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Table of Contents

1. 520 relations: Achaemenid Empire, Afghanistan, Ahmedabad, Aihole, Ajanta Caves, Ajmer, Alexander Cunningham, Alexander the Great, Alupa dynasty, Amaravathi, Palnadu district, Amoghavarsha, Amravati district, Amu Darya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Andhras, Anga, Antiochus III the Great, Apama, Arabian Sea, Arabs, Arachosia, Architecture, Ariaca, Arjuna, Arjunayanas, Aror, Artemidoros Aniketos, Aryabhata, Ashoka, Ashvamedha, Assam, Audumbaras, Bactria, Badami, Bahlikas, Bali, Ballāla Sena, Bamyan, Banavasi, Bangladesh, Basavakalyan, Bay of Bengal, Belur, Karnataka, Bengal, Bengali language, Berar Sultanate, Bhakti, Bharuch, Bhil, ... Expand index (470 more) » « Shrink index

2. Ancient empires and kingdoms of India
3. Iron Age Asia
4. Iron Age cultures of South Asia

Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad (is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 (per the 2011 population census) makes it the fifth-most populous city in India, and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh-most populous in India.

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Aihole

Aihole (ಐಹೊಳೆ), also referred to as Aivalli, Ahivolal or Aryapura, is a historic site of ancient and medieval era Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments in Karnataka, India that dates from the sixth century through the twelfth century CE.

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Ajanta Caves

The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments dating from the second century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district (a.k.a. Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar district) of Maharashtra state in India.

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Ajmer

Ajmer is a city in the north-western Indian state of Rajasthan.

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Alexander Cunningham

Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham (23 January 1814 – 28 November 1893) was a British Army engineer with the Bengal Sappers who later took an interest in the history and archaeology of India.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Alupa dynasty

The Alupa dynasty (ಅಳುಪೆರ್, ಆಳ್ವೆರ್) (circa 2nd century C.E to 15th century C.E) was an ancient ruling dynasty of India.

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Amaravathi, Palnadu district

Amaravathi is a village on the banks of the Krishna River, in the Palnadu district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

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Amoghavarsha

Amoghavarsha I (also known as Amoghavarsha Nrupatunga I) (r. 814 – 878 CE) was the greatest emperor of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, and one of the most notable monarchs of Early Medieval India.

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Amravati district

Amravati district (Marathi pronunciation: əmɾaːʋət̪iː) is a district of Maharashtra state in central India.

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Amu Darya

The Amu Darya, also called the Amu, the Amo, and historically the Oxus (Latin: Ōxus; Greek: Ὦξος, Ôxos), is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.

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Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India.

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Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh (abbr. AP) is a state in the southern coastal region of India.

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Andhras

The Āndhras were an ancient tribe of south-central Indian subcontinent, whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.

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Anga

Anga was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of eastern India whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.

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Antiochus III the Great

Antiochus III the Great (Ἀντίοχος ὁ Μέγας; 3 July 187 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire, reigning from 223 to 187 BC.

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Apama

Apama (Apáma), sometimes known as Apama I or Apame I, was a Sogdian noblewoman and the wife of the first ruler of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucus I Nicator.

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Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea (हिन्दी|Hindī: सिंधु सागर, baḥr al-ʿarab) is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia.

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Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

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Arachosia

Arachosia (Greek), or Harauvatis (label), was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Architecture

Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction.

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Ariaca

Obv: Bust of king Nahapana with a legend in Greek script "PANNIΩ IAHAPATAC NAHAΠANAC", transliteration of the Prakrit Raño Kshaharatasa Nahapanasa: "King Kshaharata Nahapana".

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Arjuna

Arjuna was an ancient prince of the Kuru Kingdom, located in the present-day India.

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Arjunayanas

Arjunayana, Arjunavana, Arjunavayana or Arjunayanaka was an ancient republican people located in Punjab or north-eastern Rajasthan.

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Aror

Aror (Sindhi: اروهڙ) or Alor or Arorkot (Sindhi: اروهڙ ڪوٽ) is the medieval name of the city of Rohri (in Sindh, modern Pakistan).

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Artemidoros Aniketos

Artemidorus Anicetus (Greek: Ἀρτεμίδωρος ὁ Ἀνίκητος, Artemídо̄ros ho Aníkētos, meaning "Artemidorus the Invincible") was a king who ruled in the area of Gandhara and Pushkalavati in modern northern Pakistan and Afghanistan.

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Aryabhata

Aryabhata (ISO) or Aryabhata I (476–550 CE) was the first of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy.

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Ashoka

Ashoka, also known as Asoka or Aśoka (– 232 BCE), and popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was Emperor of Magadha in the Indian subcontinent from until 232 BCE, and the third ruler from the Mauryan dynasty.

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Ashvamedha

The Ashvamedha (translit-std) was a horse sacrifice ritual followed by the Śrauta tradition of Vedic religion.

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Assam

Assam is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys.

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Audumbaras

The Audumbras, or Audumbaras (Hindi;ओदुम्बर) were a north Indian tribal nation east of the Punjab, in the Western Himalaya region.

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Bactria

Bactria (Bactrian: βαχλο, Bakhlo), or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern Amu Darya) and north of the mountains of the Hindu Kush, an area within the north of modern Afghanistan.

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Badami

Badami, formerly known as Vātāpi (Sanskrit: from āpi, ‘friend, ally’; ‘having the wind (vāta) as an ally’; Kannada script: ವಾತಾಪಿ), is a town and headquarters of a taluk by the same name, in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India.

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Bahlikas

The Bahlikas (बाह्लिक; Bāhlika) were the inhabitants of Bahlika (बह्लिक, located in Bactria), mentioned in Atharvaveda, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Puranas, Vartikka of Katyayana, Brhatsamhita, Amarkosha etc.

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Bali

Bali (English:; ᬩᬮᬶ) is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands.

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Ballāla Sena

Ballāla Sena or Ballal Sen (বল্লাল সেন; reign: 1160–1179), also known as Ballal Sen in vernacular literature, was the second ruler of the Sena dynasty of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Bamyan

Bamyan (بامیان), also spelled Bamiyan or Bamian, is the capital of Bamyan Province in central Afghanistan.

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Banavasi

Banavasi is an ancient temple town located near Sirsi in Karnataka.

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Bangladesh

Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia.

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Basavakalyan

Basavakalyana is a historical city and municipal council in the Bidar District of the Indian state of Karnataka.

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Bay of Bengal

The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean.

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Belur, Karnataka

Belur is a town and taluk in Hassan district in the state of Karnataka, India.

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Bengal

Geographical distribution of the Bengali language Bengal (Bôṅgo) or endonym Bangla (Bāṅlā) is a historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal.

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Bengali language

Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia.

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Berar Sultanate

The Berar Sultanate was an early modern Indian kingdom in the Deccan, ruled by the Imad Shahi dynasty.

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Bhakti

Bhakti (भक्ति; Pali: bhatti) is a term common in Indian religions which means attachment, fondness for, devotion to, trust, homage, worship, piety, faith, or love.

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Bharuch

Bharuch, formerly known as Bharutkutccha, is a city at the mouth of the river Narmada in Gujarat in western India.

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Bhil

Bhil or Bheel refer to various indigenous groups inhabiting western India, including parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and are also found in distant places such as Bengal and Tripura.

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Bhinmal

Bhinmal (previously Shrimal Nagar) is an ancient town in the Jalore District of Rajasthan, India.

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Bhoja

Bhoja (reigned c. 1010–1055 CE) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Malwa in central India, where his capital Dhara-nagara (modern Dhar) was located.

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Bhubaneswar

Bhubaneswar is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Odisha, located in the Khordha district.

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Bhutan

Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia situated in the Eastern Himalayas between China in the north and India in the south.

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Bihar

Bihar is a state in Eastern India.

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Bijapur district, Karnataka

Bijapur district, officially known as Vijayapura district, is a district in the state of Karnataka in India.

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Bijjala II

Bijjala II (1130–1167 CE) ಇಮ್ಮಡಿ ಬಿಜ್ಜಳ was the Mahamandaleshwara of the Kalyani Chalukyas.

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Bijolia

Bijoliya is a census town in Bhilwara district in the state of Rajasthan, India and is surrounded by nature and waterfalls and is famous for Tapodaya Teerth Kshetra and Mandakini Temple.

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Bilhana

Kavi Bilhana was an 11th-century Kashmiri poet.

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Bodhidharma

Bodhidharma was a semi-legendary Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century CE.

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Borneo

Borneo (also known as Kalimantan in the Indonesian language) is the third-largest island in the world, with an area of.

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Brahma Pala

Brahma Pala (reigned 900-920) was the founder of the Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of the Kamarupa kingdom.

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Brahmaputra Valley

The Brahmaputra Valley (also Assam Valley) is a region situated between hill ranges of the eastern and northeastern Himalayan range in Eastern India.

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Brihadisvara Temple

Brihadishvara Temple, called Rajarajesvaram by its builder, and known locally as Thanjai Periya Kovil and Peruvudaiyar Kovil, is a Shaivite Hindu temple built in a Chola architectural style located on the south bank of the Cauvery river in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Bukka Raya I

Bukka Raya I (reigned 1356–1377 CE) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty.

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Cambodia

Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Mainland Southeast Asia.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

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Chalukya dynasty

The Chalukya dynasty was a Classical Indian dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries.

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Chambal River

The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in Central and Northern India, and thus forms part of the drainage system of the Ganges.

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Chandragupta I

Chandragupta I (Gupta script: Cha-ndra-gu-pta, r. c. 319–335/350 CE) was an Emperor of the Gupta Empire, who ruled in northern and central India.

