Table of Contents
754 relations: Aardvark, Aardwolf, Abalone, Abdomen, Abomasum, Adipose tissue, Aestivation, African elephant, Afroinsectiphilia, Afroinsectivora, Afrosoricida, Afrotheria, Agricultural machinery, Agriculture, Alarm signal, Albrecht Dürer, Algae, Allen's rule, Allometry, Allotheria, Alpaca, Altungulata, Amazon rainforest, Ambondro mahabo, American black bear, American Museum of Natural History, Ameridelphia, Ammonia, Amniote, Amphibian, Amphilestes, Amphitherium, Anatomical terms of location, Ancient Greek, Animal cognition, Animal disease model, Animal echolocation, Animal rights, Animal testing, Ant, Anti-predator adaptation, Ape, Apomorphy and synapomorphy, Aposematism, Aquatic mammal, Arboreal locomotion, Archicebus, Archonta, Archosaur, Arctic fox, ... Expand index (704 more) »
- Bathonian first appearances
- Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances
- Mammals
Aardvark
Aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) are medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammals native to Africa.
Aardwolf
The aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) is an insectivorous hyaenid species, native to East and Southern Africa.
Abalone
Abalone (or; via Spanish abulón, from Rumsen aulón) is a common name for any small to very large marine gastropod mollusc in the family Haliotidae, which once contained six subgenera but now contains only one genus Haliotis.
Abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.
Abomasum
The abomasum, also known as the maw, rennet-bag, or reed tripe, is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants.
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue (also known as body fat or simply fat) is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.
Aestivation
Aestivation (aestas (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter.
African elephant
African elephants are members of the genus Loxodonta comprising two living elephant species, the African bush elephant (L. africana) and the smaller African forest elephant (L. cyclotis).
See Mammal and African elephant
Afroinsectiphilia
The Afroinsectiphilia (African insectivores) is a clade that has been proposed based on the results of recent molecular phylogenetic studies.
See Mammal and Afroinsectiphilia
Afroinsectivora
Afroinsectivora is a clade of mammals that includes the macroscelideans and afrosoricidans.
See Mammal and Afroinsectivora
Afrosoricida
The clade Afrosoricida (a Latin-Greek compound name which means "looking like African shrews") contains the golden moles of Southern Africa, the otter shrews of equatorial Africa and the tenrecs of Madagascar.
Afrotheria
Afrotheria (from Latin Afro- "of Africa" + theria "wild beast") is a superorder of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephant shrews (also known as sengis), otter shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants, sea cows, and several extinct clades.
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery relates to the mechanical structures and devices used in farming or other agriculture.
See Mammal and Agricultural machinery
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.
Alarm signal
In animal communication, an alarm signal is an antipredator adaptation in the form of signals emitted by social animals in response to danger.
Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528),Müller, Peter O. (1993) Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers, Walter de Gruyter.
Algae
Algae (alga) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms.
See Mammal and Algae
Allen's rule
Allen's rule is an ecogeographical rule formulated by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877, broadly stating that animals adapted to cold climates have shorter and thicker limbs and bodily appendages than animals adapted to warm climates.
Allometry
Allometry (Ancient Greek "other", "measurement") is the study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology and behaviour, first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, by D'Arcy Thompson in 1917 in On Growth and Form and by Julian Huxley in 1932.
Allotheria
Allotheria (meaning "other beasts", from the Greek αλλός, –other and θήριον, –wild animal) is an extinct clade of mammals known from the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic.
Alpaca
The alpaca (Lama pacos) is a species of South American camelid mammal.
Altungulata
Altungulata or Pantomesaxonia (sensu and later authors) is an invalid clade (mirorder) of ungulate mammals comprising the perissodactyls, hyracoids, and tethytheres (sirenians, proboscideans, and related extinct taxa).
Amazon rainforest
The Amazon rainforest, also called Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America.
See Mammal and Amazon rainforest
Ambondro mahabo
Ambondro mahabo is a mammal from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Isalo III Formation (about 167 million years ago) of Madagascar.
See Mammal and Ambondro mahabo
American black bear
The American black bear (Ursus americanus), also known as the black bear, is a species of medium-sized bear endemic to North America.
See Mammal and American black bear
American Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is a natural history museum on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.
See Mammal and American Museum of Natural History
Ameridelphia
Ameridelphia is traditionally a superorder that includes all marsupials living in the Americas except for the Monito del monte (Dromiciops).
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.
Amniote
Amniotes are tetrapod vertebrate animals belonging to the clade Amniota, a large group that comprises the vast majority of living terrestrial and semiaquatic vertebrates.
Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.
Amphilestes
Amphilestes is a genus of extinct eutriconodont mammal from the Middle Jurassic of the United Kingdom.
Amphitherium
Amphitherium is an extinct genus of stem cladotherian mammal that lived during the Middle Jurassic of England.
Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans.
See Mammal and Anatomical terms of location
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Animal cognition
Animal cognition encompasses the mental capacities of non-human animals including insect cognition.
See Mammal and Animal cognition
Animal disease model
An animal model (short for animal disease model) is a living, non-human, often genetic-engineered animal used during the research and investigation of human disease, for the purpose of better understanding the disease process without the risk of harming a human.
See Mammal and Animal disease model
Animal echolocation
Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is a biological active sonar used by several animal groups, both in the air and underwater.
See Mammal and Animal echolocation
Animal rights
Animal rights is the philosophy according to which many or all sentient animals have moral worth independent of their utility to humans, and that their most basic interests—such as avoiding suffering—should be afforded the same consideration as similar interests of human beings.
Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
Ant
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera.
See Mammal and Ant
Anti-predator adaptation
Anti-predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators.
See Mammal and Anti-predator adaptation
Ape
Apes (collectively Hominoidea) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister group Cercopithecidae form the catarrhine clade, cladistically making them monkeys.
See Mammal and Ape
Apomorphy and synapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy).
See Mammal and Apomorphy and synapomorphy
Aposematism
Aposematism is the advertising by an animal, whether terrestrial or marine, to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating.
Aquatic mammal
Aquatic and semiaquatic mammals are a diverse group of mammals that dwell partly or entirely in bodies of water.
Arboreal locomotion
Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees.
See Mammal and Arboreal locomotion
Archicebus
Archicebus is a genus of fossil primates that lived in the early Eocene forests (~55.8–54.8 million years ago) of what is now Jingzhou in the Hubei Province in central China, discovered in 2003. The only known species, A. achilles, was a small primate, estimated to weigh about, and is the only known member of the family Archicebidae.
Archonta
The Archonta are a now-abandoned group of mammals, considered a superorder in some classifications, which consists of these orders.
Archosaur
Archosauria or archosaurs is a clade of diapsid sauropsid tetrapods, with birds and crocodilians being the only extant representatives.
Arctic fox
The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small species of fox native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome.
Arctic ground squirrel
The Arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) (Inuktitut: ᓯᒃᓯᒃ, siksik) is a species of ground squirrel native to the Arctic and Subarctic of North America and Asia.
See Mammal and Arctic ground squirrel
Armadillo
Armadillos (little armored ones) are New World placental mammals in the order Cingulata.
Arrector pili muscle
The arrector pili muscles, also known as hair erector muscles, are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals.
See Mammal and Arrector pili muscle
Art
Art is a diverse range of human activity and its resulting product that involves creative or imaginative talent generally expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas.
See Mammal and Art
Articular bone
The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as ancestral mammals.
Artiodactyl
Artiodactyls are placental mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla. Typically, they are ungulates which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes (the third and fourth, often in the form of a hoof).
Asian elephant
The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is a species of elephant distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India in the west to Borneo in the east, and Nepal in the north to Sumatra in the south.
Asioryctitheria
Asioryctitheria ("Asian digging beasts") is an extinct order of early eutherians.
See Mammal and Asioryctitheria
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
Atlantogenata
Atlantogenata is a proposed clade of placental mammals containing the cohorts or superorders Xenarthra and Afrotheria.
Atrium (heart)
The atrium (entry hall;: atria) is one of the two upper chambers in the heart that receives blood from the circulatory system.
Aurochs
The aurochs (Bos primigenius) is an extinct cattle species, considered to be the wild ancestor of modern domestic cattle.
Australidelphia
Australidelphia is the superorder that contains roughly three-quarters of all marsupials, including all those native to Australasia and a single species – the monito del monte – from South America.
See Mammal and Australidelphia
Australosphenida
The Australosphenida are a clade of mammals, containing mammals with tribosphenic molars, known from the Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous of Gondwana.
See Mammal and Australosphenida
Awn hair
Awn hairs are the intermediate hairs in a mammal's coat.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Baculum
The baculum (bacula), also known as the penis bone, penile bone, os penis, os genitale, or os priapi, is a bone in the penis of many placental mammals.
Badger
Badgers are short-legged omnivores in the family Mustelidae (which also includes the otters, wolverines, martens, minks, polecats, weasels, and ferrets).
Baleen whale
Baleen whales, also known as whalebone whales, are marine mammals of the parvorder Mysticeti in the infraorder Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises), which use keratinaceous baleen plates (or "whalebone") in their mouths to sieve planktonic creatures from the water.
Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
See Mammal and Basal (phylogenetics)
Bat
Bats are flying mammals of the order Chiroptera.
See Mammal and Bat
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.
See Mammal and BBC
Bear
Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae.
See Mammal and Bear
Beaver
Beavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere.
Bee
Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey.
See Mammal and Bee
Bellows
A bellows or pair of bellows is a device constructed to furnish a strong blast of air.
Bengal tiger
The Bengal tiger is a population of the Panthera tigris tigris subspecies and the nominate tiger subspecies.
Bicornuate uterus
A bicornuate uterus or bicornate uterus (from the Latin cornū, meaning "horn"), is a type of Müllerian anomaly in the human uterus, where there is a deep indentation at the fundus (top) of the uterus.
See Mammal and Bicornuate uterus
Big cat
The term "big cat" is typically used to refer to any of the five living members of the genus Panthera, namely the tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard, as well as the non-pantherine cheetah and cougar.
Bile
Bile (from Latin bilis), or gall, is a yellow-green fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
See Mammal and Bile
Bilirubin
Bilirubin (BR) (from the Latin for "red bile") is a red-orange compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.
Biodiversity loss
Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area.
See Mammal and Biodiversity loss
Biomass (ecology)
Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time.
See Mammal and Biomass (ecology)
Biome
A biome is a distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, and animal life.
See Mammal and Biome
Bipedalism
Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an animal moves by means of its two rear (or lower) limbs or legs.
Bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
See Mammal and Bird
Bladder
The bladder is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.
Blood cell
A blood cell (also called a hematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte) is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood.
Blubber
Blubber is a thick layer of vascularized adipose tissue under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds, penguins, and sirenians.
Blue whale
The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal and a baleen whale.
Bolus (digestion)
In digestion, a bolus (from Latin bolus, "ball") is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing (which is largely an adaptation for plant-eating mammals).
See Mammal and Bolus (digestion)
Bonobo
The bonobo (Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee (less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee), is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other being the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes).
Boreoeutheria
Boreoeutheria ("northern true beasts") is a magnorder of placental mammals that groups together superorders Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.
