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203 relations: Adzebill, Africa, Agenian, Albedo, Allodesmus, Anatinae, Andes, Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Antarctic ice sheet, Antarctic Plate, Ape, Aphelops, Aquitanian (stage), Arabian Peninsula, Ardipithecus, Argentina, Arikareean, Asia, Astaracian, Australia, Barstovian, Bat, Bear, Beaver, Bipedalism, Bird, Borophaginae, Brown algae, Burdigalian, C3 carbon fixation, Caiman, Camelid, Canidae, Carbon dioxide, Carbon sequestration, Carcharocles chubutensis, Cetacea, Charles Lyell, Chile Rise, Chile Triple Junction, Chimpanzee, Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, Clarendonian, Cockatoo, Coevolution, Colhuehuapian, Colloncuran, Colubridae, Continental drift, Crocodile, ..., Crow, Cursorial, Cycad, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Deer, Dryolestoidea, Early Miocene, East Africa, East Asia, Ecosystem, Elapidae, Entelodont, Eocene, Epoch (geology), Equidae, Eurasia, Europe, Evapotranspiration, Evolutionary radiation, Extinction, False gharial, Fauna, Fish, Friasian, Geologic time scale, Geology of the Himalaya, Glacial period, Gomphothere, Gondwanatheria, Grassland, Grazing, Great Plains, Greenhouse gas, Greenland, Hemingfordian North American Stage, Hemipristis serra, Hemphillian, Herd behavior, Herpetotheriidae, Hominidae, Hominini, Huayquerian, Human evolution, Hypsodont, Ice age, India, Inland sea (geology), International Commission on Stratigraphy, Invertebrate, Island Arc (journal), Journal of Paleontology, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Kelp, Kelp forest, Kingsnake, Kiwi, Langhian, Late Miocene, Laventan, List of fossil sites, Livyatan, Mantle convection, Marine transgression, Mayoan, Mediterranean Sea, Megapiranha, Merycoidodontoidea, Mesoamerica, Messinian, Messinian salinity crisis, Metatheria, Middle Miocene, Middle Miocene disruption, Miohippus, Moa, Mollisol, Monsoon, Montehermosan, Mountain range, Mourasuchus, National Museum of Natural History, Nature (journal), Nazca Plate, Necrolestes, Neogene, Nerodia, New Zealand, Nicholas Fraser, Nimravidae, North America, Oceanic dispersal, Old World, Oligocene, Online Etymology Dictionary, Orleanian, Orogeny, Orrorin, Otter, Pacific Ocean, Pantherophis, Patagonia, Patagonia (mammal), Pelagiarctos, Penguin, Phytolith, Piacenzian, Pinniped, Piranha, Pituophis, Pleistocene, Pliocene, Plover, Poaceae, Predation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Procyonidae, Purussaurus, Rhamphosuchus, Rhynchocephalia, River incision, Sahelanthropus, Saint Bathans Fauna, Saint Bathans mammal, Santacrucian, Science (journal), Serravallian, Siamoperadectes, Slab window, Smithsonian Institution, South America, Sparassodonta, Sperm whale, Stage (stratigraphy), Strait of Magellan, Subduction, Teleoceras, Tethys Ocean, The Journal of Geology, Thinobadistes, Tortonian, Tropical rainforest, True owl, Turkey, Turolian, Turtle, Ungulate, Vallesian, Viperidae, Walrus, Whale, Year. Expand index (153 more) »
Adzebill
The adzebills, genus Aptornis, were two closely related bird species, the North Island adzebill, Aptornis otidiformis, and the South Island adzebill, Aptornis defossor, of the extinct family Aptornithidae.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Agenian
The Agenian age is a period of geologic time (23.8—20 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages.
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Albedo
Albedo (albedo, meaning "whiteness") is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by an astronomical body (e.g. a planet like Earth).
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Allodesmus
Allodesmus is an extinct genus of pinniped from the middle to late Miocene of California and Japan that belongs to the extinct pinniped family Desmatophocidae.
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Anatinae
The Anatinae are a subfamily of the family Anatidae (swans, geese and ducks).
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Andes
The Andes or Andean Mountains (Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world.
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Antarctic Circumpolar Current
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is an ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica.
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Antarctic ice sheet
The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth.
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Antarctic Plate
The Antarctic Plate is a tectonic plate containing the continent of Antarctica and extending outward under the surrounding oceans.
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Ape
Apes (Hominoidea) are a branch of Old World tailless anthropoid primates native to Africa and Southeast Asia.
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Aphelops
Aphelops is an extinct genus of rhinoceros endemic to North America during the Miocene through the Pliocene, living from 20.43—4.9 mya.
