from white light exposure by a paper backing, as opposed to film which is protected from exposure and wound forward in a cartridge.

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Roller skates

Roller skates are shoes, or bindings that fit onto shoes, that are worn to enable the wearer to roll along on wheels.

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Romania

Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.

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Ron Hickman

Ronald Price Hickman OBE (21 October 1932 – 17 February 2011) was a South African-born, Jersey-based car designer and inventor who designed the original Lotus Elan, the Lotus Elan +2 and the Lotus Europa, as well as the Black & Decker Workmate.

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Ross Granville Harrison

Ross Granville Harrison (January 13, 1870 – September 30, 1959) was an American biologist and anatomist credited as the first to work successfully with artificial tissue culture.

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Rostislav Alexeyev

Rostislav Evgenievich Alexeyev (Ростисла́в Евге́ньевич Алексе́ев; December 18, 1916 – February 9, 1980) was a Russian Soviet shipbuilder known for his pioneering work on hydrofoil ships and ground effect vehicles.

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Rotavirus vaccine

Rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections.

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Rotimatic

Rotimatic is an automated kitchen appliance that makes roti.

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Rover (space exploration)

A rover (or sometimes planetary rover) is a space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body.

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Rowland Hill

Sir Rowland Hill, KCB, FRS (3 December 1795 – 27 August 1879) was an English teacher, inventor and social reformer.

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Roy J. Plunkett

Roy J. Plunkett (June 26, 1910 – May 12, 1994) was an American chemist.

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Royal Earl House

Royal Earl House (9 September 181425 February 1895) was the inventor of the first printing telegraph, which is now kept in the Smithsonian Institution.

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Rozière balloon

A Rozière balloon (or simply Rozière) is a type of hybrid balloon that has separate chambers for a non-heated lifting gas (such as hydrogen or helium) as well as for a heated lifting gas (as used in a hot air balloon or Montgolfière).

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RT-21 Temp 2S

The RT-21 Temp 2S was a mobile intercontinental ballistic missile developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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RT-2PM Topol

The RT-2PM Topol (РТ-2ПМ Тополь ("Poplar"); NATO reporting name SS-25 Sickle; GRAU designation: 15Ж58 ("15Zh58"); START I designation: RS-12M Topol) is a mobile intercontinental ballistic missile designed in the Soviet Union and in service with Russia's Strategic Missile Troops.

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Rubber band

A rubber band (also known as an elastic band or gum band) is a loop of rubber, usually ring shaped, and commonly used to hold multiple objects together.

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Rubik's Clock

Rubik's Clock is a mechanical puzzle invented and patented by Christopher C. Wiggs and Christopher J. Taylor.

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Rubik's Cube

Rubik's Cube is a 3-D combination puzzle invented in 1974 by Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Ernő Rubik.

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Rubik's Magic

Rubik's Magic, like Rubik's Cube, is a mechanical puzzle invented by Ernő Rubik and first manufactured by Matchbox in the mid-1980s.

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Rudolf Diesel

Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (18 March 185829 September 1913) was a German inventor and mechanical engineer, famous for the invention of the diesel engine, and for his mysterious death.

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Rudolf Hell

Rudolf Hell (19 December 1901 – 11 March 2002) was a German inventor.

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Rudolf Jaenisch

Rudolf Jaenisch (born 22 April 1942) is a Professor of Biology at MIT and a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.

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Rudolf Kompfner

Rudolf Kompfner (May 16, 1909 – December 3, 1977) was an Austrian-born engineer and physicist, best known as the inventor of the traveling-wave tube (TWT).

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Rummikub

Rummikub ("rummy-cube") is a tile-based game for two to four players, combining elements of the card game rummy and mahjong.

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Rune Elmqvist

Rune Elmqvist (1906–1996) developed the first implantable pacemaker in 1958, working under the direction of Åke Senning, senior physician and cardiac surgeon at the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, Sweden.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russian guitar

The Russian guitar (sometimes referred to as a "Gypsy guitar") is an acoustic seven-string guitar that was developed in Russia toward the end of the 18th century: it shares most of its organological features with the Spanish guitar, although some historians insist on English guitar ascendancy.

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Ruth Graves Wakefield

Ruth Graves Wakefield (June 17, 1903 – January 10, 1977) was an American chef, best known as the inventor of the Toll House Cookie, the first chocolate chip cookie, which she created.

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Ruth Handler

Ruth Marianna Handler (née Mosko; November 4, 1916 – April 27, 2002) was an American businesswoman and inventor.

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Ruth R. Benerito

Ruth Mary Rogan Benerito (January 12, 1916 – October 5, 2013) was an American chemist and inventor known for her work related to the textile industry, notably including the development of wash-and-wear cotton fabrics.

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Ryōichi Yazu

was a Japanese inventor.

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S-25 Berkut

The S-25 Berkut (С-25 «Беркут»; "Berkut" means golden eagle in English) is a surface-to-air guided missile, the first operational SAM system in the Soviet Union.

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S. Scott Crump

S.

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Saccharin

Sodium saccharin (benzoic sulfimide) is an artificial sweetener with effectively no food energy that is about 300–400 times as sweet as sucrose but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations.

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SAFE Building System

The SAFE Foundation System, developed by architect and inventor Greg Henderson and his team at Arx Pax Labs, Inc., is a way to build in flood zones and coastal areas.

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Salyut programme

The Salyut programme (Салю́т,, meaning "salute" or "fireworks") was the first space station programme, undertaken by the Soviet Union.

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Sam Born

Sam Born (September 10, 1891 – March 23, 1959) was an American businessman, candy-maker and inventor.

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Sam Golden

Sam Golden (May 20, 1915 – March 11, 1997) started his paintmaking career in 1936 at Bocour Artist Colors with his uncle Leonard Bocour.

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Sambo (martial art)

Sambo (p; САМозащита Без Оружия) is a Russian-Soviet martial art and combat sport.

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Samovar

A samovar (самовар,; literally "self-brewer") is a heated metal container traditionally used to heat and boil water in Russia.

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Samuel Colt

Samuel Colt (July 19, 1814 – January 10, 1862) was an American inventor, industrialist, businessman, and hunter.

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Samuel Face

Samuel Allen Face, Jr. (August 2, 1923 – May 2, 2001) was an American inventor and co-developer of some of the most important advances in concrete floor technology and wireless controls.

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Samuel Guthrie (physician)

Samuel Guthrie (1782–1848) was an American physician from Hounsfield, New York.

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Samuel Hunter Christie

Samuel Hunter Christie FRS (22 March 1784 – 24 January 1865) was a British scientist, physicist and mathematician.

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Samuel Morey

Samuel Morey (October 23, 1762 – April 17, 1843) was an American inventor, who worked on early internal combustion engines and was a pioneer in steamships who accumulated a total of 20 patents.

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Samuel Morse

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.

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Samuel Pierpont Langley

Samuel Pierpont Langley (August 22, 1834 – February 27, 1906) was an American astronomer, physicist, inventor of the bolometer and aviation pioneer.

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Samuel W. Alderson

Samuel W. Alderson (October 21, 1914 – February 11, 2005) was an inventor best known for his development of the crash test dummy, a device that, during the last half of the twentieth century, was widely used by automobile manufacturers to test the reliability of automobile seat belts and other safety protocols.

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Sand casting

Sand casting, also known as sand molded casting, is a metal casting process characterized by using sand as the mold material.

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Sandford Fleming

Sir Sandford Fleming (January 7, 1827 – July 22, 1915) was a Scottish Canadian engineer and inventor.

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Sanger sequencing

Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing first commercialized by Applied Biosystems, based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.

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Sanitary napkin

A sanitary napkin, sanitary towel, sanitary pad, menstrual pad, or pad is an absorbent item worn by women while menstruating, recovering from vaginal surgery, for lochia (post-birth bleeding), after an abortion, or in any other situation where it is necessary to absorb a flow of blood from the vagina.

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Savage Model 99

The Model 99, and its predecessor models 1892 and 1895, is a series of lever action rifles created by the Savage Arms Company in Utica, New York.

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Sawmill

A sawmill or lumber mill is a facility where logs are cut into lumber.

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Saxophone

The saxophone (also referred to as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments.

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Scalpel

A scalpel, or lancet, is a small and extremely sharp bladed instrument used for surgery, anatomical dissection, podiatry and various arts and crafts (called a hobby knife).

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Scanning tunneling microscope

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.

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Schick test

The Schick test, invented between 1910 and 1911, is a test used to determine whether or not a person is susceptible to diphtheria.

