Communication

333 relations: Afghanistan, Ahmadiyya, Akshay Kumar, Alexander the Great, All-India Muslim League, Amrita Pritam, Amrita Sher-Gil, Amritsar, Anglo-Sikh wars, Anil Kapoor, Arain, Arjun Kapoor, Ashgate Publishing, Association football, Awan (tribe), Azad Kashmir, Backgammon, Badshah (rapper), Badshahi Mosque, Baloch of Punjab, Bannu, Baradari (brotherhood), Basant (season), Battle of Jamrud, Battle of Lahore (1759), Battle of the Hydaspes, Bhangra (dance), Bhangra (music), Bharatiya Janata Party, Bijnor district, Bishan Singh Bedi, Bollywood, Boxing, Breadbasket, British Raj, Buddhism, Cambridge, Carrom, Caste system in India, Catholic Church, Census of India, Central Valley (California), Chandigarh, Chandragupta Maurya, Charat Singh, Chenab River, Chess, Chhimba Darzi, Christianity, Chuhra, ..., Clothing, Common descent, Community building, Company rule in India, Cricket, Cue sports, Cultural assimilation, Dal makhani, Daler Mehndi, Dargah, Dastar, Delhi, Delhi Sultanate, Demography, Dev Anand, Dharmendra, Dhobi, Dhol, Doabi dialect, Draughts, Durrani Empire, East India Company, East Punjab, Endogamy, Ethnic group, Ethnic groups in Delhi, Ethnic groups in Pakistan, Ethnologue, Faridkot, Punjab, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Festivals in Lahore, First Anglo-Sikh War, Flute, Folk dances of Punjab, France, Gatka, Ghadar Party, Ghaznavids, Ghurid dynasty, Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Gillidanda, Go (game), Great Britain, Group cohesiveness, Gujranwala, Gulzarilal Nanda, Gurjar, Gurmukhi script, Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Granth Sahib, Guru Nanak, Hajjam, Harappa, Harbhajan Singh, Hari Singh Nalwa, Haryana, Heer Ranjha, Himachal Pradesh, Hindi, Hindko, Hindu, Hinduism, Homogeneity and heterogeneity, Hopscotch, Hrithik Roshan, I. K. Gujral, Ice hockey, Illinois, India, Indian Army, Indian National Congress, Indian subcontinent, Indo-Aryan languages, Indoor games and sports, Indus Valley Civilisation, Islam, Islamabad Capital Territory, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jamrud Fort, Jat Muslim, Jhelum, Jind, John Esposito, Juhi Chawla, Julaha, Kabaddi, Kabir Bedi, Kalsia, Kanika Kapoor, Kapil Dev, Kapoor family, Kapurthala, Karachi, Kashmir, Kashmiri Muslims, Kenya, Khalsa, Khatri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Khyber Pass, Kumhar, Kuwait, Ladakh, Lahnda, Lahore, Lala Amarnath, List of families of Lahore, List of Punjabi media, List of Punjabi tribes, Lohar, Ludo (board game), Mahendra Kapoor, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mai Bhago, Majhi dialect, Malaysia, Malerkotla, Mallaah, Malvi language, Mankiala, Manmohan Singh, Manoj Kumar, Maratha conquest of North-west India, Maratha Empire, Mass migration, Mazhabi Sikh, Mental abacus, Methodism, Mika Singh, Minority language, Mirasi, Mirza Sahiban, Missionary, Mixed martial arts, Mochi, Mohammed Rafi, Mohinder Amarnath, Monopoly (game), Moradabad district, Mughal Empire, Muhammad bin Qasim, Multan, Mumbai, Muslim, Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947, Muslim Teli, Naan, Nabha, Narendra Chanchal, Nationalencyklopedin, Navjot Singh Sidhu, Nāgarī script, North India, Operation Blue Star, Pakistan, Pakistan Movement, Pankaj Kapur, Parcheesi, Parineeti Chopra, Partition of India, Pathans of Punjab, Patiala, Pauravas, Pehlwani, Persian Gulf, Persian language, Peshawar, Poonam Dhillon, Portugal, Porus, Pran (actor), Prem Chopra, Presidencies and provinces of British India, Princely state, Priyanka Chopra, Punjab, Punjab Province (British India), Punjab, India, Punjab, Pakistan, Punjabi cuisine, Punjabi culture, Punjabi dialects, Punjabi diaspora, Punjabi Hindus, Punjabi language, Punjabi Muslims, Punjabi Shaikh, Punjabis, Qadian, Qassab, Qawwali, Race (human categorization), Raja Dahir, Rajasthan, Rajesh Khanna, Rajinder Ghai, Rajput, Ranbir Kapoor, Ranjit Singh, Refugee, Religion, Rigveda, Rohilkhand, Rugby union, Rupi Kaur, SAGE Publications, Saraiki language, Saraiki people, Sarbat da bhala, Sarson da saag, Saudi Arabia, Sayyid, Scrabble, Second Anglo-Sikh War, Selfless service, Seven stones, Shafi Aqeel, Shahid Kapoor, Shahmukhi alphabet, Shalimar Gardens, Lahore, Shia Islam, Shikhar Dhawan, Shiromani Akali Dal, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sidharth Malhotra, Sikh, Sikh Empire, Sikhism, Sindh, Sindhis, Snooker, Social integration, Sohni Mahiwal, Sonam Kapoor, South Asian ethnic groups, Speed reading, States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Sufi music, Sufism, Sukhwinder Singh, Sunar, Sunil Dutt, Sunni Islam, Sunny Deol, Tabletop game, Tandoori chicken, Tanzania, Tarkhan, Taxila, Taxiles, Thailand, The Crown, The New Cambridge History of India, Third Battle of Panipat, Tibet, Toronto, Trousers, Tug of war, Turco-Persian tradition, Uganda, Umayyad Caliphate, Union territory, Unionist Party (Punjab), United Arab Emirates, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, University of California Press, Urdu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Vaisakhi, Vancouver, Varun Dhawan, Vedic period, Vinod Khanna, Vinod Mehra, Virat Kohli, Waris Shah, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Yograj Singh, Yuvraj Singh, Zaman Shah Durrani. 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Afghanistan

Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.

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Ahmadiyya

Ahmadiyya (officially, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community or the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at; الجماعة الإسلامية الأحمدية, transliterated: al-Jamā'ah al-Islāmiyyah al-Aḥmadiyyah; احمدیہ مسلم جماعت) is an Islamic religious movement founded in Punjab, British India, in the late 19th century.

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Akshay Kumar

Akshay Kumar (born Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia; 9 September 1967), is an actor, producer, martial artist, stuntman and television personality, who works in Bollywood films.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.

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All-India Muslim League

The All-India Muslim League (popularised as Muslim League) was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire.

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Amrita Pritam

Amrita Pritam (31 August 1919 – 31 October 2005) was an Indian writer and poet, who wrote in Punjabi and Hindi.

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Amrita Sher-Gil

Amrita Sher-Gil (Punjabi: ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਾ ਸ਼ੇਰਗਿੱਲ; 30 January 1913 – 5 December 1941) was an eminent Hungarian-Indian painter.

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Amritsar

Amritsar, historically also known as Rāmdāspur and colloquially as Ambarsar, is a city in north-western India which is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district - located in the Majha region of the Indian state of Punjab.

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Anglo-Sikh wars

The Anglo-Sikh wars were a series of 1840s conflicts between the British East India Trading Company and the Sikh Empire.

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Anil Kapoor

Anil Kapoor (born 24 December 1956) is an Indian actor and producer who has appeared in many Hindi-language films, as well as international films and television series.

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Arain

The Arain (آرائیں) are a Pakistani tribe who are found mainly in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh.

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Arjun Kapoor

Arjun Kapoor (born 26 June 1985) is an Indian actor who appears in Bollywood films.

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Ashgate Publishing

Ashgate Publishing was an academic book and journal publisher based in Farnham (Surrey, United Kingdom).