Bowhead whale
The bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) is a species of baleen whale belonging to the family Balaenidae and is the only living representative of the genus Balaena.
Brachiation
Brachiation (from "brachium", Latin for "arm"), or arm swinging, is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms.
Brain size
The size of the brain is a frequent topic of study within the fields of anatomy, biological anthropology, animal science and evolution.
Brain–body mass ratio
Brain–body mass ratio, also known as the brain–body weight ratio, is the ratio of brain mass to body mass, which is hypothesized to be a rough estimate of the intelligence of an animal, although fairly inaccurate in many cases.
See Mammal and Brain–body mass ratio
Breeding back
Breeding back is a form of artificial selection by the deliberate selective breeding of domestic (but not exclusively) animals, in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a phenotype that resembles a wild type ancestor, usually one that has gone extinct.
Bristle
A bristle is a stiff hair or feather (natural or artificial), either on an animal, such as a pig, a plant, or on a tool such as a brush or broom.
Bronchus
A bronchus (bronchi) is a passage or airway in the lower respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.
Callitrichidae
The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins.
Camel
A camel (from camelus and κάμηλος from Ancient Semitic: gāmāl) is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
See Mammal and Camel
Camouflage
Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else.
Canidae
Canidae (from Latin, canis, "dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade.
Canter and gallop
The canter and gallop are variations on the fastest gait that can be performed by a horse or other equine.
See Mammal and Canter and gallop
Cape golden mole
The Cape golden mole (Chrysochloris asiatica) is a small, insectivorous mammal of the family Chrysochloridae, the golden moles.
See Mammal and Cape golden mole
Capybara
The capybara or greater capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a giant cavy rodent native to South America.
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
Carboniferous
The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Permian Period, Ma.
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,Blunt (2004), p. 171.
Carnassial
Carnassials are paired upper and lower teeth modified in such a way as to allow enlarged and often self-sharpening edges to pass by each other in a shearing manner.
Carnivora
Carnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh, whose members are formally referred to as carnivorans.
Carnivore
A carnivore, or meat-eater (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning meat or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements are met by the consumption of animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other soft tissues) whether through hunting or scavenging.
Carrier's constraint
Carrier's constraint is the observation that air-breathing vertebrates with two lungs that flex their bodies sideways during locomotion find it difficult to move and breathe at the same time, because the sideways flexing expands one lung and compresses the other, shunting stale air from lung to lung instead of expelling it completely to make room for fresh air.
See Mammal and Carrier's constraint
Castorocauda
Castorocauda is an extinct, semi-aquatic, superficially otter-like genus of docodont mammaliaforms with one species, C. lutrasimilis.
Cat
The cat (Felis catus), commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat, is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal.
See Mammal and Cat
Cattle
Cattle (Bos taurus) are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Mature female cattle are called cows and mature male cattle are bulls. Young female cattle are called heifers, young male cattle are oxen or bullocks, and castrated male cattle are known as steers.
Cave painting
In archaeology, cave paintings are a type of parietal art (which category also includes petroglyphs, or engravings), found on the wall or ceilings of caves.
Cecum
The cecum or caecum is a pouch within the peritoneum that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine.
See Mammal and Cecum
Cellulase
Cellulase (systematic name 4-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides: The name is also used for any naturally occurring mixture or complex of various such enzymes, that act serially or synergistically to decompose cellulosic material.
Cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
Cenozoic
The Cenozoic is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history.
Cerebrum
The cerebrum (cerebra), telencephalon or endbrain is the largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb.
Cervical vertebrae
In tetrapods, cervical vertebrae (vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull.
See Mammal and Cervical vertebrae
Cervix
The cervix (cervices) or cervix uteri is a dynamic fibromuscular organ of the female reproductive system that connects the vagina with the uterine cavity.
Cetacea
Cetacea is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.
Cetacean bycatch
Cetacean bycatch (or cetacean by-catch) is the accidental capture of non-target cetacean species such as dolphins, porpoises, and whales by fisheries.
See Mammal and Cetacean bycatch
Chimpanzee
The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also simply known as the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa.
Cingulata
Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, is an order of armored New World placental mammals.
Civilization
A civilization (civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems and graphic arts).
Clade
In biological phylogenetics, a clade, also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.
See Mammal and Clade
Cladistics
Cladistics is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry.
Class (biology)
In biological classification, class (classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank.
See Mammal and Class (biology)
Clitoris
In amniotes, the clitoris (or;: clitorises or clitorides) is a female sex organ.
Cloaca
A cloaca,: cloacae, is the rear orifice that serves as the only opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts (if present) of many vertebrate animals.
Cloaca (embryology)
The cloaca (cloacae) is a structure in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
See Mammal and Cloaca (embryology)
Clothing
Clothing (also known as clothes, garments, dress, apparel, or attire) is any item worn on the body.
Cochlea
The cochlea is the part of the inner ear involved in hearing.
Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues.
Collared lemming
Dicrostonyx is a genus of rodent in the family Cricetidae.
See Mammal and Collared lemming
Colugo
Colugos are arboreal gliding mammals that are native to Southeast Asia.
Common bottlenose dolphin
The common bottlenose dolphin or Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is one of three species of bottlenose dolphin in the genus Tursiops.
See Mammal and Common bottlenose dolphin
Common vampire bat
The common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) is a small, leaf-nosed bat native to the Neotropics.
See Mammal and Common vampire bat
Condylarthra
Condylarthra is an informal group – previously considered an order – of extinct placental mammals, known primarily from the Paleocene and Eocene epochs.
Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty.
See Mammal and Convention on Biological Diversity
Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time.
See Mammal and Convergent evolution
Coprolite
A coprolite (also known as a coprolith) is fossilized feces.
Coprophagia
Coprophagia or coprophagy is the consumption of feces.
Copulation (zoology)
In zoology, copulation is animal sexual behavior in which a male introduces sperm into the female's body, especially directly into her reproductive tract.
See Mammal and Copulation (zoology)
Coronary circulation
Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle (myocardium).
See Mammal and Coronary circulation
Corpus callosum
The corpus callosum (Latin for "tough body"), also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick nerve tract, consisting of a flat bundle of commissural fibers, beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain.
See Mammal and Corpus callosum
Courtship display
A courtship display is a set of display behaviors in which an animal, usually a male, attempts to attract a mate; the mate exercises choice, so sexual selection acts on the display.
See Mammal and Courtship display
Cranial nerve nucleus
A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more of the cranial nerves.
See Mammal and Cranial nerve nucleus
Crawling (human)
Crawling or quadrupedal movement is a method of human locomotion that makes use of all four limbs.
See Mammal and Crawling (human)
Creodonta
Creodonta ("meat teeth") is a former order of extinct carnivorous placental mammals that lived from the early Paleocene to the late Miocene epochs in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa.
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction, was the mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth approximately 66 million years ago.
See Mammal and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Crocodilia
Crocodilia (or Crocodylia, both) is an order of semiaquatic, predatory reptiles known as crocodilians.
Crocodylomorpha
Crocodylomorpha is a group of pseudosuchian archosaurs that includes the crocodilians and their extinct relatives.
See Mammal and Crocodylomorpha
Crown group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor.
Cud
Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time.
See Mammal and Cud
Cursorial
A cursorial organism is one that is adapted specifically to run.
Cynodontia
Cynodontia is a clade of eutheriodont therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian (approximately 260 mya), and extensively diversified after the Permian–Triassic extinction event.
Dagger (mark)
A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used.
Dairy product
Dairy products or milk products, also known as lacticinia, are food products made from (or containing) milk.
Damaraland mole-rat
The Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis), Damara mole rat or Damaraland blesmol, is a burrowing rodent found in southern Africa.
See Mammal and Damaraland mole-rat
Dasyuromorphia
Dasyuromorphia (meaning "hairy tail" in Greek) is an order comprising most of the Australian carnivorous marsupials, including quolls, dunnarts, the numbat, the Tasmanian devil, and the extinct thylacine.
Deer
A deer (deer) or true deer is a hoofed ruminant ungulate of the family Cervidae (informally the deer family).
See Mammal and Deer
Defaunation
Defaunation is the global, local, or functional extinction of animal populations or species from ecological communities.
Deforestation
Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.
Dentin
Dentin (American English) or dentine (British English) (substantia eburnea) is a calcified tissue of the body and, along with enamel, cementum, and pulp, is one of the four major components of teeth.
Dentition
Dentition pertains to the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth.
Derby's woolly opossum
Derby's woolly opossum (Caluromys derbianus), or the Central American woolly opossum, is an opossum found in deciduous and moist evergreen forests of Central America, from southern Mexico to western Ecuador and Colombia.
See Mammal and Derby's woolly opossum
Dermis
The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.
Diastole
Diastole is the relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle when the chambers of the heart are refilling with blood.
Dicynodontia
Dicynodontia is an extinct clade of anomodonts, an extinct type of non-mammalian therapsid.
Digitigrade
In terrestrial vertebrates, digitigrade locomotion is walking or running on the toes (from the Latin digitus, 'finger', and gradior, 'walk').
Dimetrodon
Dimetrodon is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid belonging to the family Sphenacodontidae that lived during the Cisuralian age of the Early Permian period, around 295–272 million years ago.
Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.
Diphyodont
A diphyodont is any animal with two sets of teeth, initially the deciduous set and consecutively the permanent set.
Diprotodontia
Diprotodontia (from Greek "two forward teeth") is the largest extant order of marsupials, with about 155 species, including the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
See Mammal and DNA
DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
Docodonta
Docodonta is an order of extinct Mesozoic mammaliaforms (advanced cynodonts closely related to true crown-group mammals). Mammal and Docodonta are Bathonian first appearances.
Dog
The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf.
See Mammal and Dog
Domestication
Domestication is a multi-generational mutualistic relationship in which an animal species, such as humans or leafcutter ants, takes over control and care of another species, such as sheep or fungi, to obtain from them a steady supply of resources, such as meat, milk, or labor.
Dominance (ecology)
Ecological dominance is the degree to which one or several species have a major influence controlling the other species in their ecological community (because of their large size, population, productivity, or related factors) or make up more of the biomass.
See Mammal and Dominance (ecology)
Dominance hierarchy
In the zoological field of ethology, a dominance hierarchy (formerly and colloquially called a pecking order) is a type of social hierarchy that arises when members of animal social groups interact, creating a ranking system.
See Mammal and Dominance hierarchy
Dorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom.
Downregulation and upregulation
In biochemistry, in the biological context of organisms' regulation of gene expression and production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the production and quantities of its cellular components, such as RNA and proteins, in response to an external stimulus.
See Mammal and Downregulation and upregulation
Drag (physics)
In fluid dynamics, drag, sometimes referred to as fluid resistance, is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object, moving with respect to a surrounding fluid.
Eardrum
In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear.
Early Cretaceous
The Early Cretaceous (geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphic name) is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous.
See Mammal and Early Cretaceous
Early Jurassic
The Early Jurassic Epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic Series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic Period.
Earth tone
Earth tone is a term used to describe a palette of colors that are similar to natural materials and landscapes.
