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267 relations: Abel Bonnard, Abyssinia Crisis, Achille Fould, Adolf Hitler, Adolphe Landry, Adrien Tixier, Albert Dalimier, Albert François Lebrun, Albert Oustric, Albert Sarraut, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Allied-occupied Austria, American Friends Service Committee, Anatole de Monzie, Ancestry.com, André François-Poncet, André Maginot, André Tardieu, Aristide Briand, Armistice of 22 June 1940, Arthur Henderson, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Aubervilliers, Auguste Champetier de Ribes, Auguste Isaac, Éditions Albin Michel, Édouard Grinda, Édouard Herriot, Baccalauréat, Bank of France, Bayonne, Belfort, Berlin, Blaise Diagne, Bolsheviks, Bordeaux, Budapest, Camille Blaisot, Camille Chautemps, Cartel des Gauches, Chamber of Deputies (France), Chancellor of Germany, Charles de Gaulle, Charles Dumont (politician), Charles Guernier, Charles Scribner's Sons, Châteldon, Chemin des Dames, China, Clermont-Ferrand, ..., Collaborationism, Columbia University Press, Conscription, Correlli Barnett, Creditanstalt, Croix-de-Feu, Deputy Prime Minister of France, Devaluation, Enlisted rank, Ernest Lafont, Eugène Bridoux, Execution by firing squad, Far-right leagues, Far-right politics, Fayard, Federal Reserve System, Fernand Bouisson, Fernand de Brinon, François Albert-Buisson, François Charles-Roux, François Darlan, François Piétri, France–Germany relations, Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935, Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Free France, French Communist Party, French franc, French legislative election, 1914, French legislative election, 1919, French legislative election, 1924, French legislative election, 1936, French people, French Section of the Workers' International, French Somaliland, French Third Republic, Fresnes Prison, Fresnes, Val-de-Marne, G. P. Putnam's Sons, Gabriel Auphan, Gaston Doumergue, Gastric lavage, General Confederation of Labour (France), George S. Patton, Georges Bidault, Georges Bonnet, Georges Clemenceau, Georges Leygues, Georges Mandel, Georges Sorel, Gold reserve, Gold standard, Hérodote, Head of government, Heinrich Brüning, Henri Bléhaut, Henry de Jouvenel, Henry L. Stimson, Herbert Hoover, High treason, History of Auvergne, Hoare–Laval Pact, Hoover Moratorium, Hubert Lagardelle, Human Events, International Workers' Day, Jacques Doriot, Jacques Le Roy Ladurie, Jacques Rueff, Jacques-Louis Dumesnil, Jean Bichelonne, Jean Fabry, Jean Jaurès, Jean Longuet, Jean-François Jannekeyn, Joseph Barthélemy, Joseph Caillaux, Joseph Claussat, Joseph Darnand, Joseph Paganon, Joseph Paul-Boncour, Jules Brévié, Julius Curtius, Justice ministry, Karl Marx, Laurent Eynac, Lawyer, Léon Bérard, Léon Blum, Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism, Leon Trotsky, List of French Ministers of Veterans Affairs, List of Ministers of Overseas France, London, London Evening Standard, Louis Barthou, Louis de Chappedelaine, Louis Loucheur, Louis Marin (politician), Louis Rollin, Lucien Romier, Ludovic-Oscar Frossard, Lyon, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Boegner, Marcel Cachin, Marcel Déat, Marius Moutet, Marius Roustan, Marxism, Maurice Deligne, Maurice Gabolde, Maurice Garçon, Max Bonnafous, Maxime Weygand, McGeorge Bundy, Measures of national income and output, Mexico, Milice, Military discharge, Military occupation, Military service, Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany), Minister of Commerce (France), Minister of Information (France), Minister of Labour (France), Minister of Public Works (France), Minister of the Interior (France), Minister of Transport (France), Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Justice (France), Montoire-sur-le-Loir, Montparnasse Cemetery, Mordecai Paldiel, National Bloc (France), Nazi Party, Nicholas Longworth, Norbert Guterman, Normandy landings, October Revolution, Operation Torch, Oxford University Press, Pacifism, Paul Baudouin, Paul Doumer, Paul Marion (politician), Paul Painlevé, Paul Reynaud, Philippe Pétain, Phoney War, Pierre Cathala, Pierre Pucheu, Pierre-Étienne Flandin, Pierre-Henri Teitgen, Polish Corridor, Politician, Popular Front (France), Portugal, Pound sterling, Presidencies and provinces of British India, Presses Universitaires de France, Prime Minister of France, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prisoner of war, Provisional Government of the French Republic, Quisling, Radical Party (France), Ramsay MacDonald, Raoul Péret, Raymond Grasset, Raymond Poincaré, Realpolitik, Reichswehr, René de Chambrun, René Renoult, Robert Nivelle, Robert Paxton, RTB Bor, Saint Petersburg, Saint-Étienne, Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood, Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Secondary education in France, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Seine, Senegal, Sigmaringen, Sigmaringen Castle, Silver standard, Sintra, Socialist Party (France), South America, Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten, Stresa Front, Théodore Steeg, Theodore Roosevelt, Thiais, Third Zimmerwald Conference, Time (magazine), Time Person of the Year, Tours Congress, United States Congress, University of California, Riverside, Varicose veins, Vichy France, Victor Denain, Victor Peytral, Walter Lippmann, War reparations, Washington, D.C., William Bertrand, Woodrow Wilson, World War I reparations, Young Plan, Zoology, 6 February 1934 crisis. Expand index (217 more) »
Abel Bonnard
Abel Bonnard (19 December 1883 31 May 1968) was a French poet, novelist and politician.