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Association football

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball.

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Awan (tribe)

Awan (اعوان) is a tribe living predominantly in northern, central, and western parts of Pakistani Punjab, with significant numbers also residing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and to a lesser extent in Sindh and Balochistan.

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Azad Kashmir

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (آزاد جموں و کشمیر Āzād Jammū̃ o Kaśmīr, translation: Free Jammu and Kashmir), abbreviated as AJK and commonly known as Azad Kashmir, is a nominally self-governing polity administered by Pakistan.

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Backgammon

Backgammon is one of the oldest known board games.

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Badshah (rapper)

Aditya Prateek Singh Sisodia, better known by his stage name Badshah, is an Indian rapper and music composer known for his Hindi, Haryanvi, and Punjabi songs.

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Badshahi Mosque

The Badshahi Mosque (Punjabi and بادشاہی مسجد, or "Imperial Mosque") is a Mughal era mosque in Lahore, capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab.

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Baloch of Punjab

The Baloch of Punjab are Baloch people who have settled in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

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Bannu

Banū or Bannu (باني ګل / بنو, بنوں) is the principal city of the Bannu District in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Baradari (brotherhood)

Barādarī or Birādrī (برادری) means Brotherhood originating from the Persian word برادر Baradar meaning "Brother".

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Basant (season)

Vasanta (वसन्तः; बसंत; বসন্ত; ਬਸੰਤ, ﺑﺴﻨﺖ; ವಸಂತ; వసంత; വസന്തം, வஸந்தம்) also known as Basant, refers to the Indian spring, and ritu means season.

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Battle of Jamrud

The Battle of Jamrud was fought between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Sikh Empire on 30 April 1837.

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Battle of Lahore (1759)

The Battle of Lahore was fought between Durrani Empire and an alliance of Marathas and Sikhs in 1759.

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Battle of the Hydaspes

The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan).

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Bhangra (dance)

The term Bhaṅgṛā (ਭੰਗੜਾ (Gurmukhi), (Shahmukhi); pronounced) refers to the traditional dance from the Indian subcontinent originating in the Majha area of the Punjab region.

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Bhangra (music)

Bhaṅgṛā (بھنگڑ(Shahmukhi), ਭੰਗੜਾ (Gurmukhi)) is a type of upbeat popular music associated with India and the diaspora of southeast Asia into the North America and Europe.

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Bharatiya Janata Party

The Bharatiya Janata Party (translation: Indian People's Party; BJP) is one of the two major political parties in India, along with the Indian National Congress.

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Bijnor district

Bijnor district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India.

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Bishan Singh Bedi

Bishan Singh Bedi (sometimes spelt as Bishen Singh Bedi; born 25 September 1946) is a former Indian cricketer who was primarily a slow left-arm orthodox bowler.

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Bollywood

Hindi cinema, often metonymously referred to as Bollywood, is the Indian Hindi-language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Maharashtra, India.

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Boxing

Boxing is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves, throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring.

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Breadbasket

The breadbasket of a country is a region which, because of richness of soil and/or advantageous climate, produces large quantities of wheat or other grain.

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British Raj

The British Raj (from rāj, literally, "rule" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.

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Buddhism

Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.

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Cambridge

Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London.

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Carrom

Carrom (also spelled karrom) is a "strike-and-" tabletop game of South Asian origin.

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Caste system in India

The caste system in India is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Census of India

The decennial Census of India has been conducted 15 times,.

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Central Valley (California)

The Central Valley is a flat valley that dominates the geographical center of the U.S. state of California.

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Chandigarh

Chandigarh is a city and a union territory in India that serves as the capital of the two neighbouring states of Haryana and Punjab.

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Chandragupta Maurya

Chandragupta Maurya (reign: 321–297 BCE) was the founder of the Maurya Empire in ancient India.

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Charat Singh

Charat Singh (died 1774) was the eldest son of Naudh Singh, the father of Maha Singh, and the grandfather of Ranjit Singh.

