Martin Luther King Jr.

A Call for Unity

"A Call for Unity" was an open letter published in The Birmingham News, on April 12, 1963, by eight local white clergymen in response to civil rights demonstrations taking place in the area at the time.

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A. D. King

Alfred Daniel Williams King (July 30, 1930 – July 21, 1969) was an American Baptist minister and civil rights activist. Martin Luther King Jr. and a. D. King are 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States, activists for African-American civil rights, activists from Atlanta, African-American Baptist ministers, African-American activists, Baptists from Alabama, Birmingham campaign, clergy from Atlanta, Martin Luther King family, Morehouse College alumni and poor People's Campaign.

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A. Philip Randolph

Asa Philip Randolph (April 15, 1889 – May 16, 1979) was an American labor unionist and civil rights activist. Martin Luther King Jr. and a. Philip Randolph are activists for African-American civil rights, American nonviolence advocates, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Activism

Activism (or advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good.

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Adin Ballou

Adin Ballou (April 23, 1803 – August 5, 1890) was an American proponent of Christian nonresistance, Christian anarchism, and Christian socialism. Martin Luther King Jr. and Adin Ballou are American Christian pacifists and American Christian socialists.

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Adlai Stevenson II

Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and diplomat who was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 1961 until his death in 1965. Martin Luther King Jr. and Adlai Stevenson II are liberalism in the United States.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. Martin Luther King Jr. and Adolf Hitler are time Person of the Year.

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African American founding fathers of the United States

The African American founding fathers of the United States are the African Americans who worked to include the equality of all races as a fundamental principle of the United States.

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African-American culture

African-American culture, also known as Black American culture or Black culture in American English, refers to the cultural expressions of African Americans, either as part of or distinct from mainstream American culture.

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Agape

() is "the highest form of love, charity" and "the love of God for and of for God".

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Al Howard

Al Howard was the owner of a notable New York City night club, who bought Showman’s Jazz Club after a career as a New York City Police Department detective.

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Alabama State Capitol

The Alabama State Capitol, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the First Confederate Capitol, is the state capitol building for Alabama.

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Albany Movement

The Albany Movement was a desegregation and voters' rights coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, in November 1961.

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Albany, Georgia

Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Albert Luthuli

Albert John Luthuli (– 21 July 1967) was a South African anti-apartheid activist, traditional leader, and politician who served as the President-General of the African National Congress from 1952 until his death in 1967. Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Luthuli are Nobel Peace Prize laureates.

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Albert Raby

Albert Anderson Raby (1933 – November 23, 1988) was a teacher at Chicago's Hess Upper Grade Center who secured the support of Martin Luther King Jr. to desegregate schools and housing in Chicago between 1965 and 1967. Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Raby are activists for African-American civil rights and Chicago Freedom Movement.

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Alberta Williams King

Alberta Christine Williams King (September 13, 1904 – June 30, 1974) was an American civil rights organizer best known as the wife of Martin Luther King Sr., and as the mother of Martin Luther King Jr. She was the choir director of the Ebenezer Baptist Church. Martin Luther King Jr. and Alberta Williams King are Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state), Martin Luther King family, Murdered African-American people and people from Atlanta.

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All-points bulletin

An all-points bulletin (APB) is an electronic information broadcast sent from one sender to a group of recipients, to rapidly communicate an important message.

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Allard K. Lowenstein

Allard Kenneth Lowenstein (January 16, 1929 – March 14, 1980)Lowenstein's gravestone, Arlington National Cemetery; on the cemetery's official website. Martin Luther King Jr. and Allard K. Lowenstein are activists for African-American civil rights and American anti–Vietnam War activists.

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Alveda King

Alveda Celeste King (born January 22, 1951) is an American activist, author, and former state representative for the 28th District in the Georgia House of Representatives. Martin Luther King Jr. and Alveda King are activists for African-American civil rights, baptist writers, Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state) and Martin Luther King family.

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American Academy of Arts and Sciences

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (The Academy) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States.

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American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees

The American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) is the largest trade union of public employees in the United States.

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American Friends Service Committee

The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) is a Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) founded organization working for peace and social justice in the United States and around the world. Martin Luther King Jr. and American Friends Service Committee are COINTELPRO targets and Chicago Freedom Movement.

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American Jewish Committee

The American Jewish Committee (AJC) is a civil rights group and Jewish advocacy group established on November 11, 1906.

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Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, known informally as Schiphol Airport (Luchthaven Schiphol), is the main international airport of the Netherlands, and is one of the major hubs for the SkyTeam airline alliance.

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And the Walls Came Tumbling Down

And the Walls Came Tumbling Down is a 1989 autobiography written by civil rights leader Ralph Abernathy.

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Anisfield-Wolf Book Award

The Anisfield-Wolf Book Award is an American literary award dedicated to honoring written works that make important contributions to the understanding of racism and the appreciation of the rich diversity of human culture.

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Anti-communism

Anti-communism is political and ideological opposition to communist beliefs, groups, and individuals.

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Anti-war movement

An anti-war movement (also antiwar) is a social movement, usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict.

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AOL

AOL (stylized as Aol., formerly a company known as AOL Inc. and originally known as America Online) is an American web portal and online service provider based in New York City, and a brand marketed by Yahoo! Inc. The service traces its history to an online service known as PlayNET.

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Apartheid

Apartheid (especially South African English) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s.

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Arizona

Arizona (Hoozdo Hahoodzo; Alĭ ṣonak) is a landlocked state in the Southwestern region of the United States.

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Assassination

Assassination is the willful killing, by a sudden, secret, or planned attack, of a personespecially if prominent or important.

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Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr., an African-American clergyman and civil rights movement leader, was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, at 6:01 p.m. CST. Martin Luther King Jr. and Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. are 1968 murders in the United States, deaths by firearm in Tennessee and Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies.

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Atlanta

Atlanta is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Atlanta History (journal)

Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South was a publication of the Atlanta Historical Society.

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Atlanta History Center

The Atlanta History Center is a history museum and research center located in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, Georgia.

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Atlanta sit-ins

The Atlanta sit-ins were a series of sit-ins that took place in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.

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Atlanta Student Movement

The Atlanta Student Movement was formed in February 1960 in Atlanta by students of the campuses Atlanta University Center (AUC).

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Aubré de Lambert Maynard

Aubré de Lambert Maynard (November 17, 1901 – March 20, 1999) was an American physician and surgeon who is most notable for operating on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to save his life after a 1958 assassination attempt.

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Autopsy

An autopsy (also referred to as post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death; or the exam may be performed to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.

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Bachelor of Arts

A Bachelor of Arts (abbreviated B.A., BA, A.B. or AB; from the Latin baccalaureus artium, baccalaureus in artibus, or artium baccalaureus) is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the liberal arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines.

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Bachelor of Divinity

In Western universities, a Bachelor of Divinity or Baccalaureate in Divinity (BD, DB, or BDiv; Baccalaureus Divinitatis) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded for a course taken in the study of divinity or related disciplines, such as theology or, rarely, religious studies.

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Balham

Balham is an area in south-west London, England.

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Ballistics

Ballistics is the field of mechanics concerned with the launching, flight behaviour and impact effects of projectiles, especially ranged weapon munitions such as bullets, unguided bombs, rockets or the like; the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so as to achieve a desired performance.

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Baltimore riot of 1968

The Baltimore riot of 1968 was a period of civil unrest that lasted from April 6 to April 14, 1968, in Baltimore.

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Baptist World Alliance

The Baptist World Alliance (BWA) is an international Baptist association of Christian churches with an estimated 51 million people in 2023 with 253 member bodies in 130 countries and territories.

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Baptists

Baptists form a major branch of evangelicalism distinguished by baptizing only professing Christian believers (believer's baptism) and doing so by complete immersion.

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Barbara Ransby

Barbara Ransby (born May 12, 1957) is a writer, historian, professor, and activist.

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Bard College

Bard College is a private liberal arts college in the hamlet of Annandale-on-Hudson, in the town of Red Hook, in New York State.

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Baritone

A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice-types.

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Barry Goldwater

Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was an American politician and major general in the Air Force Reserve who served as a United States senator from 1953 to 1965 and 1969 to 1987, and was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964. Martin Luther King Jr. and Barry Goldwater are American anti-communists and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Bayard Rustin

Bayard Rustin (March 17, 1912 – August 24, 1987) was an American political activist, a prominent leader in social movements for civil rights, socialism, nonviolence, and gay rights. Martin Luther King Jr. and Bayard Rustin are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American activists, American Christian Zionists, American Christian pacifists, American Christian socialists, American anti–Vietnam War activists, American anti-communists, American democratic socialists, American nonviolence advocates, American social democrats and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Beacon Press

Beacon Press is an American left-wing non-profit book publisher.

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Bearing the Cross

Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference is a 1986 book by David J. Garrow about Martin Luther King Jr., the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the American Civil Rights Movement.

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Belmont Cragin, Chicago

Belmont Cragin is one of 77 officially designated Chicago community areas located on the Northwest Side of the City of Chicago, Illinois.

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Ben Branch

Ben F. Branch (January 8, 1928 – August 27, 1987), Chicago Tribune, August 28, 1987 was an American entrepreneur, jazz tenor saxophonist, and bandleader.