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Abyssinia Crisis
The Abyssinia Crisis was a crisis in 1935 originating in the so-called Walwal incident in the then ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as "Abyssinia" in Europe).
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Achille Fould
Achille Fould (17 November 18005 October 1867) was a French financier and politician.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Adolphe Landry
Michel Auguste Adolphe Landry (29 September 1874 – 30 August 1956) was a French demographer and politician.
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Adrien Tixier
Adrien Tixier (31 January 1893 in Folles (Haute-Vienne) – 18 February 1946 in Paris) was a French politician, diplomat, and Free French ambassador to the United States.
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Albert Dalimier
Albert François Marie Dalimier (20 February 1875 – 6 May 1936) was a French politician.
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Albert François Lebrun
Albert François Lebrun (29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940.
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Albert Oustric
Albert Oustric (2 September 1887 – 16 April 1971) was a French entrepreneur and banker.
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Albert Sarraut
Albert-Pierre Sarraut (28 July 1872 – 26 November 1962) was a French Radical politician, twice Prime Minister during the Third Republic.
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Alice Roosevelt Longworth
Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth (February 12, 1884 – February 20, 1980) was an American writer and prominent socialite.
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Allied-occupied Austria
The Allied occupation of Austria lasted from 1945 to 1955.
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American Friends Service Committee
The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) is a Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) founded organization working for peace and social justice in the United States and around the world.
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Anatole de Monzie
Anatole de Monzie (22 November 1876, Bazas, Gironde – 11 January 1947, Paris) was a French administrator, encyclopaedist (Encyclopédie française), political figure and scholar.
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Ancestry.com
Ancestry.com LLC is a privately held online company based in Lehi, Utah.
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André François-Poncet
André François-Poncet (13 June 1887 – 8 January 1978) was a French politician and diplomat whose post as ambassador to Germany allowed him to witness first-hand the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and the Nazi regime's preparations for World War II.
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André Maginot
André Maginot (17 February 1877 – 7 January 1932) was a French civil servant, soldier, and Member of Parliament.
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André Tardieu
André Pierre Gabriel Amédée Tardieu (22 September 1876 – 15 September 1945) was three times Prime Minister of France (3 November 1929 – 17 February 1930; 2 March – 4 December 1930; 20 February – 10 May 1932) and a dominant figure of French political life in 1929–1932.
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Aristide Briand
Aristide Briand (28 March 18627 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic and was a co-laureate of the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize.
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Armistice of 22 June 1940
The Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36.
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Arthur Henderson
Arthur Henderson (13 September 1863 – 20 October 1935) was a British iron moulder and Labour politician.
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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo when they were mortally wounded by Gavrilo Princip.
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Aubervilliers
Aubervilliers is a commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in the Île-de-France region in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris, France.
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Auguste Champetier de Ribes
Auguste Champetier de Ribes (30 July 1882 – 6 March 1947) was a French politician and jurist.
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Auguste Isaac
Auguste Isaac (1849-1938) was a French politician.
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Éditions Albin Michel
Éditions Albin Michel is a French publisher.
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Édouard Grinda
Édouard Joseph Auguste Grinda (20 December 1866 – 28 March 1959) was a native of Nice, who also died in Nice, and was a French politician best known for his report, The Grinda Report of 1923 and as architect of France's medical insurance law of 1928.
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Édouard Herriot
Édouard Marie Herriot (5 July 1872 – 26 March 1957) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic who served three times as Prime Minister and for many years as President of the Chamber of Deputies.
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Baccalauréat
The baccalauréat, often known in France colloquially as bac, is an academic qualification that French students take after high school.
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Bank of France
The Bank of France known in French as the Banque de France, headquartered in Paris, is the central bank of France; it is linked to the European Central Bank (ECB).
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Bayonne
Bayonne (Gascon: Baiona; Baiona; Bayona) is a city and commune and one of the two sub-prefectures of the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.
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Belfort
Belfort is a city in northeastern France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté région, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg.
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Berlin
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.
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Blaise Diagne
Blaise Diagne (13 October 1872 – 11 May 1934) was a Senegalese-French political leader and mayor of Dakar.
