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333 relations: A New Kind of Science, Academic Press, Adolf Zeising, Air fern, Alan Turing, Almond, Aloe polyphylla, Alphabet, Ancient Greek philosophy, Angelica, Angle of repose, Animal coloration, Anthriscus sylvestris, Apiaceae, Aposematism, Apricot, Aristid Lindenmayer, Aristotle, Asteraceae, Attractor, Auxin, Avalanche, Barchan, Basalt, Beijing National Aquatics Center, Bellis perennis, Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bighorn sheep, Biology, Bismuth, Bitruncated cubic honeycomb, Blood vessel, Bloomsbury Publishing, Brain coral, Bravais lattice, Brochosome, Bryozoa, Buckminster Fuller, Buckminsterfullerene, Butterfly effect, Cabbage, Camera (cephalopod), Camouflage, Cantal, Capillary wave, Cauto River, Cell (biology), Cellular automaton, Cephalization, ..., Cerebellum, Chaos theory, Charles Darwin, Chemical clock, Chemical oscillator, Chemical reaction, Chemistry, Chronicle Books, Cidaris rugosa, Cleaning symbiosis, Coast, Coccinellidae, Colobura dirce, Common roach, Computer simulation, Conifer cone, Conus textile, Convex polytope, Coral, Crinoid, Cryptanalysis, Crystal, Crystal habit, Crystal structure, Crystal system, Cubic crystal system, Cuttlefish, D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, Dendrite (crystal), Dense set, Dictyochales, Dielectric, Dihedral group, Dislocation, Dune, Dynamical system, Echinoderm, Elasticity (physics), Electric discharge, Eliot Porter, Emergence, Empedocles, Entomophily, Ernst Haeckel, Erosion, Euler characteristic, Evolution, Evolutionary history of plants, Exoskeleton, Fairy ring, Fault (geology), Feedback, Fermat's spiral, Fern, Fibonacci, Fibonacci number, Fir wave, Floodplain, Flow separation, Flower, Fluid, Fluid dynamics, Fluorite, Foam, Formal grammar, Fractal, Fractal dimension, Fracture, France, Frederick J. Almgren Jr., Fritillaria meleagris, Fruit, Fullerene, Function (biology), Gabbro, Garnet, Gastropoda, Gene, Geodesic dome, Georg Cantor, Georgiy Jacobson, Giant's Causeway, Gila monster, Golden angle, Golden ratio, Gopher, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Grévy's zebra, Ground pangolin, Grzegorz Rozenberg, Gyrification, Gyrus, Halite, Hazel, Helge von Koch, Helianthus, Helicoidal flow, Helmeted guineafowl, Honeycomb, Hopper crystal, Horn (anatomy), How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension, Human brain, Hummingbird, Hydrozoa, Ice wedge, Iteration, James D. Murray, James Gleick, Jean Taylor, Joseph Plateau, Kármán vortex street, Keith Devlin, Kunstformen der Natur, L-system, Laminar flow, Leafhopper, Leopard, Liber Abaci, Lichtenberg figure, Lilium, List of Marilyns on Scottish islands, Little, Brown and Company, Logarithm, Logarithmic spiral, Lynn Steen, Marine biology, Mathematical model, Mathematics, Mathematics and art, Mbu pufferfish, Mean curvature, Meander, Meander scar, Mechanical wave, Meristem, Mespilus germanica, Methane, Microparticle, Mima mounds, Mimicry, Mineral, Minimal surface, Mixing (mathematics), Mollusc shell, Mollusca, Morphogen, Morphogenesis, Mountain, Namibia, Natural selection, Nature, Nautilus, Nectar guide, Negative thermal expansion, New Hampshire, Niger, Nonlinear system, Numerology, On Growth and Form, Orbit (dynamics), Orchidaceae, Oscillation, Osteoderm, Oxbow lake, Pangolin, Parastichy, Pat Murphy (writer), Pattern, Pattern formation, Patterned ground, Patterned vegetation, Pear, Phaidon Press, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Photosynthesis, Phyllotaxis, Physical law, Physics, Pineapple, Pingo, Pinnation, Planet, Plant development, Plant stem, Plateau, Plateau's laws, Plateau's problem, Plato, Platonic realism, Point group, Poly(methyl methacrylate), Positive feedback, Predation, Princeton University Press, Problem of universals, Protein, Pythagoras, Quasicrystal, Quincunx, Rabbit, Radiolaria, Rann of Kutch, Río Negro (Argentina), Reaction–diffusion system, Reflection symmetry, Richard Prum, Richard Smalley, River, Romanesco broccoli, Rotational symmetry, Royal angelfish, Rule 30, Salak, Saturn, Science (journal), Sea anemone, Sea urchin, Seed, Self-organization, Self-similarity, Sexual selection, Sicily, Signalling theory, Sistan, Skeleton, Skye, Snowflake, Soap bubble, Soap film, Soliton, Sphere, Spheroid, Spiral, Splash (fluid mechanics), Sponge, Sponge spicule, Spumellaria, Standing wave, Starfish, Stephen Wolfram, Stress (mechanics), Structural coloration, Sulcus (neuroanatomy), Surface wave, Symmetry, Symmetry in biology, Taklamakan Desert, Tasman Peninsula, Tessellated pavement, Tessellation, Tetrahedron, The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, The Garden of Cyrus, The Guardian, Theory of forms, Tiger, Tiger bush, Tile, Tree, Trochoidea liebetruti, Tuktoyaktuk, University of Dundee, University of St Andrews, University of Surrey, Viking Press, Viscosity, Volvox, Vortex, Wacław Sierpiński, Wallpaper group, Wasp, Wave, Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Weaire–Phelan structure, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Western honey bee, White Mountains (New Hampshire), Widmanstätten pattern, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Wilson Bentley, Wind wave, 2008 Summer Olympics. 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A New Kind of Science
A New Kind of Science is a best-selling, controversial book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his own company in 2002.