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Benjamin Mays

Benjamin Elijah Mays (August 1, 1894 – March 28, 1984) was an American Baptist minister and American rights leader who is credited with laying the intellectual foundations of the American civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. and Benjamin Mays are 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States, activists for African-American civil rights, American Christian pacifists, Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state) and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Bernice King

Bernice Albertine King (born March 28, 1963) is an American lawyer, minister, and the youngest child of civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King. Martin Luther King Jr. and Bernice King are activists for African-American civil rights, activists from Atlanta, African-American Baptist ministers, clergy from Atlanta and Martin Luther King family.

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Beverly Gage

Beverly Gage is an American academic who is a professor of history and American studies at Yale University.

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Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence

"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence", also referred as the Riverside Church speech, is an anti–Vietnam War and pro–social justice speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, exactly one year before he was assassinated.

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Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.

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Biblical literalism

Biblical literalism or biblicism is a term used differently by different authors concerning biblical interpretation.

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Biddeford, Maine

Biddeford is a city in York County, Maine, United States.

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Big Six (activists)

The Big Six—Martin Luther King Jr., James Farmer, John Lewis, A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins and Whitney Young—were the leaders of six prominent civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, at the height of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. and Big Six (activists) are activists for African-American civil rights.

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Billboard 200

The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States.

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Billboard Hot 100

The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for songs, published weekly by Billboard magazine.

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Billy Graham

William Franklin Graham Jr. (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist, ordained Southern Baptist minister and civil rights advocate whose broadcasts and world tours featuring live sermons became well known in the mid- to late 20th century. Martin Luther King Jr. and Billy Graham are activists for African-American civil rights, American Christian Zionists, Anglican saints, baptist writers, Congressional Gold Medal recipients and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Birmingham, Alabama

Birmingham is a city in the north central region of Alabama.

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Black church

The black church (sometimes termed Black Christianity or African American Christianity) is the faith and body of Christian denominations and congregations in the United States that predominantly minister to, and are also led by African Americans, as well as these churches' collective traditions and members.

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Black Consciousness Movement

The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) was a grassroots anti-apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s out of the political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.

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Black separatism

Black separatism is a separatist political movement that seeks separate economic and cultural development for those of African descent in societies, particularly in the United States.

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Bob Adelman

Robert Melvin "Bob" Adelman (October 30, 1930 – March 19, 2016) was an American photographer known for his images of the civil rights movement.

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Book of Jonah

The Book of Jonah is one of the twelve minor prophets of the Nevi'im ("Prophets") in the Hebrew Bible, and an individual book in the Christian Old Testament.

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Booker T. Washington High School (Georgia)

Booker T. Washington High School is a public high school in Atlanta, Georgia.

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Boston Tea Party

The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest on December 16, 1773, by the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts.

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Boston University

Boston University (BU) is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Founded in 1925, The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids, commonly referred to as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), was the first labor organization led by African Americans to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor (AFL).

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Browder v. Gayle

Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956),, 142 F. Supp. Martin Luther King Jr. and Browder v. Gayle are Montgomery bus boycott.

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Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)

Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church is a church at 410 Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama) are Selma to Montgomery marches.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Bull Connor

Theophilus Eugene "Bull" Connor (July 11, 1897 – March 10, 1973) was an American politician who served as Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, for more than two decades. Martin Luther King Jr. and Bull Connor are American anti-communists and Birmingham campaign.

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Calvary Baptist Church (Chester, Pennsylvania)

Calvary Baptist Church is a Baptist Church founded in 1879 in Chester, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Canonization

Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon catalogue of saints, or authorized list of that communion's recognized saints.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Carl Singer

Carl N. Singer (September 6, 1916 – August 7, 2008) was an American businessman, investor and philanthropist.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

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Charismatic authority

In the field of sociology, charismatic authority is a concept of organizational leadership wherein the authority of the leader derives from the personal charisma of the leader.

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Charles H. Percy

Charles Harting Percy (September 27, 1919 – September 17, 2011), also known as Chuck Percy, was an American businessman and politician.

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Charles R. Johnson

Charles Richard Johnson (born April 23, 1948) is an American scholar and the author of novels, short stories, screen-and-teleplays, and essays, most often with a philosophical orientation. Martin Luther King Jr. and Charles R. Johnson are African-American non-fiction writers.

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Chester, Pennsylvania

Chester is a city in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Chicago Freedom Movement

The Chicago Freedom Movement, also known as the Chicago open housing movement, was led by Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel and Al Raby.

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Chicago Theological Seminary

The Chicago Theological Seminary (CTS) is a Christian ecumenical American seminary located in Chicago, Illinois, and is one of several seminaries historically affiliated with the United Church of Christ.

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Chicago Tribune

The Chicago Tribune is an American daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, owned by Tribune Publishing.

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Children's Crusade

The Children's Crusade was a failed popular crusade by European Christians to establish a second Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Holy Land in the early 1200s.

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Christian ministry

In Christianity, ministry is an activity carried out by Christians to express or spread their faith, the prototype being the Great Commission.

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Christian mythology

Christian mythology is the body of myths associated with Christianity.

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Christian pacifism

Christian pacifism is the theological and ethical position according to which pacifism and non-violence have both a scriptural and rational basis for Christians, and affirms that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian faith.

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Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christine King Farris

Willie Christine King Farris (September 11, 1927 – June 29, 2023) was an American teacher and civil rights activist. Martin Luther King Jr. and Christine King Farris are Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state) and Martin Luther King family.

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Church Committee

The Church Committee (formally the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities) was a US Senate select committee in 1975 that investigated abuses by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Agency (NSA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).

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Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

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Civil disobedience

Civil disobedience is the active, and professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government (or any other authority).

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Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)

Resistance to Civil Government, also called On the Duty of Civil Disobedience or Civil Disobedience for short, is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. Martin Luther King Jr. and civil Rights Act of 1964 are liberalism in the United States.

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots.

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Civil rights movement

The civil rights movement was a social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement in the country.

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Civil rights movement in popular culture

The history of the 1954 to 1968 American civil rights movement has been depicted and documented in film, song, theater, television, and the visual arts.

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Clarence B. Jones

Clarence Benjamin Jones (born January 8, 1931) is an American lawyer and the former personal counsel, advisor, draft speech writer and close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. He is a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. Martin Luther King Jr. and Clarence B. Jones are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Claudette Colvin

Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939) is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide. Martin Luther King Jr. and Claudette Colvin are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American activists and Montgomery bus boycott.

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Clayborne Carson

Clayborne Carson (born June 15, 1944) is an American academic who was a professor of history at Stanford University and director of the Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. Martin Luther King Jr. and Clayborne Carson are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American non-fiction writers and American anti–Vietnam War activists.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news channel and website operating from Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.

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COINTELPRO

COINTELPRO (a syllabic abbreviation derived from Counter Intelligence Program) was a series of covert and illegal projects conducted between 1956 and 1971 by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting American political organizations that the FBI perceived as subversive. Martin Luther King Jr. and COINTELPRO are COINTELPRO targets.

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Colonel Stone Johnson

Stone Johnson (September 9, 1918 – January 19, 2012) was an African-American activist in the Civil Rights Movement.

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Common law

Common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Communist Party USA

The Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revolution. Martin Luther King Jr. and communist Party USA are COINTELPRO targets.

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Congress of Racial Equality

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. and Congress of Racial Equality are COINTELPRO targets.

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Congressional Gold Medal

The Congressional Gold Medal is the oldest and highest civilian award in the United States, alongside the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. and Congressional Gold Medal are Congressional Gold Medal recipients.

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Conscience for Change

Conscience for Change is a book of transcribed lectures by Martin Luther King Jr. that includes five talks King gave in late 1967 for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Massey Lectures.

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Conservative coalition

The conservative coalition, founded in 1937, was an unofficial alliance of members of the United States Congress which brought together the conservative wings of the Republican and Democratic parties to oppose President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal.

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Coretta Scott King

Coretta Scott King (Scott; April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, and civil rights leader who was the wife of Martin Luther King Jr. from 1953 until his death. Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King are activists for African-American civil rights, American Christian pacifists, American nonviolence advocates, Baptists from Alabama, Burials in Georgia (U.S. state), Chicago Freedom Movement, Congressional Gold Medal recipients, Martin Luther King family and Selma to Montgomery marches.

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Counterculture of the 1960s

The counterculture of the 1960s was an anti-establishment cultural phenomenon and political movement that developed in the Western world during the mid-20th century.

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Crozer Theological Seminary

The Crozer Theological Seminary was a Baptist seminary located in Upland, Pennsylvania, and founded in 1868.

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Cultivation of tobacco

The cultivation of tobacco usually takes place annually.

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Dalit

Dalit (from dalita meaning "broken/scattered") is a term first coined by the Indian social reformer Jyotirao Phule for untouchables and outcasts, who represented the lowest stratum of the castes in the Indian subcontinent.

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David Garrow

David Jeffries Garrow (born May 11, 1953) is an American author and historian.

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Deacons for Defense and Justice

The Deacons for Defense and Justice was an armed African-American self-defense group founded in November 1964, during the civil rights era in the United States, in the mill town of Jonesboro, Louisiana.

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Democracy Now!

Democracy Now! is an hour-long TV, radio, and Internet news program based in Manhattan and hosted by journalists Amy Goodman (who also acts as the show's executive producer), Juan González, and Nermeen Shaikh.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a centre-left to left-wing set of political philosophies that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-management within a market socialist, decentralised planned, or democratic centrally planned socialist economy.

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Desegregation in the United States

Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups, usually referring to races.

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Dexter Avenue Baptist Church

Dexter Avenue Baptist Church is a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, affiliated with the Progressive National Baptist Convention. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dexter Avenue Baptist Church are Montgomery bus boycott.