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Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
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Bordeaux
Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: Bordèu) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.
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Budapest
Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and one of the largest cities in the European Union.
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Camille Blaisot
Camille Blaisot (19 January 1881 – 24 January 1945) was a French politician and lawyer.
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Camille Chautemps
Camille Chautemps (1 February 1885 – 1 July 1963) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic, three times President of the Council (Prime Minister).
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Cartel des Gauches
The Lefts Cartel (Cartel des gauches) was the name of the governmental alliance between the Radical-Socialist Party and the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) after World War I (1914–18), which lasted until the end of the Popular Front (1936–38).
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Chamber of Deputies (France)
Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés) was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Chancellor of Germany
The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany.
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France.
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Charles Dumont (politician)
Charles Emile Etienne Dumont (31 August 1867 – 22 April 1939) was a left-leaning French politician who was Minister of Public Works in 1911 and Minister of Finance in 1913.
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Charles Guernier
Charles Guernier (26 April 1870 – 19 February 1943) was a French politician.
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Charles Scribner's Sons
Charles Scribner's Sons, or simply Scribner's or Scribner, is an American publisher based in New York City, known for publishing American authors including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Kurt Vonnegut, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Stephen King, Robert A. Heinlein, Thomas Wolfe, George Santayana, John Clellon Holmes, Don DeLillo, and Edith Wharton.
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Châteldon
Châteldon is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.
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Chemin des Dames
In France, the Chemin des Dames (literally, the "ladies' path") is part of the D18 and runs east and west in the département of Aisne, between in the west, the Route Nationale 2, (Laon to Soissons) and in the east, the D1044 at Corbeny.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Clermont-Ferrand
Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergnat Clharmou, Augustonemetum) is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, with a population of 141,569 (2012).
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Collaborationism
Collaborationism is cooperation with the enemy against one's country in wartime.
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Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
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Conscription
Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.
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Correlli Barnett
Correlli Douglas Barnett CBE FRHistS FRSL FRSA (born 28 June 1927) is an English military historian, who has also written works of economic history, particularly on the United Kingdom's post-war "industrial decline".
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Creditanstalt
Creditanstalt (sometimes Credit-Anstalt, abbreviated as CA) was an Austrian bank based in Vienna.
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Croix-de-Feu
The Croix-de-Feu (Cross of Fire) was a nationalist French league of the Interwar period, led by Colonel François de la Rocque (1885–1946).
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Deputy Prime Minister of France
The Deputy Prime Minister of France, more properly known as the Vice President of the Council of Ministers, was a sinecure position that existed during the Third and Fourth Republics, as well as the Vichy regime during World War II.
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Devaluation
In modern monetary policy, a devaluation is an official lowering of the value of a country's currency within a fixed exchange rate system, by which the monetary authority formally sets a new fixed rate with respect to a foreign reference currency or currency basket.
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Enlisted rank
An enlisted rank (also known as an enlisted grade or enlisted rate) is, in some armed services, any rank below that of a commissioned officer.
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Ernest Lafont
Louis-Ernest Lafont (26 July 1879 in Lyon – 7 May 1946 in ParisFrench National Assembly. Gordon, David M.. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996. p. 113) was a French socialist politician.
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Eugène Bridoux
Eugène Bridoux (1888-1955) was a French general.
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Execution by firing squad
Execution by firing squad, in the past sometimes called fusillading (from the French fusil, rifle), is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war.
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Far-right leagues
The far-right leagues (ligues d'extrême droite) were several French far-right movements opposed to parliamentarism, which mainly dedicated themselves to military parades, street brawls, demonstrations and riots.
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Far-right politics
Far-right politics are politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of more extreme nationalist, and nativist ideologies, as well as authoritarian tendencies.
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Fayard
Fayard (complete name: Librairie Arthème Fayard) is a French Paris-based publishing house established in 1857.
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Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States of America.
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Fernand Bouisson
Fernand Bouisson (1874–1959) was a French politician of the Third Republic, who served as President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1927 to 1936 and briefly as Prime Minister in 1935.
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Fernand de Brinon
Fernand de Brinon, Marquis de Brinon (26 August 1885 – 15 April 1947) was a French lawyer and journalist who was one of the architects of French collaboration with the Nazis during World War II.
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François Albert-Buisson
François Albert-Buisson (3 May 1881, Issoire, Puy-de-Dôme – 21 May 1961, Aix-en-Provence) was a French entrepreneur, industrial, consular magistrate, economist, politician, historian.
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François Charles-Roux
François Charles-Roux (19 November 1879 – 26 June 1961) was a French businessman, historian and diplomat.
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François Darlan
Jean Louis Xavier François Darlan (7 August 1881 – 24 December 1942) was a French Admiral and political figure.
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François Piétri
François Piétri (8 August 1882 – 17 August 1966) was a minister in several governments in the later years of the French Third Republic and was French ambassador to Spain from 1940 to 1944 under the Vichy regime.