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Schiff test

The Schiff test is an early organic chemistry name reaction developed by Hugo Schiff, and is a relatively general chemical test for detection of many organic aldehydes that has also found use in the staining of biological tissues.

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Schlenk flask

A Schlenk flask, or Schlenk tube is a reaction vessel typically used in air-sensitive chemistry, invented by Wilhelm Schlenk.

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Schmidt camera

A Schmidt camera, also referred to as the Schmidt telescope, is a catadioptric astrophotographic telescope designed to provide wide fields of view with limited aberrations.

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Schmitt trigger

In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented by applying positive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier.

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Schrader valve

The Schrader valve (also called American valve) is a type of pneumatic tire valve used on virtually every motor vehicle in the world today.

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Screw

A screw is a type of fastener, in some ways similar to a bolt (see Differentiation between bolt and screw below), typically made of metal, and characterized by a helical ridge, known as a male thread (external thread).

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Screw (simple machine)

A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational motion to linear motion, and a torque (rotational force) to a linear force.

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Sea Launch

Sea Launch is a multinational spacecraft launch service that used a mobile maritime launch platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on specialized Zenit-3SL rockets through 2014.

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Searchlight

A searchlight (or spotlight) is an apparatus that combines an extremely luminous source (traditionally a carbon arc lamp) with a mirrored parabolic reflector to project a powerful beam of light of approximately parallel rays in a particular direction, usually constructed so that it can be swiveled about.

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Seat belt

A seat belt (also known as a seatbelt or safety belt) is a vehicle safety device designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or a sudden stop.

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Security alarm

A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion – unauthorized entry – into a building or other area.

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Segway PT

The Segway PT (originally Segway HT) is a two-wheeled, self-balancing personal transporter by Segway Inc. Invented by Dean Kamen and brought to market in 2001.

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Seismometer

A seismometer is an instrument that measures motion of the ground, caused by, for example, an earthquake, a volcanic eruption, or the use of explosives.

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Semaphore line

A semaphore telegraph is a system of conveying information by means of visual signals, using towers with pivoting shutters, also known as blades or paddles.

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Semtex

Semtex is a general-purpose plastic explosive containing RDX and PETN.

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Semyon Korsakov

Semyon Nikolaevich Korsakov (Семён Николаевич Корсаков, Semyon Nikolayevich Korsakov) (January 14, 1787 – December 1, 1853 OS) was a Russian government official, noted both as a homeopath and an inventor who was involved with an early version of information technology.

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Semyon Lavochkin

Semyon Alekseyevich Lavochkin (Семён Алексе́евич Ла́вочкин; September 11, 1900 - June 9, 1960), was a Soviet aerospace engineer, Soviet aircraft designer who founded the Lavochkin aircraft design bureau.

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Sennacherib

Sennacherib was the king of Assyria from 705 BCE to 681 BCE.

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Serbia

Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.

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Sergei Ivanovich Mosin

Sergei Ivanovich Mosin (Серге́й Ива́нович Мо́син, April 2 or 14, 1849 - February 8, 1902) was a Russian Major General, engineer, and the main contributor to the design of the 3-line rifle, Model 1891 (Russian: "трёхлинейная винтовка образца 1891 года"), colloquially known as Mosin–Nagant.

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Sergei Korolev

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (a,, also transliterated as Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov, Сергій Павлович Корольов Serhiy Pavlovych Korolyov; – 14 January 1966) worked as the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer during the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s.

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Sergei Winogradsky

Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky (or Vinogradskiy; Сергій Миколайович Виноградський; 1 September 1856 – 25 February 1953) was a Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle-of-life concept.

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Sergei Yudin

Sergei Yudin (Серге́й Юдин) may refer to.

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Sergey Brin

Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин; born August 21, 1973) is a Russian-born American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur.

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Sergey Lebedev (chemist)

Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev (Серге́й Васи́льевич Ле́бедев; July 25, 1874 – May 1, 1934) was a Russian/Soviet chemist and the inventor of polybutadiene synthetic rubber, the first commercially viable and mass-produced type of synthetic rubber.

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Sergey Malyutin

Sergey Vasilyevich Malyutin (Сергей Васильевич Малютин; 4 October 1859 - 6 December 1937) was a Russian painter of fine crafts, (scenic) designer, illustrator and architect; initially associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement.

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Sergey Nepobedimy

Sergey Pavlovich Nepobedimy (Серге́й Па́влович Непобеди́мый; 13 September 1921 – 11 April 2014) was a Soviet designer of rocket weaponry.

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Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky

Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky (Серге́й Миха́йлович Проку́дин-Го́рский,; – September 27, 1944) was a Russian chemist and photographer.

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Serrurier truss

A Serrurier truss is used in telescope tube assembly construction.

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Seth Boyden

Seth Boyden (November 17, 1788 – March 31, 1870) was an American inventor.

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Setun

Setun (Сетунь) was a computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University.

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Sewing machine

A sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread.

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Sextant (astronomical)

Sextants for astronomical observations were devices depicting a sixth of a circle, used primarily for measuring the positions of stars.

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Sexual dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction (or sexual malfunction or sexual disorder) is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.

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Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī

(c. 1135 – c. 1213) was an Iranian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages).

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Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor

Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor Al Masrie bin Sheikh Mustapha (born 27 July 1972) is a Malaysian orthopaedic surgeon and the first Malaysian astronaut.

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Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo (1031–1095), courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁),Yao (2003), 544.

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Shielded metal arc welding

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA or MMAW), flux shielded arc welding or informally as stick welding, is a manual arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode covered with a flux to lay the weld.

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Shintaro Uda

Japanese inventor.

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Shoe

A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while the wearer is doing various activities.

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Shrapnel shell

Shrapnel shells were anti-personnel artillery munitions which carried a large number of individual bullets close to the target and then ejected them to allow them to continue along the shell's trajectory and strike the target individually.

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Shredded wheat

Shredded wheat is a breakfast cereal made from whole wheat formed into pillow-like biscuits.

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Shuji Nakamura

is a Japanese-born American electronic engineer and inventor specializing in the field of semiconductor technology, professor at the Materials Department of the College of Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), and is regarded as the inventor of the blue LED, a major breakthrough in lighting technology.

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Shukhov cracking process

The Shukhov cracking process is a thermal cracking process invented by Vladimir Shukhov and Sergei Gavrilov.

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Shunpei Yamazaki

is a Japanese inventor in the field of computer science and solid-state physics.

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Sickness bag

A sickness bag (also known as a sick sack, airsick bag, airsickness bag, emesis bag, sick bag, barf bag, vomit bag, disposal bag, waste bag or motion sickness bag) is a small bag commonly provided to passengers on board airplanes and boats to collect and contain vomit in the event of motion sickness.

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Sidney Rosenthal

Sidney Rosenthal (1907–1979), from Richmond Hill, New York, is credited with inventing what is now known as a Magic Marker in 1953.

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Siege engine

A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent heavy castle doors, thick city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare.

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Sikorsky Aircraft

The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Stratford, Connecticut.

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Sikorsky Ilya Muromets

The Sikorsky Ilya Muromets (Сикорский Илья Муромец) (Sikorsky S-22, S-23, S-24, S-25, S-26 and S-27) were a class of Russian pre-World War I large four-engine commercial airliners and military heavy bombers used during World War I by the Russian Empire.

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Sikorsky Russky Vityaz

The Sikorsky Russky Vityaz (Русский витязь), or Russian Knight, previously known as the Bolshoi Baltisky (Большой Балтийский) (The Great Baltic) in its first four-engined version, was the first four-engine aircraft in the world, designed by Igor Sikorsky and built at the Russian Baltic Railroad Car Works (Russo-Baltiiskyi Vagonnyi Zavod or R-BVZ) in Saint Petersburg in early 1913.

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Silk

Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.

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Silver iodide

Silver iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula AgI. The compound is a bright yellow solid, but samples almost always contain impurities of metallic silver that give a gray coloration. The silver contamination arises because AgI is highly photosensitive. This property is exploited in silver-based photography. Silver iodide is also used as an antiseptic and in cloud seeding.

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Simon Stevin

Simon Stevin (1548–1620), sometimes called Stevinus, was a Flemish mathematician, physicist and military engineer.

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Simon Sunatori

Simon Sunatori (born January 10, 1959) is a Canadian engineer, inventor and entrepreneur, known for the invention of the Multi-Lingual Knowledge Matrix Method and System, the HyperFeeder (a squirrel-proof bird feeder with concentric perching rings and a transparent globe), the MagneScribe (an auto-retractable ballpoint pen with an ergonomic cushion) and the Magic Spicer (a self-sealing auto-aligning magnetically hanging spice dispenser with a continuously variable hole-size selector).