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Dexter King

Dexter Scott King (January 30, 1961 – January 22, 2024) was an American civil and animal rights activist, attorney, and author. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dexter King are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American activists, Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state), Martin Luther King family and Morehouse College alumni.

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Discovery Channel

Discovery Channel, known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery, is an American cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav.

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Discrimination based on skin tone

Discrimination based on skin tone, also known as colorism or shadeism, is a form of prejudice and discrimination in which people of certain ethnic groups, or people who are perceived as belonging to a different-skinned racial group, are treated differently based on their different skin tone.

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Discrimination in the United States

Discrimination comprises "base or the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit, especially to show prejudice on the basis of ethnicity, gender, or a similar social factor".

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Dixiecrat

The States' Rights Democratic Party (whose members are often called the Dixiecrats), also colloquially referred to as the Dixiecrat Party was a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States, active primarily in the South.

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Doctor of Civil Law

Doctor of Civil Law (DCL; Legis Civilis Doctor or Juris Civilis Doctor) is a degree offered by some universities, such as the University of Oxford, instead of the more common Doctor of Laws (LLD) degrees.

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Doctor of Divinity

A Doctor of Divinity (DD or DDiv; Doctor Divinitatis) is the holder of an advanced academic degree in divinity.

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Doctor of Humane Letters

The degree of Doctor of Humane Letters (DHumLitt, DHL, or LHD) is an honorary degree awarded to those who have distinguished themselves through humanitarian and philanthropic contributions to society.

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Doctor of Law

A Doctor of Law is a doctorate in legal studies.

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Doctor of Letters

Doctor of Letters (D.Litt., Litt.D., Latin: Litterarum Doctor or Doctor Litterarum) also termed "Doctor of Literature" in some countries is a terminal degree in the arts, humanities and social sciences that, depending on the country, is a higher doctorate after the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree or equivalent to a higher doctorate, such as the Doctor of Science (Sc.D.

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Doctor of Philosophy

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; philosophiae doctor or) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research.

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Doctor of Social Science

The Doctor of Social Science (DSocSci, SScD or DSS) degree is the highest degree offered by some universities in the field of social sciences, for which other universities confer a Ph.D. Like the PhD, it is recognized as a terminal research degree that requires a substantial original thesis.

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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library

The Dr.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dwight D. Eisenhower are American anti-communists and time Person of the Year.

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E. D. Nixon

Edgar Daniel Nixon (July 12, 1899 – February 25, 1987), known as E. D. Nixon, was an American civil rights leader and union organizer in Alabama who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark Montgomery bus boycott there in 1955. Martin Luther King Jr. and E. D. Nixon are activists for African-American civil rights and Montgomery bus boycott.

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Ebenezer Baptist Church

Ebenezer Baptist Church is a Baptist megachurch located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, affiliated with the Progressive National Baptist Convention and American Baptist Churches USA.

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Ecumenism

Ecumenism (alternatively spelled oecumenism)also called interdenominationalism, or ecumenicalismis the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity.

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Edgar S. Brightman

Edgar Sheffield Brightman (September 20, 1884 – February 25, 1953) was an American philosopher and Christian theologian in the Methodist tradition, associated with Boston University and liberal theology, and promulgated the philosophy known as Boston personalism. Martin Luther King Jr. and Edgar S. Brightman are Boston University School of Theology alumni.

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Edmund Pettus Bridge

The Edmund Pettus Bridge carries U.S. Route 80 Business (US 80 Bus.) across the Alabama River in Selma, Alabama. Martin Luther King Jr. and Edmund Pettus Bridge are Selma to Montgomery marches.

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Eleventh grade

Eleventh grade (also known as 11th Grade, Grade 11 or Junior year) is the eleventh year of formal or compulsory education.

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Elizabeth Flower

Elizabeth Farquhar Flower (1914–1995) was an American philosopher and professor of philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania.

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Ella Baker

Ella Josephine Baker (December 13, 1903 – December 13, 1986) was an African-American civil rights and human rights activist. Martin Luther King Jr. and Ella Baker are activists for African-American civil rights and African-American activists.

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Emil Naclerio

Emil A. Naclerio (March 21, 1915 – October 14, 1985) was an American doctor and surgeon who is most notable for operating on Dr.

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Emory University

Emory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia.

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Emotional affair

The term emotional affair describes a type of relationship between people.

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English studies

English studies (or simply, English) is an academic discipline taught in primary, secondary, and post-secondary education in English-speaking countries.

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Entrance examination

In education, an entrance examination or admission examination is an examination that educational institutions conduct to select prospective students.

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Episcopal Church (United States)

The Episcopal Church, officially the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (PECUSA), is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere.

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Equality before the law

Equality before the law, also known as equality under the law, equality in the eyes of the law, legal equality, or legal egalitarianism, is the principle that all people must be equally protected by the law.

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Ernest Vandiver

Samuel Ernest Vandiver Jr. (July 3, 1918 – February 21, 2005) was an American Democratic Party politician who was the 73rd governor of Georgia from 1959 to 1963.

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Ethnic and Racial Studies

Ethnic and Racial Studies is a peer-reviewed social science academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews on anthropology, cultural studies, ethnicity and race, and sociology.

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Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) is a mainline Protestant Lutheran church headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.

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Evergreen Park, Illinois

Evergreen Park is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States.

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Extramarital sex

Extramarital sex occurs when a married person engages in sexual activity with someone other than their spouse.

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Eyes on the Prize

Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement is an American television series and 14-part documentary about the 20th-century civil rights movement in the United States.

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Fahrenheit

The Fahrenheit scale is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by the European physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736).

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FBI–King letter

The FBI–King suicide letter or blackmail package was an anonymous 1964 letter and package by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) which was allegedly meant to blackmail Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. into committing suicide.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Flagellation

Flagellation (Latin, 'whip'), flogging or whipping is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, the knout, etc.

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Fred Shuttlesworth

Freddie Lee Shuttlesworth (born Freddie Lee Robinson, March 18, 1922 – October 5, 2011) was an American civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other forms of racism as a minister in Birmingham, Alabama. Martin Luther King Jr. and Fred Shuttlesworth are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American Baptist ministers, African-American activists, American nonviolence advocates, Baptists from Alabama and Birmingham campaign.

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Fugitive

A fugitive or runaway is a person who is fleeing from custody, whether it be from jail, a government arrest, government or non-government questioning, vigilante violence, or outraged private individuals.

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Gage Park, Chicago

Gage Park is one of Chicago's 77 well-defined community areas, located on the city's southwest side; it is also the name of a park within the neighborhood.

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Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century

Gallup's List of People that Americans Most Widely Admired in the 20th Century is a poll published in December 1999 by The Gallup Organization to determine who around the world Americans admire most, in the 20th century.

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Gandhism

Gandhism is a body of ideas that describes the inspiration, vision, and the life work of Mohandas K. Gandhi.

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Gene Roddenberry

Eugene Wesley Roddenberry Sr. (August 19, 1921 – October 24, 1991) was an American television screenwriter and producer who created the science fiction franchise Star Trek. Born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father was a police officer.

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George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker BushAfter the 1990s, he became more commonly known as George H. W. Bush, "Bush Senior," "Bush 41," and even "Bush the Elder" to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who served as the 43rd U.S. president from 2001 to 2009; previously, he was usually referred to simply as George Bush. Martin Luther King Jr. and George H. W. Bush are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients and time Person of the Year.

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George W. Romney

George Wilcken Romney (July 8, 1907 – July 26, 1995) was an American businessman and politician. Martin Luther King Jr. and George W. Romney are activists for African-American civil rights.

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George Wallace

George Corley Wallace Jr. (August 25, 1919 – September 13, 1998) was an American politician and judge who served as the 45th governor of Alabama for four terms. Martin Luther King Jr. and George Wallace are American anti-communists.

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Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia, officially the State of Georgia, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Georgia State Prison

Georgia State Prison was the main maximum-security facility in the US state of Georgia for the Georgia Department of Corrections.

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Gerald Posner

Gerald Leo Posner is an American investigative journalist and author of thirteen books, including Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK (1993), which explores the John F. Kennedy assassination, and Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Glenda Gilmore

Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore is an American historian of the American South at Yale University.

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Glenn E. Smiley

Glenn Smiley (April 19, 1910 – September 14, 1993) was a white civil rights consultant and leader. Martin Luther King Jr. and Glenn E. Smiley are activists for African-American civil rights and American nonviolence advocates.

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God

In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith.

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God the Father

God the Father is a title given to God in Christianity.

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Golden Rule

The Golden Rule is the principle of treating others as one would want to be treated by them.

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Gone with the Wind (film)

Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adapted from the 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell.

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Good Friday Agreement

The Good Friday Agreement (GFA) or Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta or Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste; Guid Friday Greeance or Bilfawst Greeance) is a pair of agreements signed on 10 April (Good Friday) 1998 that ended most of the violence of the Troubles, an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland since the late 1960s.

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Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording

The Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album has been awarded since 1959.

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Grinnell College

Grinnell College is a private liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, United States.

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Harris Wofford

Harris Llewellyn Wofford Jr. (April 9, 1926 – January 21, 2019) was an American attorney, civil rights activist, and Democratic Party politician who represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1991 to 1995.