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Chenab River

The Chenab River (चेनाब; ਚਨਾਬ,; چناب) is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region.

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Chess

Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid.

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Chhimba Darzi

The Chhimba Darzi are a Muslim community, found in the province Punjab, Pakistan.

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Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

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Chuhra

Chura, also known as Bhanghi and Balmiki, is a caste in India and a tribe in Pakistan.

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Clothing

Clothing (also known as clothes and attire) is a collective term for garments, items worn on the body.

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Common descent

Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.

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Community building

Community building is a field of practices directed toward the creation or enhancement of community among individuals within a regional area (such as a neighborhood) or with a common interest.

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Company rule in India

Company rule in India (sometimes, Company Raj, "raj, lit. "rule" in Hindi) refers to the rule or dominion of the British East India Company over parts of the Indian subcontinent.

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Cricket

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players each on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular pitch with a target at each end called the wicket (a set of three wooden stumps upon which two bails sit).

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Cue sports

Cue sports (sometimes written cuesports), also known as billiard sports, are a wide variety of games of skill generally played with a cue stick, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby cause them to move around a cloth-covered billiards table bounded by elastic bumpers known as.

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Cultural assimilation

Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble those of a dominant group.

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Dal makhani

Dal makhani or dal makhni (pronounced daal makh-nee, "buttery lentils") is a popular dish from the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Daler Mehndi

Daler Singh (born 18 August 1967), known by his stage name Daler Mehndi, is an Indian singer, songwriter, author, record producer, performer, environmentalist.

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Dargah

A Dargah (درگاه dargâh or درگه dargah, also in Urdu) is a shrine built over the grave of a revered religious figure, often a Sufi saint or dervish.

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Dastar

A Dastaar (ਦਸਤਾਰ, dastāar, from دستار) or pagṛi (ਪਗੜੀ) or pagg (ਪੱਗ), is an item of headgear associated with Sikhism and is an important part of the Sikh culture.

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Delhi

Delhi (Dilli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is a city and a union territory of India.

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Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate (Persian:دهلی سلطان, Urdu) was a Muslim sultanate based mostly in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526).

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Demography

Demography (from prefix demo- from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning "the people", and -graphy from γράφω graphō, implies "writing, description or measurement") is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.

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Dev Anand

Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand (26 September 1923 – 3 December 2011), known as Dev Anand, was a noted Indian film actor, writer, director, and producer known for his work in Indian cinema.

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Dharmendra

Dharmendra MP (born ਧਰਮ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਓਲ Dharam Singh Deol, ndtv.com; accessed 4 November 2016. 8 December 1935) is an Indian film actor, producer and politician.

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Dhobi

Dhobi ("washerman") is a caste group of India.

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Dhol

Dhol (ढोल, ਢੋਲ, ڈھول, ঢোল, ઢોલ, ढोल, ঢোল) can refer to any one of a number of similar types of double-headed drum widely used, with regional variations, throughout the Indian subcontinent.

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Doabi dialect

Doabi is a Punjabi dialect spoken in the Doaba.

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Draughts

Draughts (British English) or checkers (American English) is a group of strategy board games for two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces.

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Durrani Empire

The Durrani Empire (د درانیانو واکمني), also called the Afghan Empire (د افغانانو واکمني), was founded and built by Ahmad Shah Durrani.

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East India Company

The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company, formed to trade with the East Indies (in present-day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent.

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East Punjab

East Punjab (known simply as Punjab from 1950) was a province and later a state of India from 1947 until 1966, consisting of the parts of the Punjab Province of British India that went to India following the partition of the province between India and Pakistan by the Radcliffe Commission in 1947.

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Endogamy

Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific social group, caste or ethnic group, rejecting those from others as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.

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Ethnic group

An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation.

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Ethnic groups in Delhi

Delhi's ethnic groups are diverse.

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Ethnic groups in Pakistan

The major ethnic groups of Pakistan in numerical size include: Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Siddis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Baloch, Hindkowans, Chitralis, Gujarati and other smaller groups.

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Ethnologue

Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world.