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Chandragupta II

Chandragupta II (r.c. 375-415), also known by his title Vikramaditya, as well as Chandragupta Vikramaditya, was the third ruler of the Gupta Empire in India.

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Chavundaraya

Cāmuṇḍarāya or Chavundaraya (Kannada Cāmuṇḍarāya, Cāvuṇḍarāya, 940–989) was an Indian Jain ruler.

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Chedi Kingdom

Chedi was a kingdom which fell roughly in the Bundelkhand division of Madhya Pradesh regions to the south of river Yamuna along the river Ken.

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Chennakeshava Temple, Belur

Chennakeshava Temple, also referred to as Keshava, Kesava or Vijayanarayana Temple of Belur, is a 12th-century Hindu temple in, Hassan district of Karnataka state, India.

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Chera dynasty

The Chera dynasty (or Cēra), was a Sangam age Tamil dynasty which unified various regions of the western coast and western ghats in southern India to form the early Chera empire.

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Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh is a landlocked state in Central India.

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Chidambaram

Chidambaram is a major town and municipality in Cuddalore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, on the banks of the Vellar River where it meets the Bay of Bengal.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Chola dynasty

The Chola dynasty was a Tamil dynasty originating from southern India.

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Chola Empire

The Chola Empire, which is often referred to as the Imperial Cholas, was a medieval Indian, thalassocratic empire that was established by the Chola dynasty that rose to prominence during the middle of the ninth century and united southern India under their rule. Middle kingdoms of India and Chola Empire are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Cilappatikaram

Cilappatikāram (சிலப்பதிகாரம், ചിലപ്പതികാരം, IPA: ʧiləppət̪ikɑːrəm, lit. "the Tale of an Anklet"), also referred to as Silappathikaram or Silappatikaram, is the earliest Tamil epic.

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Common Era

Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.

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Dantidurga

Dantidurga (reigned 735–756 CE), also known as Dantivarman II was the founder of the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta.

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Darbhanga

Darbhanga is the fifth largest city and municipal corporation in the state of Bihar in India, and is considered an important city in North Bihar.

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Daulatabad Fort

Daulatabad Fort originally Deogiri Fort, is a historic fortified citadel located in Daulatabad village near Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

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Davaka kingdom

Davaka was a kingdom of ancient Indian subcontinent, located in current central region of Assam state. Middle kingdoms of India and Davaka kingdom are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Deccan Plateau

The Deccan is a large plateau and region of the Indian subcontinent located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada River.

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Decimal

The decimal numeral system (also called the base-ten positional numeral system and denary or decanary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers.

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Delhi

Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi (ISO: Rāṣṭrīya Rājadhānī Kṣētra Dillī), is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India.

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Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, for 320 years (1206–1526). Middle kingdoms of India and Delhi Sultanate are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Demetrius I of Bactria

Demetrius I Anicetus (Dēmētrios Anikētos, "Demetrius the unconquered"), also called Damaytra was a Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek king (Yona in Pali language, "Yavana" in Sanskrit) (reigned c. 200–167 BC), who ruled areas from Bactria to ancient northwestern India.

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Devapala of Bengal

Devapala (দেবপাল) was the emperor of the Pala Empire of Bengal.

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Dhar

Dhar is a city located in Dhar district of the Malwa region in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Dharma Pala

Dharma Pala (1035–1060) was ruler of Pala dynasty of Kamarupa Kingdom.

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Dharmapala of Bengal

Dharmapala (Siddhamātṛikā script:, Dha-rmma-pā-la; Bengali: ধর্মপাল) (ruled between 770s–810s CE) was the second ruler of the Pala Empire of Bengal region in the Indian subcontinent.

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Dhruva Dharavarsha

Dhruva (r. 780 – 793 CE) was one of the most notable rulers of the Rashtrakuta Empire.

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Digvijaya (conquest)

Digvijaya, (Sanskrit: दिग्विजय; Dig:"Direction" and Vijaya:"Victory"), in ancient India was originally a Sanskrit term that meant conquest of the "four quarters", in a military or a moral context.

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Doab

Doab is a term used in South Asia Quote: "Originally and chiefly in South Asia: (the name of) a strip or narrow tract of land between two rivers; spec.

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Dravidian architecture

Dravidian architecture, or the Southern Indian temple style, is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged from Southern India, reaching its final form by the sixteenth century.

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Dravidian languages

The Dravidian languages (sometimes called Dravidic) are a family of languages spoken by 250 million people, mainly in southern India, north-east Sri Lanka, and south-west Pakistan, with pockets elsewhere in South Asia.

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Dravidian peoples

The Dravidian peoples are an ethnolinguistic supraethnicity composed of many distinct ethnolinguistic groups native to South Asia (predominantly India).

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Durjaya

Durjaya, now North Guwahati, was capital of Kamarupa kingdom under the Pala Dynasty for the period 900 to 1100 C.E. Pala rulers built their capital on the banks of the Brahmaputra and surrounded it with a rampart and a strong palisade, whence they named it Durjaya (meaning impregnable).

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Dynasty

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.

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Eastern Chalukyas

Eastern Chalukyas, also known as the Chalukyas of Vengi, were a dynasty that ruled parts of South India between the 7th and 12th centuries.

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Eastern Ganga dynasty

The Eastern Ganga dynasty (also known as Purba Gangas, Rudhi Gangas or Prachya Gangas) were a large medieval era Indian royal Hindu dynasty that reigned from Kalinga from as early as the 5th century to the mid 20th century.

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Economic history of India

Around 500 BC, the Mahajanapadas minted punch-marked silver coins.

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Election

An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.

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Elephanta Island

Elephanta Island (also called Gharapuri (literally "the city of caves") or Pory Island) is one of a number of islands in Mumbai Harbour, east of Mumbai, India.

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Ellora Caves

The Ellora Caves are a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India (now renamed to Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar district).

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Eluru

Eluru is a city and the district headquarters of Eluru district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

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Euthydemus I

Euthydemus I (Greek: Εὐθύδημος, Euthýdēmos: from εὐθύς (“straight or genuine”) and δῆμος (“people”); – 200/195 BC) was a Greco-Bactrian king and founder of the Euthydemid dynasty.

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First Battle of Tarain

The First Battle of Tarain, also spelt as the First Battle of Taraori, was fought in 1191 between the invading Ghurid army led by Muhammad of Ghor and the Rajput Confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan, near Tarain (modern Taraori in Haryana, India).

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Gandhara

Gandhara was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan. Middle kingdoms of India and Gandhara are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Gangaikonda Cholapuram

Gaṅgaikoṇḍa Chōḻapuram is a village located near to Jayankondam, Ariyalur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Ganges

The Ganges (in India: Ganga,; in Bangladesh: Padma). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international river which goes through India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China." is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The -long river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.

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Gauḍa (city)

Gauḍa (also known as Gaur, Gour, Lakhnauti, Lakshmanavati and Jannatabad) is a historic city of Bengal in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, and one of the most prominent capitals of classical and medieval India, being the capital city of Bengal under several kingdoms.

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Gauḍa (region)

Gauda (गौड Gauḍa; গৌড় Gauṛ), was a territory located in Bengal in ancient and medieval times, as part of the Gauda Kingdom.

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Geography (Ptolemy)

The Geography (Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις,, "Geographical Guidance"), also known by its Latin names as the Geographia and the Cosmographia, is a gazetteer, an atlas, and a treatise on cartography, compiling the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century Roman Empire.

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Getae

The Getae or Gets (Γέται, singular Γέτης) were a Thracian-related tribe that once inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania.

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Ghaggar-Hakra River

The Ghaggar-Hakra River is an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the monsoon season.

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Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (غیاث الدین تغلق), or Ghazi Malik (Ghazi means fighter for Islam; died 1 February 1325) was the Sultan of Delhi from 1320 to 1325.

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Gilgit

Gilgit (Shina:; گلگت) is a city in Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan in the disputed Kashmir region.

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Goa

Goa is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats.

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Godavari River

The Godavari (ɡod̪aːʋəɾiː) is India's second longest river after the Ganga River and drains the third largest basin in India, covering about 10% of India's total geographical area. Its source is in Trimbakeshwar, Nashik, Maharashtra. It flows east for, draining the states of Maharashtra (48.6%), Telangana (18.8%), Andhra Pradesh (4.5%), Chhattisgarh (10.9%) and Odisha (5.7%).

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Golden Age of India

Certain historical time periods have been named "golden ages", where development flourished, including on the Indian subcontinent.

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Gondophares

Gondophares I (Greek: Γονδοφαρης Gondopharēs, Υνδοφερρης Hyndopherrēs; Kharosthi: 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨥𐨪,; 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨥𐨪𐨿𐨣,; 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨂𐨵𐨪) was the founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom and its most prominent king, ruling from 19 to 46.

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Gopala I

Gopala (গোপাল) (ruled –770s CE) was the founder of the Pala dynasty, which was based in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Govinda III

Govinda III (reign 793 – 814 CE) was greatest Rashtrakuta monarch who succeeded his illustrious father Dhruva Dharavarsha.

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Great Living Chola Temples

The Great Living Chola Temples is a UNESCO World Heritage Site designation for a group of Chola dynasty era Hindu temples in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Greater Bangladesh

Greater Bangladesh (Brihôttôr Bangladesh), or Greater Bangla also Greater Bengal (Brihôttôr Bangla) is the irredentist ideology of Bangladesh to inevitably expand its territory to include the Indian states that currently has, or historically had, large populations of ethnic Bengali people.

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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (lit) was a Greek state of the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia.