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Simon Sze

Dr.

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Sine quadrant

Sinecal Quadrant or as it is known in Arabic: Rub‘ul mujayyab The sine quadrant (Arabic: Rub‘ul mujayyab, الربع المجيب) was a type of quadrant used by medieval Arabic astronomers.

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Single-lens reflex camera

A single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence "reflex" from the mirror's reflection) that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured.

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Single-mode optical fiber

In fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is an optical fiber designed to carry light only directly down the fiber - the transverse mode.

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Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet

Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet KCH FRS (20 May 1772 – 16 May 1828) was an English inventor and rocket artillery pioneer distinguished for his development and deployment of Congreve rockets, and a Tory Member of Parliament (MP).

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Site-directed mutagenesis

Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.

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Ski jumping sling

The ski jumping sling system is a training equipment for ski jumpers.

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Skyscraper

A skyscraper is a continuously habitable high-rise building that has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately.

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Slaughterhouse

A slaughterhouse or abattoir is a facility where animals are slaughtered for consumption as food.

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Slavoljub Eduard Penkala

Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (20 April 1871 - 5 February 1922) was a Croatian engineer and inventor of Dutch-Polish-Jewish descent.

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Sled

A sled, sledge, or sleigh is a land vehicle with a smooth underside or possessing a separate body supported by two or more smooth, relatively narrow, longitudinal runners that travels by sliding across a surface.

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Sleeping car

The sleeping car or sleeper (often wagon-lit) is a railway passenger car that can accommodate all its passengers in beds of one kind or another, primarily for the purpose of making nighttime travel more restful.

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Slide rule

The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick, is a mechanical analog computer.

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Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene:, abbr.: RS), is a country in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes.

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Smart card

A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized card that has embedded integrated circuits.

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Smoke hood

A smoke hood is a protective device similar in concept to a gas mask.

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Snap fastener

A snap fastener (also called press stud, popper, snap or tich) is a pair of interlocking discs, made out of a metal or plastic, commonly used in place of buttons to fasten clothing and for similar purposes.

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Soap

Soap is the term for a salt of a fatty acid or for a variety of cleansing and lubricating products produced from such a substance.

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Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions. Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·n. The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, it is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes.

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Solar cell

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.

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Solid-state physics

Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy.

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Sonnet

A sonnet is a poem in a specific form which originated in Italy; Giacomo da Lentini is credited with its invention.

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Sound-on-film

Sound-on-film is a class of sound film processes where the sound accompanying picture is physically recorded onto photographic film, usually, but not always, the same strip of film carrying the picture.

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South-pointing chariot

The south-pointing chariot (or carriage) was an ancient Chinese two-wheeled vehicle that carried a movable pointer to indicate the south, no matter how the chariot turned.

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Southern blot

A Southern blot is a method used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples.

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Soviet atomic bomb project

The Soviet atomic bomb project (Russian: Советский проект атомной бомбы, Sovetskiy proyekt atomnoy bomby) was the classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during World War II.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Space dock

A space dock is a (currently fictional) type of 'dry dock' for spaceships or starships, which would most likely be located in a low planetary orbit.

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Space station

A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock.

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Spacecraft

A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space.

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Spaceflight

Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space.

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Spaceport

A spaceport or cosmodrome is a site for launching (or receiving) spacecraft, by analogy to seaport for ships or airport for aircraft.

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Spandex

Spandex, Lycra or elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity.

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Spectrograph

A spectrograph is an instrument that separates light into a frequency spectrum and records the signal using a camera.

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Spede Pasanen

Pertti Olavi "Spede" Pasanen (10 April 1930 – 7 September 2001) was a Finnish film director and producer, comedian, humorist, inventor, TV personality and practitioner of gags.

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Speedometer

A speedometer or a speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a vehicle.

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Spinning jenny

The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution.

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SPP-1 underwater pistol

The SPP-1 underwater pistol was made in the Soviet Union for use underwater by Soviet frogmen as an underwater firearm.

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Spread spectrum

In telecommunication and radio communication, spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which a signal (e.g., an electrical, electromagnetic, or acoustic signal) generated with a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth.

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Spring-loaded camming device

A spring-loaded camming device (also SLCD, cam or friend) is a piece of rock climbing or mountaineering protection equipment.

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Sputnik 1

Sputnik 1 (or; "Satellite-1", or "PS-1", Простейший Спутник-1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1, "Elementary Satellite 1") was the first artificial Earth satellite.

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Staff (music)

In Western musical notation, the staff (US) or stave (UK) (plural for either: '''staves''') is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces that each represent a different musical pitch or, in the case of a percussion staff, different percussion instruments.

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Standard diving dress

Standard diving dress (also known as hard-hat or copper hat equipment, or heavy gear) is a type of diving suit that was formerly used for all underwater work that required more than breath-hold duration, which included marine salvage, civil engineering, pearl shell diving and other commercial diving work, and similar naval diving applications.

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Stanislav Brebera

Stanislav Brebera (10 August 1925 – 11 May 2012) was a Czech chemist.

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Stanley Mazor

Stanley Mazor is an American microelectronics engineer who was born on 22 October 1941 in Chicago, Illinois.

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Stanley Norman Cohen

Stanley Norman Cohen (born February 17, 1935 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, United States) is an American geneticist and the Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in the Stanford University School of Medicine.

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Stanley Plotkin

Stanley A. Plotkin is an American physician who works as a consultant to vaccine manufacturers, such as Sanofi Pasteur, as well as biotechnology firms, non-profits and governments.

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Starting blocks

Starting blocks are a device used in the sport of track and field by sprint athletes to hold their feet at the start of a race so they do not slip as they push out at the sound of the gun.

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Static induction thyristor

The static induction thyristor (SIT, SITh) is a thyristor with a buried gate structure in which the gate electrodes are placed in n-base region.

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Steam distillation

Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds.

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Steam engine

A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

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Steam hammer

A steam hammer, also called a drop hammer, is an industrial power hammer driven by steam that is used for tasks such as shaping forgings and driving piles.

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Steam locomotive

A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine.

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Steam turbine

A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.

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Steamboat

A steamboat is a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels.

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Stellarator

A stellarator is a device used to confine hot plasma with magnetic fields in order to sustain a controlled nuclear fusion reaction.

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Stent

In medicine, a stent is a metal or plastic tube inserted into the lumen of an anatomic vessel or duct to keep the passageway open, and stenting is the placement of a stent.

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Stepan Makarov

Stepan Osipovich Makarov (Степа́н О́сипович Мака́ров; –) was a Russian vice-admiral, a highly accomplished and decorated commander of the Imperial Russian Navy, an oceanographer, awarded by the Russian Academy of Sciences, and author of several books.

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Stephanie Kwolek

Stephanie Louise Kwolek (July 31, 1923 – June 18, 2014) was an American chemist of Polish heritage, whose career at the DuPont company spanned over 40 years.

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Stephen Perry (inventor)

Stephen Perry was a 19th-century British inventor and businessman.

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Stereophonic sound

Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective.

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Stereoscope

A stereoscope is a device for viewing a stereoscopic pair of separate images, depicting left-eye and right-eye views of the same scene, as a single three-dimensional image.

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Stethoscope

The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.

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Steve Jobs

Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American entrepreneur and business magnate.

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Steve Kirsch

Steven Todd Kirsch (born December 24, 1956) is an American serial entrepreneur who has started seven companies: Mouse Systems, Frame Technology Corp., Infoseek, Propel, Abaca, OneID, and Token.

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Steven Van Slyke

Steven Van Slyke (born July 19, 1956) is an American chemist, best known for his co-invention of the Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) and his contributions to the commercial development of OLED displays.

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Stirling engine

A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.

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Stocking frame

A stocking frame was a mechanical knitting machine used in the textiles industry.

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Stop motion

Stop motion is an animated-film making technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they appear to exhibit independent motion when the series of frames is played back as a fast sequence.

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Storage ring

A storage ring is a type of circular particle accelerator in which a continuous or pulsed particle beam may be kept circulating typically for many hours.

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String trimmer

A string trimmer, also called a "weed-whip", "whipper-snipper", "weed-whacker", a "weed eater", a "line trimmer" (in Australia) or a "strimmer" (in the UK and Ireland), is a tool which uses a flexible monofilament line instead of a blade for cutting grass and other plants near objects, or on steep or irregular terrain.