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Academic Press
Academic Press is an academic book publisher.
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Adolf Zeising
Adolf Zeising (24 September 181027 April 1876) was a German psychologist, whose main interests were mathematics and philosophy.
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Air fern
Air fern (Sertularia argentea) is a species of marine animal in the family Sertulariidae.
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Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.
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Almond
The almond (Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus amygdalus) is a species of tree native to Mediterranean climate regions of the Middle East, from Syria and Turkey to India and Pakistan, although it has been introduced elsewhere.
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Aloe polyphylla
Aloe polyphylla (spiral aloe, kroonaalwyn, lekhala kharetsa, many-leaved aloe) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Aloe that is endemic to the Kingdom of Lesotho in the Drakensberg mountains.
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Alphabet
An alphabet is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) that is used to write one or more languages based upon the general principle that the letters represent phonemes (basic significant sounds) of the spoken language.
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Ancient Greek philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC and continued throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Ancient Greece was part of the Roman Empire.
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Angelica
Angelica is a genus of about 60 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far north as Iceland, Lapland and Greenland.
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Angle of repose
The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose, of a granular material is the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping.
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Animal coloration
Animal coloration is the general appearance of an animal resulting from the reflection or emission of light from its surfaces.
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Anthriscus sylvestris
Anthriscus sylvestris, known as cow parsley, wild chervil, wild beaked parsley, or keck is a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant in the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), genus Anthriscus.
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Apiaceae
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae, is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers.
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Aposematism
Aposematism (from Greek ἀπό apo away, σῆμα sema sign) is a term coined by Edward Bagnall PoultonPoulton, 1890.
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Apricot
An apricot is a fruit, or the tree that bears the fruit, of several species in the genus Prunus (stone fruits).
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Aristid Lindenmayer
Aristid Lindenmayer (17 November 1925 – 30 October 1989) was a Hungarian biologist.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Asteraceae
Asteraceae or Compositae (commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite,Great Basin Wildflowers, Laird R. Blackwell, 2006, p. 275 or sunflower family) is a very large and widespread family of flowering plants (Angiospermae).
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Attractor
In the mathematical field of dynamical systems, an attractor is a set of numerical values toward which a system tends to evolve, for a wide variety of starting conditions of the system.
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Auxin
Auxins (plural of auxin) are a class of plant hormones (or plant growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics.
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Avalanche
An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is a cohesive slab of snow lying upon a weaker layer of snow in the snowpack that fractures and slides down a steep slope when triggered.
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Barchan
A barchan or barkhan dune, (from Kazakh бархан), is a crescent-shaped dune.
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Basalt
Basalt is a common extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the surface of a planet or moon.
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Beijing National Aquatics Center
The Beijing National Aquatics Center, also officially known as the National Aquatics Center, and colloquially known as the Water Cube, is an aquatics center that was built alongside Beijing National Stadium in the Olympic Green for the swimming competitions of the 2008 Summer Olympics.
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Bellis perennis
Bellis perennis is a common European species of daisy, of the Asteraceae family, often considered the archetypal species of that name.
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Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator.
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Benoit Mandelbrot
Benoit B.  Mandelbrot  (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-born, French and American mathematician and polymath with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as "the art of roughness" of physical phenomena and "the uncontrolled element in life".
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Bighorn sheep
The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is a species of sheep native to North America named for its large horns.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Bismuth
Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83.
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Bitruncated cubic honeycomb
The bitruncated cubic honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of truncated octahedra (or, equivalently, bitruncated cubes).
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Blood vessel
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body.
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Bloomsbury Publishing
Bloomsbury Publishing plc (formerly M.B.N.1 Limited and Bloomsbury Publishing Company Limited) is a British independent, worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction.
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Brain coral
Brain coral is a common name given to various corals in the families Mussidae and Merulinidae, so called due to their generally spheroid shape and grooved surface which resembles a brain.
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Bravais lattice
In geometry and crystallography, a Bravais lattice, named after, is an infinite array of discrete points in three dimensional space generated by a set of discrete translation operations described by: where ni are any integers and ai are known as the primitive vectors which lie in different directions and span the lattice.
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Brochosome
Brochosomes are intricately structured microscopic granules secreted by leafhoppers (the family Cicadellidae of the insect order Hemiptera) and typically found on their body surface and, more rarely, eggs.
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Bryozoa
Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals.
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Buckminster Fuller
Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor and futurist.
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Buckminsterfullerene
Buckminsterfullerene is a type of fullerene with the formula C60.
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Butterfly effect
In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state.
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Cabbage
Cabbage or headed cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads.
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Camera (cephalopod)
Camerae (singular camera) are the spaces or chambers enclosed between two adjacent septa in the phragmocone of a nautiloid or ammonoid cephalopod.
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Camouflage
Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see (crypsis), or by disguising them as something else (mimesis).