Eastern mole
The eastern mole or common mole (Scalopus aquaticus) is a medium-sized North American mole.
Echidna
Echidnas, sometimes known as spiny anteaters, are quill-covered monotremes (egg-laying mammals) belonging to the family Tachyglossidae, living in Australia and New Guinea.
Ecological extinction
Ecological extinction is "the reduction of a species to such low abundance that, although it is still present in the community, it no longer interacts significantly with other species".
See Mammal and Ecological extinction
Ectotherm
An ectotherm (from the Greek ἐκτός "outside" and θερμός "heat"), more commonly referred to as a "cold-blooded animal", is an animal in which internal physiological sources of heat, such as blood, are of relatively small or of quite negligible importance in controlling body temperature.
Educational toy
Educational toys (sometimes also called "instructive toys") are objects of play, generally designed for children, which are expected to stimulate learning.
See Mammal and Educational toy
Edwin Landseer
Sir Edwin Henry Landseer (7 March 1802 – 1 October 1873) was an English painter and sculptor, well known for his paintings of animals – particularly horses, dogs, and stags.
Egg
An egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the animal hatches.
See Mammal and Egg
Ejaculation
Ejaculation is the discharge of semen (the ejaculate; normally containing sperm) through the urethra in men.
Elephant
Elephants are the largest living land animals.
Elephant shrew
Elephant shrews, also called jumping shrews or sengis, are small insectivorous mammals native to Africa, belonging to the family Macroscelididae, in the order Macroscelidea.
Embryo
An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.
Empty forest
Empty forest is a term coined by Kent H. Redford's article "The Empty Forest" (1992), which was published in BioScience.
Encephalization quotient
Encephalization quotient (EQ), encephalization level (EL), or just encephalization is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between observed and predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, based on nonlinear regression on a range of reference species.
See Mammal and Encephalization quotient
Endotherm
An endotherm (from Greek ἔνδον endon "within" and θέρμη thermē "heat") is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature, largely by the use of heat released by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat.
Eocene
The Eocene is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma).
Eomaia
Eomaia ("dawn mother") is a genus of extinct fossil mammals containing the single species Eomaia scansoria, discovered in rocks that were found in the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China, and dated to the Barremian Age of the Lower Cretaceous about.
Eparctocyona
Eparctocyona is a clade of placental mammals comprising the artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates), cetacea (whales and related), and the extinct condylarths.
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.
Epipubic bone
Epipubic bones are a pair of bones projecting forward from the pelvic bones of modern marsupials, monotremes and fossil mammals like multituberculates, and even basal eutherians (the ancestors of placental mammals, who lack them).
Epitheria
Epitherians comprise all the placental mammals except the Xenarthra.
Erection
An erection (clinically: penile erection or penile tumescence) is a physiological phenomenon in which the penis becomes firm, engorged, and enlarged.
Erythrotherium
Erythrotherium (meaning "red beast") is an extinct genus of basal mammaliaforms from the Lower Jurassic of South Africa.
Estrous cycle
The estrous cycle (originally) is a set of recurring physiological changes induced by reproductive hormones in females of mammalian subclass Theria.
Euarchonta
The Euarchonta are a proposed grandorder of mammals: the order Scandentia (treeshrews), and its sister Primatomorpha mirorder, containing the Dermoptera or colugos and the primates (Plesiadapiformes and descendants).
Euarchontoglires
Euarchontoglires (from: Euarchonta ("true rulers") + Glires ("dormice")), synonymous with Supraprimates, is a clade and a superorder of mammals, the living members of which belong to one of the five following groups: rodents, lagomorphs, treeshrews, primates, and colugos.
See Mammal and Euarchontoglires
Eulipotyphla
Eulipotyphla (which means "truly fat and blind") is an order of mammals suggested by molecular methods of phylogenetic reconstruction, which includes the laurasiatherian members of the now-invalid polyphyletic order Lipotyphla, but not the afrotherian members (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews, now in their own order Afrosoricida).
Eupelycosauria
Eupelycosauria is a large clade of animals characterized by the unique shape of their skull, encompassing all mammals and their closest extinct relatives.
Eurasian beaver
The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) or European beaver is a species of beaver widespread across Eurasia, with a rapidly increasing population of at least 1.5 million in 2020.
See Mammal and Eurasian beaver
Eureka effect
The eureka effect (also known as the Aha! moment or eureka moment) refers to the common human experience of suddenly understanding a previously incomprehensible problem or concept.
Eusociality
Eusociality (Greek εὖ eu "good" and social) is the highest level of organization of sociality.
Eutheria
Eutheria (from Greek εὐ-, 'good, right' and θηρίον, 'beast'), also called Pan-Placentalia, is the clade consisting of placental mammals and all therian mammals that are more closely related to placentals than to marsupials.
Eutriconodonta
Eutriconodonta is an order of early mammals.
Evolution of biological complexity
The evolution of biological complexity is one important outcome of the process of evolution.
See Mammal and Evolution of biological complexity
Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles
The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the bones of the mammalian middle ear.
See Mammal and Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles
Exafroplacentalia
Exafroplacentalia or Notolegia is a clade of placental mammals proposed in 2001 on the basis of molecular research.
See Mammal and Exafroplacentalia
Excretory system
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
See Mammal and Excretory system
Exhalation
Exhalation (or expiration) is the flow of the breath out of an organism.
Extinct in the wild
A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as only consisting of living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range.
See Mammal and Extinct in the wild
Extinction
Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member.
Facial nerve
The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve VII, or simply CN VII, is a cranial nerve that emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
False killer whale
The false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) is a species of oceanic dolphin that is the only extant representative of the genus Pseudorca.
See Mammal and False killer whale
Family (biology)
Family (familia,: familiae) is one of the nine major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy.
See Mammal and Family (biology)
Fat-tailed dwarf lemur
The fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius), also known as the lesser dwarf lemur, western fat-tailed dwarf lemur, or spiny forest dwarf lemur, is endemic to Madagascar.
See Mammal and Fat-tailed dwarf lemur
Feather
Feathers are epidermal growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on both avian (bird) and some non-avian dinosaurs and other archosaurs.
Feces
Feces (or faeces;: faex) are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine.
See Mammal and Feces
Felidae
Felidae is the family of mammals in the order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats.
Ferae
Ferae ("wild beasts") is a mirorder of placental mammalsMalcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten.
See Mammal and Ferae
Fern
The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.
See Mammal and Fern
Fetus
A fetus or foetus (fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from a mammal embryo.
See Mammal and Fetus
Fission–fusion society
In ethology, fission–fusion society is one in which the size and composition of the social group change as time passes and animals move throughout the environment; animals merge into a group (fusion)—e.g. sleeping in one place—or split (fission)—e.g. foraging in small groups during the day.
See Mammal and Fission–fusion society
Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success.
See Mammal and Fitness (biology)
Florida panther
The Florida panther is a North American cougar (P. c. couguar) population in South Florida.
See Mammal and Florida panther
Flying and gliding animals
A number of animals are capable of aerial locomotion, either by powered flight or by gliding.
See Mammal and Flying and gliding animals
Folivore
In zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves.
Food and Agriculture Organization
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsOrganisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture; Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'alimentazione e l'agricoltura.
See Mammal and Food and Agriculture Organization
Food storage
Food storage is a way of decreasing the variability of the food supply in the face of natural, inevitable variability.
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
Fossorial
A fossorial animal is one that is adapted to digging and which lives primarily (but not solely) underground.
Frugivore
A frugivore is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots, shoots, nuts and seeds.
Fruitafossor
Fruitafossor was a termite-eating mammal endemic to North America during the Late Jurassic epoch (around 150 mya).
Fungivore
Fungivory or mycophagy is the process of organisms consuming fungi.
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Fur
Fur is a thick growth of hair that covers the skin of almost all mammals.
See Mammal and Fur
Gait
Gait is the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals, including humans, during locomotion over a solid substrate.
See Mammal and Gait
Gait (human)
A gait is a manner of limb movements made during locomotion.
Gale (publisher)
Gale is a global provider of research and digital learning resources.
See Mammal and Gale (publisher)
Gambling
Gambling (also known as betting or gaming) is the wagering of something of value ("the stakes") on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted.
Game (hunting)
Game or quarry is any wild animal hunted for animal products (primarily meat), for recreation ("sporting"), or for trophies.
Gas exchange
Gas exchange is the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface.
Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
See Mammal and Gastrointestinal tract
Gazelle
A gazelle is one of many antelope species in the genus Gazella.
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings.
See Mammal and Gene
Gene flow
In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another.
Gene pool
The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.
Genetic divergence
Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations) through time, often leading to reproductive isolation and continued mutation even after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time, as there is not any genetic exchange anymore.
See Mammal and Genetic divergence
Genetic pollution
Genetic pollution is a term for uncontrolled gene flow into wild populations.
See Mammal and Genetic pollution
Genetically modified mouse
A genetically modified mouse or genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) is a mouse (Mus musculus) that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques.
See Mammal and Genetically modified mouse
Genus
Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.
See Mammal and Genus
George Gaylord Simpson
George Gaylord Simpson (June 16, 1902 – October 6, 1984) was an American paleontologist.
See Mammal and George Gaylord Simpson
George Stubbs
George Stubbs (25 August 1724 – 10 July 1806) was an English painter, best known for his paintings of horses.
Gestation
Gestation is the period of development during the carrying of an embryo, and later fetus, inside viviparous animals (the embryo develops within the parent).
Giant anteater
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is an insectivorous mammal native to Central and South America.
Gibbon
Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae.
Giraffe
The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus Giraffa.
Glires
Glires (Latin glīrēs 'dormice') is a clade (sometimes ranked as a grandorder) consisting of rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, and pikas).
Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is a report by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, on the global state of biodiversity.
See Mammal and Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Glossary of entomology terms
This glossary of entomology describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists.
See Mammal and Glossary of entomology terms
Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata (from Ancient Greek: γνάθος 'jaw' + στόμα 'mouth') are the jawed vertebrates.
Gobiconodontidae
Gobiconodontidae is a family of extinct mammals that ranged from the mid-Jurassic to the early Late Cretaceous, though most common during the Early Cretaceous.
See Mammal and Gobiconodontidae
Golden mole
Golden moles are small insectivorous burrowing mammals endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa.
Gonochorism
In biology, gonochorism is a sexual system where there are two sexes and each individual organism is either male or female.
Gopher
Pocket gophers, commonly referred to simply as gophers, are burrowing rodents of the family Geomyidae.
Gray whale
The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), also known as the grey whale,Britannica Micro.: v. IV, p. 693.
Grazing
In agriculture, grazing is a method of animal husbandry whereby domestic livestock are allowed outdoors to free range (roam around) and consume wild vegetations in order to convert the otherwise indigestible (by human gut) cellulose within grass and other forages into meat, milk, wool and other animal products, often on land that is unsuitable for arable farming.
Greater spear-nosed bat
The greater spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus hastatus) is a bat species of the family Phyllostomidae from South and Central America.
See Mammal and Greater spear-nosed bat
Greyhound racing
Greyhound racing is an organized, competitive sport in which greyhounds are raced around a track.