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Greco-Buddhist art

The Greco-Buddhist art or Gandhara art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between Ancient Greek art and Buddhism.

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Gujarat

Gujarat is a state along the western coast of India.

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Gupta Empire

The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire on the Indian subcontinent which existed from the mid 3rd century CE to mid 6th century CE. Middle kingdoms of India and Gupta Empire are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty

The Pratihara dynasty, also called the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Pratiharas of Kannauj and the Imperial Pratiharas, was a medieval Indian dynasty that ruled parts of Northern India from the mid-8th to the 11th century. Middle kingdoms of India and Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Gurjaradesa

Gurjaradesa, (from Sanskrit Gurjaratra meaning "the country of the Gurjars".

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Gurjaras of Lata

The Gurjaras of Lata, also known as Gurjaras of Nandipuri or Bharuch Gurjaras, was a dynasty which ruled Lata region (now South Gujarat, India) as a feudatory of different dynasties from c. 580 CE to c. 738 CE.

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Guwahati

Guwahati is the largest city of the Indian state of Assam, and also the largest metropolis in northeastern India.

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Halebidu

Halebidu (IAST: Haḷēbīḍ, literally "old capital, city, encampment" or "ruined city") is a town located in Hassan District, Karnataka, India.

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Hangal

Hangal, formerly known as 'Viratanagara', is a historic town in Karnataka.

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Harihara I

Harihara I, also called Hakka and Vira Harihara I, was the founder of the Vijayanagara Empire, in present-day Karnataka, India, which he ruled from 1336 to 1356 CE.

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Harsha

Harshavardhana (IAST Harṣa-vardhana; 4 June 590–647 CE) was the emperor of Kannauj and ruled northern India from 606 to 647 CE.

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Haryana

Haryana (ISO: Hariyāṇā) is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country.

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Hathigumpha inscription

The Hathigumpha Inscription (pronounced: ɦɑːt̪ʰiːgumpʰɑː) is a seventeen line inscription in a Prakrit language incised in Brahmi script in a cavern called Hathigumpha in Udayagiri hills, near Bhubaneswar in Odisha, India.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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Hephthalites

The Hephthalites (translit), sometimes called the White Huns (also known as the White Hunas, in Iranian as the Spet Xyon and in Sanskrit as the Sveta-huna), were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, part of the larger group of the Iranian Huns.

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Himalayas

The Himalayas, or Himalaya.

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Hindi

Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script.

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Hindu Kush

The Hindu Kush is an mountain range on the Iranian Plateau in Central and South Asia to the west of the Himalayas.

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Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

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Hindus

Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.

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Hindustan

Hindūstān is a name for India, broadly referring to the entirety or northern half of the Indian subcontinent.

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Hippodamus of Miletus

Hippodamus of Miletus (Greek: Ἱππόδαμος ὁ Μιλήσιος, Hippodamos ho Milesios; c.480–408 BC) was an ancient Greek architect, urban planner, physician, mathematician, meteorologist and philosopher, who is considered to be "the father of European urban planning", and the namesake of the "Hippodamian plan" (grid plan) of city layout, although rectangular city plans were in use by the ancient Greeks as early as the 8th c.

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History of Bengal

The history of Bengal is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia.

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History of Bihar

The History of Bihar is one of the most varied in India.

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History of Hinduism

The history of Hinduism covers a wide variety of related religious traditions native to the Indian subcontinent.

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History of India

Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.

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History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent

The history of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent begins with the prehistoric human activity of the Indus Valley Civilisation to the early Indian states and empires.

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Hoysala Kingdom

The Hoysala Kingdom was a Kannadiga power originating from the Indian subcontinent that ruled most of what is now Karnataka between the 10th and the 14th centuries. Middle kingdoms of India and Hoysala Kingdom are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Hoysaleswara Temple

Hoysaleswara temple, also referred simply as the Halebidu temple, is a 12th-century Hindu temple dedicated to the god Shiva.

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Huna people

Hunas or Huna (Middle Brahmi script: Hūṇā) was the name given by the ancient Indians to a group of Central Asian tribes who, via the Khyber Pass, entered the Indian subcontinent at the end of the 5th or early 6th century.

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Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Hund (Pashto: هنډ), known in antiquity as Udabhandapura, is a small village in Swabi district, situated on the right bank of the Indus River in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian art

Indian art consists of a variety of art forms, including painting, sculpture, pottery, and textile arts such as woven silk.

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Indian astronomy

Indian astronomy refers to astronomy practiced in the Indian subcontinent.

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Indian literature

Indian literature refers to the literature produced on the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and in the Republic of India thereafter.

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Indian logic

The development of Indian logic dates back to the anviksiki of Medhatithi Gautama (c. 6th century BCE); the Sanskrit grammar rules of Pāṇini (c. 5th century BCE); the Vaisheshika school's analysis of atomism (c. 6th century BCE to 2nd century BCE); the analysis of inference by Gotama (c. 6th century BC to 2nd century CE), founder of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy; and the tetralemma of Nagarjuna (c.

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Indian mathematics

Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent from 1200 BCE until the end of the 18th century.

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Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.

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Indian philosophy

Indian philosophy consists of philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent.

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Indian religions

Indian religions, sometimes also termed Dharmic religions or Indic religions, are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Indo-Gangetic Plain

The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the North Indian River Plain, is a fertile plain encompassing northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, including most of modern-day northern and eastern India, most of eastern-Pakistan, virtually all of Bangladesh and southern plains of Nepal.

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Indo-Greek Kingdom

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom (also Yavanarajya after the word Yona, which comes from Ionians), was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India.

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Indo-Parthian Kingdom

The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was a Parthian kingdom founded by Gondophares, and active from 19 CE to c. 226 CE. Middle kingdoms of India and Indo-Parthian Kingdom are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Indo-Scythians

The Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the present-day South Asian regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Eastern Iran and northern India.

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Indra III

Indra III (reigned 914–929 CE) was the grandson of Rashtrakuta Emperor Krishna II and son of Chedi princess Lakshmi.

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Indra Pala

Indra Pala (ruled 960–990) was ruler of Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of Kamarupa Kingdom.

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Indus River

The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.

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Ionians

The Ionians (Ἴωνες, Íōnes, singular Ἴων, Íōn) were one of the four major tribes that the Greeks considered themselves to be divided into during the ancient period; the other three being the Dorians, Aeolians, and Achaeans.

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Jagannath Temple, Puri

The Jagannath Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Jagannath, a form of Vishnu in Hinduism.

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Jainism

Jainism, also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion.

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Java

Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia.

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Jaya Pala

Jaya Pala (1075-1100) was a ruler during the Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of Kamarupa Kingdom.

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Jharkhand

Jharkhand is a state in eastern India.

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Junayd

Junayd or Junaid or Junayed (جنيد) and sometimes Jounaid is a male given name which means soldier or warrior.

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Kabul

Kabul is the capital city of Afghanistan.

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Kabulistan

Kabulistan (Persian: کابلستان) is a historical regional name referring to the territory that is centered on present-day Kabul Province of Afghanistan.

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Kadamba dynasty

The Kadambas were an ancient royal family from modern Karnataka, India, that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district in India. Middle kingdoms of India and Kadamba dynasty are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Kakatiya dynasty

The Kakatiya dynasty (IAST: Kākatīya) was a Telugu dynasty that ruled most of eastern Deccan region in present-day India between 12th and 14th centuries.

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Kakusthavarma

Kakusthavarma or Kakusthavarman was a ruler of the Kadamba dynasty in South India.

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Kalabhra dynasty

The Kalabhra dynasty, also called Kaḷabrar, Kaḷappirar, Kallupura or Kalvar, were rulers of all or parts of Tamil region sometime between the 3rd century and 6th century CE, after the ancient dynasties of the early Cholas, the early Pandyas and Chera.

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Kalaburagi district

Kalaburagi district, formerly known as Gulbarga district, is one of the 31 districts of Karnataka state in southern India.

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Kalachuri dynasty

The Kalachuris of Mahismati, or the Early Kalachuris, was an early medieval Indian dynasty that ruled present-day Maharashtra, as well as parts of mainland Gujarat and southern Madhya Pradesh.

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Kalachuris of Kalyani

The Kalachuris of Kalyani, also Southern Kalachuris, were a 10th-12th-century Indian dynasty, who ruled over parts of present-day northern Karnataka and Maharashtra.

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Kalachuris of Tripuri

The Kalachuris of Tripuri (IAST), also known the Kalachuris of Chedi, ruled parts of central India during 7th to 13th centuries.

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Kalidasa

Kālidāsa (कालिदास, "Servant of Kali"; 4th–5th century CE) was a Classical Sanskrit author who is often considered ancient India's greatest poet and playwright.

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Kalinga (historical region)

Kalinga is a historical region of India.

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Kamarupa

Kamarupa (also called Pragjyotisha or Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa), an early state during the Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, was (along with Davaka) the first historical kingdom of Assam. Middle kingdoms of India and Kamarupa are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Kambojas

The Kambojas were a southeastern Iranian people who inhabited the northeastern most part of the territory populated by Iranian tribes, which bordered the Indian lands.

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Kanchipuram

Kanchipuram (IAST) also known as Kanjeevaram, is a stand alone city corporation, satellite nodal city of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu in the Tondaimandalam region, from Chennaithe capital of Tamil Nadu.

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Kanishka

Kanishka I, also known as Kanishka the Great, was an emperor of the Kushan dynasty, under whose reign (–150 CE) the empire reached its zenith.

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Kannada

Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), formerly also known as Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states.