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France–Germany relations
The relations between France and Germany, since 1871, according to Ulrich Krotz, has three grand periods: 'hereditary enmity' (down to 1945), 'reconciliation' (1945–63) and since 1963 the 'special relationship' embodied in a cooperation called Franco-German Friendship (Amitié franco-allemande; Deutsch-Französische Freundschaft).
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Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935
The Franco-Italian Agreement (called often Mussolini-Laval accord) of 7 January 1935 was signed in Rome by the French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval and Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini.
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Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
The Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance was a bilateral treaty between the two countries with the aim of enveloping Nazi Germany in 1935 in order to reduce the threat from central Europe.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
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Free France
Free France and its Free French Forces (French: France Libre and Forces françaises libres) were the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces, that continued to fight against the Axis powers as one of the Allies after the fall of France.
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French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) is a communist party in France.
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French franc
The franc (sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France.
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French legislative election, 1914
The 1914 general elections were held on 26 April and 10 May 1914, three months before the outbreak of World War I. The Radical Party, a classical Liberal party, won a landslide victory, though the entirety of the chambers, from Catholics to socialists, united during the war to form the Union sacrée.
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French legislative election, 1919
The 1919 legislative election, the first election held after World War I, was held on 16 and 30 November 1919.
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French legislative election, 1924
The 1924 legislative election was held on 11 and 25 May 1924.
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French legislative election, 1936
French legislative elections to elect the 16th legislature of the French Third Republic were held on 26 April and 3 May 1936.
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French people
The French (Français) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France.
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French Section of the Workers' International
The French Section of the Workers' International (Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, SFIO) was a French socialist political party founded in 1905 and replaced in 1969 by the current Socialist Party (PS).
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French Somaliland
French Somaliland (Côte française des Somalis, lit. "French Coast of the Somalis"; Dhulka Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiiska) was a French colony in the Horn of Africa.
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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Fresnes Prison
Fresnes Prison (Centre pénitentiaire de Fresnes) is the second largest prison in France, located in the town of Fresnes, Val-de-Marne South of Paris.
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Fresnes, Val-de-Marne
Fresnes is a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the southern suburbs of Paris, France.
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G. P. Putnam's Sons
G.
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Gabriel Auphan
Counter-admiral Gabriel Paul Auphan (November 4, 1894, Alès – April 16, 1982) (Gabriel Auphan) was a French naval officer who became the State Secretary of the Navy (secrétaire d'État à la Marine) of the Vichy government from April to November 1942.
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Gaston Doumergue
Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic.
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Gastric lavage
Gastric lavage, also commonly called stomach pumping or gastric irrigation, is the process of cleaning out the contents of the stomach.
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General Confederation of Labour (France)
The General Confederation of Labour (Confédération générale du travail, CGT) is a national trade union center, the first of the five major French confederations of trade unions.
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George S. Patton
General George Smith Patton Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a senior officer of the United States Army who commanded the U.S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean theater of World War II, but is best known for his leadership of the U.S. Third Army in France and Germany following the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944.
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Georges Bidault
Georges-Augustin Bidault (5 October 189927 January 1983) was a French politician.
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Georges Bonnet
Georges-Étienne Bonnet (22/23 July 1889 – 18 June 1973) was a French politician and leading figure in the Radical Party.
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Georges Clemenceau
Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French politician, physician, and journalist who was Prime Minister of France during the First World War.
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Georges Leygues
Georges Leygues (29 October 1856 – 2 September 1933) was a French politician of the Third Republic.
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Georges Mandel
Georges Mandel (5 June 1885 – 7 July 1944) was a French journalist, politician, and French Resistance leader.
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Georges Sorel
Georges Eugène Sorel (2 November 1847 – 29 August 1922) was a French philosopher and theorist of Sorelianism.
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Gold reserve
A gold reserve was the gold held by a national central bank, intended mainly as a guarantee to redeem promises to pay depositors, note holders (e.g. paper money), or trading peers, during the eras of the gold standard, and also as a store of value, or to support the value of the national currency.
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Gold standard
A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold.
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Hérodote
Hérodote is a French language peer-reviewed academic journal covering geography and geopolitics.
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Head of government
A head of government (or chief of government) is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, (commonly referred to as countries, nations or nation-states) who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.
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Heinrich Brüning
Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German Centre Party politician and academic, who served as Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932.
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Henri Bléhaut
Henri Paul Arsène Bléhaut (22 November 1889, Lyon – 8 December 1962, Paris) was French politician and counter admiral.
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Henry de Jouvenel
Henry de Jouvenel des Ursins (5 April 1876 – 5 October 1935) was a French journalist and statesman.
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Henry L. Stimson
Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican Party politician.
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Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American engineer, businessman and politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression.
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High treason
Treason is criminal disloyalty.