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Strip photography

Strip photography (or slit photography) is a photographic technique of capturing a 2-dimensional image as a sequence of 1-dimensional images over time, rather than a single 2-dimensional at one point in time (the full field).

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Su Song

Su Song (courtesy name: Zirong 子容) (1020–1101 AD) was a renowned Hokkien polymath who was described as a scientist, mathematician, statesman, astronomer, cartographer, horologist, medical doctor, pharmacologist, mineralogist, zoologist, botanist, mechanical and architectural engineer, poet, antiquarian, and ambassador of the Song Dynasty (960–1279).

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Submarine

A submarine (or simply sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.

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Submarine-launched ballistic missile

A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines.

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Suction

Suction is the flow of a fluid into a partial vacuum, or region of low pressure.

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Sugar packet

A sugar packet is a delivery method for one 'serving' of sugar.

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Sukhoi

The JSC Sukhoi Company (ПАО «Компания „Сухой“») is a major Russian aircraft manufacturer, headquartered in Begovoy District, Northern Administrative Okrug, Moscow, and designs both civilian and military aircraft.

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Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a mineral acid with molecular formula H2SO4.

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Sun valve

A sun valve (Swedish: solventil, "solar valve") is a form of flow control valve, notable because it earned its inventor Gustaf Dalén the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics.

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Supercritical airfoil

A supercritical airfoil is an airfoil designed, primarily, to delay the onset of wave drag in the transonic speed range.

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Supersonic aircraft

A supersonic aircraft is an aircraft able to fly faster than the speed of sound (Mach number 1).

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Supersonic speed

Supersonic travel is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1).

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Surface-to-air missile

A surface-to-air missile (SAM, pronunced), or ground-to-air missile (GTAM, pronounced), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles.

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Surgery

Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.

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Surgical suture

Surgical suture is a medical device used to hold body tissues together after an injury or surgery.

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Surveying

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them.

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Sushruta

Sushruta, or Suśruta (Sanskrit: सुश्रुत, lit. "well heard") was an ancient Indian physician during 1500 BCE to 1000 BCE, known as the main author of the treatise The Compendium of Suśruta (Sanskrit: ''Suśruta-saṃhitā'').

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Suspension bridge

A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck (the load-bearing portion) is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders.

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SVT-40

The SVT-40 (Samozaryadnaya Vintovka Tokareva, Obrazets 1940 goda, "Tokarev self-loading rifle, model of 1940", Russian: Самозарядная винтовка Токарева, образец 1940 года, often nicknamed "Sveta") is a Soviet semi-automatic rifle.

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Svyatoslav Fyodorov

Svyatoslav Nikolayevich Fyodorov (born August 8, 1927 – June 2, 2000) was a Russian ophthalmologist, politician, professor, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.

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Sylvester Marsh

Sylvester Marsh (September 30, 1803, Campton, New Hampshire – December 30, 1884, Concord, New Hampshire) was the United States engineer who designed and built the Mount Washington Cog Railway.

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Synchrophasotron

The Synchrophasotron was a synchrotron-based particle accelerator for protons at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna that was operational from 1957 to 2003.

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Synchrotron

A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path.

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Synthetic diamond

A synthetic diamond (also known as an artificial diamond, cultured diamond, or cultivated diamond) is diamond produced in an artificial process, as opposed to natural diamonds, which are created by geological processes.

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Synthetic rubber

A synthetic rubber is any artificial elastomer.

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Syria

Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.

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Syringe

A syringe is a simple reciprocating pump consisting of a plunger (though in modern syringes it's actually a piston) that fits tightly within a cylindrical tube called a barrel.

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T-34

The T-34 is a Soviet medium tank that had a profound and lasting effect on the field of tank design.

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T-54/T-55

The T-54 and T-55 tanks are a series of Soviet main battle tanks introduced in the years following the Second World War.

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T-80

The T-80 is a third-generation main battle tank (MBT) designed and manufactured in the Soviet Union.

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Tabitha Babbitt

Sarah "Tabitha" Babbitt (December 9, 1779 – December 10, 1853) was an early American Shaker tool maker and inventor, including inventions for the circular saw, spinning wheel head, and false teeth.

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Table-glass

Table-glass or granyonyi stakan (гранёный стакан, literally faceted glass) (granchak гранчак, derived from грань, meaning facet) is a type of drinkware made from especially hard and thick glass and having a faceted form.

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Tabulating machine

The tabulating machine was an electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards.

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Tachanka

The tachanka (тача́нка, taczanka) was a horse-drawn machine gun, usually a cart (such as charabanc) or an open wagon with a heavy machine gun installed in the back.

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Tadeusz Reichstein

Tadeusz Reichstein (20 July 1897 – 1 August 1996) was a Polish-Swiss chemist and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (1950).

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Tanaka Hisashige

was a Japanese rangaku scholar, engineer and inventor during the Bakumatsu and early Meiji period in Japan.

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Tandem rotors

Tandem rotor helicopters have two large horizontal rotor assemblies mounted one in front of the other.

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Tang Zhongming

Tang Zhongming (Simplified Chinese: 汤仲明, Hanyu pinyin: Tāng Zhòngmíng) (1897–1980) was a Chinese engineer and inventor.

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Tank

A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat, with heavy firepower, strong armour, tracks and a powerful engine providing good battlefield maneuverability.

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Tankette

A tankette is a tracked armoured fighting vehicle that resembles a small tank, roughly the size of a car.

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Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf

Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi (Arabic: تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الشامي, Turkish: Takiyüddin or Taki) (1526–1585) was an Ottoman polymath active in Constantinople.

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Taser

A Taser is a brand of electroshock weapon sold by Axon.

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Taximeter

A taximeter is a mechanical or electronic device installed in taxicabs and auto rickshaws that calculates passenger fares based on a combination of distance travelled and waiting time.

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Taxus baccata

Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Asia.

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Ted Nelson

Theodor Holm "Ted" Nelson (born June 17, 1937) is an American pioneer of information technology, philosopher, and sociologist.

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Ted Selker

Edwin Joseph Selker, better known as Ted Selker, is an American computer scientist known for his user interface inventions.

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Telegraphy

Telegraphy (from Greek: τῆλε têle, "at a distance" and γράφειν gráphein, "to write") is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio) messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

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Telephone

A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly.

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Telephone exchange

A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public switched telephone network or in large enterprises.

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Teleprompter

A teleprompter is a display device that prompts the person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script.

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Telescope

A telescope is an optical instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light).

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Telescopic sight

A telescopic sight, commonly called a scope, is an optical sighting device that is based on a refracting telescope.

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Television set

A television set or television receiver, more commonly called a television, TV, TV set, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of viewing television.

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Temple Grandin

Mary Temple Grandin (born August 29, 1947) is an American professor of animal science at Colorado State University, consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior, and autism spokesperson.

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Ten Japanese Great Inventors

The system of industrial rights in Japan celebrated 100 years of its existence in 1985.

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Tensile structure

A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending.

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Ternary computer

A ternary computer (also called trinary computer) is a computer that uses ternary logic (three possible values) and trits instead of the more common binary logic (two possible values) and bits in its calculations.

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Terpsitone

The terpsitone was an electronic musical instrument, invented by Léon Theremin, which consisted of a platform fitted with space-controlling antennae, through and around which a dancer would control the musical performance.

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Tetraethyllead

Tetraethyllead (commonly styled tetraethyl lead), abbreviated TEL, is an organolead compound with the formula (CH3CH2)4Pb.

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Tetris

Tetris (Тетрис) is a tile-matching puzzle video game, originally designed and programmed by Russian game designer Alexey Pajitnov.

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Théodore Simon

Théodore Simon (10 July 1872 – 4 September 1961) was a French psychologist who worked with Alfred Binet to develop the Binet-Simon scale, one of the most widely used scales in the world for measuring intelligence.

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The Thing (listening device)

The Thing, also known as the Great Seal bug, was one of the first covert listening devices (or "bugs") to use passive techniques to transmit an audio signal.

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Theatre

Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage.

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Theodor Svedberg

Theodor ("The") Svedberg (30 August 1884 – 25 February 1971) was a Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate, active at Uppsala University.

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Theodore Harold Maiman

Theodore Harold "Ted" Maiman (July 11, 1927 – May 5, 2007) was an American engineer and physicist who was widely, but not universally, credited with the invention of the laser (Others attribute the invention to Gordon Gould).

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Theophilus Van Kannel

Theophilus Van Kannel (1841 – December 24, 1919) was an American inventor, known for inventing the revolving door, patented on August 7, 1888.