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Kannadigas

The Kannadigas or Kannaḍigaru, often referred to as Kannada people, are a Dravidian ethno-linguistic group who natively speak Kannada and trace their ancestry to the South Indian state of Karnataka in India and its surrounding regions.

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Kannauj

Kannauj (Hindustani pronunciation: kənːɔːd͡ʒ) is an ancient city, administrative headquarters and a municipal board or Nagar Palika Parishad in Kannauj district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

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Kanva dynasty

The Kanva dynasty or Kanvavamsha was the sixth ruling dynasty of Magadha, established after Vasudeva Kanva overthrew the preceding Shunga dynasty and ruled from 73 BCE to 28 BCE.

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Kanyakumari

Kanyakumari (referring to Devi Kanya Kumari, officially known as Kanniyakumari, formerly known as Cape Comorin) is a city in Kanyakumari district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.

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Kapisa Province

Kapisa (Persian language) is the smallest of Afghanistan's thirty-four provinces and is located in the north-east of the country.

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Kappe Arabhatta

Kappe Arabhatta (ಕಪ್ಪೆ ಅರಭಟ್ಟ) was a Chalukya warrior of the 8th century who is known from a Kannada verse inscription, dated to c. 700 CE, and carved on a cliff overlooking the northeast end of the artificial lake in Badami, Karnataka, India.

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Karka II

Karka II (r. 972 – 991 CE)Altekar (1934), p131 was a Rashtrakuta Emperor who succeeded his uncle Khottiga Amoghavarsha.

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Karkota dynasty

The Karkota dynasty (c. 625 − 855 CE) ruled over the Kashmir valley and some northern parts of the Indian subcontinent during 7th and 8th centuries.

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Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)

Karna (r. c. 1064–1092 CE) was an Indian king from the Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty of Gujarat.

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Karnataka

Karnataka (ISO), also known colloquially as Karunāḍu, is a state in the southwestern region of India.

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Karur

Karur is a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Kashmir

Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Kathiawar

Kathiawar is a peninsula, near the far north of India's west coast, of about bordering the Arabian Sea.

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Katoch

Katoch is a Chandravanshi Rajput clan.

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Kaveri

The Kaveri (also known as Cauvery, the anglicised name) is one of the major Indian rivers flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Kaveri River rises at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range in the Western Ghats, Kodagu district of the state of Karnataka, at an elevation of 1,341 m above mean sea level and flows for about 800 km before its outfall into the Bay of Bengal.

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Kavirajamarga

Kavirajamarga (ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ) (850 C.E.) is the earliest available work on rhetoric, poetics and grammar in the Kannada language.

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Kātyāyana

Kātyāyana (कात्यायन) also spelled as Katyayana (century BCE) was a Sanskrit grammarian, mathematician and Vedic priest who lived in ancient India.

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Kekeya Kingdom

Kekeya Kingdom (also known as Kekaya, Kaikaya, Kaikeya etc.) was a kingdom mentioned in the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata among the western kingdoms of then India.

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Keling

Keling or Kling is an exonym to denote a Tamilian or someone deemed to have originated from South India.

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Kharavela

Kharavela (also transliterated Khārabēḷa) was a monarch of Kalinga in present-day Odisha, India, who ruled during the second or first century BCE.

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Khosrow II

Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; Husrō and Khosrau), commonly known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year.

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Kingdom of Amber

The Kingdom of Amber, also known as Kingdom of Dhundhar, and Jaipur State, was located in the north-eastern historic Dhundhar region of Rajputana and was ruled by the Kachwaha Rajput clan.

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Kolar

Kolar or Kolara is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka.

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Konark

Konark is a medium town in the Puri district in the state of Odisha, India.

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Konark Sun Temple

Konark Sun Temple is a Hindu Sun temple at Konark about northeast from Puri city on the coastline in Puri district, Odisha, India.

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Kosala Kingdom

Kosala is the kingdom of Rama mentioned in the Ramayana.

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Krishna III

Krishna III whose Kannada name was Kannara (r. 939 – 967 C.E.) was the last great warrior and able Rashtrakuta Emperor.

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Krishna River

The Krishna River in the Deccan plateau is the third-longest river in India, after the Ganges and Godavari.

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Kubja Vishnuvardhana

Kubja Vishnuvardhana I "Vishama-Siddhi" whose Kannada name was Bittarasa (reigned 624–641 AD) was the brother of Chalukya Pulakeshin II.

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Kuninda Kingdom

The Kingdom of Kuninda (or Kulinda in ancient literature) was an ancient central Himalayan kingdom documented from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century, located in the southern areas of modern Himachal Pradesh and far western areas of Uttarakhand in northern India and Doti Gadwall in Nepal. Middle kingdoms of India and Kuninda Kingdom are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Kuru Kingdom

Kuru was a Vedic Indo-Aryan tribal union in northern Iron Age India of the Bharatas and other Puru clans. Middle kingdoms of India and Kuru Kingdom are Iron Age cultures of South Asia.

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Kushan Empire

The Kushan Empire (– AD) was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. Middle kingdoms of India and Kushan Empire are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

The Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom (or Indo-Sasanians) was a polity established by the Sasanian Empire in Bactria during the 3rd and 4th centuries.

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Kuttanad

Kuttanad is a region covering the Alappuzha, Kottayam and Pathanamthitta Districts, in the state of Kerala, India, well known for its vast paddy fields and geographical peculiarities.

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Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep is a union territory of India.

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Lakshmana Sena

Lokkhon Sen or Lakshman Sena (লক্ষণ সেন; reign: 1178–1206) was the ruler from the Sen dynasty of the Bengal region on the Indian subcontinent.

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Lalitaditya Muktapida

Lalitaditya alias Muktapida (IAST: Lalitāditya Muktāpīḍa; r. c. 724 CE–760 CE) was a Kashmiri monarch belonging to the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir region in the Indian subcontinent.

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Lata (region)

Lata (IAST: Lāṭa) was a historical region of India, located in the southern part of the present-day Gujarat state.

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Lingayatism

Lingayatism is a Hindu denomination based on Shaivism.

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List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes

This is a list of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes that are mentioned in the literature of Indian religions.

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List of countries by GDP (nominal)

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.

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List of Indian inventions and discoveries

This list of Indian inventions and discoveries details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of India, including those from the historic Indian subcontinent and the modern-day republic of India.

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Lord Elphinstone

Lord Elphinstone is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created by King James IV in 1510.

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Lunar dynasty

The Lunar dynasty (IAST: Candravaṃśa) is a legendary principal house of the Kshatriyas varna, or warrior–ruling varna (Social Class) mentioned in the ancient Indian texts.

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Madanapala (Pala dynasty)

Madanapala (r. 1139–1161 CE) was the successor to the Pala king Gopala IV in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, and the eighteenth and final ruler of Pala lineage reigning for 18 years.

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Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh (meaning 'central province') is a state in central India.

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Madra

Madra (Sanskrit) was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of north-western South Asia whose existence is attested since the Iron Age (c.1100–500 BCE).

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Madurai

Madurai, formerly known by its colonial name Madura is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Magadha

Magadha also called the Kingdom of Magadha or the Magadha Empire, was a kingdom and empire, and one of the sixteen lit during the Second Urbanization period, based in southern Bihar in the eastern Ganges Plain, in Ancient India. Middle kingdoms of India and Magadha are ancient empires and kingdoms of India and Iron Age cultures of South Asia.

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Magnesia (regional unit)

Magnesia (Μαγνησία, Magnisía,, Ancient Greek: Magnēsía, deriving from the tribe name Magnetes) is one of the regional units of Greece.

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Mahabharata

The Mahābhārata (महाभारतम्) is one of the two major Smriti texts and Sanskrit epics of ancient India revered in Hinduism, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa.

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Mahajanapadas

The Mahājanapadas were sixteen kingdoms and aristocratic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period. Middle kingdoms of India and Mahajanapadas are ancient empires and kingdoms of India and Iron Age cultures of South Asia.

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Mahakuta group of temples

The Mahakuta group of temples is located in Mahakuta, a village in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka state, India.

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Mahameghavahana dynasty

The Mahameghavahana dynasty (2nd or 1st century BC to early 4th century CE) was an ancient ruling dynasty of Kalinga after the decline of the Maurya Empire.

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Maharashtra

Maharashtra (ISO: Mahārāṣṭra) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau.

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Mahayana

Mahāyāna is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, texts, philosophies, and practices developed in ancient India (onwards).

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Mahendravarman (Varman dynasty)

Mahendravarman ruled Kamarupa from the Varman dynasty for the period 470–494 CE, was son of King Ganapativarman and Queen Yajnavati.

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Mahendravarman I

Mahendravarman I (600–630 CE) was a Pallava emperor who ruled the Southern portion of present-day Andhra region and Northern regions of what forms present-day Tamil Nadu in India in the early 7th century.

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Mahipala

Mahipala (or Mahipala I) was a notable king of the Pala dynasty, which ruled over much of the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent between the 8th and 12th centuries.

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Mahmud of Ghazni

Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin (translit; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as Mahmud of Ghazni or Mahmud Ghaznavi (محمود غزنوی), was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling from 998 to 1030.

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Mainland Southeast Asia

Mainland Southeast Asia (also known Indochina or the Indochinese Peninsula) is the continental portion of Southeast Asia.

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Maithili language

Maithili is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of India and Nepal.

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Maitraka dynasty

The Maitraka dynasty ruled western India from approximately 475 to approximately 776 CE from their capital at Vallabhi.

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Malaprabha River

The Malaprabha River is a tributary of the Krishna River and flows through the state of Karnataka in India.

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Malavas

The Malavas (Brahmi script: 𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀭𑀯 Mmālava) or Malwas were an ancient Indian tribe.