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History of Auvergne
The history of the Auvergne dates back to the early Middle Ages, when it was a historic province in south central France.
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Hoare–Laval Pact
The Hoare–Laval Pact was an initially secret December 1935 proposal by British Foreign Secretary Samuel Hoare and French Prime Minister Pierre Laval for ending the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
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Hoover Moratorium
The Hoover Moratorium was a public statement issued by US President Herbert Hoover on June 20, 1931, who hoped to ease the coming international economic crisis and provide time for recovery.
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Hubert Lagardelle
Hubert Lagardelle (8 July 1874, Le Burgaud – 20 September 1958, Paris) was a pioneer of French revolutionary syndicalism.
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Human Events
Human Events is a conservative American political news and analysis website.
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International Workers' Day
International Workers' Day, also known as Labour Day or Workers' Day in some countries and often referred to as May Day, is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the international labour movement which occurs every year on May Day (1 May), an ancient European spring festival.
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Jacques Doriot
Jacques Doriot (26 September 1898 – 22 February 1945) was a French politician prior to and during World War II.
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Jacques Le Roy Ladurie
Jacques Jules Marie Joseph Le Roy Ladurie (28 March 1902 – 6 June 1988) was a French agriculturalist and politician.
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Jacques Rueff
Jacques Léon Rueff (23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978) was a French economist and adviser to the French government.
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Jacques-Louis Dumesnil
Jacques-Louis Dumesnil (15 March 1882, in Paris – 15 June 1956, in Paris) was a French politician.
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Jean Bichelonne
Jean Bichelonne (24 December 1904 – 22 December 1944) was a French businessman and member of the Vichy government that governed France during World War II following the occupation of France by Nazi Germany.
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Jean Fabry
Jean Fabry (6 June 1876 - 1 June 1968) was a French politician.
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Jean Jaurès
Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès, commonly referred as Jean Jaurès (3 September 185931 July 1914) was a French Socialist leader.
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Jean Longuet
Jean-Laurent-Frederick Longuet (1876–1938) was a French socialist and Karl Marx's grandson.
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Jean-François Jannekeyn
Capitaine Jean-François Jannekeyn (November 16, 1892 – November 17, 1971) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories.
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Joseph Barthélemy
Joseph Barthélemy (8 July 1874, Toulouse – 14 May 1945) was a French jurist, politician and journalist.
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Joseph Caillaux
Joseph-Marie–Auguste Caillaux (30 March 1863 Le Mans – 22 November 1944 Mamers) was a French politician of the Third Republic.
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Joseph Claussat
Joseph Claussat (1874-1925) was a French politician.
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Joseph Darnand
Joseph Darnand (19 March 1897 – 10 October 1945) was a French soldier, leader of the Vichy French collaborators with Nazi Germany and a Waffen-SS officer.
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Joseph Paganon
Joseph Paganon (19 March 1880 – 2 November 1937) was a French chemical engineer and politician.
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Joseph Paul-Boncour
Augustin Alfred Joseph Paul-Boncour (4 August 1873 – 28 March 1972) was a French politician and diplomat of the Third Republic.
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Jules Brévié
Joseph-Jules Brévié (12 March 1880 – 28 July 1964) was a French colonial administrator who became governor general of French West Africa from 1930 to 1936, and then governor general of French Indochina from 1936 to 1939.
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Julius Curtius
Julius Curtius (7 February 1877 – 10 November 1948) was a German politician who served as Minister for Economic Affairs (from January 1926 to December 1929) and Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic (from October/November 1929 to October 1931).
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Justice ministry
A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice.
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Karl Marx
Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.
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Laurent Eynac
Laurent Eynac (4 October 1886 – 16 December 1970) was a French politician who was appointed Minister of Transportation on 7 June 1935 until 24 January 1936.
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Lawyer
A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary.
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Léon Bérard
Léon Bérard (6 January 1876, Sauveterre-de-Béarn – 24 February 1960 in Saint-Étienne) was a French politician and lawyer.
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Léon Blum
André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French politician, identified with the moderate left, and three times Prime Minister of France.
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Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
The Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism (Légion des volontaires français contre le bolchévisme, or simply Légion des volontaires français, LVF) was a collaborationist militia of Vichy France founded on 8 July 1941.
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Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky (born Lev Davidovich Bronstein; – 21 August 1940) was a Russian revolutionary, theorist, and Soviet politician.
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List of French Ministers of Veterans Affairs
The Minister of Veterans Affairs has been a cabinet post in France since just after World War I (1914–18).
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List of Ministers of Overseas France
The following is a list of ministers of Overseas France.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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London Evening Standard
The London Evening Standard (or simply Evening Standard) is a local, free daily newspaper, published Monday to Friday in tabloid format in London.
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Louis Barthou
Jean Louis Barthou (25 August 1862 – 9 October 1934) was a French politician of the Third Republic who served as Prime Minister of France for eight months in 1913.