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Aquitanian (stage)
The Aquitanian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the oldest age or lowest stage in the Miocene.
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Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, ‘Arabian island’ or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب, ‘Island of the Arabs’), is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate.
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Ardipithecus
Ardipithecus is a genus of an extinct hominine that lived during Late Miocene and Early Pliocene in Afar Depression, Ethiopia.
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Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (República Argentina), is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America.
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Arikareean
The Arikareean North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 30,600,000 to 20,800,000 years BP, a period of.
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Asia
Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres.
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Astaracian
The Astaracian age is a period of geologic time, equivalent with the Middle Miocene and used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
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Barstovian
The Barstovian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 16,300,000 to 13,600,000 years BP, a period of.
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Bat
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera; with their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight.
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Bear
Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae.
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Beaver
The beaver (genus Castor) is a large, primarily nocturnal, semiaquatic rodent.
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Bipedalism
Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Borophaginae
The subfamily Borophaginae is an extinct group of canids called "bone-crushing dogs" that were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 36—2.5 million years ago and existing for about.
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Brown algae
The brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere.
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Burdigalian
The Burdigalian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or stage in the early Miocene.
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C3 carbon fixation
carbon fixation is one of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, along with c4 and CAM.
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Caiman
A caiman is an alligatorid crocodilian belonging to the subfamily Caimaninae, one of two primary lineages within Alligatoridae, the other being alligators.
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Camelid
Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda.
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Canidae
The biological family Canidae (from Latin, canis, “dog”) is a lineage of carnivorans that includes domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, dingoes, and many other extant and extinct dog-like mammals.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbon sequestration
Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to mitigate or defer global warming.
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Carcharocles chubutensis
Carcharocles chubutensis, meaning "glorious shark of Chubut", from Ancient Greek: κλέϝος (kléwos) “glory/fame” + καρχαρίας (karkharías) “shark”, is an extinct species of prehistoric megatoothed sharks in the genus Carcharocles, that lived during Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene epochs, approximately 28 – 5 million years ago.
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Cetacea
Cetacea are a widely distributed and diverse clade of aquatic mammals that today consists of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
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Charles Lyell
Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who popularised the revolutionary work of James Hutton.
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Chile Rise
The Chile Rise or Chile Ridge is an oceanic ridge, a tectonic divergent plate boundary between the Nazca and Antarctic Plates.
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Chile Triple Junction
The Chile Triple Junction (or Chile Margin Triple Junction) is a geologic triple junction located on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean off Taitao and Tres Montes Peninsula on the southern coast of Chile.
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Chimpanzee
The taxonomical genus Pan (often referred to as chimpanzees or chimps) consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo.
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Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
The chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, or CHLCA, is the last common ancestor shared by the extant Homo (human) and Pan (chimpanzee) genera of Hominini.
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Clarendonian
The Clarendonian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 13,600,000 to 10,300,000 years BP, a period of.
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Cockatoo
A cockatoo is a parrot that is any of the 21 species belonging to the bird family Cacatuidae, the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea.
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Coevolution
In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.
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Colhuehuapian
The Colhuehuapian age is a period of geologic time (21.0—17.5 Ma) within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
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Colloncuran
The Colloncuran age is a period of geologic time (15.5—13.8 Ma) within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
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Colubridae
Colubridae (from Latin coluber, snake) is a family of snakes.
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Continental drift
Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed.
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Crocodile
Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia.
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Crow
A Crow is a bird of the genus Corvus, or more broadly is a synonym for all of Corvus.
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Cursorial
A cursorial organism is one that is adapted specifically to run.
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Cycad
Cycads are seed plants with a long fossil history that were formerly more abundant and more diverse than they are today.
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Deep Sea Drilling Project
The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was an ocean drilling project operated from 1968 to 1983.
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Deer
Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.
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Dryolestoidea
Dryolestoidea is an extinct clade of Mesozoic mammals that only contains two orders.
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Early Miocene
The Early Miocene (also known as Lower Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Aquitanian and Burdigalian stages.
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East Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern region of the African continent, variably defined by geography.
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East Asia
East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural "The East Asian cultural sphere evolves when Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam all share adapted elements of Chinese civilization of this period (that of the Tang dynasty), in particular Buddhism, Confucian social and political values, and literary Chinese and its writing system." terms.
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.
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Elapidae
The Elapidae (ἔλλοψ éllops, "sea-fish") are a family of venomous snakes found in the tropics and subtropics around the world, with terrestrial forms in Asia, Australia, Africa, North America, and South America as well as marine forms in the Pacific and Indian oceans.