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Theory of sonics

The theory of sonics is a branch of continuum mechanics which describes the transmission of mechanical energy through vibrations.

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Theremin

The theremin (--> originally known as the ætherphone/etherphone, thereminophone or termenvox/thereminvox) is an electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist (performer).

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Thermonuclear weapon

A thermonuclear weapon is a second-generation nuclear weapon design using a secondary nuclear fusion stage consisting of implosion tamper, fusion fuel, and spark plug which is bombarded by the energy released by the detonation of a primary fission bomb within, compressing the fuel material (tritium, deuterium or lithium deuteride) and causing a fusion reaction.

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Thermosonic bonding

Thermosonic bonding is widely used to wire bond silicon integrated circuits into computers.

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Thin-shell structure

Thin-shell structures are also called plate and shell structures.

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Thomas Chang

Thomas Ming Swi Chang, (born 8 April 1933) is a Canadian physician, medical scientist, and inventor.

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Thomas E. Kurtz

Thomas Eugene Kurtz (born February 22, 1928) is a retired Dartmouth professor of mathematics and computer scientist, who along with his colleague John G. Kemeny set in motion the then revolutionary concept of making computers as freely available to college students as library books were, by implementing the concept of time-sharing at Dartmouth College.

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Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor.

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Thomas J. Fogarty

Dr.

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Thomas Savery

Thomas Savery (c. 1650 – 1715) was an English inventor and engineer, born at Shilstone, a manor house near Modbury, Devon, England.

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Thomas Sutton (photographer)

Thomas Sutton (1819 – 19 March 1875, in Pwllheli or more likely Kensington) was an English photographer, author, and inventor.

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Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)

Thomas Wedgwood (14 May 1771 – 10 July 1805), son of Josiah Wedgwood, the potter, is most widely known as an early experimenter in the field of photography.

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Thor Bjørklund

''Ostehøvel'' Thor Bjørklund (October 30, 1889 – December 8, 1975) was a Norwegian inventor and businessman.

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Three-phase electric power

Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating current electric power generation, transmission, and distribution.

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Tim Berners-Lee

Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL, is an English engineer and computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web.

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Timeline of historic inventions

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions and the people who created the inventions.

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Tin can telephone

A tin can telephone is a type of acoustic (non-electrical) speech-transmitting device made up of two tin cans, paper cups or similarly shaped items attached to either end of a taut string or wire.

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Tire

A tire (American English) or tyre (British English; see spelling differences) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface traveled over.

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Tissue culture

Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells separate from the organism.

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Titanium

Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.

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Tivadar Puskás

Tivadar Puskás de Ditró (English: Theodore Puskás b. 17 September 1844, Pest – d. 16 March 1893, Budapest) was a Hungarian inventor, telephone pioneer, and inventor of the telephone exchange.

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Tokamak

A tokamak (Токамáк) is a device that uses a powerful magnetic field to confine a hot plasma in the shape of a torus.

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Tokushichi Mishima

was a Japanese metallurgist.

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Tom Knight (scientist)

Tom Knight is an American synthetic biologist and computer engineer, who was formerly a senior research scientist at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, a part of the MIT School of Engineering.

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Tom Parry Jones

Thomas "Tom" Parry Jones OBE (27 March 1935 – 11 January 2013) was a Welsh scientist, inventor and entrepreneur, who was responsible for developing and marketing the first handheld electronic breathalyser, winning the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement in 1980 for the work.

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Tomislav Uzelac

Tomislav Uzelac is the Croatian programmer who created AMP, considered the first successful MP3 player.

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Tommy Flowers

Thomas Harold Flowers, MBE (22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998) was an English engineer with the British Post Office.

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Tool bit

A tool bit is a non-rotary cutting tool used in metal lathes, shapers, and planers.

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Torpedo

A modern torpedo is a self-propelled weapon with an explosive warhead, launched above or below the water surface, propelled underwater towards a target, and designed to detonate either on contact with its target or in proximity to it.

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Toshitada Doi

is a Japanese electrical engineer, who played a significant role in the digital audio revolution.

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Tracy Hall

Howard Tracy Hall (October 20, 1919 – July 25, 2008) was an American physical chemist and the first person who grew a synthetic diamond by a reproducible, verifiable, and witnessed process, using a press of his own design.

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Train horn

A train horn is a powerful air horn that serves as an audible warning device on electric and Diesel locomotives.

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Tram

A tram (also tramcar; and in North America streetcar, trolley or trolley car) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way.

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Trampoline

A trampoline is a device consisting of a piece of taut, strong fabric stretched between a steel frame using many coiled springs.

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Trampoline safety net enclosure

A trampoline safety net enclosure is a trampoline accessory that significantly reduces the chance of fall off and frame impact injuries.

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Tranquillizer gun

A tranquillizer gun (also spelled tranquilizer gun or tranquilliser gun), capture gun or dart gun, is a non-lethal air gun often used for incapacitating animal targets via drugs usually referred as tranquilizers.

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Transformer

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

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Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

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Transit (ship)

Transit was the name given to three sailing vessels designed and built to the order of Captain Richard Hall Gower.

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Transmission (mechanics)

A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power.

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Traveling-wave tube

A traveling-wave tube (TWT, pronounced "twit") or traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA, pronounced "tweeta") is a specialized vacuum tube that is used in electronics to amplify radio frequency (RF) signals in the microwave range.

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Trebuchet

A trebuchet (French trébuchet) is a type of siege engine.

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Trevor Baylis

Trevor Graham Baylis (13 May 1937 – 5 March 2018) was an English inventor best known for the wind-up radio.

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Triode

A triode is an electronic amplifying vacuum tube (or valve in British English) consisting of three electrodes inside an evacuated glass envelope: a heated filament or cathode, a grid, and a plate (anode).

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Trolleybus

A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram Joyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). British Trolleybus Systems, pp. 9, 12. London: Ian Allan Publishing.. or trolleyDunbar, Charles S. (1967). Buses, Trolleys & Trams. Paul Hamlyn Ltd. (UK). Republished 2004 with or 9780753709702.) is an electric bus that draws power from overhead wires (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded trolley poles.

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Tsar

Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.

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Tsar Bell

The Tsar Bell (Царь–колокол, Tsar-kolokol), also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol, Tsar Kolokol III, or Royal Bell, is a tall, diameter bell on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin.

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Tsar Bomba

Tsar Bomba was the Western nickname for the Soviet RDS-220 hydrogen bomb (code name Ivan or Vanya), the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created.

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Tsar Tank

The Tsar Tank (Царь-танк), also known as the Netopyr' (Нетопырь) which stands for Pipistrellus (a genus of bat) or Lebedenko Tank (танк Лебеденко), was an unusual Russian armoured vehicle developed by Nikolai Lebedenko (Николай Лебеденко), Nikolai Zhukovsky (Николай Жуковский), Boris Stechkin (Борис Стечкин), and Alexander Mikulin (Александр Микулин) from 1914 onwards.

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TT pistol

The TT-30 (7,62 mm Samozaryadny Pistolet Tokareva obraztsa 1930 goda, "7.62 mm Tokarev self-loading pistol model 1930", TT stands for Tula-Tokarev) is a Russian semi-automatic pistol.

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Tu Youyou

Tu Youyou (born 30 December 1930) is a Chinese pharmaceutical chemist and educator.

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Tube (container)

A tube is a soft squeezable container which can be used for thick liquids such as adhesive, caulking, ointment, and toothpaste.

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Tullio Campagnolo

Gentullio "Tullio" Campagnolo (26 August 1901 – 3 February 1983) was an Italian racing cyclist and inventor who patented the quick release skewer, as well as founder of the revered bicycle component company Campagnolo.

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Tunisia

Tunisia (تونس; Berber: Tunes, ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ; Tunisie), officially the Republic of Tunisia, (الجمهورية التونسية) is a sovereign state in Northwest Africa, covering. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains, and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert. Much of the rest of the country's land is fertile soil. Its of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and, by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel, feature the African mainland's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. It is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a high human development index. It has an association agreement with the European Union; is a member of La Francophonie, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, the OIC, the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States. In addition, Tunisia is also a member state of the United Nations and a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Close relations with Europe in particular with France and with Italy have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation and industrial modernization. In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC; these immigrants founded Carthage. A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years, introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater. After several attempts starting in 647, the Muslims conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, followed by the Ottoman Empire between 1534 and 1574. The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881. Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, followed by parliamentary elections. The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014.

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Tunnel boring machine

A tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a "mole", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata.