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Louis de Chappedelaine
Louis-Marc-Michel, comte de Chappedelaine (21 June 1876, Saint-Just, Ille-et-Vilaine – 9 December 1939, Ville-d'Avray, Seine-et-Oise) was a French politician.
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Louis Loucheur
Louis Loucheur (12 August 1872 in Roubaix, Nord – 22 November 1931 in Paris) was a French politician in the Third Republic, at first a member of the conservative Republican Federation, then of the Democratic Republican Alliance and of the Independent Radicals.
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Louis Marin (politician)
Louis Marin (7 February 1871 – 23 May 1960) was a French politician who was Minister for the Liberated Regions in 1924, Minister of Pensions (Veteran Affairs) in 1926–28 and Minister of Health in 1934.
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Louis Rollin
Louis Marie Joseph Etienne Rollin (27 March 1879 – 3 November 1952) was a French politician who was a minister in several cabinets in the period between the two world wars.
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Lucien Romier
Lucien Romier (Moiré, 19 October 1885 – Vichy, 5 January 1944) was a French journalist and politician.
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Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (5 March 1889 – 11 February 1946), also known as L.-O. Frossard or Oscar Frossard, was a French socialist and communist politician.
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Lyon
Lyon (Liyon), is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France.
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Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule.
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Marc Boegner
Marc Boegner, commonly known as pasteur Boegner (21 February 1881 – 18 December 1970), was a theologist, influential pastor, notable member of the French Resistance, and a French essayist, and a notable voice in the ecumenical movement.
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Marcel Cachin
Marcel Cachin (20 September 1869 – 12 February 1958) was a French politician.
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Marcel Déat
Marcel Déat (7 March 1894 – 5 January 1955) was a French socialist politician until 1933, when he initiated a spin-off from the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) along with other right-wing 'Neosocialists'.
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Marius Moutet
Marius Moutet (19 April 1876 – 29 October 1968) was a French Socialist diplomat and colonial adviser.
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Marius Roustan
Marius Roustan, also known as Mario Roustan, (1870–1942) was a French politician.
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Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Maurice Deligne
Maurice Deligne (7 October 1861 - 11 July 1939) was a French politician.
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Maurice Gabolde
Maurice Gabolde (27 August 1891, Castres – 14 January 1972, Barcelona) was a French jurist and politician.
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Maurice Garçon
Maurice Garçon (25 November 1889, Lille – 29 December 1967, Paris) was a French novelist, historian, essayist and lawyer.
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Max Bonnafous
Max Bonnafous (21 January 1900 – 16 October 1975) was a French sociologist who was Minister of Agriculture and Supplies from 1942 to 1944 in the Vichy government.
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Maxime Weygand
Maxime Weygand (21 January 1867 – 28 January 1965) was a French military commander in World War I and World War II.
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McGeorge Bundy
McGeorge "Mac" Bundy (March 30, 1919 – September 16, 1996) was an American expert in foreign and defense policy, serving as United States National Security Advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 through 1966.
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Measures of national income and output
A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income also called as NNI at factor cost (NNI* adjusted for natural resource depletion).
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Mexico
Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.
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Milice
The Milice française (French Militia), generally called the Milice, was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the French Resistance during World War II.
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Military discharge
A military discharge is given when a member of the armed forces is released from his or her obligation to serve.
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Military occupation
Military occupation is effective provisional control by a certain ruling power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the violation of the actual sovereign.
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Military service
Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, whether as a chosen job or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription).
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Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)
The Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs (Bundesminister des Auswärtigen) is the head of the Federal Foreign Office and a member of the Cabinet of Germany.
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Minister of Commerce (France)
The Minister of Commerce was a cabinet member in the Government of France.
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Minister of Information (France)
The Minister of Information was a cabinet member in the Government of France from 1938 to 1974.
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Minister of Labour (France)
The Minister of Social Affairs and Employment (French: Ministre des Affaires sociales et de l'emploi) is a cabinet member in the Government of France.
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Minister of Public Works (France)
The Minister of Public Works was a cabinet member in the Government of France.
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Minister of the Interior (France)
The Minister of the Interior (Ministre de l'Intérieur) is an important position in the Government of France.
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Minister of Transport (France)
The Minister of Transport is a cabinet member in the Government of France.
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Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the ministry in the government of France that handles France's foreign relations.
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Ministry of Justice (France)
The Ministry of Justice is controlled by the French Minister of Justice - Keeper of the Seals (Ministre de la Justice - Garde des Sceaux), a top-level cabinet position in the French Government.
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Montoire-sur-le-Loir
Montoire-sur-le-Loir is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France.
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Montparnasse Cemetery
Montparnasse Cemetery (Cimetière du Montparnasse) is a cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, part of the city's 14th arrondissement.
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Mordecai Paldiel
Mordecai Paldiel born Markus Wajsfeld (March 10, 1937, Antwerp, Belgium) is a lecturer at Stern College (Yeshiva University) and Queens College in New York.