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Entelodont
Entelodonts — sometimes facetiously termed hell pigs or terminator pigs — are an extinct family of pig-like omnivores of the forests and plains of North America, Europe, and Asia from the middle EoceneI.
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Eocene
The Eocene Epoch, lasting from, is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era.
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Epoch (geology)
In geochronology, an epoch is a subdivision of the geologic timescale that is longer than an age but shorter than a period.
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Equidae
Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, donkeys, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils.
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Eurasia
Eurasia is a combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere.
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Evolutionary radiation
An evolutionary radiation is an increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity, due to adaptive change or the opening of ecospace.
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Extinction
In biology, extinction is the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species.
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False gharial
The false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii), also known as Malayan gharial, Sunda gharial and tomistoma, is a freshwater crocodilian native to Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra and Java.
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Fauna
Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time.
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Fish
Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.
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Friasian
The Friasian age is a period of geologic time (16.3—15.5 Ma) within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
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Geologic time scale
The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time.
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Geology of the Himalaya
The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces.
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Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.
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Gomphothere
Gomphotheres are any members of the diverse, extinct taxonomic family Gomphotheriidae.
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Gondwanatheria
Gondwanatheria is an extinct group of mammals that lived in the Southern Hemisphere, including Antarctica, during the Upper Cretaceous through the Miocene (and possibly much earlier, if Allostaffia is a member of this group).
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Grassland
Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae); however, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs.
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Grazing
Grazing is a method of feeding in which a herbivore feeds on plants such as grasses, or other multicellular organisms such as algae.
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Great Plains
The Great Plains (sometimes simply "the Plains") is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe, and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie in the United States and east of the Rocky Mountains in the U.S. and Canada.
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Greenhouse gas
A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.
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Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
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Hemingfordian North American Stage
The Hemingfordian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 20,600,000 to 16,300,000 years BP.
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Hemipristis serra
Hemipristis serra is an extinct species of weasel shark which existed during the Miocene epoch.
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Hemphillian
The Hemphillian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 10,300,000 to 4,900,000 years BP, a period of.
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Herd behavior
Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act collectively without centralized direction.
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Herpetotheriidae
Herpetotheriidae is an extinct family of metatherians.
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Hominidae
The Hominidae, whose members are known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, which includes modern humans and its extinct relatives (e.g., the Neanderthal), and ancestors, such as Homo erectus.
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Hominini
The Hominini, or hominins, form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae ("hominines").
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Huayquerian
The Huayquerian age is a period of geologic time (9.0—6.8 Ma) within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
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Human evolution
Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates – in particular genus Homo – and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes.
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Hypsodont
Hypsodont is a pattern of dentition with high-crowned teeth and enamel extending past the gum line, providing extra material for wear and tear.
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Ice age
An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Inland sea (geology)
An inland sea (also known as an epeiric sea or an epicontinental sea) is a shallow sea that covers central areas of continents during periods of high sea level that result in marine transgressions.
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International Commission on Stratigraphy
The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), sometimes referred to by the unofficial name "International Stratigraphic Commission" is a daughter or major subcommittee grade scientific daughter organization that concerns itself with stratigraphy, geological, and geochronological matters on a global scale.
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Invertebrate
Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.
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Island Arc (journal)
Island Arc (print:, online) is a peer-reviewed quarterly scientific journal that was established in 1992, covering "Earth Sciences of Convergent Plate Margins and Related Topics".
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Journal of Paleontology
The Journal of Paleontology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of paleontology.
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Journal of South American Earth Sciences
The Journal of South American Earth Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier.
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Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
The Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (Print:, online) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of palaeontology published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the British Natural History Museum.
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Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (JVP) was founded in 1980 at the University of Oklahoma by Dr.
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Kelp
Kelps are large brown algae seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales.
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Kelp forest
Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp.
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Kingsnake
Kingsnakes are colubrid New World constrictors, members of the genus Lampropeltis, which include milk snakes and four other species.
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Kiwi
Kiwi or kiwis are flightless birds native to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx and family Apterygidae.
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Langhian
The Langhian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, an age or stage in the middle Miocene epoch/series.
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Late Miocene
The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages.
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Laventan
The Laventan age is a period of geologic time (13.8 to 11.8 Ma) within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
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List of fossil sites
This list of fossil sites is a worldwide list of localities known well for the presence of fossils.
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Livyatan
Livyatan is an extinct genus of sperm whale containing one species: L. melvillei.
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Mantle convection
Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface.
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Marine transgression
A marine transgression is a geologic event during which sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground, resulting in flooding.