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Faridkot, Punjab

Faridkot is a City in the south-western Punjab, India.

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Federally Administered Tribal Areas

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA; قبایلي سیمې، منځنۍ پښتونخوا; وفاقی منتظم شدہ قبائیلی علاقہ جات) was a semi-autonomous tribal region in northwestern Pakistan that existed from 1947 until being merged with neighboring province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in 2018.

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Festivals in Lahore

Lahore, being the richest cultural city in Pakistan celebrates a number of festivals throughout the year.

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First Anglo-Sikh War

The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the East India Company between 1845 and 1846.

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Flute

The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group.

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Folk dances of Punjab

Punjabi dances are an array of folk and religious dances of the Punjabi people indigenous to the Punjab region, straddling the border of India and Pakistan.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Gatka

Gatka (ਗਤਕਾ Urdu: گٹکا gatkā) is the name of an Sikh religion martial art associated with the Sikhs of the Punjab region.

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Ghadar Party

The Ghadar Party (ਗ਼ਦਰ ਪਾਰਟੀ) was an Indian revolutionary organisation primarily founded by Punjabis, The party was multi-ethnic and had Hindu, Sikh and Muslim leaders.

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Ghaznavids

The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان ġaznaviyān) was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of Iran, Afghanistan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186.

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Ghurid dynasty

The Ghurids or Ghorids (سلسله غوریان; self-designation: شنسبانی, Shansabānī) were a dynasty of Eastern Iranian descent from the Ghor region of present-day central Afghanistan, presumably Tajik, but the exact ethnic origin is uncertain, and it has been argued that they were Pashtun.

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Gilgit

Gilgit (Shina:, Urdu), known locally as Gileet, is the capital city of the Gilgit-Baltistan region, an administrative territory of Pakistan.

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Gilgit-Baltistan

Gilgit-Baltistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas, is the northernmost administrative territory in Pakistan.

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Gillidanda

Gilli Danda (Dandi Biyo in Nepali) is an amateur sport played in the rural areas and small towns all over Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Afghanistan and Pakistan as well as Cambodia, Turkey, South Africa, Italy and in some Caribbean islands like Cuba.

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Go (game)

Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent.

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Great Britain

Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe.

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Group cohesiveness

Group cohesiveness (also called group cohesion and social cohesion) arises when bonds link members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole.

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Gujranwala

Gujranwala (Punjabi, گوجرانوالا) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, that is located north of the nearby provincial capital of Lahore.

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Gulzarilal Nanda

Gulzarilal Nanda (4 July 1898 – 15 January 1998) was an Indian politician and economist who specialized in labour issues.

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Gurjar

Gurjar or Gujjar are a pastoral agricultural ethnic group with populations in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and a small number in northeastern Afghanistan.

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Gurmukhi script

Gurmukhi (Gurmukhi (the literal meaning being "from the Guru's mouth"): ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ) is a Sikh script modified, standardized and used by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad (1563–1606).

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Guru Gobind Singh

Guru Gobind Singh (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ) (5 January 1666 – 7 October 1708), born Gobind Rai, was the tenth Sikh Guru, a spiritual master, warrior, poet and philosopher.

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Guru Granth Sahib

Guru Granth Sahib (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ) is the religious scripture of Sikhism, regarded by Sikhs as the final, sovereign, and eternal living guru following the lineage of the ten human Sikh gurus of the Sikh religion.

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Guru Nanak

Guru Nanak (IAST: Gurū Nānak) (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539) was the founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.

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Hajjam

Hajjam, alternately pronounced and spelled as Hajaam or Hajam, are an ethnic group found in North India and Pakistan.

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Harappa

Harappa (Urdu/ہڑپّہ) is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal.

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Harbhajan Singh

Harbhajan Singh Plaha (born 3 July 1980 in Jalandhar, Punjab, India), commonly known as Harbhajan Singh or simply Harbhajan, is an Indian international cricketer, who plays all forms of the game cricket.