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Malay Peninsula

The Malay Peninsula is located in Mainland Southeast Asia.

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Maldives

The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, and historically known as the Maldive Islands, is a country and archipelagic state in South Asia in the Indian Ocean.

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Malenadu

Malnad (or Malenadu) is a region in the state of Karnataka, India.

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Malkheda

Malkheda originally known as Manyakheta (IAST: Mānyakheṭa, Prakrit: "Mannakheḍa"), and also known as Malkhed,Village code.

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Malwa

Malwa is a historical region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.

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Mamallapuram

Mamallapuram (also known as Mahabalipuram), is a town in Chengalpattu district in the southeastern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, best known for the UNESCO World Heritage Site of 7th- and 8th-century Hindu Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram.

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Manimekalai

Maṇimēkalai (மணிமேகலை), also spelled Manimekhalai or Manimekalai, is a Tamil-Buddhist epic composed by Kulavāṇikaṉ Seethalai Sataṉar probably somewhere between the 2nd century to the 6th century.

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Manusmriti

The Manusmṛti (मनुस्मृति), also known as the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra or the Laws of Manu, is one of the many legal texts and constitutions among the many of Hinduism.

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Marathi language

Marathi (मराठी) is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

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Marathi people

The Marathi people (Marathi: मराठी लोक, Marāṭhī lōk) or Marathis (Marathi: मराठी, Marāṭhī) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who are native to Maharashtra in western India.

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Marco Polo

Marco Polo (8 January 1324) was a Venetian merchant, explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295.

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Maritime Southeast Asia

Maritime Southeast Asia comprises the countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor.

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Massagetae

The Massagetae or Massageteans, also known as Sakā tigraxaudā or Orthocorybantians, were an ancient Eastern Iranian Saka people who inhabited the steppes of Central Asia and were part of the wider Scythian cultures.

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Mathura

Mathura is a city and the administrative headquarters of Mathura district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

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Matriarchy

Matriarchy is a social system in which positions of responsibility, dominance and privilege are held by women.

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Maues

Maues (Greek: Μαύης; ΜΑΥΟΥ (epigraphic); Kharosthi: 𐨨𐨆𐨀,, called 𐨨𐨆𐨒, on the Taxila copper plate; also called 𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁 𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐, in the Mathura lion capital inscription) was the first Indo-Scythian king, ruling from 98/85 to 60/57 BCE.

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Maurya Empire

The Maurya Empire (Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑁂, Māgadhe) was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia based in Magadha (present day Bihar). Middle kingdoms of India and Maurya Empire are ancient empires and kingdoms of India and Iron Age cultures of South Asia.

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Mauryas of Puri

The Maurya dynasty ruled the coastal Konkan region in present-day Goa and Maharashtra states of India, between the 4th and the 7th centuries.

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Mayurasharma

Mayurasharma or Mayuravarma (reigned 345–365 CE), a native of Talagunda (in modern Shimoga district), was the founder of the Kadamba Kingdom of Banavasi, the earliest native kingdom to rule over what is today the modern state of Karnataka, India.

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Medes

The Medes (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭; Akkadian: 13px, 13px; Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia in the vicinity of Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan).

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Medieval India

Medieval India refers to a long period of post-classical history of the Indian subcontinent between the "ancient period" and "modern period".

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Meenakshi Temple

Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, also known as Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman Thirukkovil, is a historic Hindu temple located on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Mewar

Mewar or Mewad is a region in the south-central part of Rajasthan state of India.

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Mihirakula

Mihirakula (Gupta script:, Mi-hi-ra-ku-la, Chinese: 摩酰逻矩罗 Mo-hi-lo-kiu-lo), sometimes referred to as Mihiragula or Mahiragula, was the second and last Alchon Hun king of northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent between 502 and 530 CE.

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Mitra dynasty (Mathura)

The Mitra dynasty refers to a group of local rulers whose name incorporated the suffix "-mitra" and who are thought to have ruled in the area of Mathura from around 150 BCE to 50 BCE, at the time of Indo-Greek hegemony over the region, and possibly in a tributary relationship with them.

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Mleccha

Mleccha (from) is a Sanskrit term, referring to those of an incomprehensible speech, foreign or barbarous invaders as distinguished from the Vedic tribes.

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Mlechchha dynasty

The Mlechchha dynasty (c. 650 - 900) ruled Kamarupa from their capital at Harruppesvar in present-day Tezpur, Assam, after the fall of the Varman dynasty.

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Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.

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Mount Abu

Mount Abu is a hill station in the Aravalli Range in the Sirohi district of the state of Rajasthan in western India.

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Muhammad of Ghor

Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam (translit; 15 March 1206), also known as Muhammad of Ghor or Muhammad Ghori, was a ruler from the Ghurid dynasty based in the Ghor region of what is today central Afghanistan who ruled from 1173 to 1206.

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Mukhalingam

Mukhalingam, also known as Srimukhalingam or Mukhalinga, is a village panchayat in Jalumuru mandal of Srikakulam district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

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Mumbai

Mumbai (ISO:; formerly known as Bombay) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra.

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Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

The Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place between the 13th and the 18th centuries.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Muziris

Muchiri, commonly anglicized as Muziris (Μουζιρίς, Old Malayalam: Muciri or Muciripattanam possibly identical with the medieval Muyirikode) was an ancient harbour and an urban centre on the Malabar Coast.

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Myanmar

Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest.

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Mysore district

Mysore district, officially Mysuru district, is an administrative district located in the southern part of the state of Karnataka, India.

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Nabadwip

Nabadwip, also spelt Navadwip, anciently Nadia or Nudiya, is a heritage city in Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

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Nagas of Padmavati

The Naga (IAST: Nāga) dynasty ruled parts of north-central India during the 3rd and the 4th centuries, after the decline of the Kushan Empire and before the rise of the Gupta Empire.

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Nalanda mahavihara

Nalanda (IAST) was a renowned Buddhist mahavihara (great monastery) in ancient and medieval Magadha (modern-day Bihar), eastern India.

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Nanyadeva

Nanyadeva (IAST) was the founder of the Karnat dynasty of Mithila.

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Narakasura

Naraka, also known as Narakasura, and Bhaumasura was a asura king, the legendary progenitor of all three dynasties of Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa, and the founding ruler of the legendary Bhauma dynasty of Pragjyotisha.

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Narasimhavarman I

Narasimhavarman I was a Pallava emperor who reigned from 630 CE to 668 CE.

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Narasimhavarman II

Narasimhavarman II, popularly known as Rajasimha and as Rajamalla, was a Pallava monarch who reigned from 695 CE to 728 CE.

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Narasingha Deva I

Gajapati Langula Narasingha Deva I was an Eastern Ganga monarch and a warrior of the Kalinga region who reigned from 1238 CE to 1264 CE.

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Narmada River

The Narmada River, previously also known as Narbada or anglicised as Nerbudda, is the 5th longest river in India and overall the longest west-flowing river in the country.

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Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram

Thillai Nataraja Temple, also referred as the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Nataraja, the form of Shiva as the lord of dance.

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Nellaiappar Temple

The Nellaiappar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located in Tirunelveli, a city in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Nepal

Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia.

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North Bengal

North Bengal or Uttar Banga (উত্তরবঙ্গ/উত্তর বাংলা) is a term used for the north-western part of Bangladesh and northern part of West Bengal.

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North India

North India, also called Northern India, is a geographical and broad cultural region comprising the northern part of India (or historically, the Indian subcontinent) wherein Indo-Aryans form the prominent majority population.

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North Karnataka

North Karnataka (kannada: ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ Transliteration: Uttara Karnataka) is a geographical region in Deccan plateau from elevation that constitutes the region of the Karnataka state in India and the region consists of 14 districts (as of 02 October 2020).

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Odisha

Odisha (English), formerly Orissa (the official name until 2011), is an Indian state located in Eastern India.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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Pañcāla

Panchala was an ancient kingdom of northern India, located in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab of the Upper Gangetic plain which is identified as Kanyakubja or region around Kannauj. Middle kingdoms of India and Pañcāla are Iron Age cultures of South Asia.

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Pahlavas

The Pahlavas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)

The Pala dynasty of Kamarupa kingdom ruled from 900 CE.

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Pala Empire

The Pāla Empire (r. 750–1161 CE) was an imperial power during the post-classical period in the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal. Middle kingdoms of India and Pala Empire are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Pallava dynasty

The Pallava dynasty existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a significant portion of the Deccan, also known as Tondaimandalam.

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Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli

Panchakuta Basadi (or Panchakoota Basadi) is a temple complex located in the Kambadahalli village of the Mandya district, Karnataka state, in southwestern India.

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Pandava

The Pandavas (Sanskrit: पाण्डव, IAST: Pāṇḍava) is a group name referring to the five legendary brothers, Yudhishtira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva, who are central figures of the Hindu epic Mahabharata.

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Pandya dynasty

The Pandyan dynasty, also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras.

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Pannonian Avars

The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.

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Parada Kingdom

Pāradas (alternatively Varadas, Parita) was an Iron Age kingdom described in various ancient and classical Indian texts.

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Parama Kamboja Kingdom

Parama Kamboja Kingdom was mentioned in the epic Mahabharata to be on the far north west along with the Bahlika, Uttara Madra and Uttara Kuru countries.

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Paramara dynasty

The House of Paramara is a prominent Indian Rajput dynasty that ruled over the Kingdom of Malwa, the Garhwal Kingdom, and many other kingdoms, princely states and feudal estates in North India.