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Harry Belafonte

Harry Belafonte (born Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.; March 1, 1927 – April 25, 2023) was an American singer, actor, and civil rights activist who popularized calypso music with international audiences in the 1950s and 1960s. Martin Luther King Jr. and Harry Belafonte are activists for African-American civil rights and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Harry H. Wachtel

Harry Howard Wachtel (26 March 1917 – 3 February 1997) was a New York lawyer and businessman who worked closely with Martin Luther King Jr., Clarence Benjamin Jones, and others within the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. and Harry H. Wachtel are activists for African-American civil rights, American anti-racism activists and COINTELPRO targets.

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Hartford, Connecticut

Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut.

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Heathrow Airport

Heathrow Airport, called London Airport until 1966, is the main international airport serving London, the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Heed Their Rising Voices

"Heed Their Rising Voices" is a 1960 newspaper advertisement published in The New York Times.

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Heiberger, Alabama

Heiberger is a small unincorporated community located about 10 miles north of Marion in Perry County, Alabama, United States.

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Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817May 6, 1862) was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher.

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Henry George

Henry George (September 2, 1839 – October 29, 1897) was an American political economist and journalist. Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry George are American anti-communists and critics of Marxism.

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Henry Nelson Wieman

Henry Nelson Wieman (1884–1975) was an American philosopher and theologian.

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Highlander Research and Education Center

The Highlander Research and Education Center, formerly known as the Highlander Folk School, is a social justice leadership training school and cultural center in New Market, Tennessee.

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Historical materialism

Historical materialism is Karl Marx's theory of history.

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Historically black colleges and universities

Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the intention of primarily serving African Americans.

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Hofstra University

Hofstra University is a private university in Hempstead, New York.

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Honorary degree

An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements.

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House Un-American Activities Committee

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist ties.

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How Long, Not Long

"How Long, Not Long" is the popular name given to the public speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. on the steps of the State Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama. Martin Luther King Jr. and How Long, Not Long are Selma to Montgomery marches.

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Howard University

Howard University is a private, historically black, federally chartered research university in Washington, D.C., located in the Shaw neighborhood.

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Howell Raines

Howell Hiram Raines (born February 5, 1943) is an American journalist, editor, and writer.

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HTLINGUAL

HTLINGUAL (also HGLINGUAL) was a secret project of the United States of America's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to intercept mail destined for the Soviet Union and China.

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Hubert Humphrey

Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was an American politician and statesman who served as the 38th vice president of the United States from 1965 to 1969. Martin Luther King Jr. and Hubert Humphrey are activists for African-American civil rights, American anti-communists, Congressional Gold Medal recipients, liberalism in the United States and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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HuffPost

HuffPost (The Huffington Post until 2017; often abbreviated as HuffPo) is an American progressive news website, with localized and international editions.

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Hymn

A hymn is a type of song, and partially synonymous with devotional song, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification.

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I Have a Dream

"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist and Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963.

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I've Been to the Mountaintop

"I've Been to the Mountaintop" is the popular name of the final speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. at Stanford University, including transcript of audience responses.

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Indianapolis

Indianapolis, colloquially known as Indy, is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County.

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Injunction

An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a special court order that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts.

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International Committee of the Red Cross

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a three-time Nobel Prize laureate.

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International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is a worldwide humanitarian aid organization that reaches 160 million people each year through its 191 member National Societies.

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Irish Americans

Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánaigh) are ethnic Irish who live in the United States and are American citizens.

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Izola Curry

Izola Curry (Ware; June 14, 1916 – March 7, 2015) was a woman who attempted to assassinate the civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. She stabbed King with a letter opener at a Harlem book signing on September 20, 1958, during the Harlem civil rights movement of the late 1950s and early 1960s.

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J. Edgar Hoover

John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American law-enforcement administrator who served as the final Director of the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) and the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Martin Luther King Jr. and J. Edgar Hoover are American anti-communists.

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J. Pius Barbour

Josephus Pius Barbour (June 8, 1894 - January 5, 1974) was an American Baptist pastor of Calvary Baptist Church in Chester, Pennsylvania who served as an executive director of the National Baptist Association and editor of the National Baptist Voice publication. Martin Luther King Jr. and J. Pius Barbour are 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States, activists for African-American civil rights, African-American Baptist ministers, African-American activists, Crozer Theological Seminary alumni and Morehouse College alumni.

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Jack Lew

Jacob Joseph Lew (born August 29, 1955) is an American attorney and diplomat serving as the United States ambassador to Israel.

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Jack O'Dell

Jack O'Dell (born Hunter Pitts O'Dell, August 11, 1923 – October 31, 2019) was an African-American activist writer and communist, best known for his role in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Martin Luther King Jr. and Jack O'Dell are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American activists, African-American non-fiction writers and American anti-racism activists.

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Jackie Robinson

Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Martin Luther King Jr. and Jackie Robinson are activists for African-American civil rights, American nonviolence advocates, Congressional Gold Medal recipients, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Jacobin (magazine)

Jacobin is an American socialist magazine based in New York.

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James Bevel

James Luther Bevel (October 19, 1936 – December 19, 2008) was an American minister and leader of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. and James Bevel are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American activists, American Christian pacifists, American anti–Vietnam War activists, American members of the clergy convicted of crimes, American nonviolence advocates, Birmingham campaign, COINTELPRO targets, Chicago Freedom Movement, Gandhians, people involved with the civil rights movement, poor People's Campaign and Selma to Montgomery marches.

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James Earl Ray

James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was an American fugitive who was convicted of the Murder of Martin Luther King Jr. at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968.

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James Farmer

James Leonard Farmer Jr. (January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was an American civil rights activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement "who pushed for nonviolent protest to dismantle segregation, and served alongside Martin Luther King Jr." He was the initiator and organizer of the first Freedom Ride in 1961, which eventually led to the desegregation of interstate transportation in the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. and James Farmer are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American activists and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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James Melvin Washington

James Melvin Washington (April 24, 1948 – May 3, 1997) was an African-American historian, educator, and minister.

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Jane Elliott

Jane Elliott (Jennison; born November 30, 1933) is an American diversity educator. Martin Luther King Jr. and Jane Elliott are American anti-racism activists.

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Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat, author and statesman who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century.

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Jeanne Theoharis

Jeanne Theoharis is a Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Brooklyn College.

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Jefferson Park, Chicago

Jefferson Park is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago, located on the northwest side of the city.

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Jesse Jackson

Jesse Louis Jackson (né Burns; born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist, politician, and ordained Baptist minister. Martin Luther King Jr. and Jesse Jackson are 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States, activists for African-American civil rights, African-American Baptist ministers, African-American activists, Chicago Freedom Movement, poor People's Campaign, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Jesus in Christianity

In Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God as chronicled in the Bible's New Testament, and in most Christian denominations He is held to be God the Son, a prosopon (Person) of the Trinity of God.

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Jewish Theological Seminary of America

The Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) is a Conservative Jewish education organization in New York City, New York.

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Jim Crow laws

The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American.

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Jimmy Carter

James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. Martin Luther King Jr. and Jimmy Carter are American Nobel laureates, Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state), Nobel Peace Prize laureates, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients and time Person of the Year.

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John Collins (priest)

Lewis John Collins (23 March 1905 – 31 December 1982) was an Anglican priest who was active in several radical political movements in the United Kingdom. Martin Luther King Jr. and John Collins (priest) are world Constitutional Convention call signatories.

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John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Martin Luther King Jr. and John F. Kennedy are activists for African-American civil rights, American anti-communists, liberalism in the United States, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients and time Person of the Year.

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John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories

The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, has spawned numerous conspiracy theories.

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John Freeman (British politician)

Major John Horace Freeman, PC (19 February 1915 – 20 December 2014) was a British politician, diplomat, broadcaster and British Army officer.

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John Hume

John Hume (18 January 19373 August 2020) was an Irish nationalist politician in Northern Ireland and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Martin Luther King Jr. and John Hume are Nobel Peace Prize laureates.

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John Lewis

John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights activist who served in the United States House of Representatives for from 1987 until his death in 2020. Martin Luther King Jr. and John Lewis are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American non-fiction writers, American nonviolence advocates, Baptists from Alabama, Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state), COINTELPRO targets, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients, Selma to Montgomery marches and Spingarn Medal winners.

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John Lewis Smith Jr.

John Lewis Smith Jr. (September 20, 1912 – September 4, 1992) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.

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John W. V. Cordice

John Walter Vincent Cordice, Jr. (June 16, 1919 – December 29, 2013) was an American doctor and surgeon who is most notable for operating on Martin Luther King Jr. to save his life after a 1958 assassination attempt.

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Johns Hopkins University

Johns Hopkins University (often abbreviated as Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, Johns, or JHU) is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Jonathan Cape

Jonathan Cape is a London publishing firm founded in 1921 by Herbert Jonathan Cape (1879–1960), who was head of the firm until his death.

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Joseph Lowery

Joseph Echols Lowery (October 6, 1921 – March 27, 2020) was an American minister in the United Methodist Church and leader in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. and Joseph Lowery are activists for African-American civil rights, activists from Atlanta, African-American activists, American nonviolence advocates, clergy from Atlanta and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Journey of Reconciliation

The Journey of Reconciliation, also called "First Freedom Ride", was a form of nonviolent direct action to challenge state segregation laws on interstate buses in the Southern United States.

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Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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Keuka College

Keuka College is a private college in Keuka Park, New York, situated on Keuka Lake.

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King assassination riots

The King assassination riots, also known as the Holy Week Uprising, were a wave of civil disturbance which swept across the United States following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. Martin Luther King Jr. and King assassination riots are Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies.

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King Center for Nonviolent Social Change

The Martin Luther King Jr.

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King County, Washington

King County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington.