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Hari Singh Nalwa

Hari Singh Nalwa (Nalua) (1791–1837) was Commander-in-chief of the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of the Sikh Empire.

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Haryana

Haryana, carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1November 1966 on linguistic basis, is one of the 29 states in India.

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Heer Ranjha

Heer Ranjha (ہیر رانجھا) is one of several popular tragic romances of Punjab.

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Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh (literally "snow-laden province") is a Indian state located in North India.

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Hindi

Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, IAST: Mānak Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language.

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Hindko

Hindko (ہندکو ALA-LC) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda (Western Punjabi) dialects spoken by people of various ethnic backgrounds in several discontinuous areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.

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Hindu

Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism.

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Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or a way of life, widely practised in the Indian subcontinent.

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Homogeneity and heterogeneity

Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts often used in the sciences and statistics relating to the uniformity in a substance or organism.

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Hopscotch

Hopscotch is a children's game that can be played with several players or alone.

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Hrithik Roshan

Hrithik Roshan (born 10 January 1974) is an Indian actor who appears in Bollywood films.

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I. K. Gujral

Inder Kumar Gujral (4 December 1919 – 30 November 2012) was an Indian politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of India from April 1997 to March 1998.

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Ice hockey

Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points.

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Illinois

Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian Army

The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces.

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Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress (INC, often called Congress Party) is a broadly based political party in India.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan or Indic languages are the dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent.

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Indoor games and sports

Indoor games and sports are a variety of structured forms of play or competitive physical activity, typically carried out either in the home or in specially constructed indoor facilities.

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Indus Valley Civilisation

The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), or Harappan Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation (5500–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Islamabad Capital Territory

Islamabad Capital Territory (وفاقی دارالحکومت, or ICT) is the one and only federal territory of Pakistan.

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Jammu

Jammu is the largest city in the Jammu Division and the winter capital of state of Jammu and Kashmir in India.

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Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir (ænd) is a state in northern India, often denoted by its acronym, J&K.

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Jamrud Fort

The Jamrud Fort is located beside Bab-e-Khyber at the entrance to the Khyber Pass in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan.

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Jat Muslim

Jat Muslim or Musalman Jat (مسلمان جٹ) are patrilineal descendants of Jat people of Northern regions of the Indian Subcontinent who are followers of Islam.

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Jhelum

Jhelum (جِہلم) is a city on the right bank of the Jhelum River, in the district of the same name in the north of Punjab province, Pakistan.

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Jind

Jind is a city in the Indian state of Haryana.

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John Esposito

John Louis Esposito (born May 19, 1940) is University Professor, Professor of Religion & International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. He was also the Founding Director of the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding at Georgetown.

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Juhi Chawla

Juhi Chawla (born 13 November 1967) is an Indian actress, model, film producer, and the winner of the 1984 Miss India beauty pageant.

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Julaha

The Julaha are a community of Pakistan and India, which adopted the profession of weaving.

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Kabaddi

Kabaddi is a contact team sport.

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Kabir Bedi

Kabir Bedi (born 16 January 1946) is an Indian television and film actor.

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Kalsia

Kalsia was a princely state in Punjab, British India, one of the former Cis-Sutlej states.

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Kanika Kapoor

Kanika Kapoor (born 23 March 1978) is an Indian playback singer.

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Kapil Dev

Kapil Dev Nikhanj (born 6 January 1959), better known as Kapil Dev, is a former Indian cricketer.

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Kapoor family

The Kapoor family is a prominent Indian show business family with a long history in Hindi cinema, many members of the family have had careers as actors, film directors, and producers.

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Kapurthala

Kapurthala is a city in Punjab state of India.

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Karachi

Karachi (کراچی; ALA-LC:,; ڪراچي) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh.

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Kashmir

Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Kashmiri Muslims

Kashmiri Muslims are ethnic Kashmiris who practice Islam and are native to the Kashmir Valley.

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Kenya

Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.

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Khalsa

Khalsa (Punjabi: "the pure") refers to both a special group of initiated Sikh warriors, as well as a community that considers Sikhism as its faith.