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Paratarajas

The Pāratarājas (Brahmi: Pāratarāja, Kharosthi: 𐨤𐨪𐨟𐨪𐨗,, "Kings of Pārata") or Pāradarājas was a dynasty of Parthian kings in the territory of modern-day western Pakistan from circa 125 CE to circa 300 CE.

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Parthia

Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.

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Parthian language

The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is an extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language once spoken in Parthia, a region situated in present-day northeastern Iran and Turkmenistan.

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Pataliputra

Pataliputra (IAST), adjacent to modern-day Patna, Bihar, was a city in ancient India, originally built by Magadha ruler Ajatashatru in 490 BCE, as a small fort near the Ganges river.

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Patan, Gujarat

Patan, also known as Anahilavad, is the administrative seat of Patan district in the Indian state of Gujarat and is an administered municipality.

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Patola Shahis

The Patola Shahis, or Palola Shahis, also Gilgit Shahis, were a dynasty of Buddhist kings of the Kingdom of Gilgit ("Lesser Bolü"), located in the northern tip of the Indian subcontinent in the 6th-8th century CE.

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Pattadakal

Pattadakal, also called Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka, India.

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Pauravas

The Pauravas were an ancient tribe in the Indus valley, to which King Porus may have belonged. Middle kingdoms of India and Pauravas are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Peninsula

A peninsula is a landform that extends from a mainland and is surrounded by water on most sides.

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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs), also known by its Latin name as the, is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of the Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India.

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Persians

The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.

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Philosopher king

The philosopher king is a hypothetical ruler in whom political skill is combined with philosophical knowledge.

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Political history of medieval Karnataka

The political history of medieval Karnataka spans the 4th to the 16th centuries in Karnataka region of India.

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Polybius

Polybius (Πολύβιος) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period.

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Polymath

A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.

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Pratap Dhavala

Pratap Dhavala was Khayaravala king in 12th century.

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Prince

A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family.

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Prithviraj Chauhan

Prithviraja III (IAST: Pṛthvī-rāja; reign. – 1192), popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan or Rai Pithora, was a king from the Chauhan (Chahamana) dynasty who ruled the territory of Sapadalaksha, with his capital at Ajmer in present-day Rajasthan in north-western India.

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Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.

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Pulakeshin I

Pulakeshin (IAST: Pulakeśin, r. c. 540–567) was the first sovereign ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi (modern Badami).

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Pulakeshin II

Pulakeshi II (IAST: Pulakeśhi r. –642 CE) popularly known as Immaḍi Pulakeśi, was the greatest Chalukyan Emperor who reigned from Vatapi (present-day Badami in Karnataka, India).

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Punjab

Punjab (also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb), also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India.

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Puranas

Puranas (पुराण||ancient, old (1995 Edition), Article on Puranas,, page 915) are a vast genre of Hindu literature about a wide range of topics, particularly about legends and other traditional lore.

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Pushkalavati

Pushkalavati, was the capital of the ancient region of Gāndhāra, situated in present day's Pakistan.

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Pushyavarman

Pushyavarman (Reign 350–374) was the first historical ruler of Kamarupa (Assam) in eastern India, who established the Varman dynasty in 350 AD.

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R. C. Majumdar

Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (known as R. C. Majumdar; 4 December 1888 – 11 February 1980) was an Indian historian and professor known for being an integral part of the Nationalist school of historiography.

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Rai dynasty

The Rai dynasty (–632 CE) was a polity of ancient Sindh. Middle kingdoms of India and Rai dynasty are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Rajahmundry

Rajahmundry, officially Rajamahendravaram, is a city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and district headquarters of East Godavari district.

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Rajaraja I

Rajaraja I (Middle Tamil: Rājarāja Cōḻaṉ; Classical Sanskrit: Rājarāja Śōḷa; 947 – 1014), also known as Rajaraja the Great, was a Chola emperor who reigned from 985 CE to 1014 CE.

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Rajasthan

Rajasthan (lit. 'Land of Kings') is a state in northwestern India.

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Rajatarangini

Rājataraṅgiṇī (Sanskrit: राजतरङ्गिणी, romanized: rājataraṅgiṇī, IPA: ɾɑː.d͡ʑɐ.t̪ɐˈɾɐŋ.ɡi.ɳiː, "The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of Indian sub-continent, particularly the kings of Kashmir.

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Rajendra I

Rajendra I (/rɑːdʒeɪndrə/; Middle Tamil: Rājēntira Cōḻaṉ; Classical Sanskrit: Rājēndradēva Śōla; Old Malay: Raja Chulan; – 1044 CE), often referred to as Rajendra the Great, Gangaikonda Cholan (Middle Tamil: Kaṅkaikoṇṭa Cōḻaṉ), and Kadaram Kondan (Middle Tamil: Kaṭāram Koṇṭāṉ), was a Chola Emperor who reigned from 1014 and 1044 CE.

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Rajendra III

Rajendra Chola III came to the Chola throne in 1246 CE.

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Rajgir

Rajgir, old name Rajagriha, meaning "The City of Kings," is an ancient city in the district of Nalanda in Bihar, India.

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Rajput

Rajput (from Sanskrit rājaputra meaning "son of a king"), also called Thakur, is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent.

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Rajputana

Rājputana, meaning Land of the Rajputs, was a region in the Indian subcontinent that included mainly the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan, as well as parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, and some adjoining areas of Sindh in modern-day southern Pakistan.

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Rajuvula

Rajuvula (Greek ΡΑΖΥ; Brahmi:,; Kharosthi: 𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨬𐨂𐨫,; 𐨪𐨗𐨬𐨂𐨫,; 𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨫) was an Indo-Scythian Great Satrap (Mahākṣatrapa), one of the "Northern Satraps" who ruled in the area of Mathura in the northern Indian Subcontinent in the years around 10 CE.

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Ramapala

Ramapala (r. 1077–1130 CE) also known as Ramapala the Great, was the successor to the Pala king Shurapala II in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, and fifteenth ruler of the Pala line.

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Ramayana

The Ramayana (translit-std), also known as Valmiki Ramayana, as traditionally attributed to Valmiki, is a smriti text (also described as a Sanskrit epic) from ancient India, one of the two important epics of Hinduism known as the Itihasas, the other being the Mahabharata.

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Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Rashtrakutas

Rashtrakuta (IAST) (r. 753 – 982 CE) was a royal Indian dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th and 10th centuries.

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Ratna Pala

Ratna Pala (reigned 920-960) was the son of Brahma Pala in Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of Kamarupa Kingdom.

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Regionalism (politics)

Regionalism is a political ideology that seeks to increase the political power, influence and self-determination of the people of one or more subnational regions.

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Rishikas

The Rishikas (also Rshika and Ṛṣika) was an ancient Kingdom of Central Asia and South Asia, who are mentioned in Hindu and Sanskrit literary texts, including the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, the Brhat-Samhita, the Markendeya Purana and Patanjali's Mahabhashya.

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Rohtas Fort, India

The Rohtasgarh or Rohtas Fort is located in the Son River valley, in the small town of Rohtas in Bihar, India.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roxana

Roxana (dead 310 BC, Ῥωξάνη; Old Iranian: *Raṷxšnā- "shining, radiant, brilliant") sometimes known as Roxanne, Roxanna and Roxane was a Sogdian or a Bactrian princess whom Alexander the Great married after defeating Darius, ruler of the Achaemenid Empire, and invading Persia.

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Rudolf Hoernlé

Augustus Frederic Rudolf Hoernlé CIE (1841 – 1918), also referred to as Rudolf Hoernle or A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, was a German Indologist and philologist.

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Rudrasimha III

Rudrasimha III (IAST: Rudrasiṃha) was the last ruler of the Western Satraps in India, in the 4th century AD.

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Sabarmati River

The Sabarmati River is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.

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Sacred Books of the East

The Sacred Books of the East is a monumental 50-volume set of English translations of Asian religious texts, edited by Max Müller and published by the Oxford University Press between 1879 and 1910.

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Sacred waters

Sacred waters are sacred natural sites characterized by tangible topographical land formations such as rivers, lakes, springs, reservoirs, and oceans, as opposed to holy water which is water elevated with the sacramental blessing of a cleric.

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Sagala

Sagala, Sakala (साकला), or Sangala (Σάγγαλα) was a city in ancient India, which was the predecessor of the modern city of Sialkot that is located in what is now Pakistan's northern Punjab province.

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Saka

The Saka were a group of nomadic Eastern Iranian peoples who historically inhabited the northern and eastern Eurasian Steppe and the Tarim Basin.

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Samatata

Samataṭa (Brahmi script: sa-ma-ta-ṭa) was an ancient geopolitical division of Bengal in the eastern Indian subcontinent.

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Samudragupta

Samudragupta (Gupta script: Sa-mu-dra-gu-pta, (c. 335–375 CE) was the second emperor of the Gupta Empire of ancient India, and is regarded among the greatest rulers of India. As a son of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta I and the Licchavi princess Kumaradevi, he greatly expanded his dynasty's political and military power.

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Sangam literature

The Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், caṅka ilakkiyam, Malayalam: സംഘസാഹിത്യം, saṅgha sāhityam), historically known as 'the poetry of the noble ones' (Tamil: சான்றோர் செய்யுள், Cāṉṟōr ceyyuḷ), connotes the early classical Tamil literature and is the earliest known literature of South India.

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Sanskrit

Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Sanskrit literature

Sanskrit literature broadly comprises all literature in the Sanskrit language.