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Cantal
Cantal is a department (administrative province) in south-central France, with its capital at Aurillac.
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Capillary wave
A capillary wave is a wave traveling along the phase boundary of a fluid, whose dynamics and phase velocity are dominated by the effects of surface tension.
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Cauto River
The Cauto River or Río Cauto, located in southeast Cuba, is the longest river of Cuba.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cellular automaton
A cellular automaton (pl. cellular automata, abbrev. CA) is a discrete model studied in computer science, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling.
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Cephalization
Cephalization is an evolutionary trend in which, over many generations, the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal, producing a head region.
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Cerebellum
The cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.
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Chaos theory
Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focusing on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Chemical clock
A chemical clock (or clock reaction) is a complex mixture of reacting chemical compounds in which the onset of an observable property occurs after a predictable induction time.
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Chemical oscillator
A chemical oscillator is a complex mixture of reacting chemical compounds in which the concentration of one or more components exhibits periodic changes, They are a class of reactions that serve as an example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics with far-from-equilibrium behavior.
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Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
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Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.
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Chronicle Books
Chronicle Books is a San Francisco-based American publisher of books for adults and children.
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Cidaris rugosa
Cidaris rugosa is a species of sea urchins of the Family Cidaridae.
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Cleaning symbiosis
Cleaning symbiosis is a mutually beneficial association between individuals of two species, where one (the cleaner) removes and eats parasites and other materials from the surface of the other (the client).
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Coast
A coastline or a seashore is the area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake.
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Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03 to 0.71 inches).
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Colobura dirce
Colobura dirce, the Dirce beauty, mosaic or zebra mosaic, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae.
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Common roach
The roach (Rutilus rutilus), also known as the common roach, is a fresh and brackish water fish of the Cyprinidae family, native to most of Europe and western Asia.
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Computer simulation
Computer simulation is the reproduction of the behavior of a system using a computer to simulate the outcomes of a mathematical model associated with said system.
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Conifer cone
A cone (in formal botanical usage: strobilus, plural strobili) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures.
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Conus textile
Conus textile, common name the textile cone or the cloth of gold cone is a venomous species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.
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Convex polytope
A convex polytope is a special case of a polytope, having the additional property that it is also a convex set of points in the n-dimensional space Rn.
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Coral
Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria.
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Crinoid
Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata).
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Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of analyzing information systems in order to study the hidden aspects of the systems.
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Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
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Crystal habit
In mineralogy, crystal habit is the characteristic external shape of an individual crystal or crystal group.
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Crystal structure
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material.
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Crystal system
In crystallography, the terms crystal system, crystal family and lattice system each refer to one of several classes of space groups, lattices, point groups or crystals.
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Cubic crystal system
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube.
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Cuttlefish
Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine animals of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda, which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone. Despite their name, cuttlefish are not fish but molluscs. Cuttlefish have large, W-shaped pupils, eight arms, and two tentacles furnished with denticulated suckers, with which they secure their prey. They generally range in size from, with the largest species, Sepia apama, reaching in mantle length and over in mass. Cuttlefish eat small molluscs, crabs, shrimp, fish, octopus, worms, and other cuttlefish. Their predators include dolphins, sharks, fish, seals, seabirds, and other cuttlefish. The average life expectancy of a cuttlefish is about one to two years. Recent studies indicate cuttlefish are among the most intelligent invertebrates. (television program) NOVA, PBS, April 3, 2007. Cuttlefish also have one of the largest brain-to-body size ratios of all invertebrates. The 'cuttle' in 'cuttlefish' comes from the Old English name for the species, cudele, which may be cognate with the Old Norse koddi ('cushion') and the Middle Low German Kudel ('rag'). The Greco-Roman world valued the cuttlefish as a source of the unique brown pigment the creature releases from its siphon when it is alarmed. The word for it in both Greek and Latin, sepia, now refers to the reddish-brown color sepia in English.
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D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson CB FRS FRSE (2 May 1860 – 21 June 1948) was a Scottish biologist, mathematician and classics scholar.
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Dendrite (crystal)
A crystal dendrite is a crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching tree-like form.
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Dense set
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a subset A of a topological space X is called dense (in X) if every point x in X either belongs to A or is a limit point of A, that is the closure of A is constituting the whole set X. Informally, for every point in X, the point is either in A or arbitrarily "close" to a member of A — for instance, every real number either is a rational number or has a rational number arbitrarily close to it (see Diophantine approximation).
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Dictyochales
Dictyochales (Silicoflagellates, or Dictyochophyceae sensu stricto) are a small group of unicellular heterokont algae, found in marine environments.
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Dielectric
A dielectric (or dielectric material) is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field.
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Dihedral group
In mathematics, a dihedral group is the group of symmetries of a regular polygon, which includes rotations and reflections.
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Dislocation
In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure.
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Dune
In physical geography, a dune is a hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes (wind) or the flow of water.
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Dynamical system
In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space.
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Echinoderm
Echinoderm is the common name given to any member of the phylum Echinodermata (from Ancient Greek, ἐχῖνος, echinos – "hedgehog" and δέρμα, derma – "skin") of marine animals.
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Elasticity (physics)
In physics, elasticity (from Greek ἐλαστός "ductible") is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed.
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Electric discharge
An electric discharge is the release and transmission of electricity in an applied electric field through a medium such as a gas.