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Khatri

Khatri is a caste from the northern Indian subcontinent.

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (abbreviated as KP; خیبر پختونخوا; خیبر پښتونخوا) is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan, located in the northwestern region of the country along the international border with Afghanistan.

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Khyber Pass

The Khyber Pass (د خیبر درہ, درۂ خیبر) (elevation) is a mountain pass in the north of Pakistan, close to the border with Afghanistan.

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Kumhar

Kumhar is a caste or community in India and Pakistan.

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Kuwait

Kuwait (الكويت, or), officially the State of Kuwait (دولة الكويت), is a country in Western Asia.

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Ladakh

Ladakh ("land of high passes") is a region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir that currently extends from the Kunlun mountain range to the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent.

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Lahnda

Lahnda also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi (is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in Pakistani Punjab and in parts of the neighbouring Azad Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These terms are exonyms and are not used by the speakers themselves. The emerging languages of this dialect area are Saraiki, Hindko and Pothohari. --> The validity of Lahnda as a genetic grouping has not been established.

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Lahore

Lahore (لاہور, لہور) is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Punjab, and is the country’s second-most populous city after Karachi.

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Lala Amarnath

Lala Amarnath Bharadwaj was an Indian cricketer.

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List of families of Lahore

The old city of Lahore, Pakistan, has had many notable families in its history, who have contributed significantly to its politics, society, the creative arts, sports and other fields.

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List of Punjabi media

This is a list of media from the Punjab region or published in the Punjabi language.

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List of Punjabi tribes

This is the list of Punjabi tribes.

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Lohar

Lohar are considered to be a sub-caste among Hindus and Sikhs and a clan among Muslims in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and Nepal.

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Ludo (board game)

No description.

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Mahendra Kapoor

Mahendra Kapoor (9 January 1934 – 27 September 2008) was an Indian playback singer.

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Mahmud of Ghazni

Yamīn-ud-Dawla Abul-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktegīn (یمین‌الدوله ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین), more commonly known as Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی; November 971 – 30 April 1030), also known as Mahmūd-i Zābulī (محمود زابلی), was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire.

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Mai Bhago

Mai Bhago (Punjabi: ਮਾਈ ਭਾਗੋ) also known as Mai Bhag Kaur was a Sikh woman who led Sikh soldiers against the Mughals in 1705.

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Majhi dialect

Majhi (ماجھی; ਮਾਝੀ) is the standard dialect of Punjabi and is spoken in the Majha region of the Punjab.

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Malaysia

Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.

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Malerkotla

Malerkotla (ملِیرکوٹلہ), is a city and a municipal council in Sangrur district in the Indian state of Punjab.

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Mallaah

The Mallaah are the aboriginal traditional boatmen and fishermen tribes or communities of North India, East India, Northeastern India and Pakistan.

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Malvi language

Malvi, or Malwi, is a language spoken in the Malwa region of India, with ten million speakers.

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Mankiala

Mankiala (مانكياله.; also known as Manikyala and Manikiyala) is a village in the Potohar plateau, Punjab near Rawalpindi, Pakistan, known for the nearby Mankiala stupa - a Buddhist stupa located at the site where, according to legend, Buddha sacrificed some of his body parts to feed seven hungry tiger cubs.

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Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh (born 26 September 1932) is an Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014.

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Manoj Kumar

Manoj Kumar (born Harikishan Giri Goswami on 24 July 1937) is an Indian actor and director in Bollywood.

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Maratha conquest of North-west India

The Maratha Conquest of North-west India, occurred between 1757 and 1758.

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Maratha Empire

The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was an Indian power that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th and 18th century.

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Mass migration

Mass migration refers to the migration of large groups of people from one geographical area to another.

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Mazhabi Sikh

Mazhabi Sikhs (also known as Mazbhabi, Mazbhi, majbi, Majhabhi or Majabhi) are members of an untouchable caste who have rejected Hinduism in favour of the Sikh faith.

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Mental abacus

The abacus system of mental calculation is a system where users mentally visualize an abacus to do calculations.