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King: A Life

King: A Life is a 2023 biography of Martin Luther King Jr. by Jonathan Eig.

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L. Harold DeWolf

Lotan Harold DeWolf (31 January 1905 – 24 March 1986), usually cited as L. Harold Dewolf, was an American Methodist minister and professor of systematic theology at Boston University where he was Martin Luther King Jr.'s "primary teacher and mentor".

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Labor rights

Labor rights or workers' rights are both legal rights and human rights relating to labor relations between workers and employers.

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Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire (or, from laissez faire) is a type of economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism (such as subsidies or regulations).

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Lee Harvey Oswald

Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was a U.S. Marine veteran who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, on November 22, 1963.

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Letter from Birmingham Jail

The "Letter from Birmingham Jail", also known as the "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" and "The Negro Is Your Brother", is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Martin Luther King Jr. and letter from Birmingham Jail are Birmingham campaign.

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Lewis V. Baldwin

Lewis V. Baldwin is a historian, author, and professor specializing in the history of the black churches in the United States.

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LGBT

is an initialism that stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender".

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LGBT rights by country or territory

Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction—encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.

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Life (magazine)

Life is an American magazine published weekly from 1883 to 1972, as an intermittent "special" until 1978, a monthly from 1978 until 2000, and an online supplement since 2008.

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Lillian Smith (author)

Lillian Eugenia Smith (December 12, 1897 – September 28, 1966) was a writer and social critic of the Southern United States, known for both her non-fiction and fiction works, including the best-selling novel Strange Fruit (1944). Martin Luther King Jr. and Lillian Smith (author) are activists for African-American civil rights.

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Lincoln Memorial

The Lincoln Memorial is a U.S. national memorial that honors the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln.

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Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)

Lincoln University (LU) is a public state-related historically black university (HBCU) near Oxford, Pennsylvania.

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List of civil rights leaders

Civil rights leaders are influential figures in the promotion and implementation of political freedom and the expansion of personal civil liberties and rights.

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List of memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.

This is a list of memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.

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List of peace activists

This list of peace activists includes people who have proactively advocated diplomatic, philosophical, and non-military resolution of major territorial or ideological disputes through nonviolent means and methods.

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List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.

Streets named after Martin Luther King Jr. can be found in many cities of the United States and in nearly every major metropolis.

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Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)

The Lutheran liturgical calendar is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by various Lutheran churches.

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Liz Lands

Elizabeth Lands (February 11, 1939 – January 11, 2013) was an American soul singer.

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Loyd Jowers

Loyd Jowers (November 20, 1926May 20, 2000) was an American restaurateur and the owner of Jim's Grill, a restaurant near the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in 1968.

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Mahalia Jackson

Mahalia Jackson (born Mahala Jackson; October 26, 1911 – January 27, 1972) was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century. Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahalia Jackson are activists for African-American civil rights.

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Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (ISO: Mōhanadāsa Karamacaṁda Gāṁdhī; 2 October 186930 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi are human rights activists and time Person of the Year.

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Malcolm X

Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an African-American revolutionary, Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement until his assassination in 1965. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American activists, African-American non-fiction writers, American anti-capitalists, American anti-racism activists, American human rights activists, American members of the clergy convicted of crimes, assassinated American civil rights activists, assassinated religious leaders, COINTELPRO targets and Murdered African-American people.

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, also known as simply the March on Washington or the Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963.

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Margaret Sanger Awards

The Margaret Sanger Award was an honor awarded annually by the Planned Parenthood Federation of America from 1966 to 2015.

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Market intervention

A market intervention is a policy or measure that modifies or interferes with a market, typically done in the form of state action, but also by philanthropic and political-action groups.

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Marquette Park (Chicago)

Marquette Park, the largest park on the southwest side of Chicago, Illinois, at, is located at in the city's Chicago Lawn neighborhood.

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Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar. Martin Luther King Jr. and Martin Luther are Anglican saints and people celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar.

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Martin Luther King III

Martin Luther King III (born October 23, 1957) is an American human rights activist, philanthropist and advocate. Martin Luther King Jr. and Martin Luther King III are activists for African-American civil rights, Baptists from Alabama, Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state), Martin Luther King family and Morehouse College alumni.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. Martin Luther King Jr. and Martin Luther King Jr. are 1968 murders in the United States, 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States, 20th-century letter writers, activists for African-American civil rights, activists for Native American rights, activists from Atlanta, African-American Baptist ministers, African-American activists, African-American non-fiction writers, African-American theologians, Alabama socialists, American Christian Zionists, American Christian pacifists, American Christian socialists, American Nobel laureates, American anti–Vietnam War activists, American anti-capitalists, American anti-communists, American anti-racism activists, American clergy of Irish descent, American democratic socialists, American human rights activists, American letter writers, American members of the clergy convicted of crimes, American nonviolence advocates, American prisoners and detainees, American saints, American social democrats, Anglican saints, assassinated American civil rights activists, assassinated religious leaders, baptist socialists, baptist writers, Baptists from Alabama, Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state), Birmingham campaign, Boston University School of Theology alumni, Burials in Georgia (U.S. state), COINTELPRO targets, Chicago Freedom Movement, clergy from Atlanta, Congressional Gold Medal recipients, critics of Marxism, Crozer Theological Seminary alumni, deaths by firearm in Tennessee, Gandhians, human rights activists, liberalism in the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies, Martin Luther King family, Montgomery bus boycott, Morehouse College alumni, Murdered African-American people, Nobel Peace Prize laureates, people celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar, people from Atlanta, people involved with the civil rights movement, people murdered in Tennessee, political prisoners in the United States, poor People's Campaign, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients, prisoners and detainees of Alabama, prisoners and detainees of Florida, prisoners and detainees of Georgia (U.S. state), Selma to Montgomery marches, Spingarn Medal winners, Stabbing attacks in the United States, Stabbing survivors, Suffragists from Georgia (U.S. state), time Person of the Year, Venerated African-American Christians and world Constitutional Convention call signatories.

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Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories

Conspiracy theories about the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a prominent leader of the civil rights movement, relate to different accounts of the incident that took place on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.

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Martin Luther King Jr. Day

Martin Luther King Jr.

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Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial

The Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library

The Martin Luther King Jr.

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Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park

The Martin Luther King Jr.

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Martin Luther King Sr.

Martin Luther King Sr. (born Michael King; December 19, 1899 – November 11, 1984) was an African-American Baptist pastor, missionary, and an early figure in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. and Martin Luther King Sr. are 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States, activists for African-American civil rights, activists from Atlanta, African-American Baptist ministers, clergy from Atlanta, Martin Luther King family and Morehouse College alumni.

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Marxism

Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis.

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Mason Temple

Mason Temple, located in Memphis, Tennessee, is a Christian international sanctuary and central headquarters of the Church of God in Christ, the largest African American Pentecostal group in the world.

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Mass arrest

A mass arrest occurs when police apprehend large numbers of suspects at once.

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Mass racial violence in the United States

In the broader context of racism in the United States, mass racial violence in the United States consists of ethnic conflicts and race riots, along with such events as.

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Massey Lectures

The Massey Lectures is an annual five-part series of lectures given in Canada by distinguished writers, thinkers, and scholars who explore important ideas and issues of contemporary interest.

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Memphis sanitation strike

The Memphis sanitation strike began on February 12, 1968, in response to the deaths of sanitation workers Echol Cole and Robert Walker.

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Memphis, Tennessee

Memphis is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

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Michael E. Haynes

Michael E. Haynes (May 9, 1927 – September 12, 2019) was an American minister and politician in the state of Massachusetts.

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Michael Honey

Michael K. Honey (born 1947) is an American historian, Guggenheim Fellow and Haley Professor of Humanities at the University of Washington Tacoma in the United States, where he teaches African-American, civil rights and labor history.

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Minimum wage

A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers can legally pay their employees—the price floor below which employees may not sell their labor.

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Minnesota Public Radio

Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) is a public radio network for the state of Minnesota.

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Mississippi

Mississippi is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Missouri State Penitentiary

The Missouri State Penitentiary was a prison in Jefferson City, Missouri, that operated from 1836 to 2004.

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Mixed economy

A mixed economy is an economic system that accepts both private businesses and nationalized government services, like public utilities, safety, military, welfare, and education.

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Modern liberalism in the United States

Modern liberalism in the United States is based on the combined ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice. Martin Luther King Jr. and Modern liberalism in the United States are liberalism in the United States.

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Montgomery bus boycott

The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.

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Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County.

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Montreal

Montreal is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest in Canada, and the tenth-largest in North America.

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Moral authority

Moral authority is authority premised on principles, or fundamental truths, which are independent of written, or positive, laws.

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Moral relativism

Moral relativism or ethical relativism (often reformulated as relativist ethics or relativist morality) is used to describe several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different peoples and cultures.

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Morehouse College

Morehouse College is a private historically Black, men's, liberal arts college in Atlanta, Georgia.

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Morgan State University

Morgan State University (Morgan State or MSU) is a public historically black research university in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Motown

Motown is an American record label owned by the Universal Music Group.

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Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist. Martin Luther King Jr. and Muhammad Ali are activists for African-American civil rights, American anti–Vietnam War activists, COINTELPRO targets and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Muscogee

The Muscogee, also known as the Mvskoke, Muscogee Creek or just Creek, and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy (in the Muscogee language; English), are a group of related Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands Sequoyah Research Center and the American Native Press Archives in the United States.

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N. D. B. Connolly

Nathan Daniel Beau Connolly (born Nov. 6, 1977) is an American historian and professor.