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Tunnelling shield

A tunnelling shield is a protective structure used during the excavation of large, man-made tunnels.

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Tupolev Tu-114

The Tupolev Tu-114 Rossiya (Tyполев Тy-114 Poccия) (NATO reporting name Cleat) was a turboprop-powered long-range airliner designed by the Tupolev design bureau and built in the USSR from May 1955.

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Tupolev Tu-144

The Tupolev Tu-144 (Tyполев Ту-144; NATO reporting name: Charger) is a retired jet airliner and commercial supersonic transport aircraft (SST).

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Tupolev Tu-95

The Tupolev Tu-95 (Туполев Ту-95; NATO reporting name: "Bear") is a large, four-engine turboprop-powered strategic bomber and missile platform.

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Turbo generator

A turbo generator is the combination of a turbine directly connected to an electric generator for the generation of electric power.

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Turbofan

The turbofan or fanjet is a type of airbreathing jet engine that is widely used in aircraft propulsion.

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Turboprop

A turboprop engine is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller.

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Tusi couple

The Tusi couple is a mathematical device in which a small circle rotates inside a larger circle twice the diameter of the smaller circle.

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Two-stroke engine

A two-stroke (or two-cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution.

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Ub Iwerks

Ubbe Eert "Ub" Iwerks, A.S.C. (March 24, 1901 – July 7, 1971) was an American animator, cartoonist, character designer, inventor, and special effects technician, who co-created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and Mickey Mouse.

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Ugo Cerletti

Ugo Cerletti (26 September 1877 – 25 July 1963) was an Italian neurologist who discovered the method of electroconvulsive therapy used in psychiatry.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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Ultracentrifuge

The ultracentrifuge is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as (approx.). There are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, the preparative and the analytical ultracentrifuge.

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Universal Time

Universal Time (UT) is a time standard based on Earth's rotation.

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Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

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Vacuum flask

A vacuum flask (also known as a Dewar flask, Dewar bottle or thermos) is an insulating storage vessel that greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings.

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Vacuum pump

A vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum.

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Vacuum tube

In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a tube (North America), or valve (Britain and some other regions) is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container.

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Valdemar Poulsen

Valdemar Poulsen (23 November 1869 – 23 July 1942) was a Danish engineer who made significant contributions to early radio technology.

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Valentin Glushko

Valentin Petrovich Glushko (Валенти́н Петро́вич Глушко́, Valentin Petrovich Glushko; Валентин Петрович Глушко, Valentyn Petrovych Hlushko; born 2 September 1908 – 10 January 1989), was a Soviet engineer, and designer of rocket engines during the Soviet/American Space Race.

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Van Gieson's stain

Van Gieson's stain is a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin.

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Variomatic

Variomatic is the continuously variable transmission (CVT) of the Dutch car manufacturer DAF, originally developed by Hub van Doorne: It is a stepless, fully automatic transmission consisting of a "V" shaped drive belt and two pulleys, each of two cones, whose effective diameter can be changed so that the "V" belt runs nearer the spindle or nearer the rim, depending on the separation of the cones.

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Vasily Zvyozdochkin

Vasily Petrovich Zvyozdochkin (Василий Петрович Звёздочкин) (1876–1956) was a Russian turning craftsman, wood carver and doll maker.

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Vedic period

The Vedic period, or Vedic age, is the period in the history of the northwestern Indian subcontinent between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation in the central Gangetic Plain which began in BCE.

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Vehicle armour

Military vehicles are commonly armoured (or armored; see spelling differences) to withstand the impact of shrapnel, bullets, missiles or shells, protecting the personnel inside from enemy fire.

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Vehicle horn

A horn is a sound-making device that can be equipped to motor vehicles, buses, bicycles, trains, trams (a.k.a. streetcars in North America), and other types of vehicles.

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Velcro

Velcro Companies is a privately held company that produces fasteners and other products.

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Venn diagram

A Venn diagram (also called primary diagram, set diagram or logic diagram) is a diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a finite collection of different sets.

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Vera Mukhina

Vera Ignatyevna Mukhina (Ве́ра Игна́тьевна Му́хина; Vera Muhina; – 6 October 1953) was a prominent Soviet sculptor.

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Vermouth

Vermouth is an aromatized, fortified wine flavored with various botanicals (roots, barks, flowers, seeds, herbs, and spices).

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Verneuil process

The Verneuil process, also called flame fusion, was the first commercially successful method of manufacturing synthetic gemstones, developed in the late 1800s by the French chemist Auguste Verneuil.

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Vernier scale

A vernier scale is a visual aid that allows the user to measure more precisely than could be done unaided when reading a uniformly divided straight or circular measurement scale.

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Vespa

Vespa is an Italian brand of scooter manufactured by Piaggio.

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Vezdekhod

The Vezdekhod (Вездеход) was the first true tank to be developed by Imperial Russia.

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Victor Babeș

Victor Babeș (28 July 1854 in Vienna – 19 October 1926 in Bucharest) was a Romanian physician, bacteriologist, academician and professor.

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Victor Hasselblad

Victor Hasselblad (8 March 1906 – 5 August 1978) was a Swedish inventor and photographer, known for inventing the Hasselblad 6x6 cm medium format camera.

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Video game console

A video game console is an electronic, digital or computer device that outputs a video signal or visual image to display a video game that one or more people can play.

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Viktor Makeyev

Viktor Petrovich Makeyev (Ви́ктор Петро́вич Маке́ев; October 25, 1924 – October 25, 1985) was the founder of the Soviet-Russian school of sea missiles production.

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Vincent Schaefer

Vincent Joseph Schaefer (July 4, 1906 – July 25, 1993) was an American chemist and meteorologist who developed cloud seeding.

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Vint Cerf

Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS, (born June 23, 1943) is an American Internet pioneer, who is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title with TCP/IP co-inventor Bob Kahn.

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Vinylon

Vinylon, also known as Vinalon, is a synthetic fiber produced from polyvinyl alcohol, using anthracite and limestone as raw materials.

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Virginia Apgar

Virginia Apgar (June 7, 1909August 7, 1974) was an American obstetrical anesthesiologist, best known as the inventor of the Apgar score, a way to quickly assess the health of a newborn child immediately after birth.

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Virtual reality

Virtual reality (VR) is an interactive computer-generated experience taking place within a simulated environment, that incorporates mainly auditory and visual, but also other types of sensory feedback like haptic.

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Vitaly Abalakov

Vitaly Mikhaylovich Abalakov (Вита́лий Миха́йлович Абала́ков) (in Krasnoyarsk – 26 May 1986 in MoscowGreat Russian Encyclopedia (2006), Moscow: Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya Enciklopediya Publisher, vol. 1, p. 9) was a Soviet chemical engineer, mountaineer and inventor.

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Vladimir Baranov-Rossine

Wladimir Davidovich Baranoff-Rossine (Владимир Давидович Баранов-Россине) (1888–1944) was a Ukrainian, Russian and French painter of Jewish origin, avant-garde artist (Cubo-Futurism), and inventor.

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Vladimir Barmin

Vladimir Pavlovich Barmin (Владимир Павлович Бармин, in Moscow – 17 July 1993 in Moscow) was a Soviet scientist, designer of the first soviet rocket launch complexes.

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Vladimir Bekhterev

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (p; January 20, 1857 – December 24, 1927) was a Russian neurologist and the father of objective psychology.

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Vladimir Chelomey

Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey (Russian: Влади́мир Никола́евич Челоме́й; Ukrainian: Володимир Миколайович Челомей; 30 June 1914 – 8 December 1984) was a Soviet mechanics scientist, aviation and missile engineer.

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Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov

Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov (Владимир Григорьевич Фёдоров) (3 (15) May, 1874, Saint Petersburg – 19 September 1966, Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet scientist, weapons designer, professor (1940), lieutenant general of a corps of military engineers (1943), founder of the Soviet school of automatic small arms, and a Hero of Labour (1928).

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Vladimir K. Zworykin

Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin (Влади́мир Козьми́ч Зворы́кин, Vladimir Koz'mich Zvorykin; July 29, 1982) was a Russian-born American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology.

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Vladimir Petlyakov

Vladimir Mikhailovich Petlyakov (Влади́мир Миха́йлович Петляко́в) (15 June 1891 – 12 January 1942) was a Soviet aeronautical engineer.

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Vladimir Shukhov

Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (Влади́мир Григо́рьевич Шу́хов; – 2 February 1939) was a Russian engineer-polymath, scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of the world's first hyperboloid structures, diagrid shell structures, tensile structures, gridshell structures, oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges.