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National Bloc (France)
The National Bloc (Bloc national) was a Centre-right political coalition in France which was in power from 1919 to 1924.
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Nazi Party
The National Socialist German Workers' Party (abbreviated NSDAP), commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party, was a far-right political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945 and supported the ideology of Nazism.
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Nicholas Longworth
Nicholas "Nick" Longworth III (November 5, 1869 – April 9, 1931) was an American Republican politician who became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
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Norbert Guterman
Norbert Guterman (1900–1984) was a scholar, and translator of scholarly and literary works from French, Polish and Latin into English.
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Normandy landings
The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.
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October Revolution
The October Revolution (p), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Bolshevik Coup, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Operation Torch
Operation Torch (8–16 November 1942, formerly Operation Gymnast) was a Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa, during the North African Campaign of the Second World War.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Pacifism
Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence.
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Paul Baudouin
Paul Baudouin (19 December 1894 – 10 February 1964) was a French banker who became a politician and Vichy foreign minister.
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Paul Doumer
Joseph Athanase Gaston Paul Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (22 March 18577 May 1932) was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932.
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Paul Marion (politician)
Paul Jules André Marion (27 June 1899, Asnières-sur-Seine – 2 March 1954) was a French Communist and subsequently far right journalist and political activist.
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Paul Painlevé
Paul Painlevé (5 December 1863 – 29 October 1933) was a French mathematician and statesman.
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Paul Reynaud
Paul Reynaud (15 October 1878 – 21 September 1966) was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his stances on economic liberalism and militant opposition to Germany.
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Philippe Pétain
Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun, and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944.
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Phoney War
The Phoney War (Drôle de guerre; Sitzkrieg) was an eight-month period at the start of World War II, during which there was only one limited military land operation on the Western Front, when French troops invaded Germany's Saar district.
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Pierre Cathala
Pierre Cathala (1888 – 1947) was a French politician.
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Pierre Pucheu
Pierre Firmin Pucheu (27 June 1899 – 20 March 1944) was a French industrialist, fascist and member of the Vichy government.
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Pierre-Étienne Flandin
Pierre-Étienne Flandin (12 April 1889 – 13 June 1958) was a French conservative politician of the Third Republic, leader of the Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD), and Prime Minister of France from 8 November 1934 to 31 May 1935.
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Pierre-Henri Teitgen
Pierre-Henri Teitgen (29 May 1908 – 6 April 1997) was a French lawyer, professor and politician.
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Polish Corridor
The Polish Corridor (Polnischer Korridor; Pomorze, Korytarz polski), also known as Danzig Corridor, Corridor to the Sea or Gdańsk Corridor, was a territory located in the region of Pomerelia (Pomeranian Voivodeship, eastern Pomerania, formerly part of West Prussia), which provided the Second Republic of Poland (1920–1939) with access to the Baltic Sea, thus dividing the bulk of Germany from the province of East Prussia.
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Politician
A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government.
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Popular Front (France)
The Popular Front (Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period.
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.
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Pound sterling
The pound sterling (symbol: £; ISO code: GBP), commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as Sterling, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and Tristan da Cunha.
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Presidencies and provinces of British India
The Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in the subcontinent.
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Presses Universitaires de France
Presses universitaires de France (PUF, English: University Press of France), founded in 1921 by Paul Angoulvent (1899–1976), is the largest French university publishing house.
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Prime Minister of France
The French Prime Minister (Premier ministre français) in the Fifth Republic is the head of government.
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the United Kingdom government.
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Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.
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Provisional Government of the French Republic
The Provisional Government of the French Republic (gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF) was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 following the liberation of continental France after Operations ''Overlord'' and ''Dragoon'', and lasted until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic.
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Quisling
Quisling is a term originating in Norway, which is used in Scandinavian languages and in English for a person who collaborates with an enemy occupying force – or more generally as a synonym for traitor.
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Radical Party (France)
The Radical Party (Parti radical, also Parti radical valoisien, abbreviated to Rad.) was a liberal and social-liberal political party in France.
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Ramsay MacDonald
James Ramsay MacDonald, (né James McDonald Ramsay; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British statesman who was the first Labour Party politician to become Prime Minister, leading minority Labour governments in 1924 and in 1929–31.
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Raoul Péret
Raoul Adolphe Péret (29 November 1870 – 22 July 1942) was a French lawyer and politician.
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Raymond Grasset
Raymond Grasset (10 January 1892 - 8 February 1968) was a French politician.
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Raymond Poincaré
Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served three times as 58th Prime Minister of France, and as President of France from 1913 to 1920.
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Realpolitik
Realpolitik (from real; "realistic", "practical", or "actual"; and Politik; "politics") is politics or diplomacy based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than explicit ideological notions or moral and ethical premises.
