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72 relations: Acid phosphatase, Angiogenesis, Aspartic protease, Bicarbonate, Bisphosphonate, Bone, Bone remodeling, Bone resorption, Calcitonin, Calcium, Carbon dioxide, Carbonic anhydrase, Cathepsin, Cathepsin B, Cathepsin C, Cathepsin K, Cell membrane, Cell migration, Cellular differentiation, Chemotaxis, Collagenase, Cysteine protease, Deciduous teeth, Gene expression, Growth factor, Hormone, Hydrogen ion, Hydrolase, Interleukin, Interleukin 6, John Howship, Knockout mouse, Lacuna (histology), List of human cell types derived from the germ layers, Lysosome, Macrophage, Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Matrix (biology), Matrix metalloproteinase, Monocyte, Osteoblast, Osteocyte, Osteopetrosis, Osteopontin, Osteoporosis, Osteoprotegerin, Paget's disease of bone, Papain, Parathyroid hormone, Podosome, ..., Precursor (chemistry), Properties of water, Protease, Proton pump, Pycnodysostosis, Random42, RANK, RANKL, Reactive oxygen species, Second messenger system, Skeleton, Stromal cell, Structural motif, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, Transcytosis, Tumor necrosis factor superfamily, Tyrosine kinase, V-ATPase, Vacuole, Vertebrate, Vesicle (biology and chemistry), Zygosity. Expand index (22 more) »
Acid phosphatase
Acid phosphatase (acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphomonoesterase, glycerophosphatase, acid monophosphatase, acid phosphohydrolase, acid phosphomonoester hydrolase, uteroferrin, acid nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase, orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)) is a phosphatase, a type of enzyme, used to free attached phosphoryl groups from other molecules during digestion.
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Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.
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Aspartic protease
Aspartic proteases are a catalytic type of protease enzymes that use an activated water molecule bound to one or more aspartate residues for catalysis of their peptide substrates.
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Bicarbonate
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.
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Bisphosphonate
Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone density, used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases.
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Bone
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
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Bone remodeling
Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
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Bone resorption
Bone reabsorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.
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Calcitonin
Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland, and in many other animals in the ultimopharyngeal body.
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Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbonic anhydrase
The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) form a family of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid (i.e. bicarbonate and protons).
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Cathepsin
Cathepsins (Ancient Greek kata- "down" and hepsein "boil"; abbreviated CTS) are proteases (enzymes that degrade proteins) found in all animals as well as other organisms.
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Cathepsin B
Cathepsin B is in humans encoded by the CTSB gene.
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Cathepsin C
Cathepsin C (CTSC) also known as dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP-I) is a lysosomal exo-cysteine protease belonging to the peptidase C1 family.
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Cathepsin K
Cathepsin K, abbreviated CTSK, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTSK gene.
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Cell migration
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus.
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Collagenase
Collagenases are enzymes that break the peptide bonds in collagen.
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Cysteine protease
Cysteine proteases, also known as thiol proteases, are enzymes that degrade proteins.
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Deciduous teeth
Deciduous teeth, commonly known as baby teeth and temporary teeth,Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 255 are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and other diphyodont mammals.
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Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
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Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Hydrogen ion
A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron.
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Hydrolase
Hydrolase is a class of enzyme that is commonly used as biochemical catalysts that utilize water to break a chemical bond.
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Interleukin
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).
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Interleukin 6
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine.
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John Howship
John Howship FRS (1781 – 22 January 1841) was an English surgeon remembered for describing the Howship–Romberg sign.
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Knockout mouse
A knockout mouse or knock-out mouse is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or "knocked out", an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
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Lacuna (histology)
In histology, a lacuna is a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage.
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List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
This is a list of cells in humans derived from the germ layers, which includes the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
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Lysosome
A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in nearly all animal cells.
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Macrophage
Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).
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Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
The colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is a secreted cytokine which influences hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types.
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Matrix (biology)
In biology, matrix (plural: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion.
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Matrix metalloproteinase
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also known as matrixins, are calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases; other family members are adamalysins, serralysins, and astacins.
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Monocyte
Monocytes are a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell.
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Osteoblast
Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, osteo- and βλαστάνω, blastanō "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone.
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Osteocyte
An osteocyte, a star-shaped type of bone cell, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone tissue, and can live as long as the organism itself.
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Osteopetrosis
Osteopetrosis, literally "stone bone", also known as marble bone disease, Albers-Schönberg disease is an extremely rare inherited disorder whereby the bones harden, becoming denser, in contrast to more prevalent conditions like osteoporosis, in which the bones become less dense and more brittle, or osteomalacia, in which the bones soften.
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Osteopontin
Osteopontin (OPN), also known as bone sialoprotein I (BSP-1 or BNSP), early T-lymphocyte activation (ETA-1), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), 2ar and Rickettsia resistance (Ric), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPP1 gene (secreted phosphoprotein 1).
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone.
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Osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B), is a cytokine receptor of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily encoded by the TNFRSF11B gene.
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Paget's disease of bone
Paget's disease of bone (commonly known as Paget's disease or historically, osteitis deformans) is a condition involving cellular remodeling and deformity of one or more bones.
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Papain
Papain, also known as papaya proteinase I, is a cysteine protease enzyme present in papaya (Carica papaya) and mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis).
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Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that is important in bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time.
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Podosome
Podosomes are conical, actin-rich structures found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of animal cells.
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Precursor (chemistry)
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
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Properties of water
Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on Earth and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar. This polarity allows it to separate ions in salts and strongly bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar mass, and a high heat capacity. Water is amphoteric, meaning that it is both an acid and a base—it produces + and - ions by self-ionization.
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Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
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Proton pump
A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane.
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Pycnodysostosis
Pycnodysostosis (from Greek: πυκνός (puknos) meaning "dense", dys ("defective"), and ostosis ("condition of the bone")), is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.
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Random42
Random42 is a medical animation studio based in central London.
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RANK
Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), also known as TRANCE receptor or TNFRSF11A, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) molecular sub-family.
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RANKL
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand (RANKL), also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11), TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), and osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF11 gene.
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Reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.
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Second messenger system
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers.
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Skeleton
The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism.
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Stromal cell
Stromal cells are connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucosa (endometrium), prostate, bone marrow, lymph node and the ovary.
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Structural motif
In a chain-like biological molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid, a structural motif is a supersecondary structure, which also appears in a variety of other molecules.
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Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP or TRAPase), also called acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant (ACP5), is a glycosylated monomeric metalloprotein enzyme expressed in mammals.
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Transcytosis
Transcytosis is a type of transcellular transport in which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell.
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Tumor necrosis factor superfamily
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers.
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Tyrosine kinase
A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell.
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V-ATPase
Vacuolar-type -ATPase (V-ATPase) is a highly conserved evolutionarily ancient enzyme with remarkably diverse functions in eukaryotic organisms.
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Vacuole
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
In cell biology, a vesicle is a small structure within a cell, or extracellular, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
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Zygosity
Zygosity is the degree of similarity of the alleles for a trait in an organism.
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Odontoclast, Osotoclast, Osteoclasia, Osteoclast (tool), Osteoclast cell, Osteoclasts, Osteoclastus.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclast