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Vladimir Simonov

Vladimir Vasil'evich Simonov (Владимир Васильевич Симонов) (born 1935) is or was a Russian (Soviet) design engineer working in the Tula Arms Plant.

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Vladimir Syromyatnikov

Vladimir Sergeevich Syromyatnikov (January 7, 1933 - September 19, 2006) was a Soviet and Russian space scientist best known for designing docking mechanisms for manned spacecraft; it was his Androgynous Peripheral Attach System which, in the 1970s, linked the Soviet and American space capsules in the Apollo-Soyuz test flight.

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Vladimir Veksler

Vladimir Iosifovich Veksler (March 4, 1907 in Zhytomyr, Volhynian Governorate Russian Empire (now Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine) – September 22, 1966 in Moscow, USSR) was a prominent Soviet experimental physicist.

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Vladimir Yurkevich

Vladimir Ivanovich Yourkevitch (Владимир Иванович Юркевич, also spelled Yurkevich, 1885 in Moscow – December 13, 1964) was a Russian naval engineer, developer of the modern design of ship hulls, and designer of the famous ocean liner SS ''Normandie''.

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Voicemail

A voicemail system (also known as voice message or voice bank) is a computer-based system that allows users and subscribers to exchange personal voice messages; to select and deliver voice information; and to process transactions relating to individuals, organizations, products and services, using an ordinary telephone.

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Volley gun

A volley gun is a gun with several barrels for firing a number of shots, either simultaneously or in succession.

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Voltaic pile

The voltaic pile was the first electrical battery that could continuously provide an electric current to a circuit.

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Von Neumann architecture

The von Neumann architecture, which is also known as the von Neumann model and Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture based on the 1945 description by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann and others in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.

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Vostok 1

Vostok 1 (Восто́к, East or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first manned spaceflight in history.

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Vostok programme

The Vostok programme (Восто́к,, Orient or East) was a Soviet human spaceflight project to put the first Soviet citizens into low Earth orbit and return them safely.

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Vulcanization

Vulcanization or vulcanisation is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by heating them with sulfur or other equivalent curatives or accelerators.

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Waldemar Haffkine

Sir Waldemar Mordechai Wolff Haffkine, CIE (Мордехай-Вольф Хавкин) (15 March 1860 – 26 October 1930) was a bacteriologist from the Russian Empire whose career was blighted in Russia because he refused to convert from Judaism to Russian Orthodox Christianity.

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Walden inversion

Walden inversion is the inversion of a chiral center in a molecule in a chemical reaction.

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Wallace Carothers

Wallace Hume Carothers (April 27, 1896 – April 29, 1937) was an American chemist, inventor and the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont, credited with the invention of nylon.

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Wallace H. Coulter

Wallace H. Coulter (February 17, 1913 – August 7, 1998) was an American electrical engineer, inventor, and businessman.

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Walter Frederick Morrison

Walter Frederick "Fred" Morrison (January 16, 1920 in Richfield, Utah – February 9, 2010 in Monroe, Utah) was an American inventor and entrepreneur, best known as the inventor of the Frisbee.

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Walter Houser Brattain

Walter Houser Brattain (February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was an American physicist at Bell Labs who, along with fellow scientists John Bardeen and William Shockley, invented the point-contact transistor in December 1947.

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Walter Zapp

Walter Zapp (Valters Caps; – 17 July 2003) was a Baltic German inventor.

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Walton Musser

Clarence Walton Musser (1909, Lancaster, Pennsylvania – June 8, 1998) inventor of strain wave gearing and also credited with over 250 major inventions and discoveries.

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Ward Christensen

Ward Christensen (born 1945 in West Bend, Wisconsin, United States) is the co-founder of the CBBS bulletin board, the first bulletin board system (BBS) ever brought online.

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Warthin–Starry stain

The Warthin–Starry stain (WS) is a silver nitrate-based staining method (a silver stain) used in histology.

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Watch

A watch is a timepiece intended to be carried or worn by a person.

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Water clock

A water clock or clepsydra (Greek κλεψύδρα from κλέπτειν kleptein, 'to steal'; ὕδωρ hydor, 'water') is any timepiece in which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel where the amount is then measured.

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Water supply network

A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply.

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Water turbine

A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into mechanical work.

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Waterbed

A waterbed, water mattress, or flotation mattress is a bed or mattress filled with water.

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Waterproofing

Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions.

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Wattmeter

The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit.

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WD-40

WD-40 is the trademark name of a penetrating oil and water-displacing spray.

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Web search engine

A web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web.

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Weldability

The weldability, also known as joinability,.

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Welded sculpture

Welded sculpture (related to visual art and works of art) is an art form in which sculpture is made using welding techniques.

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Well counter

A well counter is a device used for measuring radioactivity in small samples.

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Werner von Siemens

Ernst Werner Siemens (von Siemens from 1888;; 13 December 1816 – 6 December 1892) was a German inventor and industrialist.

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Wetsuit

A wetsuit is a garment, usually made of foamed neoprene, which is worn by surfers, divers, windsurfers, canoeists, and others engaged in water sports and other activities in or on water, providing thermal insulation, abrasion resistance and buoyancy.

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Wheatstone bridge

A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component.

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Whitcomb L. Judson

Whitcomb L. Judson (March 7, 1846 – December 7, 1909) was an American machine salesman, mechanical engineer and inventor.

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Wikipedia

Wikipedia is a multilingual, web-based, free encyclopedia that is based on a model of openly editable content.

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Wilhelm Normann

Wilhelm Normann (16 January 1870, in Petershagen – 1 May 1939, in Chemnitz) (sometimes also spelled Norman) was a German chemist who introduced the hydrogenation of fats in 1901, creating what later became known as trans fats.

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Wilhelm Röntgen

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

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Wilhelm Schlenk

Wilhelm Johann Schlenk (22 March 1879 – 29 April 1943) was a German chemist.

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Willard Boyle

Willard Sterling Boyle, (August 19, 1924May 7, 2011) was a Canadian physicist, pioneer in the field of laser technology and co-inventor of the charge-coupled device.

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Willard Libby

Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980) was an American physical chemist noted for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology and palaeontology.

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Willem Einthoven

Willem Einthoven (21 May 1860 – 29 September 1927) was a Dutch doctor and physiologist.

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Willem Johan Kolff

Willem Johan "Pim" Kolff (February 14, 1911 – February 11, 2009) was a pioneer of hemodialysis as well as in the field of artificial organs.

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Willgodt Theophil Odhner

Willgodt Theophil Odhner (in Cyrillic, Вильгодт Теофил Однер) was a Swedish engineer and entrepreneur, working in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong

William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong (26 November 1810 – 27 December 1900) was an English industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth manufacturing concern on Tyneside.

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William C. Brown

William C. Brown (May 22, 1916 – February 3, 1999) was an American electrical engineer who helped to invent the crossed-field amplifier in the 1950s and also pioneered microwave power transmission in the 1960s.

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William Crookes

Sir William Crookes (17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919) was a British chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry in London, and worked on spectroscopy.

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William Cullen

William Cullen FRS FRSE FRCPE FPSG (15 April 1710 – 5 February 1790) was a Scottish physician, chemist and agriculturalist, and one of the most important professors at the Edinburgh Medical School, during its heyday as the leading centre of medical education in the English-speaking world.

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William Friese-Greene

William Friese-Greene (born William Edward Green, 7 September 1855 – 5 May 1921) was a prolific English inventor and professional photographer.

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William H. Dobelle

Dr.

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William Henry Perkin

Sir William Henry Perkin, FRS (12 March 1838 – 14 July 1907) was a British chemist and entrepreneur best known for his serendipitous discovery of the first synthetic organic dye, mauveine, made from aniline.

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William Howard Livens

William Howard Livens DSO MC (28 March 1889 – 1 February 1964) was an engineer, a soldier in the British Army and an inventor particularly known for the design of chemical warfare and flame warfare weapons.

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William Justin Kroll

William Justin Kroll (born Guillaume Justin Kroll; November 24, 1889 – March 30, 1973) was a Luxembourgish metallurgist.

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William Kennedy Dickson

William Kennedy-Laurie Dickson (3 August 1860 – 28 September 1935) was a Scottish inventor who devised an early motion picture camera under the employment of Thomas Edison (post-dating the work of Louis Le Prince).

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William Lee (inventor)

William Lee (1563–1614) was an English clergyman and inventor who devised the first stocking frame knitting machine in 1589, the only one in use for centuries.

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William Morrison (dentist)

William James Morrison (1860–1926) was an American dentist and inventor who is best known for developing the cotton candy machine.