See Mammal and Greyhound racing
Guadalupian
The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian.
Gummivore
A gummivore is an omnivorous animal whose diet consists primarily of the gums and saps of trees (about 90%) and bugs for protein.
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (subtitled A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years in Britain) is a 1997 transdisciplinary non-fiction book by the American author Jared Diamond.
See Mammal and Guns, Germs, and Steel
Habitat destruction
Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species.
See Mammal and Habitat destruction
Hadrocodium
Hadrocodium wui is an extinct mammaliaform that lived during the Sinemurian stage of the Early Jurassic approximately in the Lufeng Formation in what is now the Yunnan province in south-western China (paleocoordinates). It is considered as the closest relative of the class Mammalia.
Hair
Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis.
See Mammal and Hair
Hairball
A hairball is a small collection of hair or fur formed in the stomach of animals, and uncommonly in humans, that is occasionally vomited up when it becomes too big.
Haldanodon
Haldanodon is an extinct docodont mammaliaform which lived in the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, about 145 million years ago).
Hammer-headed bat
The hammer-headed bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), also known as hammer-headed fruit bat, big-lipped bat, and hammerhead bat, is a megabat widely distributed in West and Central Africa.
See Mammal and Hammer-headed bat
Haramiyavia
Haramiyavia is a genus of synapsid in the clade Haramiyida that existed about 200 million years ago in the Rhaetian stage of the Triassic.
Haramiyida
Haramiyida is a possibly paraphyletic order of mammaliaform cynodonts or mammals of controversial taxonomic affinites.
Hard palate
The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate made up of two bones of the facial skeleton, located in the roof of the mouth.
Harem (zoology)
A harem is an animal group consisting of one or two males, a number of females, and their offspring.
See Mammal and Harem (zoology)
Harry Harlow
Harry Frederick Harlow (October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981) was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development.
Haustrum (anatomy)
The haustra (haustrum) of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation (sac formation), which give the colon its segmented appearance.
See Mammal and Haustrum (anatomy)
Heart
The heart is a muscular organ found in most animals.
See Mammal and Heart
Heck cattle
The Heck or Munich-Berlin is a German breed or type of domestic cattle.
Hedgehog
A hedgehog is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family Erinaceidae.
Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.
Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
Herbivores are dependent on plants for food, and have coevolved mechanisms to obtain this food despite the evolution of a diverse arsenal of plant defenses against herbivory.
See Mammal and Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
Hermaphrodite
A hermaphrodite is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes.
Heterosis
Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring.
Hibernation
Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species.
Hierarchy
A hierarchy (from Greek:, from, 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another.
Hippopotamus
The hippopotamus (hippopotamuses or hippopotami; Hippopotamus amphibius), also shortened to hippo (hippos), further qualified as the common hippopotamus, Nile hippopotamus, or river hippopotamus, is a large semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa.
Holocene extinction
The Holocene extinction, or Anthropocene extinction, is the ongoing extinction event caused by humans during the Holocene epoch.
See Mammal and Holocene extinction
Honey badger
The honey badger (Mellivora capensis), also known as the ratel, is a mammal widely distributed in Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
Horse
The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal.
See Mammal and Horse
Horse gait
Horses can use various gaits (patterns of leg movement) during locomotion across solid ground, either naturally or as a result of specialized training by humans.
Horse racing
Horse racing is an equestrian performance activity, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys (or sometimes driven without riders) over a set distance for competition.
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
See Mammal and Human
Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
See Mammal and Human digestive system
Human uses of mammals
Human uses of mammals include both practical uses, such as for food, sport, and transport, and symbolic uses, such as in art and mythology.
See Mammal and Human uses of mammals
Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived lifestyle, in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild edible plants but also insects, fungi, honey, bird eggs, or anything safe to eat, and/or by hunting game (pursuing and/or trapping and killing wild animals, including catching fish).
See Mammal and Hunter-gatherer
Hunting
Hunting is the human practice of seeking, pursuing, capturing, and killing wildlife or feral animals.
Hybrid (biology)
In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species or genera through sexual reproduction.
See Mammal and Hybrid (biology)
Hybrid zone
A hybrid zone exists where the ranges of two interbreeding species or diverged intraspecific lineages meet and cross-fertilize.
Hyena
Hyenas or hyaenas (from Ancient Greek ὕαινα) are feliform carnivoran mammals belonging to the family Hyaenidae.
See Mammal and Hyena
Hypercarnivore
A hypercarnivore is an animal which has a diet that is more than 70% meat, either via active predation or by scavenging.
Hypocarnivore
A hypocarnivore is an animal that consumes less than 30% meat for its diet, the majority of which consists of fungi, fruits, and other plant material.
Hypoglossal nerve
The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve.
See Mammal and Hypoglossal nerve
Hyrax
Hyraxes (from ancient Greek ''ὕραξ'' (húrax) 'shrew-mouse'), also called '''dassies''', are small, stout, herbivorous mammals in the order Hyracoidea.
See Mammal and Hyrax
Incertae sedis
of uncertain placement or problematica is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined.
Incisor
Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals.
Incus
The incus (incudes) or anvil in the ear is one of three small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear.
See Mammal and Incus
Infrasound
Infrasound, sometimes referred to as low frequency sound, describes sound waves with a frequency below the lower limit of human audibility (generally 20 Hz, as defined by the ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 standard).
Insect
Insects (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta.
Insectivora
The order Insectivora (from Latin insectum "insect" and vorare "to eat") is a now-abandoned biological grouping within the class of mammals.
Insectivore
robber fly eating a hoverfly An insectivore is a carnivorous animal or plant that eats insects.
Insemination
Insemination is the introduction of sperm into a female's reproductive system in order to fertilize the female for sexual reproduction.
Intelligence
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving.
Intensive farming
Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming (as opposed to extensive farming), conventional, or industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area.
See Mammal and Intensive farming
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is an intergovernmental organization established to improve the interface between science and policy on issues of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
See Mammal and Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Internal fertilization
Internal fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm cell during sexual reproduction inside the female body.
See Mammal and Internal fertilization
International Union for Conservation of Nature
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
See Mammal and International Union for Conservation of Nature
Introgression
Introgression, also known as introgressive hybridization, in genetics is the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species.
IUCN Red List
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species.
Ivory trade
The ivory trade is the commercial, often illegal trade in the ivory tusks of the hippopotamus, walrus, narwhal, black and white rhinos, mammoth, and most commonly, African and Asian elephants.
Japanese macaque
The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), also known as the snow monkey, is a terrestrial Old World monkey species that is native to Japan.
See Mammal and Japanese macaque
Jaw
The jaws are a pair of opposable articulated structures at the entrance of the mouth, typically used for grasping and manipulating food.
See Mammal and Jaw
Journal of Mammalogy
The Journal of Mammalogy is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Mammalogists.
See Mammal and Journal of Mammalogy
Juramaia
Juramaia is an extinct genus of a therian mammal, possibly a very basal eutherian mammal, known from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian stage) or Early Cretaceous deposits of western Liaoning, China.
Jurassic
The Jurassic is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya.
Kangaroo
Kangaroos are marsupials from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning "large foot").
Kangaroo rat
Kangaroo rats, small mostly nocturnal rodents of genus Dipodomys, are native to arid areas of western North America.
Kayentatherium
Kayentatherium is an extinct genus of tritylodontid cynodonts that lived during the Early Jurassic.
Kitti's hog-nosed bat
Kitti's hog-nosed bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai), also known as the bumblebee bat, is a near-threatened species of bat and the only extant member of the family Craseonycteridae.
See Mammal and Kitti's hog-nosed bat
Knockout mouse
A knockout mouse, or knock-out mouse, is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or "knocked out", an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
Knuckle-walking
Knuckle-walking is a form of quadrupedal walking in which the forelimbs hold the fingers in a partially flexed posture that allows body weight to press down on the ground through the knuckles.
See Mammal and Knuckle-walking
Ku80
Ku80 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XRCC5 gene.
See Mammal and Ku80
Kuehneotheriidae
Kuehneotheriidae is an extinct family of mammaliaforms traditionally placed within 'Symmetrodonta', though now generally considered more basal than true symmetrodonts.
See Mammal and Kuehneotheriidae
Labia
The labia are the major externally visible portions of the vulva.
See Mammal and Labia
Lactation
Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.
Lactose
Lactose, or milk sugar, is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose and has the molecular formula C12H22O11.
Lagomorpha
The lagomorphs are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two living families: the Leporidae (rabbits and hares) and the Ochotonidae (pikas).
Laminar flow
Laminar flow is the property of fluid particles in fluid dynamics to follow smooth paths in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with little or no mixing.
Language
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.
Larynx
The larynx, commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
Lascaux
Lascaux (Grotte de Lascaux, "Lascaux Cave") is a network of caves near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France.
Late Pleistocene extinctions
The Late Pleistocene to the beginning of the Holocene saw the extinction of the majority of the world's megafaunal (typically defined as having body masses over) animal species (the Pleistocene megafauna), which resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity across the globe.
See Mammal and Late Pleistocene extinctions
Late Triassic
The Late Triassic is the third and final epoch of the Triassic Period in the geologic time scale, spanning the time between Ma and Ma (million years ago).
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Mammal and Latin
Laurasiatheria
Laurasiatheria ("laurasian beasts") is a superorder of placental mammals that groups together true insectivores (eulipotyphlans), bats (chiropterans), carnivorans, pangolins (pholidotes), even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls), and all their extinct relatives.
Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences.
Leather
Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay.
Lek mating
A lek is an aggregation of male animals gathered to engage in competitive displays and courtship rituals, known as lekking, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners with which to mate.
Lemur
Lemurs (from Latin lemures – "ghosts" or "spirits") are wet-nosed primates of the superfamily Lemuroidea, divided into 8 families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 existing species.
See Mammal and Lemur
Leptictida
Leptictida (leptos iktis "small/slender weasel") is a possibly paraphyletic extinct order of eutherian mammals.
Liaoning
Liaoning is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region.
Lion
The lion (Panthera leo) is a large cat of the genus Panthera, native to Africa and India.
See Mammal and Lion
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
See Mammal and Lipid
Lipotyphla
Lipotyphla is a formerly used order of mammals, including the members of the order Eulipotyphla (i.e. the solenodons, family Solenodontidae; hedgehogs and gymnures, family Erinaceidae; desmans, moles, and shrew-like moles, family Talpidae; and true shrews, family Soricidae) as well as three other families of the former order Insectivora, Chrysochloridae (golden moles), Tenrecidae (tenrecs), and Potamogalidae (otter shrews).
List of endangered mammals
In September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed 474 endangered mammalian species.
See Mammal and List of endangered mammals
List of mammal genera
There are currently 1,258 genera, 161 families, 27 orders, and around 5,937 recognized living species of mammal.
See Mammal and List of mammal genera
List of mammalogists
This is a list of notable mammalogists, in alphabetical order by surname.
See Mammal and List of mammalogists
List of mammals described in the 2000s
Although the mammals are well studied in comparison to other animal groups, new species are still being discovered.