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Eliot Porter
Eliot Furness Porter (December 6, 1901 – November 2, 1990) was an American photographer best known for his intimate color photographs of nature.
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Emergence
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have.
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Empedocles
Empedocles (Ἐμπεδοκλῆς, Empedoklēs) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily.
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Entomophily
Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects.
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Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, and Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the influential but no longer widely held recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny.
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Erosion
In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transport it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no movement).
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Euler characteristic
In mathematics, and more specifically in algebraic topology and polyhedral combinatorics, the Euler characteristic (or Euler number, or Euler–Poincaré characteristic) is a topological invariant, a number that describes a topological space's shape or structure regardless of the way it is bent.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolutionary history of plants
The evolution of plants has resulted in a wide range of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, through multicellular marine and freshwater green algae, terrestrial bryophytes, lycopods and ferns, to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today.
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Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton (from Greek έξω, éxō "outer" and σκελετός, skeletós "skeleton") is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to the internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of, for example, a human.
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Fairy ring
A fairy ring, also known as fairy circle, elf circle, elf ring or pixie ring, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms.
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Fault (geology)
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movement.
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Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop.
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Fermat's spiral
Fermat's spiral (also known as a parabolic spiral) was first discovered by Pierre de Fermat, and follows the equation in polar coordinates (the more general Fermat's spiral follows r^2.
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Fern
A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.
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Fibonacci
Fibonacci (c. 1175 – c. 1250) was an Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".
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Fibonacci number
In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers are the numbers in the following integer sequence, called the Fibonacci sequence, and characterized by the fact that every number after the first two is the sum of the two preceding ones: Often, especially in modern usage, the sequence is extended by one more initial term: By definition, the first two numbers in the Fibonacci sequence are either 1 and 1, or 0 and 1, depending on the chosen starting point of the sequence, and each subsequent number is the sum of the previous two.
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Fir wave
A fir wave is a set of alternating bands of fir trees in sequential stages of development, observed in forests on exposed mountain slopes in several areas, including northeastern North America and Japan.
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Floodplain
A floodplain or flood plain is an area of land adjacent to a stream or river which stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls, and which experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.
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Flow separation
All solid objects traveling through a fluid (or alternatively a stationary object exposed to a moving fluid) acquire a boundary layer of fluid around them where viscous forces occur in the layer of fluid close to the solid surface.
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Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms).
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Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress.
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Fluid dynamics
In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids - liquids and gases.
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Fluorite
Not to be confused with Fluoride. Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is the mineral form of calcium fluoride, CaF2.
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Foam
Foam is a substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
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Formal grammar
In formal language theory, a grammar (when the context is not given, often called a formal grammar for clarity) is a set of production rules for strings in a formal language.
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Fractal
In mathematics, a fractal is an abstract object used to describe and simulate naturally occurring objects.
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Fractal dimension
In mathematics, more specifically in fractal geometry, a fractal dimension is a ratio providing a statistical index of complexity comparing how detail in a pattern (strictly speaking, a fractal pattern) changes with the scale at which it is measured.
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Fracture
A fracture is the separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Frederick J. Almgren Jr.
Frederick Justin Almgren Jr. (July 3, 1933, in Birmingham, Alabama – February 5, 1997, in Princeton, New Jersey) was a mathematician working in geometric measure theory.
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Fritillaria meleagris
Fritillaria meleagris is a Eurasian species of flowering plant in the lily family.
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Fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.
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Fullerene
A fullerene is a molecule of carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many other shapes.
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Function (biology)
In biology, function has been defined in many ways.
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Gabbro
Gabbro refers to a large group of dark, often phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rocks chemically equivalent to basalt, being its coarse-grained analogue.
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Garnet
Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives.
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Gastropoda
The gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca, called Gastropoda.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Geodesic dome
A geodesic dome is a hemispherical thin-shell structure (lattice-shell) based on a geodesic polyhedron.
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Georg Cantor
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (– January 6, 1918) was a German mathematician.
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Georgiy Jacobson
Georgiy Georgiyevich Jacobson (Георгий Георгиевич Якобсон, 1871 – 23 November 1926) was a pioneering Russian entomologist, known especially for his 900-page book on Beetles.
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Giant's Causeway
The Giant's Causeway is an area of about 40,000 interlocking basalt columns, the result of an ancient volcanic fissure eruption.
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Gila monster
The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) is a species of venomous lizard native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexican state of Sonora.
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Golden angle
In geometry, the golden angle is the smaller of the two angles created by sectioning the circumference of a circle according to the golden ratio; that is, into two arcs such that the ratio of the length of the larger arc to the length of the smaller arc is the same as the ratio of the full circumference to the length of the larger arc.
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Golden ratio
In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities.
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Gopher
Pocket gophers, commonly referred to as gophers, are burrowing rodents of the family Geomyidae.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Grévy's zebra
The Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi), also known as the imperial zebra, is the largest living wild equid and the largest and most threatened of the three species of zebra, the other two being the plains zebra and the mountain zebra.
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Ground pangolin
The ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii), also known as Temminck's pangolin or the Cape pangolin, is one of four species of pangolins which can be found in Africa, and the only one in southern and eastern Africa.
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Grzegorz Rozenberg
Grzegorz Rozenberg (born 14 March 1942, Leninsk, Russia) is a Polish Dutch computer scientist.
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Gyrification
Gyrification is the process of forming the characteristic folds of the cerebral cortex.