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Sarnath

Sarnath (also referred to as Sarangnath, Isipatana, Rishipattana, Migadaya, or Mrigadava) is a place located northeast of Varanasi, near the confluence of the Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Satavahana dynasty

The Satavahanas (Sādavāhana or Sātavāhana, IAST), also referred to as the Andhras (also Andhra-bhṛtyas or Andhra-jatiyas) in the Puranas, were an ancient Indian dynasty. Middle kingdoms of India and Satavahana dynasty are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Saurashtra (region)

Saurashtra, also known as Kathiawar, is a peninsular region of Gujarat, India, located on the Arabian Sea coast.

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Scythians

The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.

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Second Battle of Tarain

The Second Battle of Tarain was fought in 1192 between the Ghurid forces of Muhammad Ghuri and the Rajput Confederacy of Prithviraj Chauhan.

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Seleucus I Nicator

Seleucus I Nicator (Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ) was a Macedonian Greek general, officer and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the eponymous Seleucid Empire, led by the Seleucid dynasty.

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Sena dynasty

The Sena dynasty was a Hindu dynasty during the early medieval period on the Indian subcontinent, that ruled from Bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries. Middle kingdoms of India and Sena dynasty are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Seuna (Yadava) dynasty

The Seuna, Sevuna, or Yadavas of Devagiri (IAST: Seuṇa, –1317) was a medieval Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a realm stretching from the Narmada river in the north to the Tungabhadra river in the south, in the western part of the Deccan region. Middle kingdoms of India and Seuna (Yadava) dynasty are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Shahabad district

Shahabad district or Arrah district, headquartered at Arrah (now part of Bhojpur) was a Bhojpuri speaking district in western Bihar, India, making the western border of Bihar with Uttar Pradesh.

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Shailendra dynasty

The Shailendra dynasty (derived from Sanskrit combined words Śaila and Indra, meaning "King of the Mountain", also spelled Sailendra, Syailendra or Selendra) was the name of a notable Indianised dynasty that emerged in 8th-century Java, whose reign signified a cultural renaissance in the region.

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Shaivism

Shaivism (translit-std) is one of the major Hindu traditions, which worships Shiva as the Supreme Being.

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Shiva

Shiva (lit), also known as Mahadeva (Category:Trimurti Category:Wisdom gods Category:Time and fate gods Category:Indian yogis.

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Shore Temple

The Shore Temple (c. 725 AD) is a complex of temples and shrines that overlooks the shore of the Bay of Bengal.

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Shravanabelagola

Shravanabelagola (pronunciation) is a town located near Channarayapatna of Hassan district in the Indian state of Karnataka and is from Bengaluru.

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Shri Pratapa

Shri Pratapa was Khayaravala king in 13th century.

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Shunga Empire

The Shunga dynasty (IAST) was the Fifth ruling dynasty of Magadha and controlled most of the northern Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 73 BCE. Middle kingdoms of India and Shunga Empire are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Siberia

Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.

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Simhavishnu

Simhavishnu (IAST: Siṃhaviṣṇu) also known as Avanisimha son of Simhavarman III and one of the Pallava kings of India, was responsible for the revival of the Pallavan dynasty.

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Simraungadh (medieval city)

Simraungadh, (also referred to as Simramapura, Simraongarh or Simroungarh) (Devanagari: सिम्रौनगढ) was a fortified city and the main capital of the Karnats of Mithila, founded by its first ruler, Nanyadeva in 1097.

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Simuka

Simuka (Brahmi:𑀲𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓, Si-mu-ka) was an ancient Indian Maharatta king belonging to the Satavahana dynasty, which ruled the Deccan region.

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Sindh

Sindh (سِنْدھ,; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind) is a province of Pakistan.

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Sogdia

Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

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Somapura Mahavihara

Somapura Mahavihara (Shompur Môhabihar) or Paharpur Buddhist Vihara (Pāhāṛpur baud'dha bihār) in Paharpur, Badalgachhi, Naogaon, Bangladesh is among the best known Buddhist viharas or monasteries in the Indian Subcontinent and is one of the most important archaeological sites in the country.

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Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)

Someshvara (IAST: Someśvara, r. c. 1169–1178 CE) was an Indian king belonging to the Chahamana dynasty and ruled parts of present-day Rajasthan in north-western India.

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Someshvara I

Someshvara I was a king of the Western Chalukyas.

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Somnath temple

Somnath temple(IAST: somanātha) or Deo Patan, is a Hindu temple located in Prabhas Patan, Veraval in Gujarat, India.

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South Asia

South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.

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South India

South India, also known as Southern India or Peninsular India, is the southern part of the Deccan Peninsula in India encompassing the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area and 20% of India's population.

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Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania.

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Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.

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Srirangam

Srirangam is a neighbourhood in the city of Tiruchirappalli in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Srivijaya

Srivijaya (Sriwijaya), also spelled Sri Vijaya, was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia) that influenced much of Southeast Asia.

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States and union territories of India

India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 entities.

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Sualkuchi

Sualkuchi (Pron: ˈsʊɑ:lˌkʊʧɪ) is a census town in Kamrup district in the Indian state of Assam.

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Sukkur

Sukkur is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh along the western bank of the Indus River, directly across from the historic city of Rohri.

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Sumatra

Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia.

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Sutlej

The Sutlej River is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan.

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Swat District

Swat District (سوات ولسوالۍ), also known as the Swat Valley, is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought.

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Tailapa II

Tailapa II (r. c. 973-997), also known as Taila II and by his title Ahavamalla, was the founder of the Western Chalukya Empire in peninsular India.

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Talakadu

Talakadu is a town on the left bank of the Kaveri river 45 km (28 miles) from Mysore and 133 km (82 miles) from Bangalore in Karnataka, India.

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Tamil language

Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia.

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Tamil literature

Tamil literature includes a collection of literary works that have come from a tradition spanning more than two thousand years.

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Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu (TN) is the southernmost state of India.

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Tamilakam

Tamilakam (Tamiḻakam) was the geographical region inhabited by the ancient Tamil people, covering the southernmost region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Tamils

The Tamils, also known as the Tamilar, are a Dravidian ethnolinguistic group who natively speak the Tamil language and trace their ancestry mainly to India's southern state of Tamil Nadu, to the union territory of Puducherry, and to Sri Lanka.

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Tapti River

The Tapti River (or Tapi) is a river in central India located to the south of the Narmada river that flows westwards before draining into the Arabian Sea.

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Taxila

Taxila or Takshashila (Takṣaśilā; Takkasilā) is a city in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Pakistan.

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Telangana

Telangana (ISO) is a state in India situated in the southern-central part of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau.

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Telugu language

Telugu (తెలుగు|) is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language.

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Telugu people

Telugu people (తెలుగువారు|Teluguvāru), also called Andhras, are an ethno-linguistic group who speak the Telugu language and are native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry.

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Tezpur

Tezpur is a town in Sonitpur district, Assam state, India.

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Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula.

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Thanjavur

Thanjavur, also known as Thanjai, previously known as Tanjore,Pletcher 2010, p. 195 is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Theophilus (Indo-Greek)

Theophilus Dicaeus (Theophilos Dikaios) was a minor Indo-Greek king who ruled for a short time in the Paropamisadae.

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Tibet

Tibet (Böd), or Greater Tibet, is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about.

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Tibetan Empire

The Tibetan Empire was an empire centered on the Tibetan Plateau, formed as a result of imperial expansion under the Yarlung dynasty heralded by its 33rd king, Songtsen Gampo, in the 7th century.

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Tirunelveli

Tirunelveli, also known as Nellai and historically (during British rule) as Tinnevelly, is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Tokhara Yabghus

The Tokhara Yabghus or Yabghus of Tokharistan were a dynasty of Western Turk–Hephtalite sub-kings with the title "Yabghus", who ruled from 625 CE in the area of Tokharistan north and south of the Oxus River, with some smaller remnants surviving in the area of Badakhshan until 758 CE.

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Tomara dynasty

The Tomara dynasty (also called Tomar dynasty in modern vernaculars due to schwa deletion) ruled parts of present-day Delhi and Haryana in India during 8th-12th century.

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Tribe

The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group.

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Tripartite Struggle

The Tripartite Struggle (785–816), also called the Kannauj Triangle Wars, was a conflict in northern India involving the three Indian great powers of the era – Gurjaratra, Bengal, and Manyakheta under the Pratiharas, the Palas and the Rashtrakutas respectively.

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Tripura

Tripura is a state in Northeast India.

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Tungabhadra River

The Tungabhadra River is a river in India that starts and flows through the state of Karnataka during most of its course, Andhra Pradesh and ultimately joining the Krishna River near Murvakonda in Andhra Pradesh The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams viz., the Tunga, about long and the Bhadra, about long which rise in the Western Ghats.

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Turk Shahis

The Turk Shahis or Kabul Shahis were a dynasty of Western Turk, or mixed Turko-Hephthalite, or a group of Hephthalites origin, that ruled from Kabul and Kapisa to Gandhara in the 7th to 9th centuries AD. Middle kingdoms of India and Turk Shahis are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.

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Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves

Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, formerly called Kattaka caves or Cuttack caves, are partly natural and partly artificial caves of archaeological, historical and religious importance near the city of Bhubaneswar in Odisha, India.

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Ujjain

Ujjain (Hindustani pronunciation: ʊd͡ːʒɛːn, old name Avantika) or Ujjayinī is a city in Ujjain district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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Upanishads

The Upanishads (उपनिषद्) are late Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.

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Utkala Kingdom

Utkala Kingdom was located in the northern and eastern portion of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha.

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Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh ('North Province') is a state in northern India.

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Uttara Kannada

Uttara Kannada is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.

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Vachana sahitya

Vachana sahitya is a form of rhythmic writing in Kannada (see also Kannada poetry) that evolved in the 11th century and flourished in the 12th century, as a part of the Sharana movement.