See Mammal and List of mammals described in the 2000s
List of monotremes and marsupials
The class Mammalia (mammals) is divided into two subclasses based on reproductive techniques: egg-laying mammals (yinotherians or monotremes - see also Australosphenida), and mammals which give live birth (therians).
See Mammal and List of monotremes and marsupials
List of placental mammals
The class Mammalia (mammals) is divided into two subclasses based on reproductive techniques: monotremes, which lay eggs, and therians, mammals which give live birth, which has two infraclasses: marsupials (pouched mammals) and placental mammals.
See Mammal and List of placental mammals
List of prehistoric mammals
This is an incomplete list of prehistoric mammals.
See Mammal and List of prehistoric mammals
List of recently extinct mammals
Recently extinct mammals are defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as any mammals that have become extinct since the year 1500 CE.
See Mammal and List of recently extinct mammals
Lists of IUCN Red List critically endangered species
Version 2014.2 of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species identified 4574 Critically Endangered species, subspecies and varieties, stocks and subpopulations.
See Mammal and Lists of IUCN Red List critically endangered species
Lists of mammals by population
This is a collection of lists of mammal species by the estimated global population, divided by orders.
See Mammal and Lists of mammals by population
Lists of mammals by region
Lists of mammals by region cover mammals found in different parts of the world.
See Mammal and Lists of mammals by region
Live Science
Live Science is a science news website.
Liver
The liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and various other biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.
See Mammal and Liver
Livestock
Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting in order to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.
Living Planet Report
The Living Planet Report is published every two years by the World Wide Fund for Nature since 1998.
See Mammal and Living Planet Report
Lizard
Lizard is the common name used for all squamate reptiles other than snakes (and to a lesser extent amphisbaenians), encompassing over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains.
Local extinction
Local extinction, also extirpation, is the termination of a species (or other taxon) in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere.
See Mammal and Local extinction
Loop of Henle
In the kidney, the loop of Henle (or Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop or its Latin counterpart ansa nephroni) is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.
Loudness
In acoustics, loudness is the subjective perception of sound pressure.
Lung
The lungs are the central organs of the respiratory system in humans and some other animals, including tetrapods, some snails and a small number of fish.
See Mammal and Lung
Maastrichtian
The Maastrichtian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) geologic timescale, the latest age (uppermost stage) of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series, the Cretaceous Period or System, and of the Mesozoic Era or Erathem.
Machairodontinae
Machairodontinae is an extinct subfamily of carnivoran mammals of the family Felidae (true cats).
See Mammal and Machairodontinae
Malcolm McKenna
Malcolm Carnegie McKenna (1930–2008) was an American paleontologist and author on the subject.
See Mammal and Malcolm McKenna
Malleus
The malleus, or hammer, is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear.
Mammal classification
Mammalia is a class of animal within the phylum Chordata.
See Mammal and Mammal classification
Mammal Species of the World
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference is a standard reference work in mammalogy giving descriptions and bibliographic data for the known species of mammals.
See Mammal and Mammal Species of the World
Mammaliaformes
Mammaliaformes ("mammalian forms") is a clade that contains the crown group mammals and their closest extinct relatives; the group radiated from earlier probainognathian cynodonts.
Mammaliamorpha
Mammaliamorpha is a clade of cynodonts.
Mammalian Biology
Mammalian Biology (formerly Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde) is a peer-reviewed bimonthly international scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media, also known as Springer, and edited by the German Society for Mammalian Biology.
See Mammal and Mammalian Biology
Mammalian kidney
The mammalian kidneys are a pair of excretory organs of the urinary system of mammals, being functioning kidneys in postnatal-to-adult individuals (i. e. metanephric kidneys).
See Mammal and Mammalian kidney
Mammary gland
A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in humans and other mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring.
Mammoth
A mammoth is any species of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus. They lived from the late Miocene epoch (from around 6.2 million years ago) into the Holocene about 4,000 years ago, and various species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America.
Manatee
Manatees (family Trichechidae, genus Trichechus) are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows.
Mandible
In jawed vertebrates, the mandible (from the Latin mandibula, 'for chewing'), lower jaw, or jawbone is a bone that makes up the lowerand typically more mobilecomponent of the mouth (the upper jaw being known as the maxilla).
Mandrill
The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is a large Old World monkey native to west central Africa.
Marine mammal
Marine mammals are mammals that rely on marine (saltwater) ecosystems for their existence.
Marmoset
The marmosets, also known as zaris or sagoin, are twenty-two New World monkey species of the genera Callithrix, Cebuella, Callibella, and Mico.
Marsupial
Marsupials are a diverse group of mammals belonging to the infraclass Marsupialia.
Marsupial mole
Marsupial moles, the Notoryctidae family, are two species of highly specialized marsupial mammals that are found in the Australian interior.
Mating system
A mating system is a way in which a group is structured in relation to sexual behaviour.
Maxilla
In vertebrates, the maxilla (maxillae) is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones.
Maxillary canine
In human dentistry, the maxillary canine is the tooth located laterally (away from the midline of the face) from both maxillary lateral incisors of the mouth but mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both maxillary first premolars.
See Mammal and Maxillary canine
Meat
Meat is animal tissue, often muscle, that is eaten as food.
See Mammal and Meat
Megaconus
Megaconus is an extinct genus of allotherian mammal from the Middle Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China.
Megafauna
In zoology, megafauna (from Greek μέγας megas "large" and Neo-Latin fauna "animal life") are large animals.
Megazostrodon
Megazostrodon is an extinct genus of basal mammaliaforms belonging to the order Morganucodonta.
Melanin
Melanin is a family of biomolecules organized as oligomers or polymers, which among other functions provide the pigments of many organisms.
Melon (cetacean)
The melon is a mass of adipose tissue found in the foreheads of all toothed whales.
See Mammal and Melon (cetacean)
Merkel cell
Merkel cells, also known as Merkel–Ranvier cells or tactile epithelial cells, are oval-shaped mechanoreceptors essential for light touch sensation and found in the skin of vertebrates.
Mesocarnivore
A mesocarnivore is an animal whose diet consists of 50–70% meat with the balance consisting of non-vertebrate foods which may include insects, fungi, fruits, other plant material and any food that is available to them.
Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era is the penultimate era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about, comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods.
Metabolic waste
Metabolic wastes or excrements are substances left over from metabolic processes (such as cellular respiration) which cannot be used by the organism (they are surplus or toxic), and must therefore be excreted.
See Mammal and Metabolic waste
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Metacognition
Metacognition is an awareness of one's thought processes and an understanding of the patterns behind them.
Metatheria
Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals.
Mexican mouse opossum
The Mexican mouse opossum (Marmosa mexicana) is a species of North American opossum in the family Didelphidae.
See Mammal and Mexican mouse opossum
Microbat
Microbats constitute the suborder Microchiroptera within the order Chiroptera (bats).
Microbiotheria
Microbiotheria is an australidelphian marsupial order that encompasses two families, Microbiotheriidae and Woodburnodontidae, and is represented by only one extant species, the monito del monte, and a number of extinct species known from fossils in South America, Western Antarctica, and northeastern Australia.
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
Midbrain
The midbrain or mesencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brainstem connecting the diencephalon and cerebrum with the pons. It consists of the cerebral peduncles, tegmentum, and tectum.
Middle ear
The middle ear is the portion of the ear medial to the eardrum, and distal to the oval window of the cochlea (of the inner ear).
Middle Jurassic
The Middle Jurassic is the second epoch of the Jurassic Period.
See Mammal and Middle Jurassic
Milk
Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. Mammal and Milk are mammals.
See Mammal and Milk
Mineral
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.
Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
Mirror stage
The mirror stage (stade du miroir) is a concept in the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan.
Mirror test
The mirror test—sometimes called the mark test, mirror self-recognition (MSR) test, red spot technique, or rouge test—is a behavioral technique developed in 1970 by American psychologist Gordon Gallup Jr. as an attempt to determine whether an animal possesses the ability of visual self-recognition.
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
See Mammal and Mitochondrial DNA
Model organism
A model organism (often shortened to model) is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
Mole (animal)
Moles are small mammals adapted to a subterranean lifestyle.
Monito del monte
The monito del monte (Dromiciops gliroides), or colocolo opossum, is a diminutive species of marsupial native only to south-western South America (Argentina and Chile).
See Mammal and Monito del monte
Monkey
Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known as the simians.
Monogamy in animals
Monogamous pairing in animals refers to the natural history of mating systems in which species pair bond to raise offspring.
See Mammal and Monogamy in animals
Monotreme
Monotremes are mammals of the order Monotremata.
Morganucodonta
Morganucodonta ("Glamorgan teeth") is an extinct order of basal Mammaliaformes, a group including crown-group mammals (Mammalia) and their close relatives.
Morphology (biology)
Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
See Mammal and Morphology (biology)
Moss
Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta sensu stricto.
See Mammal and Moss
Most recent common ancestor
In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA), of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended.
See Mammal and Most recent common ancestor
Motor cortex
The motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.
Moulting
In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is a process by which an animal casts off parts of its body to serve some beneficial purpose, either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle.
Mouse
A mouse (mice) is a small rodent.
See Mammal and Mouse
Multituberculata
Multituberculata (commonly known as multituberculates, named for the multiple tubercles of their teeth) is an extinct order of rodent-like mammals with a fossil record spanning over 130 million years.
See Mammal and Multituberculata
Muridae
The Muridae, or murids, are either the largest or second-largest family of rodents and of mammals, containing approximately 870 species, including many species of mice, rats, and gerbils found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.
Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle cells.
See Mammal and Muscle contraction
Muscle fascicle
A muscle fascicle is a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue.
See Mammal and Muscle fascicle
Muskox
The muskox (Ovibos moschatus, in Latin "musky sheep-ox"), also spelled musk ox and musk-ox, plural muskoxen or musk oxen (in translit; in translit, label), is a hoofed mammal of the family Bovidae.
Naked mole-rat
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), also known as the sand puppy, is a burrowing rodent native to the Horn of Africa and parts of Kenya, notably in Somali regions.
Nasalization
In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth.
Nectarivore
In zoology, a nectarivore is an animal which derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of the sugar-rich nectar produced by flowering plants.
Neocortex
The neocortex, also called the neopallium, isocortex, or the six-layered cortex, is a set of layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.
Neogene
The Neogene is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago.
Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.
See Mammal and Neolithic Revolution
Neontology
Neontology is a part of biology that, in contrast to paleontology, deals with living (or, more generally, recent) organisms.
Nocturnal bottleneck
The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain several mammalian traits.
See Mammal and Nocturnal bottleneck
Non-governmental organization
A non-governmental organization (NGO) (see spelling differences) is an organization that generally is formed independent from government.
See Mammal and Non-governmental organization
Northern white-cheeked gibbon
The northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is a Critically Endangered species of gibbon native to South East Asia.
See Mammal and Northern white-cheeked gibbon
Notoryctidae
Notoryctidae are a family of marsupials comprising the marsupial moles and their fossil relatives.
Nuclear DNA
Nuclear DNA (nDNA), or nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid, is the DNA contained within each cell nucleus of a eukaryotic organism.
Observational learning
Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.