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NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey, Ida B. Wells, Lillian Wald, and Henry Moskowitz.

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Nation of Islam

The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. Martin Luther King Jr. and Nation of Islam are COINTELPRO targets.

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National Archives and Records Administration

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government within the executive branch, charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records.

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National Civil Rights Museum

The National Civil Rights Museum is a complex of museums and historic buildings in Memphis, Tennessee; its exhibits trace the history of the civil rights movement in the United States from the 17th century to the present.

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National day of mourning

A national day of mourning is a day, or one of several days, marked by mourning and memorial activities observed among the majority of a country's populace.

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National Mall

The National Mall is a landscaped park near the downtown area of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States.

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National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

The Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, which became the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, was a coalition of American antiwar activists formed in November 1966 to organize large demonstrations in opposition to the Vietnam War. Martin Luther King Jr. and National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam are American anti–Vietnam War activists.

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National Security Agency

The National Security Agency (NSA) is an intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI).

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National Urban League

The National Urban League (NUL), formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, is a nonpartisan historic civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of economic and social justice for African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States.

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Native American Rights Fund

The Native American Rights Fund (NARF) is a non-profit organization, based in Boulder, Colorado, that uses existing laws and treaties to ensure that U.S. state governments and the U.S. federal government live up to their legal obligations.

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Navajo Nation

The Navajo Nation (Naabeehó Bináhásdzo), also known as Navajoland, is an Indian reservation of Navajo people in the United States.

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Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.

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Nelson Rockefeller

Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979), sometimes referred to by his nickname Rocky, was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st vice president of the United States from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford. Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Rockefeller are activists for African-American civil rights, liberalism in the United States and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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New England Conservatory of Music

The New England Conservatory of Music (NEC) is a private music school in Boston, Massachusetts.

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New Hampshire

New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

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New trial

A new trial or retrial is a recurrence of a court case.

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Newcastle University

Newcastle University (legally the University of Newcastle upon Tyne) is a public research university based in Newcastle upon Tyne, North East England.

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Newsweek

Newsweek is a weekly news magazine.

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Nichelle Nichols

Nichelle Nichols (born Grace Dell Nichols; December 28, 1932 – July 30, 2022) was an American actress, singer and dancer whose portrayal of Uhura in Star Trek and its film sequels was groundbreaking for African American actresses on American television.

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Nobel Peace Prize

The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.

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Nonviolence

Nonviolence is the personal practice of not causing harm to others under any condition.

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Nonviolent resistance

Nonviolent resistance, or nonviolent action, sometimes called civil resistance, is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, constructive program, or other methods, while refraining from violence and the threat of violence.

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Nonviolent revolution

A nonviolent revolution is a revolution conducted primarily by unarmed civilians using tactics of civil resistance, including various forms of nonviolent protest, to bring about the departure of governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian without the use or threat of violence.

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Norman Thomas

Norman Mattoon Thomas (November 20, 1884 – December 19, 1968) was an American Presbyterian minister and political activist. Martin Luther King Jr. and Norman Thomas are activists for African-American civil rights, American Christian pacifists, American Christian socialists, American anti–Vietnam War activists, American anti-capitalists, American anti-racism activists and American democratic socialists.

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North Lawndale, Chicago

North Lawndale is one of the 77 community areas of the city of Chicago, Illinois, located on its West Side.

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Northern Ireland civil rights movement

The Northern Ireland civil rights movement dates to the early 1960s, when a number of initiatives emerged in Northern Ireland which challenged the inequality and discrimination against ethnic Irish Catholics that was perpetrated by the Ulster Protestant establishment (composed largely of Protestant Ulster loyalists and unionists).

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Oberlin College

Oberlin College is a private liberal arts college and conservatory of music in Oberlin, Ohio, United States.

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Ogg

Ogg is a free, open container format maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation.

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On the Mindless Menace of Violence

"On the Mindless Menace of Violence" is a speech given by United States Senator and presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy.

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Operation Breadbasket

Operation Breadbasket was an organization dedicated to improving the economic conditions of black communities across the United States.

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Original Oratory

Original Oratory (often shortened to "OO") is a competitive event in the National Speech and Debate Association, Stoa USA, National Catholic Forensic League, and other high school forensic competitions in which competitors deliver an original, factual speech on a subject of their choosing.

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Pacifism in the United States

Pacifism has manifested in the United States in a variety of forms (such as peace movements), and in myriad contexts (such as opposition to the Civil War and to nuclear weapons).

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Patent leather

Patent leather is a type of coated leather that has a high-gloss finish.

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Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)

Paul Howard Douglas (March 26, 1892 – September 24, 1976) was an American politician and Georgist economist. Martin Luther King Jr. and Paul Douglas (Illinois politician) are activists for African-American civil rights.

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Paul Tillich

Paul Johannes Tillich (August 20, 1886 – October 22, 1965) was a German-American Christian existentialist philosopher, Christian socialist, and Lutheran theologian who was one of the most influential theologians of the twentieth century.

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Pawnee people

The Pawnee are a Central Plains Indian tribe that historically lived in Nebraska and northern Kansas but today are based in Oklahoma.

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Peace movement

A peace movement is a social movement which seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or wars) or minimizing inter-human violence in a particular place or situation.

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Percy Foreman

Percy Eugene Foreman (June 21, 1902 – August 25, 1988) was a criminal defense attorney from Houston, Texas.

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Person of color

The term "person of color" (people of color or persons of color; abbreviated POC) is primarily used to describe any person who is not considered "white".

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Peter Anthony Bertocci

Peter Bertocci (1910–1989) was an American philosopher and Borden Parker Bowne professor of philosophy, emeritus, at Boston University.

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Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.

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Planned Parenthood

The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is an American nonprofit organization, p. 18.

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Playboy

Playboy (stylized in all caps) is an American men's lifestyle and entertainment magazine, formerly in print and currently online.

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Plume (publisher)

Plume is a publishing company in the United States, founded in 1970 as the trade paperback imprint of New American Library.

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Police brutality

Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group.

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Political philosophy

Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them.

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Political prisoner

A political prisoner is someone imprisoned for their political activity.

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Polity

A polity is a group of people with a collective identity, who are organized by some form of political institutionalized social relations, and have a capacity to mobilize resources.

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Poor People's Campaign

The Poor People's Campaign, or Poor People's March on Washington, was a 1968 effort to gain economic justice for poor people in the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. and poor People's Campaign are COINTELPRO targets.

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Posthumous award

A posthumous award is granted after the recipient has died.

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Poverty in the United States

In the United States, poverty has both social and political implications.

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Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom

The Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, or Prayer Pilgrimage to Washington, was a 1957 demonstration in Washington, D.C., an early event in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

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Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon B. Johnson's tenure as the 36th president of the United States began on November 22, 1963, upon the assassination of president John F. Kennedy, and ended on January 20, 1969.

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Presidential Medal of Freedom

The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian award of the United States, alongside the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. and Presidential Medal of Freedom are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Probation

Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an offender, ordered by the court often in lieu of incarceration.

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Progress and Poverty

Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth: The Remedy is an 1879 book by social theorist and economist Henry George.

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Progressivism in the United States

Progressivism in the United States is a political philosophy and reform movement. Martin Luther King Jr. and Progressivism in the United States are liberalism in the United States.

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Project MINARET

Project MINARET was a domestic espionage project operated by the National Security Agency (NSA), which, after intercepting electronic communications that contained the names of predesignated US citizens, passed them to other government law enforcement and intelligence organizations.

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Racial integration

Racial integration, or simply integration, includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation), leveling barriers to association, creating equal opportunity regardless of race, and the development of a culture that draws on diverse traditions, rather than merely bringing a racial minority into the majority culture.

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Racial segregation

Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

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Racial segregation in the United States

Facilities and services such as housing, healthcare, education, employment, and transportation have been systematically separated in the United States based on racial categorizations.

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Racial steering

Racial steering refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race.

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Racism in the United States

Racism has been reflected in discriminatory laws, practices, and actions (including violence) against "racial" or ethnic groups, throughout the history of the United States.

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Radical Abolitionism

Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought is a 1973 book by Lewis Perry on radicals in the abolitionist movement in the United States.

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Radio Hanoi

Radio Hanoi was a propaganda radio station run by the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War.

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Ralph Abernathy

Ralph David Abernathy Sr. (March 11, 1926 – April 17, 1990) was an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy are 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States, activists for African-American civil rights, activists from Atlanta, African-American Baptist ministers, African-American activists, American nonviolence advocates, Baptists from Alabama, clergy from Atlanta, Montgomery bus boycott, poor People's Campaign and Selma to Montgomery marches.

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Random House

Random House is an imprint and publishing group of Penguin Random House.

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Reactionary

In political science, a reactionary or a reactionist is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante—the previous political state of society—which the person believes possessed positive characteristics that are absent from contemporary society.

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Red Power movement

The Red Power movement was a social movement led by Native American youth to demand self-determination for Native Americans in the United States.

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Red Scare

A Red Scare is a form of moral panic provoked by fear of the rise, supposed or real, of leftist ideologies in a society, especially communism.

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Reinhold Niebuhr

Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was an American Reformed theologian, ethicist, commentator on politics and public affairs, and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years. Martin Luther King Jr. and Reinhold Niebuhr are American Christian Zionists, American Christian socialists, American anti-communists and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Remington Arms

Remington Arms Company, LLC, was an American manufacturer of firearms and ammunition.