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Mayoan
The Mayoan age is a period of geologic time (11.8—10 Ma) within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
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Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant.
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Megapiranha
Megapiranha is an extinct serrasalmid characin fish from the Late Miocene (8–10 million years ago) Ituzaingó Formation of Argentina, described in 2009.
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Merycoidodontoidea
Merycoidodontoidea, sometimes called "oreodonts," or "ruminating hogs", is an extinct superfamily of prehistoric cud-chewing artiodactyls with short faces and fang-like canine teeth.
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Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is an important historical region and cultural area in the Americas, extending from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
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Messinian
The Messinian is in the geologic timescale the last age or uppermost stage of the Miocene.
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Messinian salinity crisis
The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC), also referred to as the Messinian Event, and in its latest stage as the Lago Mare event, was a geological event during which the Mediterranean Sea went into a cycle of partly or nearly complete desiccation throughout the latter part of the Messinian age of the Miocene epoch, from 5.96 to 5.33 Ma (million years ago).
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Metatheria
Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals.
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Middle Miocene
The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages.
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Middle Miocene disruption
The term Middle Miocene disruption, alternatively the Middle Miocene extinction or Middle Miocene extinction peak, refers to a wave of extinctions of terrestrial and aquatic life forms that occurred around the middle of the Miocene, roughly 14 million years ago, during the Langhian stage of the Miocene.
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Miohippus
Miohippus (meaning "small horse") was a genus of prehistoric horse existing longer than most Equidae.
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Moa
The moa were nine species (in six genera) of flightless birds endemic to New Zealand.
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Mollisol
Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy.
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Monsoon
Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea.
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Montehermosan
The Montehermosan age is a period of geologic time (6.8—4.0 Ma) within the Miocene and Pliocene epochs of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
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Mountain range
A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills ranged in a line and connected by high ground.
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Mourasuchus
Mourasuchus is an extinct genus of giant, aberrant caiman from the Miocene of South America.
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National Museum of Natural History
The National Museum of Natural History is a natural-history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Nazca Plate
The Nazca Plate, named after the Nazca region of southern Peru, is an oceanic tectonic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin off the west coast of South America.
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Necrolestes
Necrolestes ("grave robber" or "thief of the dead") is an extinct genus of non-therian mammals, which lived during the Early Miocene in what is now Argentine Patagonia.
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Neogene
The Neogene (informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya.
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Nerodia
Nerodia is a genus of nonvenomous colubrid snakes commonly referred to as water snakes due to their aquatic behavior.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
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Nicholas Fraser
Nicholas Campbell Fraser (born 14 January 1956), known as Nicholas C. Fraser, is a British palaeontologist, academic, and museum curator.
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Nimravidae
Nimravidae is an extinct family of mammalian carnivores, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats, whose fossils are found in North America, and Eurasia.
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North America
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.
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Oceanic dispersal
Oceanic dispersal is a type of biological dispersal that occurs when terrestrial organisms transfer from one land mass to another by way of a sea crossing.
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Old World
The term "Old World" is used in the West to refer to Africa, Asia and Europe (Afro-Eurasia or the World Island), regarded collectively as the part of the world known to its population before contact with the Americas and Oceania (the "New World").
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Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.
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Online Etymology Dictionary
The Online Etymology Dictionary is a free online dictionary written and compiled by Douglas Harper that describes the origins of English-language words.
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Orleanian
The Orleanian age is a period of geologic time (MN 3–5, (mya)), within the Miocene and used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages.
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Orogeny
An orogeny is an event that leads to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) due to the interaction between plate tectonics.
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Orrorin
Orrorin tugenensis is a postulated early species of Homininae, estimated at and discovered in 2000.
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Otter
Otters are carnivorous mammals in the subfamily Lutrinae.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions.
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Pantherophis
Pantherophis is a genus of nonvenomous colubrid snakes endemic to North America and Central America, commonly called ratsnakes or rat snakes.
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Patagonia
Patagonia is a sparsely populated region located at the southern end of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.
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Patagonia (mammal)
Patagonia is an extinct genus of non-placental mammal from the Miocene of Argentina.
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Pelagiarctos
Pelagiarctos was a genus of walrus that lived during the Mid Miocene, approx.
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Penguin
Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic, flightless birds.
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Phytolith
Phytoliths (from Greek, "plant stone") are rigid, microscopic structures made of silica, found in some plant tissues and persisting after the decay of the plant.
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Piacenzian
The Piacenzian is in the international geologic time scale the upper stage or latest age of the Pliocene.
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Pinniped
Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals.