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Gyrus
In neuroanatomy, a gyrus (pl. gyri) is a ridge on the cerebral cortex.
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Halite
Halite, commonly known as rock salt, is a type of salt, the mineral (natural) form of sodium chloride (NaCl).
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Hazel
The hazel (Corylus) is a genus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere.
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Helge von Koch
Niels Fabian Helge von Koch (25 January 1870 – 11 March 1924) was a Swedish mathematician who gave his name to the famous fractal known as the Koch snowflake, one of the earliest fractal curves to be described.
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Helianthus
Helianthus or sunflower is a genus of plants comprising about 70 species Flora of North America.
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Helicoidal flow
Helicoidal flow is the cork-screw-like flow of water in a meander.
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Helmeted guineafowl
The helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) is the best known of the guineafowl bird family, Numididae, and the only member of the genus Numida.
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Honeycomb
A honeycomb is a mass of hexagonal prismatic wax cells built by honey bees in their nests to contain their larvae and stores of honey and pollen.
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Hopper crystal
Synthetic bismuth crystal A hopper crystal is a form of crystal, defined by its "hoppered" shape.
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Horn (anatomy)
A horn is a permanent pointed projection on the head of various animals consisting of a covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone.
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How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension
"How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension" is a paper by mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot, first published in ''Science'' in 1967.
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Human brain
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
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Hummingbird
Hummingbirds are birds from the Americas that constitute the family Trochilidae.
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Hydrozoa
Hydrozoa (hydrozoans, from ancient Greek ὕδρα, hydra, "sea serpent" and ζῷον, zoon, "animal") are a taxonomic class of individually very small, predatory animals, some solitary and some colonial, most living in salt water.
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Ice wedge
An ice wedge is a crack in the ground formed by a narrow or thin piece of ice that measures up to 3–4 meters in length at ground level and extends downwards into the ground up to several meters.
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Iteration
Iteration is the act of repeating a process, to generate a (possibly unbounded) sequence of outcomes, with the aim of approaching a desired goal, target or result.
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James D. Murray
James Dickson Murray FRS, (born 2 January 1931 in Moffat, Scotland) is professor emeritus of applied mathematics at University of Washington and University of Oxford.
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James Gleick
James Gleick (born August 1, 1954) is an American author and historian of science whose work has chronicled the cultural impact of modern technology.
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Jean Taylor
Jean Ellen Taylor (born September 17, 1944) is an American mathematician who is currently a professor emerita at Rutgers University and visiting faculty at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University.
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Joseph Plateau
Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (14 October 1801 – 15 September 1883) was a Belgian physicist.
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Kármán vortex street
In fluid dynamics, a Kármán vortex street (or a von Kármán vortex street) is a repeating pattern of swirling vortices, caused by a process known as vortex shedding, which is responsible for the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around blunt bodies.
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Keith Devlin
Keith J. Devlin (born 16 March 1947) is a British mathematician and popular science writer.
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Kunstformen der Natur
Kunstformen der Natur (known in English as Art Forms in Nature) is a book of lithographic and halftone prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel.
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L-system
An L-system or Lindenmayer system is a parallel rewriting system and a type of formal grammar.
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Laminar flow
In fluid dynamics, laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers.
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Leafhopper
A leafhopper is the common name for any species from the family Cicadellidae.
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Leopard
The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five species in the genus Panthera, a member of the Felidae.
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Liber Abaci
Liber Abaci (1202, also spelled as Liber Abbaci) is a historic book on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, known later by his nickname Fibonacci.
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Lichtenberg figure
Lichtenberg figures (German Lichtenberg-Figuren), or "Lichtenberg dust figures", are branching electric discharges that sometimes appear on the surface or in the interior of insulating materials.
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Lilium
Lilium (members of which are true lilies) is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers.
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List of Marilyns on Scottish islands
This is a list of the 228 Marilyns on Scottish islands.
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Little, Brown and Company
Little, Brown and Company is an American publisher founded in 1837 by Charles Coffin Little and his partner, James Brown, and for close to two centuries has published fiction and nonfiction by American authors.
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Logarithm
In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation.
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Logarithmic spiral
A logarithmic spiral, equiangular spiral or growth spiral is a self-similar spiral curve which often appears in nature.
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Lynn Steen
Lynn Arthur Steen (January 1, 1941 – June 21, 2015) was an American mathematician who was a Professor of Mathematics at St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota in the U.S. He wrote numerous books and articles on the teaching of mathematics.
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Marine biology
Marine biology is the scientific study of marine life, organisms in the sea.
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Mathematical model
A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language.
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Mathematics
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.
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Mathematics and art
Mathematics and art are related in a variety of ways.
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Mbu pufferfish
The Mbu puffer, giant puffer or giant freshwater puffer (Tetraodon mbu) is a carnivorous freshwater pufferfish originating from the middle and lower sections of the Congo river in Africa, as well as the east coast of Lake Tanganyika near the Malagarasi River mouth.
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Mean curvature
In mathematics, the mean curvature H of a surface S is an extrinsic measure of curvature that comes from differential geometry and that locally describes the curvature of an embedded surface in some ambient space such as Euclidean space.
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Meander
A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings in the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse.
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Meander scar
A meander scar, occasionally meander scarp,Christopher G. Morris, Academic Press dictionary of science and technology, Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992,, page 1333 is a geological feature formed by the remnants of a meandering water channel.