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Vaishnavism

Vaishnavism (translit-std) is one of the major Hindu denominations along with Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism.

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Vajrayana

Vajrayāna (वज्रयान; 'vajra vehicle'), also known as Mantrayāna ('mantra vehicle'), Mantranāya ('path of mantra'), Guhyamantrayāna ('secret mantra vehicle'), Tantrayāna ('tantra vehicle'), Tantric Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism, is a Buddhist tradition of tantric practice that developed in Medieval India and spread to Tibet, Nepal, other Himalayan states, East Asia, parts of Southeast Asia and Mongolia.

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Vakataka dynasty

The Vakataka dynasty was an ancient Indian dynasty that originated from the Deccan in the mid-3rd century CE. Middle kingdoms of India and Vakataka dynasty are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Valley of Peshawar

The Valley of Peshawar (د لوی پېښور وادي; وادئ پشاور), or Peshawar Basin, historically known as the Gandhara Valley, is a broad area situated in the central part of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

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Varanasi

Varanasi (ISO:,; also Benares, Banaras or Kashi) is a city on the Ganges river in northern India that has a central place in the traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning in the Hindu world.

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Varāhamihira

Varāhamihira (6th century CE, possibly 505 – 587), also called Varāha or Mihira, was an astrologer-astronomer who lived in or around Ujjain in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Varendra

Varendra (বরেন্দ্র), also known as Barind (বারিন্দ), was an ancient and historical territory of Northern Bengal, now mostly in Bangladesh and a little portion in the Indian state of West Bengal and Eastern Bihar.

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Varman dynasty

The Varman dynasty (350–650) was the first historical dynasty of the Kamarupa kingdom.

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Varman dynasty (Kannauj)

The Varman dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Kannauj from the mid 7th century to the late 8th century.

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Varna Ratnakara

The Varna Ratnakara, वर्ण रत्नाकर, (IAST: Varṇa Ratnākara), literally "Ocean of description", is the oldest prose work of Maithili language, written in 1324 CE by the Maithil scholar, priest and poet Jyotirishwar Thakur.

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Vātsyāyana

Vātsyāyana was an ancient Indian philosopher, known for authoring the Kama Sutra.

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Veera Ballala II

Veera Ballala II (ವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ 2) (r. 1173–1220 CE) was the most notable monarch of the Hoysala Empire.

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Veera Ballala III

Veera Ballala III (r. 1292–1342) was the last great king of the Hoysala Empire.

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Vengi

Vengi or Venginadu (Telugu: వేంగి) is an Indian region in modern-day Andhra Pradesh spread over the Godavari and Krishna river deltas.

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Vernacular literature

Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular—the speech of the "common people".

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Vesara

Vesara is a hybrid form of Indian temple architecture that combines Dravidian Southern Indian site layouts with shape details characteristic of the Nagara style of North India.

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country.

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Vigraharaja IV

Vigraharāja IV (r. c. 1150–1164 CE), also known as and also Visaladev was a king from the Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasty in north-western India, and is generally considered as one of the greatest rulers of the dynasty.

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Vihāra

Vihāra generally refers to a Buddhist monastery for Buddhist renunciates, mostly in the Indian subcontinent.

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Vijaya Sena

Vijaya Sena (Bengali: বিজয় সেন), also known as Vijay Sen in vernacular literature, was the son of Hemanta Sena, and succeeded him as a Sena dynasty ruler of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Vijayanagara

Vijayanagara was a city at the modern location of Hampi, in the Indian state of Karnataka.

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Vijayanagara Empire

The Vijayanagara Empire was a late medieval Hindu empire that ruled much of southern India. Middle kingdoms of India and Vijayanagara Empire are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Vikramaditya II

Vikramaditya II (reigned 733 – 744 CE) was the son of King Vijayaditya and ascended the Badami Chalukya throne following the death of his father.

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Vikramaditya VI

Vikramaditya VI (r. 1076 – 1126 CE) became the Western Chalukya King after deposing his elder brother Someshvara II, a political move he made by gaining the support of Chalukya vassals during the Chola invasion of Chalukya territory.

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Vikramashila

Vikramashila (IAST) was a monastery in the Magadha region of modern-day Bihar in India.

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Vishnu

Vishnu, also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism.

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Vishnu Sharma

Vishnu Sharma (Sanskrit: विष्णुशर्मन् / विष्णुशर्मा) was an Indian scholar and author who wrote the Panchatantra, a collection of fables.

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Vishnukundina dynasty

The Vishnukundina dynasty (IAST: Viṣṇukundina) was an Indian dynasty based in Deccan, which ruled territory comprising present-day Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha and other parts of southern India during the 5th and 7th centuries, carving land out from the Vakataka Empire. Middle kingdoms of India and Vishnukundina dynasty are ancient empires and kingdoms of India.

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Vishnuvardhana

Vishnuvardhana (r. 1108–1152 CE) was a king of the Hoysala Empire in what is today the state of Karnataka, India.

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Vrishni

The Vrishnis (वृष्णि, Hindi: भेड़, English: Sheep) were an ancient Vedic Indian Gadariya (Shepherd) clan, also known as the Vrishnipala (Hindi meaning Gadariya).It is believed that Vrishni was the son of Satvata, a descendant of Yadu, the son of Yayati.

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Weilüe

The Weilüe was a Chinese historical text written by Yu Huan between 239 and 265.

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West Bengal

West Bengal (Bengali: Poshchim Bongo,, abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India.

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West Godavari district

The West Godavari district is a coastal district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh with an administrative headquarters in Bhimavaram.

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Western Chalukya Empire

The Western Chalukya Empire ruled most of the western Deccan Plateau in South India between the 10th and 12th centuries AD. Middle kingdoms of India and western Chalukya Empire are medieval empires and kingdoms of India.

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Western Ganga dynasty

Western Ganga was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka in India which lasted from about 350 to 1000 CE.

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Western India

Western India is a loosely defined region of India consisting of western states of Republic of India.

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Western Satraps

The Western Satraps, or Western Kshatrapas (Brahmi:, Mahakṣatrapa, "Great Satraps") were Indo-Scythian (Saka) rulers of the western and central parts of India (extending from Saurashtra in the south and Malwa in the east, covering modern-day Sindh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states), between 35 and 415 CE.

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World Heritage Site

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.

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Xuanzang

Xuanzang ((Hsüen Tsang); 6 April 6025 February 664), born Chen Hui / Chen Yi (/), also known by his Sanskrit Dharma name Mokṣadeva, was a 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator.

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Yamuna

The Yamuna is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in India.

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Yashovarman

Yashovarman (IAST: Yaśovarman) was a medieval Indian ruler of Kannauj who founded the Varman dynasty.

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Yaudheya

Yaudheya (Brahmi script: 𑀬𑁅𑀥𑁂𑀬) or Yoddheya Gana (Yoddheya Republic) was an ancient militant gana (confederation) based in the Eastern region of the Sapta Sindhu.

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Yona

The word Yona in Pali and the Prakrits, and the analogue Yavana in Sanskrit and Yavanar in Tamil, were words used in Ancient India to designate Greek speakers.

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Yuezhi

The Yuezhi were an ancient people first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC. After a major defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu in 176 BC, the Yuezhi split into two groups migrating in different directions: the Greater Yuezhi (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) and Lesser Yuezhi (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏).

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Zen

Zen (Japanese; from Chinese "Chán"; in Korean: Sŏn, and Vietnamese: Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty as the Chan School (禪宗, chánzōng, "meditation school") or the Buddha-mind school (佛心宗, fóxīnzōng), and later developed into various sub-schools and branches.

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Zunbils

Zunbil, also written as Zhunbil, or Rutbils of Zabulistan, was a royal dynasty south of the Hindu Kush in present southern Afghanistan region.

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0

0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity.

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See also

Ancient empires and kingdoms of India

• Abhira Kingdom
• Chera Kingdom
• Dasharna
• Davaka kingdom
• Gandhara
• Garha Kingdom
• Gupta Empire
• Indo-Parthian Kingdom
• Kadamba dynasty
• Kamsabhoga
• Kuninda Kingdom
• Kushan Empire
• Later Gupta dynasty
• Magadha
• Mahajanapadas
• Maurya Empire
• Middle kingdoms of India
• Monarchy in ancient India
• Nanda Empire
• Pauravas
• Satavahana dynasty
• Shunga Empire
• Trigarta Kingdom
• Vakataka dynasty
• Vishnukundina dynasty
• Ālavī

Iron Age Asia

• Âu Lạc
• Achaemenid Assyria
• Amardi
• Anaikoddai seal
• Ancient Vietnam
• Archaeology of India
• Bit-Istar
• Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan
• Dekhmeh Rawansar
• Gamigaya Petroglyphs
• Gandhāra (kingdom)
• History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
• Ingala Valley
• Iron Age Anatolia
• Iron Age in India
• Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates
• Khirbet Almit
• Megalithic graffiti symbols
• Middle kingdoms of India
• Plain of Jars
• Qin dynasty
• Stone circles of Junapani
• Tall Zira'a
• Tell Karmita
• Tirzah (Tell el-Farah North)
• Vedic period
• Zhangzhung

Iron Age cultures of South Asia

• Braj
• Khasas
• Kuru Kingdom
• Magadha
• Mahajanapadas
• Maurya Empire
• Middle kingdoms of India
• Northern Black Polished Ware
• Pañcāla
• Painted Grey Ware culture
• Rang Mahal, Sri Ganganagar
• Surasena
• Vedic period

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India

Also known as Ancient history of India, Classical India, Medieval kingdoms of India, Middle Indian kingdoms.

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