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Piranha
A piranha or piraña, a member of family Characidae in order Characiformes, is a freshwater fish that inhabits South American rivers, floodplains, lakes and reservoirs.
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Pituophis
Pituophis is a genus of nonvenomous colubrid snakes commonly referred to as gopher snakes, pine snakes, and bull snakes, which are endemic to North America.
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Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
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Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP.
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Plover
Plovers are a widely distributed group of wading birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae.
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Poaceae
Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses, commonly referred to collectively as grass.
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Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a hunting animal) kills and eats its prey (the organism that is attacked).
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.
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Procyonidae
Procyonidae is a New World family of the order Carnivora.
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Purussaurus
Purussaurus is an extinct genus of giant caiman that lived in South America during the Miocene epoch, from the Colhuehuapian to the Montehermosan in the SALMA classification.
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Rhamphosuchus
Rhamphosuchus ("Beak crocodile") is an extinct relative of the modern false gharial.
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Rhynchocephalia
Rhynchocephalia is an order of lizard-like reptiles that includes only one living species of tuatara, which in turn has two subspecies (Sphenodon punctatus punctatus and Sphenodon punctatus guntheri), which only inhabit parts of New Zealand.
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River incision
River incision is the narrow erosion caused by a river or stream that is far from its base level.
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Sahelanthropus
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an extinct homininae species and is probably the ancestor to Orrorin that is dated to about, during the Miocene epoch, possibly very close to the time of the chimpanzee–human divergence.
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Saint Bathans Fauna
The Saint Bathans Fauna, or St Bathans Fauna, is found in the lower Bannockburn Formation of the Manuherikia Group of Central Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand.
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Saint Bathans mammal
The Saint Bathans mammal is a currently unnamed extinct mammal from the Miocene of New Zealand.
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Santacrucian
The Santacrucian age is a period of geologic time (17.5—16.3 Ma) within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Serravallian
The Serravallian is in the geologic timescale an age or a stage in the middle Miocene epoch/series, that spans the time between 13.65 ± 0.05 Ma and 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago).
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Siamoperadectes
Siamoperadectes is a genus of non-marsupial metatherian from the Miocene of Thailand.
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Slab window
In geology, a slab window is a gap that forms in a subducted oceanic plate when a mid-ocean ridge meets with a subduction zone and plate divergence at the ridge and convergence at the subduction zone continue, causing the ridge to be subducted.
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Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, established on August 10, 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States.
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South America
South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Sparassodonta
Sparassodonta is an extinct order of carnivorous metatherian mammals native to South America.
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Sperm whale
The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) or cachalot is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator.
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Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.
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Strait of Magellan
The Strait of Magellan, also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south.
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Subduction
Subduction is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into the mantle.
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Teleoceras
Teleoceras is an extinct genus of grazing rhinoceros.
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Tethys Ocean
The Tethys Ocean (Ancient Greek: Τηθύς), Tethys Sea or Neotethys was an ocean during much of the Mesozoic Era located between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia, before the opening of the Indian and Atlantic oceans during the Cretaceous Period.
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The Journal of Geology
The Journal of Geology publishes research on geology, geophysics, geochemistry, sedimentology, geomorphology, petrology, plate tectonics, volcanology, structural geology, mineralogy, and planetary sciences.
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Thinobadistes
Thinobadistes is an extinct genus of ground sloth of the family Mylodontidae, endemic to North America during the Miocene-Pleistocene epochs.
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Tortonian
The Tortonian is in the geologic timescale an age or stage of the late Miocene that spans the time between 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma and 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago).
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Tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest.
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True owl
The true owls or typical owls (family Strigidae) are one of the two generally accepted families of owls, the other being the barn owls (Tytonidae).
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Turkey
Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.
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Turolian
The Turolian age is a period of geologic time (9.0—5.3 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages.
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Turtle
Turtles are diapsids of the order Testudines (or Chelonii) characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield.
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Ungulate
Ungulates (pronounced) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses, and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, deer, and hippopotami.
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Vallesian
The Vallesian age is a period of geologic time (11.6—9.0 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages.
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Viperidae
The Viperidae (vipers) is a family of venomous snakes found in most parts of the world, excluding Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar, Hawaii, various other isolated islands, and north of the Arctic Circle.
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Walrus
The walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) is a large flippered marine mammal with a discontinuous distribution about the North Pole in the Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Whale
Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals.
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Year
A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun.
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Redirects here:
13 million years ago, 14 million years old, 8 million years ago, Miocene Epoch, Miocene Era, Miocene epoch, Miocene era, Miocene period.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene