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Republican Party (United States)

The Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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Resurrection of Jesus

The resurrection of Jesus (anástasis toú Iēsoú) is the Christian belief that God raised Jesus from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion, starting – or restoring – his exalted life as Christ and Lord.

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Rhodesia

Rhodesia (Rodizha), officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia, was an unrecognised state in Southern Africa from 1965 to 1979.

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Rich's (department store)

Rich's was a department store retail chain, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which operated in the southern U.S. from 1867 until March 6, 2005 when the nameplate was eliminated and replaced by Macy's.

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Richard J. Daley

Richard Joseph Daley (May 15, 1902 – December 20, 1976) was an American politician who served as the mayor of Chicago from 1955, and the chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party Central Committee from 1953, until his death.

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Riverside Church

Riverside Church is an interdenominational church in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, associated with the American Baptist Churches USA and the United Church of Christ.

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Robert F. Kennedy

Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also known by his initials RFK, was an American politician and lawyer. Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy are 1968 murders in the United States, activists for African-American civil rights, American anti–Vietnam War activists, American nonviolence advocates, Congressional Gold Medal recipients, liberalism in the United States and people involved with the civil rights movement.

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Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

On April 4, 1968, United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York delivered an improvised speech several hours after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Kennedy, who was campaigning to earn the Democratic Party's presidential nomination, made his remarks while in Indianapolis, Indiana, after speaking at two Indiana universities earlier in the day.

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Robert Penn Warren

Robert Penn Warren (April 24, 1905 – September 15, 1989) was an American poet, novelist, and literary critic and was one of the founders of New Criticism. Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Penn Warren are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Rolling Stone

Rolling Stone is an American monthly magazine that focuses on music, politics, and popular culture. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rolling Stone are liberalism in the United States.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Martin Luther King Jr. and Ronald Reagan are American anti-communists and time Person of the Year.

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Rosa Parks

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement, best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American activists, American nonviolence advocates, Congressional Gold Medal recipients, Montgomery bus boycott, political prisoners in the United States, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Roy Wilkins

Roy Ottoway Wilkins (August 30, 1901 – September 8, 1981) was an American civil rights leader from the 1930s to the 1970s. Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins are African-American activists, Congressional Gold Medal recipients, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients and Spingarn Medal winners.

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Saint Peter's University

Saint Peter's University is a private Jesuit university in Jersey City, New Jersey.

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Same-sex marriage

Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same legal sex.

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Samuel DeWitt Proctor

Samuel DeWitt Proctor (July 13, 1921 – May 22, 1997) was an American minister, educator, and humanitarian. Martin Luther King Jr. and Samuel DeWitt Proctor are Crozer Theological Seminary alumni.

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San Francisco Chronicle

The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper serving primarily the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California.

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San Jose, California

San Jose, officially the paren), is the largest city in Northern California by both population and area. With a 2022 population of 971,233, it is the most populous city in both the Bay Area and the San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland Combined Statistical Area—which in 2022 had a population of 7.5 million and 9.0 million respectively—the third-most populous city in California after Los Angeles and San Diego, and the 13th-most populous in the United States.

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Sanitation worker

A sanitation worker (or sanitary worker) is a person responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, or emptying the equipment or technology at any step of the sanitation chain.

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Sargent Shriver

Robert Sargent Shriver Jr. (November 9, 1915 – January 18, 2011) was an American diplomat, politician, and activist. Martin Luther King Jr. and Sargent Shriver are presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Scapegoat

In the Bible, a scapegoat is one of a pair of kid goats that is released into the wilderness, taking with it all sins and impurities, while the other is sacrificed.

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Scripto

Scripto is an American company founded in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1923 by Monie A. Ferst.

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Second Emancipation Proclamation

The Second Emancipation Proclamation is the term applied to an envisioned executive order that Martin Luther King Jr. and other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement called on President John F. Kennedy to issue.

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Selma to Montgomery marches

The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. Martin Luther King Jr. and Selma to Montgomery marches are Congressional Gold Medal recipients.

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Selma, Alabama

Selma is a city in and the county seat of Dallas County, in the Black Belt region of south central Alabama and extending to the west.

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Sermon on the Mount

The Sermon on the Mount (anglicized from the Matthean Vulgate Latin section title: Sermo in monte) is a collection of sayings spoken by Jesus of Nazareth found in the Gospel of Matthew (chapters 5, 6, and 7).

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Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.

The sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr., comprise an extensive catalog of American writing and oratory – some of which are internationally well-known, while others remain unheralded and await rediscovery.

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Seventh grade

Seventh grade (also 7th Grade or Grade 7) is the seventh year of formal or compulsory education.

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Shanty town

A shanty town, squatter area or squatter settlement is a settlement of improvised buildings known as shanties or shacks, typically made of materials such as mud and wood.

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Sharecropping

Sharecropping is a legal arrangement in which a landowner allows a tenant (sharecropper) to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land.

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Simsbury, Connecticut

Simsbury is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, incorporated as Connecticut's 21st town in May 1670.

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Sit-in

A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.

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Slavery

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.

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Slavery in the United States

The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South.

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Social democracy

Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy and supports a gradualist, reformist and democratic approach towards achieving socialism.

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Social Democratic and Labour Party

The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP; Páirtí Sóisialta agus Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre) is a social-democratic and Irish nationalist political party in Northern Ireland.

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Social interventionism

Social interventionism is an action which involves the deliberate intervention of a public or private organization into social affairs for the purpose of changing them.

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Social justice

Social justice is justice in relation to the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society where individuals' rights are recognized and protected.

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Social programs in the United States

The United States spends approximately $2.3 trillion on federal and state social programs including cash assistance, health insurance, food assistance, housing subsidies, energy and utilities subsidies, and education and childcare assistance.

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Socialism

Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King Jr. and Southern Christian Leadership Conference are Birmingham campaign, COINTELPRO targets, Chicago Freedom Movement, poor People's Campaign and Selma to Montgomery marches.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Spingarn Medal

The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for an outstanding achievement by an African American.

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Springfield College

Springfield College is a private university in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States.

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St. Augustine movement

The St.

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St. Augustine, Florida

St.

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St. Joseph's Hospital (Memphis, Tennessee)

Saint Joseph Hospital was a Catholic operated hospital located at 220 Overton Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.

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Standpoint (magazine)

Standpoint was a British cultural and political magazine, originally published monthly, that debuted in June 2008.

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Stanley Levison

Stanley David Levison (May 2, 1912 – September 12, 1979) was an American businessman and lawyer who became a lifelong activist in socialist causes. Martin Luther King Jr. and Stanley Levison are activists for African-American civil rights, American anti-racism activists, COINTELPRO targets and poor People's Campaign.

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Star Trek: The Original Series

Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship and its crew.

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Star Trek: The Original Series season 1

The first season of the American science-fiction television series Star Trek, originally created by Gene Roddenberry, premiered on NBC on September 8, 1966, and concluded on April 13, 1967.

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Stockbridge, Georgia

Stockbridge is a city in Henry County, Georgia, United States.

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Stokely Carmichael

Kwame Ture (born Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael; June 29, 1941November 15, 1998) was an American activist who played a major role in the civil rights movement in the United States and the global pan-African movement. Martin Luther King Jr. and Stokely Carmichael are activists for African-American civil rights and COINTELPRO targets.

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Strength to Love

Strength to Love is a book by Martin Luther King Jr. It was published in 1963 as a collection of his sermons primarily on the topic of racial segregation in the United States and with a heavy emphasis on permanent religious values.

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Stride Toward Freedom

Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (published 1958) is Martin Luther King Jr.'s historic account of the 1955–1956 Montgomery bus boycott.

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Strike action

Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike and industrial action in British English, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced) was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the civil rights movement during the 1960s. Martin Luther King Jr. and student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee are COINTELPRO targets and Selma to Montgomery marches.

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Suffrage

Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections and referendums (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote).

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Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.

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Sunday school

A Sunday school is an educational institution, usually Christian in character and intended for children or neophytes.

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Systematic theology

Systematic theology, or systematics, is a discipline of Christian theology that formulates an orderly, rational, and coherent account of the doctrines of the Christian faith.

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Take My Hand, Precious Lord

"Take My Hand, Precious Lord" (a.k.a. "Precious Lord, Take My Hand") is a gospel song.

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Taylor Branch

Taylor Branch (born January 14, 1947) is an American author and historian who wrote a Pulitzer Prize winning trilogy chronicling the life of Martin Luther King Jr. and much of the history of the American civil rights movement.

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Thích Nhất Hạnh

Thích Nhất Hạnh (Huế dialect:; born Nguyễn Xuân Bảo; 11 October 1926 – 22 January 2022) was a Vietnamese Thiền Buddhist monk, peace activist, prolific author, poet and teacher, who founded the Plum Village Tradition, historically recognized as the main inspiration for engaged Buddhism.

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The Atlanta Journal-Constitution

The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) is an American daily newspaper based in metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia.

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The Calendar of the Church Year

The Calendar of the Church Year is the liturgical calendar found in the 1979 ''Book of Common Prayer'', and in Lesser Feasts and Fasts, with additions made at recent General Conventions.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph, is a British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Dallas Morning News

The Dallas Morning News is a daily newspaper serving the Dallas–Fort Worth area of Texas, with an average print circulation in 2022 of 65,369.

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The Greatest American

The Greatest American is a 2005 American television series hosted by Matt Lauer.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

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The New School

The New School is a private research university in New York City.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Reverend

The Reverend is an honorific style given before the names of certain Christian clergy and ministers.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Theodore Parker

Theodore Parker (August 24, 1810 – May 10, 1860) was an American transcendentalist and reforming minister of the Unitarian church.