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Mechanical wave
A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium.
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Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
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Mespilus germanica
Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar or common medlar, is a large shrub or small tree, and the name of the fruit of this tree.
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Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).
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Microparticle
Microparticles are particles between 0.1 and 100 \mum in size.
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Mima mounds
Mima mounds are low, flattened, circular to oval, domelike, natural mounds that are composed of loose, unstratified, often gravelly sediment that is an overthickened A horizon.
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Mimicry
In evolutionary biology, mimicry is a similarity of one organism, usually an animal, to another that has evolved because the resemblance is selectively favoured by the behaviour of a shared signal receiver that can respond to both.
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Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.
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Minimal surface
In mathematics, a minimal surface is a surface that locally minimizes its area.
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Mixing (mathematics)
In mathematics, mixing is an abstract concept originating from physics: the attempt to describe the irreversible thermodynamic process of mixing in the everyday world: mixing paint, mixing drinks, etc.
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Mollusc shell
The mollusc (or molluskOften spelled mollusk shell in the USA; the spelling "mollusc" are preferred by) shell is typically a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca, which includes snails, clams, tusk shells, and several other classes.
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Mollusca
Mollusca is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusksThe formerly dominant spelling mollusk is still used in the U.S. — see the reasons given in Gary Rosenberg's.
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Morphogen
A morphogen is a substance whose non-uniform distribution governs the pattern of tissue development in the process of morphogenesis or pattern formation, one of the core processes of developmental biology, establishing positions of the various specialized cell types within a tissue.
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Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation, literally, "beginning of the shape") is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.
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Mountain
A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak.
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Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German:; Republiek van Namibië), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Nature
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe.
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Nautilus
The nautilus (from the Latin form of the original ναυτίλος, 'sailor') is a pelagic marine mollusc of the cephalopod family Nautilidae, the sole extant family of the superfamily Nautilaceae and of its smaller but near equal suborder, Nautilina.
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Nectar guide
Nectar guides are markings or patterns seen in flowers of some angiosperm species, that guide pollinators to their rewards.
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Negative thermal expansion
Negative thermal expansion (NTE) is an unusual physicochemical process in which some materials contract upon heating, rather than expand as most other materials do.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Niger
Niger, also called the Niger officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa named after the Niger River.
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Nonlinear system
In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input.
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Numerology
Numerology is any belief in the divine or mystical relationship between a number and one or more coinciding events.
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On Growth and Form
On Growth and Form is a book by the Scottish mathematical biologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948).
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Orbit (dynamics)
In mathematics, in the study of dynamical systems, an orbit is a collection of points related by the evolution function of the dynamical system.
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Orchidaceae
The Orchidaceae are a diverse and widespread family of flowering plants, with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant, commonly known as the orchid family.
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Oscillation
Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states.
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Osteoderm
Osteoderms are bony deposits forming scales, plates or other structures based in the dermis.
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Oxbow lake
An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake that forms when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water.
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Pangolin
Pangolins or scaly anteaters are mammals of the order Pholidota (from the Greek word φολῐ́ς, "horny scale").
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Parastichy
Parastichy, in phyllotaxy, is the (invisible) spiral line of the pattern of the areoles on some plants, such as cacti and pinecones.
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Pat Murphy (writer)
Patrice Ann "Pat" Murphy (born March 9, 1955) is an American science writer and author of science fiction and fantasy novels.
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Pattern
A pattern is a discernible regularity in the world or in a manmade design.
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Pattern formation
The science of pattern formation deals with the visible, (statistically) orderly outcomes of self-organization and the common principles behind similar patterns in nature.
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Patterned ground
Patterned ground is the distinct, and often symmetrical natural pattern of geometric shapes formed by ground material in periglacial regions.
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Patterned vegetation
Patterned vegetation is a vegetation community that exhibits distinctive and repetitive patterns.
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Pear
The pear is any of several tree and shrub species of genus Pyrus, in the family Rosaceae.
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Phaidon Press
Phaidon is a global publisher of books on art, architecture, photography, design, performing arts, decorative arts, fashion, film, travel, and contemporary culture, as well as cookbooks and children’s books.
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Phyllotaxis
In botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem (from Ancient Greek phýllon "leaf" and táxis "arrangement").
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Physical law
A physical law or scientific law is a theoretical statement "inferred from particular facts, applicable to a defined group or class of phenomena, and expressible by the statement that a particular phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present." Physical laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments and observations over many years and which have become accepted universally within the scientific community.
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Pineapple
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples, and the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.
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Pingo
A pingo, also called a hydrolaccolith, is a mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic and subarctic that can reach up to in height and up to in diameter.
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Pinnation
Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis.
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Planet
A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.
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Plant development
Plants produce new tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues.
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Plant stem
A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root.
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Plateau
In geology and physical geography a plateau (or; plural plateaus or plateaux),is also called a high plain or a tableland, it is an area of a highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain that is raised significantly above the surrounding area, often with one or more sides with steep slopes.
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Plateau's laws
Plateau's laws describe the structure of soap films.
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Plateau's problem
In mathematics, Plateau's problem is to show the existence of a minimal surface with a given boundary, a problem raised by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1760.
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Plato
Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Platonic realism
Platonic realism is a philosophical term usually used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the existence of universals or abstract objects after the Greek philosopher Plato (c. 427–c. 347 BC), a student of Socrates.