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William Murdoch

William Murdoch (sometimes spelled Murdock) (21 August 1754 – 15 November 1839) was a Scottish engineer and inventor.

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William Oughtred

William Oughtred (5 March 1574 – 30 June 1660) was an English mathematician and Anglican clergyman.

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William Painter (inventor)

William Painter (November 20, 1838 – July 15, 1906) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor and the founder of Crown Holdings, Inc., a Fortune 500 company.

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William R. Bennett Jr.

William Ralph Bennett Jr. (January 30, 1930 – June 29, 2008) was an American physicist known for his pioneering work on gas lasers.

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William Robert Grove

Sir William Robert Grove, PC, FRS FRSE (11 July 1811 – 1 August 1896) was a Welsh judge and physical scientist.

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William Saville-Kent

William Saville-Kent (10 July 1845, Sidmouth, Devon – 11 October 1908, Bournemouth, Dorset) was an English marine biologist.

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William Shockley

William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor.

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William Snow Harris

Sir William Snow Harris (1 April 1791 – 22 January 1867) was an English physician and electrical researcher, nicknamed Thunder-and-Lightning Harris, and noted for his invention of a successful system of lightning conductors for ships.

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William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907) was a Scots-Irish mathematical physicist and engineer who was born in Belfast in 1824.

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Wind tunnel

A wind tunnel is a tool used in aerodynamic research to study the effects of air moving past solid objects.

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Windbreak

A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a plantation usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion.

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Windscreen wiper

A windscreen wiper or windshield wiper (American English) is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice and debris from a windscreen or windshield.

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Wing

A wing is a type of fin that produces lift, while moving through air or some other fluid.

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Wingtip device

Wingtip devices are intended to improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft by reducing drag.

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Winogradsky column

The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms.

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WinRAR

WinRAR is a trialware file archiver utility for Windows, developed by Eugene Roshal of win.rar GmbH.

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Wire recording

Wire recording or magnetic wire recording was the first early magnetic recording technology, an analog type of audio storage in which a magnetic recording is made on thin steel wire.

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Wire rope

Steel wire rope (right hand langs lay) Wire rope is several strands of metal wire twisted into a helix forming a composite "rope", in a pattern known as "laid rope".

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Wire wheel

Wire wheels, wire-spoked wheels, tension-spoked wheels, or "suspension" wheels are wheels whose rims connect to their hubs by wire spokes.

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Wireless telegraphy

Wireless telegraphy is the transmission of telegraphy signals from one point to another by means of an electromagnetic, electrostatic or magnetic field, or by electrical current through the earth or water.

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World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet.

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Wright brothers

The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), were two American aviators, engineers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane.

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Wright's stain

Wright's stain is a histologic stain that facilitates the differentiation of blood cell types.

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Writing in space

Several instruments have been used to write in outer space, including different types of pencils and pens.

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X-ray machine

An X-ray machine is any machine that involves X-rays.

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X-Seed 4000

The X-Seed 4000 was a concept blueprint for what would, if it were ever built, be the tallest building in the history of the world.

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Xerography

Xerography or electrophotography is a dry photocopying technique.

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Yablochkov candle

A Yablochkov candle (sometimes electric candle) is a type of electric carbon arc lamp, invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov.

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Yacht club

A yacht club is a sports club specifically related to yachting.

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Yagi–Uda antenna

A Yagi–Uda antenna, commonly known as a Yagi antenna, is a directional antenna consisting of multiple parallel elements in a line, usually half-wave dipoles made of metal rods.

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Yakovlev

The JSC A.S. Yakovlev Design Bureau (ОАО Опытно-конструкторское бюро им.) is a Russian aircraft designer and manufacturer (design office prefix Yak).

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Yakovlev Yak-40

The Yakovlev Yak-40 (Яковлев Як-40; NATO reporting name: Codling) is a small, three-engined jet airliner.

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Yefim Smolin

Yefim Smolin (Ефим Смолин) was a Russian glass-maker and inventor of granyonyi stakan (faceted glass or table-glass), living in the late 17th century and early 18th century in the area of the modern Vladimir Oblast in Russia.

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Yemen

Yemen (al-Yaman), officially known as the Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Yermak (1898 icebreaker)

Yermak (p) was a Russian and later Soviet Union icebreaker, the first polar icebreaker in the world, having a strengthened hull shaped to ride over and crush pack ice.

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Yevgeny Chertovsky

Yevgeny Yefimovich Chertovsky (Евгений Ефимович Чертовский; born February 15, 1902, date of death unknown) was a Soviet Russian inventor who designed the first full pressure suit in Leningrad in 1931.

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Yevgeny Murzin

Yevgeny Murzin (Евгений Мурзин; 1914–1970) was a Russian audio engineer and inventor of the ANS synthesizer.

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Yevgeny Zavoisky

Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky (Евгений Константинович Завойский; September 28, 1907 – October 9, 1976) was a Soviet physicist known for discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance in 1944.

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Yi Xing

Yi Xing (683–727), born Zhang Sui, was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, mechanical engineer and Buddhist monk of the Tang dynasty (618–907).

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Yoshiro Nakamatsu

, also known as, is a Japanese inventor.

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Yoshiyuki Sankai

Yoshiyuki Sankai (born 1958/1959) is a Japanese billionaire businessman and academic, the founder, president and CEO of the cyborg-robot maker Cyberdyne; and professor of the Graduate School of Systems & Information Engineering at the University of Tsukuba.

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Yulii Borisovich Khariton

Yulii Borisovich Khariton (27 February 1904 – 19 December 1996) was a Russian physicist credited as a leading scientist in the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons program.

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Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk

Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (July 27, 1927 in Sochi – May 14, 2006 in Saint Petersburg) a Soviet physicist, one of the founders of optical holography.

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Yuri Trutnev (scientist)

Yuri Alexeyevich Trutnev (Ю́рий Алексе́евич Тру́тнев) (born November 2, 1927, Moscow) is a Soviet-Russian physicist who is known for his involvement in the development of the AN602 hydrogen bomb (or Tsar Bomba), the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated.

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Yury Lomonosov

Yury Vladimirovich Lomonosov (Юрий Владимирович Ломоносов; 24 April 1876 – 19 November 1952) was a Russian railway engineer and a leading figure in the development of Russian Railways in the early 20th century.

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Yuzpe regimen

The Yuzpe regimen is a method of emergency contraception that uses a combination of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel.

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Yves Klein

Yves Klein (28 April 1928 – 6 June 1962) was a French artist considered an important figure in post-war European art.

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Z1 (computer)

The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938.

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Z2 (computer)

The Z2 was a mechanical and relay computer completed by Konrad Zuse in 1940.

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Z3 (computer)

The Z3 was a German electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse.

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Z4 (computer)

The Z4 was the world's first commercial digital computer, designed by German engineer Konrad Zuse and built by his company Zuse Apparatebau in 1945.

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Zamboni pile

The Zamboni pile (also referred to as a Duluc Dry Pile) is an early electric battery, invented by Giuseppe Zamboni in 1812.

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Zénobe Gramme

Zénobe Théophile Gramme (4 April 1826 – 20 January 1901) was a Belgian electrical engineer.

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Zeppelin

A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Zhang Heng

Zhang Heng (AD 78–139), formerly romanized as Chang Heng, was a Han Chinese polymath from Nanyang who lived during the Han dynasty.

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Zheng He

Zheng He (1371–1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty.

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Zhores Alferov

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (Жоре́с Ива́нович Алфёров,; Жарэс Іва́навіч Алфёраў; born 15 March 1930) is a Soviet and Russian physicist and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.

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Ziegler–Natta catalyst

A Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, is a catalyst used in the synthesis of polymers of 1-alkenes (alpha-olefins).

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Ziehl–Neelsen stain

The Ziehl–Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, was first described by two German doctors: the bacteriologist Franz Ziehl (1859–1926) and the pathologist Friedrich Neelsen (1854–1898).

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Zipper

A zipper, zip, fly, or zip fastener, formerly known as a clasp locker, is a commonly used device for binding the edges of an opening of fabric or other flexible material, such as on a garment or a bag.

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3D printing

3D printing is any of various processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer control to create a three-dimensional object, with material being added together (such as liquid molecules or powder grains being fused together).

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7 Up

7 Up (stylized as 7up outside the U.S.) is a brand of lemon-lime-flavored non-caffeinated soft drink.

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Redirects here:

America's inventors, Famous inventors, List of Inventors, Timeline of inventors.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inventors