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Reichswehr
The Reichswehr (English: Realm Defence) formed the military organisation of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when it was united with the new Wehrmacht (Defence Force).
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René de Chambrun
Count René Aldebert Pineton de Chambrun (23 August 1906 – 19 May 2002), was a French-American aristocrat, lawyer, businessman and author.
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René Renoult
René Renoult (29 August 1867 in Paris – 30 April 1946 in Paris) was a French Minister and lawyer.
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Robert Nivelle
Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 – 22 March 1924) was a French artillery officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion, and the First World War.
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Robert Paxton
Robert Owen Paxton (born 1932) is an American political scientist and historian specializing in Vichy France, fascism, and Europe during the World War II era.
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RTB Bor
RTB Bor (Rudarsko-topioničarski basen Bor) is a copper mining and smelting complex located in Bor, Serbia.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Saint-Étienne
Saint-Étienne (Sant-Etiève; Saint Stephen) is a city in eastern central France, in the Massif Central, southwest of Lyon in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, on the trunk road that connects Toulouse with Lyon.
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Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood
Samuel John Gurney Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood, (24 February 1880 – 7 May 1959), more commonly known as Sir Samuel Hoare, was a senior British Conservative politician who served in various Cabinet posts in the Conservative and National governments of the 1920s and 1930s.
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Second Italo-Ethiopian War
The Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a colonial war from 3 October 1935 until 1939, despite the Italian claim to have defeated Ethiopia by 5 May 1936, the date of the capture of Addis Ababa.
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Secondary education in France
In France, secondary education is in two stages.
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Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, normally referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a senior, high-ranking official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
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Seine
The Seine (La Seine) is a river and an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin in the north of France.
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Senegal
Senegal (Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa.
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Sigmaringen
Sigmaringen is a town in southern Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
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Sigmaringen Castle
Sigmaringen Castle (German: Schloss Sigmaringen) was the princely castle and seat of government for the Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
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Silver standard
The silver standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of silver.
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Sintra
Sintra is a municipality in the Grande Lisboa subregion (Lisbon Region) of Portugal, considered part of the Portuguese Riviera.
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Socialist Party (France)
The Socialist Party (Parti socialiste, PS) is a social-democratic political party in France, and the largest party of the French centre-left.
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South America
South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten
The Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten ("Steel Helmet, League of Front Soldiers", also known in short form as Der Stahlhelm) was one of the many paramilitary organizations that arose after the German defeat of World War I. It was part of the "Black Reichswehr" and in the late days of the Weimar Republic operated as the armed branch of the national conservative German National People's Party (DNVP), placed at party gatherings in the position of armed security guards (Saalschutz).
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Stresa Front
The Stresa Front was an agreement made in Stresa, a town on the banks of Lake Maggiore in Italy, between French prime minister Pierre Laval, British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini on April 14, 1935.
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Théodore Steeg
Théodore Steeg (19 December 1868 – 19 December 1950) was a lawyer and professor of philosophy who became Premier of the French Third Republic.
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Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman and writer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909.
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Thiais
Thiais is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France.
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Third Zimmerwald Conference
The Third Zimmerwald Conference or the Stockholm Conference of 1917 was the third and final of the anti-war socialist conferences that had included Zimmerwald (1915) and Kienthal (1916).
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Time (magazine)
Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.
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Time Person of the Year
Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine Time that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that "for better or for worse...
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Tours Congress
The Tours Congress was the 18th National Congress of the French Section of the Workers' International, or SFIO, which took place in Tours on 25–30 December 1920.
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United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.
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University of California, Riverside
The University of California, Riverside (UCR or UC Riverside), is a public research university and one of the 10 general campuses of the University of California system.
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Varicose veins
Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted.
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Vichy France
Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
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Victor Denain
Victor-Léon-Ernest Denain (6 November 1880, in Dax – 31 December 1952, in Nice) was a French general, aviator and politician.
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Victor Peytral
Victor Peytral (1876-1954) was a French politician.
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Walter Lippmann
Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974) was an American writer, reporter, and political commentator famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of Cold War, coining the term "stereotype" in the modern psychological meaning, and critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books, most notably his 1922 book Public Opinion.
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War reparations
War reparations are payments made after a war by the vanquished to the victors.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
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William Bertrand
William Bertrand (9 November 1881, Marennes, Charente-Maritime – 7 December 1961, Le Coudray-Macouard) was a French politician.
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Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.
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World War I reparations
World War I reparations were compensation imposed during the Paris Peace Conference upon the Central Powers following their defeat in the First World War by the Allied and Associate Powers.
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Young Plan
The Young Plan was a program for settling German reparations debts after World War I written in August 1929 and formally adopted in 1930.
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Zoology
Zoology or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.
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6 February 1934 crisis
The 6 February 1934 crisis was an anti-parliamentarist street demonstration in Paris organized by multiple far-right leagues that culminated in a riot on the Place de la Concorde, near the seat of the French National Assembly.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval