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Point group
In geometry, a point group is a group of geometric symmetries (isometries) that keep at least one point fixed.
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Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), also known as acrylic or acrylic glass as well as by the trade names Crylux, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, and Perspex among several others (see below), is a transparent thermoplastic often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass.
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Positive feedback
Positive feedback is a process that occurs in a feedback loop in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.
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Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a hunting animal) kills and eats its prey (the organism that is attacked).
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Problem of universals
In metaphysics, the problem of universals refers to the question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of the Pythagoreanism movement.
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Quasicrystal
A quasiperiodic crystal, or quasicrystal, is a structure that is ordered but not periodic.
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Quincunx
A quincunx is a geometric pattern consisting of five points arranged in a cross, with four of them forming a square or rectangle and a fifth at its center.
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Rabbit
Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha (along with the hare and the pika).
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Radiolaria
The Radiolaria, also called Radiozoa, are protozoa of diameter 0.1–0.2 mm that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ectoplasm.The elaborate mineral skeleton is usually made of silica.
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Rann of Kutch
The Rann of Kutch is a large area of salt marshes located mostly in Gujarat (primarily the Kutch district), India and the southern tip of Sindh, Pakistan.
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Río Negro (Argentina)
Río Negro (Black River) is the most important river of the Argentine province of Río Negro.
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Reaction–diffusion system
Reaction–diffusion systems are mathematical models which correspond to several physical phenomena: the most common is the change in space and time of the concentration of one or more chemical substances: local chemical reactions in which the substances are transformed into each other, and diffusion which causes the substances to spread out over a surface in space.
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Reflection symmetry
Reflection symmetry, line symmetry, mirror symmetry, mirror-image symmetry, is symmetry with respect to reflection.
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Richard Prum
Richard O. Prum is William Robertson Coe Professor of Ornithology, and Head Curator of Vertebrate Zoology at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University.
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Richard Smalley
Richard Errett Smalley (June 6, 1943 – October 28, 2005) was the Gene and Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry and a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Rice University, in Houston, Texas.
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River
A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river.
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Romanesco broccoli
Romanesco broccoli, also known as Roman cauliflower, Broccolo Romanesco, Romanesque cauliflower or simply Romanesco is an edible flower bud of the species Brassica oleracea.
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Rotational symmetry
Rotational symmetry, also known as radial symmetry in biology, is the property a shape has when it looks the same after some rotation by a partial turn.
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Royal angelfish
The regal angelfish (Pygoplites diacanthus) or royal angelfish, is a species of marine angelfish of the family Pomacanthidae, and the monotypic genus Pygoplites.
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Rule 30
Rule 30 is a one-dimensional binary cellular automaton rule introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983.
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Salak
Salak (Salacca zalacca) is a species of palm tree (family Arecaceae) native to Java and Sumatra in Indonesia.
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Saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Sea anemone
Sea anemones are a group of marine, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria.
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Sea urchin
Sea urchins or urchins are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea.
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Seed
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering.
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Self-organization
Self-organization, also called (in the social sciences) spontaneous order, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system.
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Self-similarity
In mathematics, a self-similar object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself (i.e. the whole has the same shape as one or more of the parts).
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Sexual selection
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).
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Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia; Sicìlia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Signalling theory
Within evolutionary biology, signalling theory is a body of theoretical work examining communication between individuals, both within species and across species.
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Sistan
Sīstān (Persian/Baloch/Pashto: سیستان), known in ancient times as Sakastan (Persian/Baloch/Pashto: ساكاستان; "the land of the Saka"), is a historical and geographical region in present-day eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province), southern Afghanistan (Nimruz, Kandahar) and the Nok Kundi region of Balochistan (western Pakistan).
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Skeleton
The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism.
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Skye
Skye, or the Isle of Skye (An t-Eilean Sgitheanach or Eilean a' Cheò), is the largest and northernmost of the major islands in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland.
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Snowflake
A snowflake is a single ice crystal that has achieved a sufficient size, and may have amalgamated with others, then falls through the Earth's atmosphere as snow.
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Soap bubble
A soap bubble is an extremely thin film of soapy water enclosing air that forms a hollow sphere with an iridescent surface.
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Soap film
Soap films are thin layers of liquid (usually water-based) surrounded by air.
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Soliton
In mathematics and physics, a soliton is a self-reinforcing solitary wave packet that maintains its shape while it propagates at a constant velocity.
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Sphere
A sphere (from Greek σφαῖρα — sphaira, "globe, ball") is a perfectly round geometrical object in three-dimensional space that is the surface of a completely round ball (viz., analogous to the circular objects in two dimensions, where a "circle" circumscribes its "disk").
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Spheroid
A spheroid, or ellipsoid of revolution, is a quadric surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes; in other words, an ellipsoid with two equal semi-diameters.
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Spiral
In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point.
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Splash (fluid mechanics)
In fluid mechanics, a splash is a sudden disturbance to the otherwise quiescent free surface of a liquid (usually water).
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Sponge
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (meaning "pore bearer"), are a basal Metazoa clade as sister of the Diploblasts.
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Sponge spicule
Spicules are structural elements found in most sponges.
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Spumellaria
Spumellaria is an order of radiolarians in the class Polycystinea.
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Standing wave
In physics, a standing wave – also known as a stationary wave – is a wave which oscillates in time but whose peak amplitude profile does not move in space.
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Starfish
Starfish or sea stars are star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea.