See Mammal and Observational learning
Occipital condyles
The occipital condyles are undersurface protuberances of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra.
See Mammal and Occipital condyles
Occlusion (dentistry)
Occlusion, in a dental context, means simply the contact between teeth.
See Mammal and Occlusion (dentistry)
Oceanic dolphin
Oceanic dolphins or Delphinidae are a widely distributed family of dolphins that live in the sea.
See Mammal and Oceanic dolphin
Oligosaccharide
An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides (simple sugars).
See Mammal and Oligosaccharide
Omasum
The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants.
Omnivore
An omnivore is an animal that has the ability to eat and survive on both plant and animal matter.
Opossum
Opossums are members of the marsupial order Didelphimorphia endemic to the Americas.
Orangutan
Orangutans are great apes native to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia.
Orca
The orca (Orcinus orca), or killer whale, is a toothed whale that is the largest member of the oceanic dolphin family.
See Mammal and Orca
Order (biology)
Order (ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy.
See Mammal and Order (biology)
Orycteropodidae
Orycteropodidae is a family of afrotherian mammals.
See Mammal and Orycteropodidae
Otter
Otters are carnivorous mammals in the subfamily Lutrinae.
See Mammal and Otter
Overconsumption (economics)
Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them.
See Mammal and Overconsumption (economics)
Oviduct
The oviduct in vertebrates is the passageway from an ovary.
Pack animal
A pack animal, also known as a sumpter animal or beast of burden, is an individual or type of working animal used by humans as means of transporting materials by attaching them so their weight bears on the animal's back, in contrast to draft animals which pull loads but do not carry them.
Paenungulata
Paenungulata (from Latin paene "almost" + ungulātus "having hoofs") is a clade of "sub-ungulates", which groups three extant mammal orders: Proboscidea (including elephants), Sirenia (sea cows, including dugongs and manatees), and Hyracoidea (hyraxes).
Pair bond
In biology, a pair bond is the strong affinity that develops in some species between a mating pair, often leading to the production and rearing of young and potentially a lifelong bond.
Palaeogeography
Palaeogeography (or paleogeography) is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes.
See Mammal and Palaeogeography
Paleocene
The Paleocene, or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya).
Paleogene
The Paleogene Period (also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma.
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.
Paleontology
Paleontology, also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to the start of the Holocene epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).
Pangolin
Pangolins, sometimes known as scaly anteaters, are mammals of the order Pholidota.
Paraphyly
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages.
Parental care
Parental care is a behavioural and evolutionary strategy adopted by some animals, involving a parental investment being made to the evolutionary fitness of offspring.
Pastoralism
Pastoralism is a form of animal husbandry where domesticated animals (known as "livestock") are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands (pastures) for grazing, historically by nomadic people who moved around with their herds.
Paucituberculata
Paucituberculata is an order of South American marsupials.
See Mammal and Paucituberculata
Père David's deer
The Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), also known as the milu or elaphure, is a species of deer native to the subtropical river valleys of China.
See Mammal and Père David's deer
Peccary
Peccaries (also javelinas or skunk pigs) are pig-like ungulates of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs).
Pelycosaur
Pelycosaur is an older term for basal or primitive Late Paleozoic synapsids, excluding the therapsids and their descendants.
Penguin
Penguins are a group of aquatic flightless birds from the family Spheniscidae of the order Sphenisciformes.
Penile sheath
Almost all mammal penises have foreskins or prepuces, although in non-human cases, the foreskin is usually a sheath (sometimes called the preputial sheath, praeputium or penile sheath) into which the whole penis is retracted.
Penis
A penis (penises or penes) is a male sex organ that is used to inseminate female or hermaphrodite animals during copulation.
See Mammal and Penis
Pennsylvanian (geology)
The Pennsylvanian (also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, on the ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two subperiods of the Carboniferous Period (or the upper of two subsystems of the Carboniferous System).
See Mammal and Pennsylvanian (geology)
Peramelemorphia
The order Peramelemorphia includes the bandicoots and bilbies.
See Mammal and Peramelemorphia
Periaqueductal gray
The periaqueductal gray (PAG, also known as the central gray) is a brain region that plays a critical role in autonomic function, motivated behavior and behavioural responses to threatening stimuli.
See Mammal and Periaqueductal gray
Perinate
A perinate is a member of a viviparous species from approximately one month before birth to one month after it.
Perissodactyla
Perissodactyla is an order of ungulates.
Permian
The Permian is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya.
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Approximately 251.9 million years ago, the Permian–Triassic (P–T, P–Tr) extinction event (PTME; also known as the Late Permian extinction event, the Latest Permian extinction event, the End-Permian extinction event, and colloquially as the Great Dying) forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, and with them the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
See Mammal and Permian–Triassic extinction event
Pet
A pet, or companion animal, is an animal kept primarily for a person's company or entertainment rather than as a working animal, livestock, or a laboratory animal.
See Mammal and Pet
Phalangeriformes
Phalangeriformes is a paraphyletic suborder of about 70 species of small to medium-sized arboreal marsupials native to Australia, New Guinea, and Sulawesi.
See Mammal and Phalangeriformes
Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacovigilance (PV, or PhV), also known as drug safety, is the pharmaceutical science relating to the "collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention" of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products.
See Mammal and Pharmacovigilance
Phenotype
In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
Phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.
Pig
The pig (Sus domesticus), also called swine (swine) or hog, is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal.
See Mammal and Pig
Pilosa
The order Pilosa is a clade of xenarthran placental mammals, native to the Americas.
Pinniped
Pinnipeds (pronounced), commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals.
Pitch (music)
Pitch is a perceptual property that allows sounds to be ordered on a frequency-related scale, or more commonly, pitch is the quality that makes it possible to judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical melodies.
Placenta
The placenta (placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation.
Placentalia
Placental mammals (infraclass Placentalia) are one of the three extant subdivisions of the class Mammalia, the other two being Monotremata and Marsupialia.
Plantigrade
Portion of a human skeleton, showing plantigrade habit In terrestrial animals, plantigrade locomotion means walking with the toes and metatarsals flat on the ground.
Platypus
The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania.
Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy
In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades.
See Mammal and Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy
Poaching
Poaching is the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights.
Poikilotherm
A poikilotherm is an animal (Greek poikilos – 'various, spotted', and therme – 'heat) whose internal temperature varies considerably.
Polar bear
The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a large bear native to the Arctic and nearby areas.
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins involved in a number of cellular processes such as DNA repair, genomic stability, and programmed cell death.
See Mammal and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
Polyandry in animals
In behavioral ecology, polyandry is a class of mating system where one female mates with several males in a breeding season.
See Mammal and Polyandry in animals
Polygynandry
Polygynandry is a mating system in which both males and females have multiple mating partners during a breeding season.
Polygyny in animals
Polygyny (from Neo-Greek) is a mating system in which one male lives and mates with multiple females but each female only mates with a few males.
See Mammal and Polygyny in animals
Polyphagia
Polyphagia or hyperphagia is an abnormally strong, incessant sensation of hunger or desire to eat often leading to overeating.
Polyphenism
A polyphenic trait is a trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype as a result of differing environmental conditions.
Polyphyodont
A polyphyodont is any animal whose teeth are continually replaced.
Population growth
Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group.
See Mammal and Population growth
Porcupine
Porcupines are large rodents with coats of sharp spines, or quills, that protect them against predation.
Pouch (marsupial)
The pouch is a distinguishing feature of female marsupials, monotremes (and rarely in the males as in the yapokNogueira, José Carlos, et al. "" Journal of mammalogy 85.5 (2004): 834-841. and the extinct thylacine); the name marsupial is derived from the Latin marsupium, meaning "pouch".
See Mammal and Pouch (marsupial)
Prairie dog
Prairie dogs (genus Cynomys) are herbivorous burrowing ground squirrels native to the grasslands of North America.
Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey.
Pregnancy (mammals)
In mammals, pregnancy is the period of reproduction during which a female carries one or more live offspring from implantation in the uterus through gestation.
See Mammal and Pregnancy (mammals)
Prehensile tail
A prehensile tail is the tail of an animal that has adapted to grasp or hold objects.
See Mammal and Prehensile tail
Premaxilla
The premaxilla (or praemaxilla) is one of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing teeth.
Preptotheria
Preptotheria is a superorder of placental mammals proposed by McKenna & Bell in their classification of mammals.
Primate
Primates is an order of mammals, which is further divided into the strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and lorisids; and the haplorhines, which include tarsiers; and the simians, which include monkeys and apes.
Primatomorpha
Primatomorpha is a proposed mirorder of mammals containing the orders Dermoptera (or colugos) and Primates.
Probainognathia
Probainognathia is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia.
See Mammal and Probainognathia
Proboscidea
Proboscidea is a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family (Elephantidae) and several extinct families.
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Prototheria
Prototheria (from Greek πρώτος, prōtos, first, + θήρ, thēr, wild animal) is an obsolete subclass of mammals which includes the living Monotremata and to which a variety of extinct groups, including Morganucodonta, Docodonta, Triconodonta and Multituberculata, have also been assigned.
Protozoa
Protozoa (protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris.
Protungulatum
Protungulatum ('first ungulate') is an extinct genus of eutherian mammals within extinct family Protungulatidae, and is possibly one of the earliest known placental mammals in the fossil record, that lived in North America from the Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene.
Pterosaur
Pterosaurs (from Greek pteron and sauros, meaning "wing lizard") are an extinct clade of flying reptiles in the order Pterosauria.
Pulmonary alveolus
A pulmonary alveolus (alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity"), also known as an air sac or air space, is one of millions of hollow, distensible cup-shaped cavities in the lungs where pulmonary gas exchange takes place.
See Mammal and Pulmonary alveolus
Pulmonary vein
The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Purebred
Purebreds are like cultivars of an animal species achieved through the process of selective breeding.
Purr
A purr or whirr is a tonal fluttering sound made by some species of felids, including both larger, outdoor cats and the domestic cat (Felis catus), as well as two species of genets.
See Mammal and Purr
Quadrate bone
The quadrate bone is a skull bone in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids.
Quadrupedalism
Quadrupedalism is a form of locomotion where animals have four legs are used to bear weight and move around.
Quagga
The quagga (Equus quagga quagga) is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra that was endemic to South Africa until it was hunted to extinction in the late 19th century.
Quagga Project
The Quagga Project is an attempt by a group in South Africa to use selective breeding to achieve a breeding lineage of Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii) which visually resemble the extinct quagga (Equus quagga quagga).
R/K selection theory
In ecology, selection theory relates to the selection of combinations of traits in an organism that trade off between quantity and quality of offspring.
See Mammal and R/K selection theory
Rabbit
Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae (which also includes the hares), which is in the order Lagomorpha (which also includes pikas).
Raccoon
The raccoon (or, Procyon lotor), also spelled racoon and sometimes called the common raccoon or northern raccoon to distinguish it from the other species, is a mammal native to North America.
Rat
Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents.
See Mammal and Rat
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles.
See Mammal and Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Red deer
The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest deer species.
Red wolf
The red wolf (Canis rufus) is a canine native to the southeastern United States.
Relative density
Relative density, also called specific gravity, is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.
See Mammal and Relative density
Renal cortex
The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.
Renal medulla
The renal medulla (Latin: medulla renis 'marrow of the kidney') is the innermost part of the kidney.
Renal pelvis
The renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney.
Reniculate kidney
The reniculate kidney is a multilobed kidney found in marine and aquatic mammals such as pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and walruses) and cetaceans (dolphins and whales) but absent in terrestrial mammals except bears.
See Mammal and Reniculate kidney
Rensch's rule
Rensch's rule is a biological rule on allometrics, concerning the relationship between the extent of sexual size dimorphism and which sex is larger.
Reptile
Reptiles, as commonly defined, are a group of tetrapods with usually an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development.
Reptiliomorpha
Reptiliomorpha (meaning reptile-shaped; in PhyloCode known as Pan-Amniota) is a clade containing the amniotes and those tetrapods that share a more recent common ancestor with amniotes than with living amphibians (lissamphibians).
Reticulum (anatomy)
The reticulum is the second chamber in the four-chamber alimentary canal of a ruminant animal.
See Mammal and Reticulum (anatomy)
Retrotransposon
Retrotransposons (also called Class I transposable elements) are mobile elements which move in the host genome by converting their transcribed RNA into DNA through the reverse transcription.
See Mammal and Retrotransposon
Retrotransposon marker
Retrotransposon markers are components of DNA which are used as cladistic markers.
See Mammal and Retrotransposon marker
Rhesus macaque
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), colloquially rhesus monkey, is a species of Old World monkey.
Rhinoceros
A rhinoceros (rhinoceros or rhinoceroses), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is a member of any of the five extant species (or numerous extinct species) of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae; it can also refer to a member of any of the extinct species of the superfamily Rhinocerotoidea.
Rib cage
The rib cage or thoracic cage is an endoskeletal enclosure in the thorax of most vertebrates that comprises the ribs, vertebral column and sternum, which protect the vital organs of the thoracic cavity, such as the heart, lungs and great vessels and support the shoulder girdle to form the core part of the axial skeleton.
Right whale
Right whales are three species of large baleen whales of the genus Eubalaena: the North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis), the North Pacific right whale (E. japonica) and the Southern right whale (E. australis).
Roar (vocalization)
A roar is a type of animal vocalization that is loud, deep and resonating.
See Mammal and Roar (vocalization)
Rodent
Rodents (from Latin rodere, 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.
Rumen
The rumen, also known as a paunch, is the largest stomach compartment in ruminants and the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals.
See Mammal and Rumen
Ruminant
Ruminants are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyls belonging to the suborder Ruminantia that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.
Running
Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion by which humans and other animals move rapidly on foot.
Sauropsida
Sauropsida (Greek for "lizard faces") is a clade of amniotes, broadly equivalent to the class Reptilia, though typically used in a broader sense to also include extinct stem-group relatives of modern reptiles and birds (which, as theropod dinosaurs, are nested within reptiles as more closely related to crocodilians than to lizards or turtles).
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
See Mammal and Science (journal)
Scientific American
Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.
See Mammal and Scientific American
Screaming
A scream is a loud/hard vocalization in which air is passed through the vocal cords with greater force than is used in regular or close-distance vocalisation.
Scrotifera
Scrotifera ("scrotum bearers") is a clade of placental mammals that groups together grandorder Ferungulata, Chiroptera (bats), other extinct members and their common ancestors.
Scrotum
In most terrestrial mammals, the scrotum (scrotums or scrota; possibly from Latin scortum, meaning "hide" or "skin") or scrotal sac is a part of the external male genitalia located at the base of the penis.
Sea turtle
Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira.
Seed
In botany, a seed is a plant embryo and food reserve enclosed in a protective outer covering called a seed coat (testa).
See Mammal and Seed
Seed predation
Seed predation, often referred to as granivory, is a type of plant-animal interaction in which granivores (seed predators) feed on the seeds of plants as a main or exclusive food source,Hulme, P.E. and Benkman, C.W. (2002) "Granivory", pp.
Selective breeding
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.
See Mammal and Selective breeding
Self-awareness
In philosophy of self, self-awareness is the experience of one's own personality or individuality.
Semen
Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is a bodily fluid that contains spermatozoa.
See Mammal and Semen
Semiaquatic
In biology, being semi-aquatic refers to various macroorganisms that live regularly in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Sequencing
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (sometimes incorrectly called the primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.
Seta
In biology, setae (seta; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.
See Mammal and Seta
Sex chromosome
Sex chromosomes (also referred to as allosomes, heterotypical chromosome, gonosomes, heterochromosomes, or idiochromosomes) are chromosomes that carry the genes that determine the sex of an individual.
Sex-determination system
A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism.
See Mammal and Sex-determination system
Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction.
See Mammal and Sexual dimorphism
Sexual selection
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection in which members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).
See Mammal and Sexual selection
Sexual selection in mammals
Sexual selection in mammals is a process the study of which started with Charles Darwin's observations concerning sexual selection, including sexual selection in humans, and in other mammals, consisting of male–male competition and mate choice that mold the development of future phenotypes in a population for a given species.
See Mammal and Sexual selection in mammals
Shale
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.
See Mammal and Shale
Sheep
Sheep (sheep) or domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are a domesticated, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock.
See Mammal and Sheep
Shoe
A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot.
See Mammal and Shoe
Shrew
Shrews (family Soricidae) are small mole-like mammals classified in the order Eulipotyphla.
See Mammal and Shrew
Shrew opossum
The family Caenolestidae contains the seven surviving species of shrew opossum: small, shrew-like marsupials that are confined to the Andes mountains of South America.
Siberian tiger
The Siberian tiger or Amur tiger is a population of the tiger subspecies Panthera tigris tigris native to the Russian Far East, Northeast China and possibly North Korea.
Signalling theory
Within evolutionary biology, signalling theory is a body of theoretical work examining communication between individuals, both within species and across species.
See Mammal and Signalling theory
Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, commonly found in nature as quartz.
See Mammal and Silicon dioxide
Silky anteater
The silky anteater, also known as the pygmy anteater, has traditionally been considered a single species of anteater, Cyclopes didactylus, in the genus Cyclopes, the only living genus in the family Cyclopedidae.
Sinoconodon
Sinoconodon is an extinct genus of mammaliamorphs that appears in the fossil record of the Lufeng Formation of China in the Sinemurian stage of the Early Jurassic period, about 193 million years ago.
Sinodelphys
Sinodelphys is an extinct mammal from the Early Cretaceous, estimated to be 125 million years old.
Sirenia
The Sirenia, commonly referred to as sea cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters.
Skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.
See Mammal and Skin
Skunk
Skunks are mammals in the family Mephitidae.
See Mammal and Skunk
Sloth
Sloths are a Neotropical group of xenarthran mammals constituting the suborder Folivora, including the extant arboreal tree sloths and extinct terrestrial ground sloths.
See Mammal and Sloth
Small mammal
Small mammals or micromammals are a subdivision of mammals based on their body mass and size. Mammal and Small mammal are mammals.
Snake
Snakes are elongated, limbless reptiles of the suborder Serpentes.
See Mammal and Snake
Snowshoe hare
The snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), also called the varying hare or snowshoe rabbit, is a species of hare found in North America.
Social environment
The social environment, social context, sociocultural context or milieu refers to the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops.
See Mammal and Social environment
Solenodon
Solenodons (from σωλήν, 'channel' or 'pipe' and ὀδούς, 'tooth') are venomous, nocturnal, burrowing, insectivorous mammals belonging to the family Solenodontidae.
Soricomorpha
Soricomorpha (from Greek "shrew-form") is a formerly used taxon within the class of mammals.
South American native ungulates
South American native ungulates, commonly abbreviated as SANUs, are extinct ungulate-like mammals of controversial affinities that were indigenous to South America from the Paleocene (from at least 63 million years ago) until the end of the Late Pleistocene (~12,000 years ago).
See Mammal and South American native ungulates
Southern hairy-nosed wombat
The southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) is one of three extant species of wombats.
See Mammal and Southern hairy-nosed wombat
Southern pig-tailed macaque
The southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), also known as the Sundaland pig-tailed macaque and the Sunda pig-tailed macaque, is a medium-sized macaque that lives in Sundaland, southern Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is known locally as berok.
See Mammal and Southern pig-tailed macaque
Spalacotheriidae
Spalacotheriidae is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the paraphyletic group 'Symmetrodonta'.
See Mammal and Spalacotheriidae
Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.
Species
A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
Species affected by poaching
Many species are affected by poaching, including illegal hunting, fishing and capturing of wild animals, and, in a recent usage, the illegal harvesting of wild plant species.
See Mammal and Species affected by poaching
Sperm whale
The sperm whale or cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus) is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator.
Spider monkey
Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus Ateles, part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae.
Spine (zoology)
In a zoological context, spines are hard, needle-like anatomical structures found in both vertebrate and invertebrate species.
See Mammal and Spine (zoology)
Spongy urethra
The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum of the penis.
Spotted hyena
The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), also known as the laughing hyena, is a hyena species, currently classed as the sole extant member of the genus Crocuta, native to sub-Saharan Africa.
Squamosal bone
The squamosal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds.
Squirrel
Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae, a family that includes small or medium-sized rodents.
Stapes
The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other animals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear.
Stoat
The stoat (Mustela erminea), also known as the Eurasian ermine or ermine, is a species of mustelid native to Eurasia and the northern regions of North America.
See Mammal and Stoat
Stomach
The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.
Stotting
Stotting (also called pronking or pronging) is a behavior of quadrupeds, particularly gazelles, in which they spring into the air, lifting all four feet off the ground simultaneously.
Structural coloration
Structural coloration in animals, and a few plants, is the production of colour by microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light instead of pigments, although some structural coloration occurs in combination with pigments.
See Mammal and Structural coloration
Subcutaneous tissue
The subcutaneous tissue, also called the hypodermis, hypoderm, subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.
See Mammal and Subcutaneous tissue
Sugar glider
The sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) is a small, omnivorous, arboreal, and nocturnal gliding possum.
Superior laryngeal nerve
The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve.
See Mammal and Superior laryngeal nerve
Sweat gland
Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands,, are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat.
Symbiosis
Symbiosis (from Greek,, "living with, companionship, camaraderie", from,, "together", and, bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two biological organisms of different species, termed symbionts, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
Synapsida
Synapsida is one of the two major clades of vertebrate animals in the group Amniota, the other being the Sauropsida (which includes reptiles and birds).
Systematics
Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time.
T. S. Kemp
Thomas Stainforth Kemp is a British zoologist and palaeontologist.
Talpa (mammal)
Talpa is a genus in the mole family Talpidae.
Tamarin
The tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus Saguinus.
Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
See Mammal and Taxonomy (biology)
Teat
A teat is the projection from the mammary glands of mammals from which milk flows or is ejected for the purpose of feeding young.
See Mammal and Teat
Teinolophos
Teinolophos is a prehistoric species of monotreme, or egg-laying mammal, from the Teinolophidae.
Temporal fenestra
Temporal fenestrae are openings in the temporal region of the skull of some amniotes, behind the orbit (eye socket).
See Mammal and Temporal fenestra
Tenrec
A tenrec is a mammal belonging to any species within the afrotherian family Tenrecidae, which is endemic to Madagascar.
Termite
Termites are a group of detritophagous eusocial insects which consume a wide variety of decaying plant material, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, and soil humus.
Terrestrial locomotion
Terrestrial locomotion has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments.
See Mammal and Terrestrial locomotion
Territory (animal)
In ethology, territory is the sociographical area that an animal consistently defends against conspecific competition (or, occasionally, against animals of other species) using agonistic behaviors or (less commonly) real physical aggression.
See Mammal and Territory (animal)
Testicle
A testicle or testis (testes) is the male gonad in all bilaterians, including humans.
Tetrapod
A tetrapod is any four-limbed vertebrate animal of the superclass Tetrapoda.
The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
Therapsida
Therapsida is a clade comprising a major group of eupelycosaurian synapsids that includes mammals and their ancestors and close relatives.
Theria
Theria is a subclass of mammals amongst the Theriiformes. Mammal and Theria are extant Middle Jurassic first appearances.
Theriiformes
Theriiformes is a clade of mammals.
Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.
See Mammal and Thermoregulation
Thoracic cavity
The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia).
See Mammal and Thoracic cavity
Thoracic diaphragm
The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (partition), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity.
See Mammal and Thoracic diaphragm
Three-toed sloth
The three-toed or three-fingered sloths are arboreal neotropical mammals.
See Mammal and Three-toed sloth
Thrinaxodon
Thrinaxodon is an extinct genus of cynodonts, including the species T. liorhinus which lived in what are now South Africa and Antarctica during the Early Triassic.
Tikitherium
Tikitherium is an extinct genus of mammaliaforms from India, known from a single upper tooth.
Tinodon
Tinodon is an extinct genus of mammal alive 155–140.2 million years ago (Oxfordian-Berriasian) which has been found in the Morrison Formation (United States),Foster, J. (2007).
Tool use by non-humans
Tool use by non-humans is a phenomenon in which a non-human animal uses any kind of tool in order to achieve a goal such as acquiring food and water, grooming, combat, defence, communication, recreation or construction.
See Mammal and Tool use by non-humans
Tool use by sea otters
The sea otter, Enhydra lutris, is a member of the Mustelidae that is fully aquatic.
See Mammal and Tool use by sea otters
Tooth
A tooth (teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food.
See Mammal and Tooth
Tooth enamel
Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many animals, including some species of fish.
Toothed whale
The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and the sperm whales.
Transport
Transport (in British English) or transportation (in American English) is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another.
Traversodontidae
Traversodontidae is an extinct family of herbivorous cynodonts.
See Mammal and Traversodontidae
Trechnotheria
Trechnotheria is a group of mammals that includes the therians and some fossil mammals from the Mesozoic Era. Mammal and Trechnotheria are extant Middle Jurassic first appearances.
Treeshrew
The treeshrews (also called tree shrews or banxrings) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia.
Triassic
The Triassic (sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya.
Tritylodontidae
Tritylodontidae ("three-knob teeth", named after the shape of their cheek teeth) is an extinct family of small to medium-sized, highly specialized mammal-like cynodonts, with several mammalian traits including erect limbs, endothermy and details of the skeleton.
See Mammal and Tritylodontidae
Trot
The trot is a two-beat diagonal horse gait where the diagonal pairs of legs move forward at the same time with a moment of suspension between each beat.
See Mammal and Trot
Trucidocynodon
Trucidocynodon is an extinct genus of ecteniniid cynodonts from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of Brazil.
Tupinambis
Tupinambis is a lizard genus which belongs to the family Teiidae and contains eight described species.
Turtle
Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines, characterized by a special shell developed mainly from their ribs.
Two-toed sloth
Choloepus is a genus of xenarthran mammals from Central and South America within the monotypic family Choloepodidae, consisting of two-toed sloths, sometimes also called two-fingered sloths.
Ukhaatherium
Ukhaatherium is a now extinct species of mammal that lived during the upper Cretaceous about 84 to 72 million years ago in today's East Asia.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound with frequencies greater than 20 kilohertz.
Ungulate
Ungulates are members of the diverse clade Euungulata ("true ungulates"), which primarily consists of large mammals with hooves.
Upholstery
Upholstery is the work of providing furniture, especially seats, with padding, springs, webbing, and fabric or leather covers.
Upper Paleolithic
The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
See Mammal and Upper Paleolithic
Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.
See Mammal and Urea
Urea cycle
The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2CO from ammonia (NH3).
Ureter
The ureters are tubes composed of smooth muscle that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urethra
The urethra (urethras or urethrae) is the tube that connects the mammalian urinary bladder to the urinary meatus.
Urination
Urination is the release of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals.
See Mammal and Urine
Uterine horns
The uterine horns (cornua of uterus) are the points in the upper uterus where the fallopian tubes or oviducts exit to meet the ovaries.
Uterus
The uterus (from Latin uterus,: uteri) or womb is the organ in the reproductive system of most female mammals, including humans, that accommodates the embryonic and fetal development of one or more embryos until birth.
Vagina
In mammals and other animals, the vagina (vaginas or vaginae) is the elastic, muscular reproductive organ of the female genital tract.
Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, cranial nerve X, or simply CN X, is a cranial nerve that carries sensory fibers that create a pathway that interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
Vellus hair
Vellus hair is short, thin, light-colored, and barely noticeable hair that develops on most of a human's body during childhood.
Ventricle (heart)
A ventricle is one of two large chambers located toward the bottom of the heart that collect and expel blood towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs.
See Mammal and Ventricle (heart)
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Vervet monkey
The vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), or simply vervet, is an Old World monkey of the family Cercopithecidae native to Africa.
Vestigiality
Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species.
Viviparity
In animals, viviparity is development of the embryo inside the body of the mother, with the maternal circulation providing for the metabolic needs of the embryo's development, until the mother gives birth to a fully or partially developed juvenile that is at least metabolically independent.
Vivipary
In plants, vivipary occurs when seeds or embryos begin to develop before they detach from the parent.
Vocal cords
In humans, the vocal cords, also known as vocal folds, are folds of throat tissues that are key in creating sounds through vocalization.
Vocal tract
The vocal tract is the cavity in human bodies and in animals where the sound produced at the sound source (larynx in mammals; syrinx in birds) is filtered.
Vole
Voles are small rodents that are relatives of lemmings and hamsters, but with a stouter body; a longer, hairy tail; a slightly rounder head; smaller eyes and ears; and differently formed molars (high-crowned with angular cusps instead of low-crowned with rounded cusps).
See Mammal and Vole
Vulva
In mammals, the vulva (vulvas or vulvae) consists of the external female genitalia.
See Mammal and Vulva
Vulval vestibule
The vulval vestibule (also known as the vulvar vestibule or vestibule of vagina) is the part of the vulva between the labia minora.
See Mammal and Vulval vestibule
Walking
Walking (also known as ambulation) is one of the main gaits of terrestrial locomotion among legged animals.
Water buffalo
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), also called the domestic water buffalo or Asian water buffalo, is a large bovid originating in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Weaning
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing an infant human or another mammal to what will be its adult diet while withdrawing the supply of its mother's milk.
Weasel
Weasels are mammals of the genus Mustela of the family Mustelidae.
Whale
Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals.
See Mammal and Whale
Whale vocalization
Whales use a variety of sounds for communication and sensation.
See Mammal and Whale vocalization
Whiskers
Whiskers or vibrissae (vibrissa) are a type of stiff, functional hair used by most mammals to sense their environment.
White-tailed deer
The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known commonly as the whitetail and the Virginia deer, is a medium-sized species of deer native to North America, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia, where it predominately inhabits high mountain terrains of the Andes.
See Mammal and White-tailed deer
Wild boar
The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania.
Wild type
The wild type (WT) is the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature.
Wild water buffalo
The wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee), also called Asian buffalo, Asiatic buffalo and wild buffalo, is a large bovine native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
See Mammal and Wild water buffalo
Wildlife
Wildlife refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans.
Wolf
The wolf (Canis lupus;: wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America.
See Mammal and Wolf
Wool
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids.
See Mammal and Wool
Woolly mammoth
The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) is an extinct species of mammoth that lived from the Middle Pleistocene until its extinction in the Holocene epoch.
Working animal
A working animal is an animal, usually domesticated, that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks instead of being slaughtered to harvest animal products.
Xenarthra
Xenarthra (from Ancient Greek ξένος, xénos, "foreign, alien" + ἄρθρον, árthron, "joint") is a major clade of placental mammals native to the Americas.
Yinotheria
Yinotheria is a proposed basal subclass clade of crown mammals uniting the Shuotheriidae, an extinct group of mammals from the Jurassic of Eurasia, with Australosphenida, a group of mammals known from the Jurassic to Cretaceous of Gondwana, which possibly include living monotremes.
Zebra
Zebras (subgenus Hippotigris) are African equines with distinctive black-and-white striped coats.
See Mammal and Zebra
Zoopharmacognosy
Zoopharmacognosy is a behaviour in which non-human animals self-medicate by selecting and ingesting or topically applying plants, soils and insects with medicinal properties, to prevent or reduce the harmful effects of pathogens, toxins, and even other animals.
See Mammal and Zoopharmacognosy
See also
Bathonian first appearances
- Albanerpetontidae
- Amphilestidae
- Ankylosauria
- Caudata
- Docodonta
- Dromaeosauridae
- Dryolestida
- Hecticoceratinae
- Karauridae
- Macronaria
- Mammal
- Notosuchia
- Oppeliinae
- Tethysuchia
Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances
- Akera
- Arbacioida
- Asthenosoma
- Brachaelurus
- Cladotheria
- Coelurosauria
- Coleorrhyncha
- Echinothuriidae
- Echinothurioida
- Elopiformes
- Equisetum
- Flea
- Giant salamander
- Globulina (foram)
- Haplogynae
- Hexanchiformes
- Mammal
- Margaritiferidae
- Nevrorthidae
- Ophidia
- Opluridae
- Plagioeciidae
- Plectreuridae
- Pythonomorpha
- Salenioida
- Scincomorpha
- Stag beetle
- Stomatoporina
- Theria
- Trechnotheria
- Triops vicentinus
- Unionidae
- Vampyroteuthidae
- Vermetus
Mammals
- Evolution of mammals
- Intersex (biology)
- Koy (animal)
- Mammal
- Mammal anatomy
- Milk
- Sierra del Carmen chipmunk
- Small mammal
- Ungulates
References
Also known as Acoustic communication in mammals, Anatomy of mammals, Behavior of mammals, Class mammal, Class mammalia, Communication in mammals, Locomotion in mammals, MAMMALS, Male mammals, Mamalia, Mamalian, Mamallian, Mamals, MammaLia, Mammal anatomy, Mammalia, anatomy of, Mammalian, Mammalian anatomy, Mammalian heart, Mammalian intelligence, Mammalians, Mammels, Mammmalian intelligence, Reproductive systems of mammals, Social behavior in mammals, Social behavior of mammals.
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S. 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