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Thesis

A thesis (theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.

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Third World

The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact.

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Time Person of the Year

Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the American news magazine and website Time featuring a person, group, idea, or object that "for better or for worse...

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Times Higher Education

Times Higher Education (THE), formerly The Times Higher Education Supplement (The Thes), is a British magazine reporting specifically on news and issues related to higher education.

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Timothy Paul Baymon

Timothy Paul (secular name Timothy Baymon) is the first patriarch of the Holy Communion of Churches (also known as the Holy Christian Orthodox Church), a Christian denomination embracing the Convergence Movement.

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Tommie Shelby

Tommie Shelby (born 1967) is an American philosopher.

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Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.

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Town hall

In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre (in the UK or Australia), guildhall, or municipal building (in the Philippines) is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality.

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Turning the other cheek

Turning the other cheek is a phrase in Christian doctrine from the Sermon on the Mount that refers to responding to insult without retort.

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Tweed

Tweed is a rough, woollen fabric, of a soft, open, flexible texture, resembling cheviot or homespun, but more closely woven.

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Twelfth Baptist Church

The Twelfth Baptist Church is a historic church in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.

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UNICEF

UNICEF, originally the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, officially United Nations Children's Fund since 1953, is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.

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United Auto Workers

The United Auto Workers (UAW), fully named International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, is an American labor union that represents workers in the United States (including Puerto Rico) and southern Ontario, Canada.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

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United States Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence, formally titled The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in both the engrossed version and the original printing, is the founding document of the United States.

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United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United States.

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United States district court

The United States district courts are the trial courts of the U.S. federal judiciary.

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United States House Select Committee on Assassinations

The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) was established in 1976 to investigate the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963 and 1968, respectively.

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United States in the Vietnam War

United States involvement in the Vietnam War began shortly after the end of World War II in Asia, first in an extremely limited capacity and escalating over a period of 20 years.

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Universal basic income

Universal basic income (UBI) is a social welfare proposal in which all citizens of a given population regularly receive a minimum income in the form of an unconditional transfer payment, i.e., without a means test or need to work.

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University at Buffalo Libraries

The University at Buffalo Libraries is the university library system of the University at Buffalo.

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University of Arizona

The University of Arizona (Arizona, U of A, UArizona, or UA) is a public land-grant research university in Tucson, Arizona.

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University of Bridgeport

The University of Bridgeport (UB or UBPT) is a private university in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

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University of California Press

The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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University of Central Oklahoma

The University of Central Oklahoma (UCO) is a public university in Edmond, Oklahoma.

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University of Georgia Press

The University of Georgia Press or UGA Press is the university press of the University of Georgia, a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Athens, Georgia.

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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, Illinois, or University of Illinois) is a public land-grant research university in the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, Illinois, United States.

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University of New England (United States)

The University of New England (UNE) is a private research university in Portland and Biddeford, Maine, United States.

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University of Nottingham

The University of Nottingham is a public research university in Nottingham, England.

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University of Pennsylvania

The University of Pennsylvania, commonly referenced as Penn or UPenn, is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Upland, Pennsylvania

Upland is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Utah

Utah is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Victorian house

In Great Britain and former British colonies, a Victorian house generally means any house built during the reign of Queen Victoria.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Martin Luther King Jr. and Vietnam War are Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies.

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Violence begets violence

The phrase "violence begets violence" (or "hate begets hate") means that violent behaviour promotes other violent behaviour, in return.

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Virgin birth of Jesus

The virgin birth of Jesus is the Christian and Islamic doctrine that Jesus was conceived by his mother, Mary, through the power of the Holy Spirit and without sexual intercourse.

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Vocabulary

A vocabulary (also known as a lexicon) is a set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual.

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Vocation

A vocation is an occupation to which a person is especially drawn or for which they are suited, trained or qualified.

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Voting

Voting is a method by which a group, such as a meeting or an electorate, convenes together for the purpose of making a collective decision or expressing an opinion usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. Martin Luther King Jr. and voting Rights Act of 1965 are liberalism in the United States.

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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

The (abbreviated as VU Amsterdam or simply VU when in context) is a public research university in Amsterdam, Netherlands, being founded in 1880.

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W. W. Norton & Company

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Walter George Muelder

Walter George Muelder (1907–2004) was an American social ethicist, public theologian, ecumenist, and Methodist minister. Martin Luther King Jr. and Walter George Muelder are American Christian pacifists, American Christian socialists, American democratic socialists and Boston University School of Theology alumni.

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Walter Rauschenbusch

Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918) was an American theologian and Baptist pastor who taught at the Rochester Theological Seminary. Martin Luther King Jr. and Walter Rauschenbusch are 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States, American Christian pacifists, American Christian socialists and baptist socialists.

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Walter Reuther

Walter Philip Reuther (September 1, 1907 – May 9, 1970) was an American leader of organized labor and civil rights activist who built the United Automobile Workers (UAW) into one of the most progressive labor unions in American history. Martin Luther King Jr. and Walter Reuther are activists for African-American civil rights, American anti-racism activists, American democratic socialists, American social democrats, liberalism in the United States, presidential Medal of Freedom recipients and Selma to Montgomery marches.

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We Shall Overcome

"We Shall Overcome" is a gospel song that is associated heavily with the U.S. civil rights movement.

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Wesleyan College

Wesleyan College is a private, liberal arts women's college in Macon, Georgia, United States.

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West Potomac Park

West Potomac Park is a U.S. national park in Washington, D.C., adjacent to the National Mall.

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Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?

Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? is a 1967 book by African-American minister, Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and social justice campaigner Martin Luther King Jr. Advocating for human rights and a sense of hope, it was King's fourth and last book before his 1968 assassination.

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Whitney Young

Whitney Moore Young Jr. (July 31, 1921 – March 11, 1971) was an American civil rights leader. Martin Luther King Jr. and Whitney Young are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American activists and presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.

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Why We Can't Wait

Why We Can't Wait is a 1964 book by Martin Luther King Jr. about the nonviolent movement against racial segregation in the United States, and specifically the 1963 Birmingham campaign.

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William Augustus Jones Jr.

William Augustus Jones Jr. (February 24, 1934 – February 4, 2006) was an African-American Minister and Civil Rights leader. Martin Luther King Jr. and William Augustus Jones Jr. are 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States, activists for African-American civil rights, African-American Baptist ministers, African-American activists and Crozer Theological Seminary alumni.

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William F. Pepper

William Francis Pepper (August 16, 1937 – April 7, 2024) was an American lawyer who was based in New York City and noted for his efforts to prove government culpability and the innocence of James Earl Ray in the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr..

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William Fontaine

William Thomas Valerio Fontaine (born William Thomas Fontaine; December 2, 1909 – December 29, 1968) was an American philosopher.

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William Lloyd Garrison

William Lloyd Garrison (December, 1805 – May 24, 1879) was an American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer.

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William Sloane Coffin

William Sloane Coffin Jr. (June 1, 1924 – April 12, 2006) was an American Christian clergyman and long-time peace activist. Martin Luther King Jr. and William Sloane Coffin are activists for African-American civil rights, American anti–Vietnam War activists and American nonviolence advocates.

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Wiretapping

Wiretapping, also known as wire tapping or telephone tapping, is the monitoring of telephone and Internet-based conversations by a third party, often by covert means.

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World constitution

A world constitution is a proposed framework or document aimed at establishing a system of global governance.

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World Constitutional Convention

The World Constitutional Convention (WCC), also known as the World Constituent Assembly (WCA) or the First World Constituent Assembly, took place in Interlaken, Switzerland and Wolfach, Germany, 1968.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Wrongful death claim

Wrongful death claim is a claim against a person who can be held liable for a death.

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Wyatt Tee Walker

Wyatt Tee Walker (August 16, 1928 – January 23, 2018) was an African-American pastor, national civil rights leader, theologian, and cultural historian. Martin Luther King Jr. and Wyatt Tee Walker are activists for African-American civil rights, African-American Baptist ministers, African-American activists, American nonviolence advocates, baptist writers and Birmingham campaign.

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Yale University

Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Yolanda King

Yolanda Denise King (November 17, 1955 – May 15, 2007) was an activist for African-American rights and first-born child of civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King, who pursued artistic and entertainment endeavors and public speaking. Martin Luther King Jr. and Yolanda King are activists for African-American civil rights, Baptists from Alabama and Martin Luther King family.

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1956 United States presidential election

The 1956 United States presidential election was the 43rd quadrennial presidential election.

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1960 United States presidential election

The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960.

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1964 Nobel Peace Prize

The 1964 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the American Baptist minister and activist Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968) "for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population." He is the twelfth American recipient of the prestigious Peace Prize.

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1964 United States presidential election

The 1964 United States presidential election was the 45th quadrennial presidential election.

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1968 Chicago riots

The 1968 Chicago riots, in the United States, were sparked in part by the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Rioting and looting followed, with people flooding out onto the streets of major cities, primarily in black urban areas.

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1968 Kansas City, Missouri, riot

The 1968 Kansas City riot occurred in Kansas City, Missouri, in April 1968.

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1968 Louisville riots

Louisville, Kentucky experienced three days of rioting in May 1968.

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1968 United States presidential election

The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968.

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1968 Washington, D.C., riots

Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a leading African-American civil rights activist, on April 4, 1968, Washington, D.C., experienced a four-day period of violent civil unrest and rioting.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.

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