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Stephen Wolfram
Stephen Wolfram (born August 29, 1959) is a British-American computer scientist, physicist, and businessman.
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Stress (mechanics)
In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material.
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Structural coloration
Structural coloration is the production of colour by microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light, sometimes in combination with pigments.
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Sulcus (neuroanatomy)
In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: "furrow", pl. sulci) is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex.
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Surface wave
In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media.
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Symmetry
Symmetry (from Greek συμμετρία symmetria "agreement in dimensions, due proportion, arrangement") in everyday language refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance.
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Symmetry in biology
Symmetry in biology is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes within the body of an organism.
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Taklamakan Desert
The Taklamakan Desert (Xiao'erjing: تَاكْلامَاقًا شَاموْ; تەكلىماكان قۇملۇقى; Такәламаган Шамә), also spelled "Taklimakan" and "Teklimakan", is a desert in southwest Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, northwest China.
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Tasman Peninsula
The Tasman Peninsula is a peninsula located in south-east Tasmania, Australia, approximately by the Arthur Highway, south-east of Hobart.
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Tessellated pavement
In geology and geomorphology, a tessellated pavement is a relatively flat rock surface that is subdivided into more or less regular rectangles, blocks approaching rectangles, or irregular or regular polygons by fractures, frequently systematic joints, within the rock.
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Tessellation
A tessellation of a flat surface is the tiling of a plane using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
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Tetrahedron
In geometry, a tetrahedron (plural: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, six straight edges, and four vertex corners.
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The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
"The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" is an article written by the English mathematician Alan Turing in 1952 describing the way in which natural patterns such as stripes, spots and spirals may arise naturally out of a homogeneous, uniform state.
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The Garden of Cyrus
The Garden of Cyrus, or The Quincuncial Lozenge, or Network Plantations of the Ancients, naturally, artificially, mystically considered, is a discourse written by Sir Thomas Browne.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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Theory of forms
The theory of Forms or theory of Ideas is Plato's argument that non-physical (but substantial) forms (or ideas) represent the most accurate reality.
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Tiger
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most recognizable for its pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside.
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Tiger bush
Tiger bush or brousse tigrée is a patterned vegetation community and ground consisting of alternating bands of trees, shrubs, or grass separated by bare ground or low herb cover, that run roughly parallel to contour lines of equal elevation.
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Tile
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops.
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Tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species.
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Trochoidea liebetruti
Trochoidea liebetruti is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Hygromiidae, the hairy snails and their allies.
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Tuktoyaktuk
Tuktoyaktuk, or Tuktuyaaqtuuq (Inuvialuktun: it looks like a caribou), is an Inuvialuit hamlet located in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, at the northern terminus of the Inuvik-Tuktoyaktuk Highway.
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University of Dundee
The University of Dundee (abbreviated as Dund. for post-nominals) is a public research university based in the city and royal burgh of Dundee on the east coast of the central Lowlands of Scotland.
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University of St Andrews
The University of St Andrews (informally known as St Andrews University or simply St Andrews; abbreviated as St And, from the Latin Sancti Andreae, in post-nominals) is a British public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.
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University of Surrey
The University of Surrey is a public research university located within the county town of Guildford, Surrey, in the South East of England, United Kingdom.
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Viking Press
Viking Press is an American publishing company now owned by Penguin Random House.
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Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
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Volvox
Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae.
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Vortex
In fluid dynamics, a vortex (plural vortices/vortexes) is a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line, which may be straight or curved.
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Wacław Sierpiński
Wacław Franciszek Sierpiński (14 March 1882 – 21 October 1969) was a Polish mathematician.
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Wallpaper group
A wallpaper group (or plane symmetry group or plane crystallographic group) is a mathematical classification of a two-dimensional repetitive pattern, based on the symmetries in the pattern.
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Wasp
A wasp is any insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a bee nor an ant.
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Wave
In physics, a wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space, with little or no associated mass transport.
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Władysław Tatarkiewicz
Władysław Tatarkiewicz (3 April 1886, Warsaw – 4 April 1980, Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher, historian of philosophy, historian of art, esthetician, and ethicist.
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Weaire–Phelan structure
In geometry, the Weaire–Phelan structure is a complex 3-dimensional structure representing an idealised foam of equal-sized bubbles.
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Weidenfeld & Nicolson
Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd (established 1948), often shortened to W&N or Weidenfeld, is a British publisher of fiction and reference books.
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Western honey bee
The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bee worldwide.
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White Mountains (New Hampshire)
The White Mountains are a mountain range covering about a quarter of the state of New Hampshire and a small portion of western Maine in the United States.
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Widmanstätten pattern
Widmanstätten patterns, also called Thomson structures, are figures of long nickel-iron crystals, found in the octahedrite iron meteorites and some pallasites.
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William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907) was a Scots-Irish mathematical physicist and engineer who was born in Belfast in 1824.
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Wilson Bentley
Wilson Alwyn "Snowflake" Bentley (February 9, 1865 – December 23, 1931) is one of the first known photographers of snowflakes.
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Wind wave
In fluid dynamics, wind waves, or wind-generated waves, are surface waves that occur on the free surface of bodies of water (like oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, canals, puddles or ponds).
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2008 Summer Olympics
The 2008 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and commonly known as Beijing 2008, was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing, China.
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Causes of pattern, History of pattern, Natural patterns, Types of pattern.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature