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Methodism

Methodism or the Methodist movement is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley, an Anglican minister in England.

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Mika Singh

Mika Singh is a Bollywood Playback Singer, Songwriter, Composer and Performer.

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Minority language

A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory.

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Mirasi

The Mirasi community of India and Pakistan are the genealogists and traditional singers and dancers of a number of communities.The word " mirasi" is derived from the Arabic word (ميراث) mirasi, which means inheritance or sometimes heritage.

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Mirza Sahiban

Mirza Sahiba (ਮਿਰਜ਼ਾ ਸਾਹਿਬਾਂ, مرزا صاحباں) is one of the three popular tragic romances of India.

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Missionary

A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.

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Mixed martial arts

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a full-contact combat sport that allows striking and grappling, both standing and on the ground, using techniques from other combat sports and martial arts.

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Mochi

is Japanese rice cake made of mochigome, a short-grain japonica glutinous rice.

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Mohammed Rafi

Mohammed Rafi (24 December 1924 - 31 July 1980) was an Indian playback singer and one of the most popular and successful singers of the Hindi film industry.

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Mohinder Amarnath

Mohinder Amarnath Bhardwaj (born 24 September 1950) is an Indian former cricketer and current cricket analyst.

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Monopoly (game)

Monopoly is a board game where players roll two six-sided dice to move around the game board, buying and trading properties, and develop them with houses and hotels.

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Moradabad district

Moradabad district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Moradabad town is the district headquarters.

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Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire (گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān)) or Mogul Empire was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco-Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia, but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances; only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian, while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry. The dynasty was Indo-Persian in culture, combining Persianate culture with local Indian cultural influences visible in its traits and customs. The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Afghanistan. It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning approximately four million square kilometres at its zenith, after only the Maurya Empire, which spanned approximately five million square kilometres. The Mughal Empire ushered in a period of proto-industrialization, and around the 17th century, Mughal India became the world's largest economic power, accounting for 24.4% of world GDP, and the world leader in manufacturing, producing 25% of global industrial output up until the 18th century. The Mughal Empire is considered "India's last golden age" and one of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires (along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia). The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir, the region enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony, and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions. Akbar was a successful warrior who also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. All Mughal emperors were Muslims; Akbar, however, propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called Dīn-i Ilāhī, as recorded in historical books like Ain-i-Akbari and Dabistān-i Mazāhib. The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Maratha Empire|Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pashtuns, the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, between 1628 and 1658, was the zenith of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Category:History of Bengal Category:History of West Bengal Category:History of Bangladesh Category:History of Kolkata Category:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan Category:Medieval India Category:Historical Turkic states Category:Mongol states Category:1526 establishments in the Mughal Empire Category:1857 disestablishments in the Mughal Empire Category:History of Pakistan.

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Muhammad bin Qasim

‘Imād ad-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī (عماد الدين محمد بن القاسم الثقفي; c. 695715) was an Umayyad general who conquered the Sindh and Multan regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate.

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Multan

Multan (Punjabi, Saraiki, مُلتان), is a Pakistani city and the headquarters of Multan District in the province of Punjab.

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Mumbai

Mumbai (also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra.

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Muslim

A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.

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Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947

Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 is a book by Sikh author Gurbachan Singh Talib.

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Muslim Teli

The Muslim Teli are an ethnic group found in Pakistan and India.

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Naan

Naan is a leavened, oven-baked flatbread by Bernard Clayton, Donnie Cameron found in the cuisines of the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia.

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Nabha

Nabha is a historic city and municipal council in the Patiala district to the south-west of the Indian state of Punjab.

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Narendra Chanchal

Narendra Chanchal is an Indian singer who specialises in Punjabi bhentein.

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Nationalencyklopedin

Nationalencyklopedin, abbreviated NE, is a comprehensive contemporary Swedish-language encyclopedia, initiated by a favourable loan from the Government of Sweden of 17 million Swedish kronor in 1980, which was repaid by December 1990.

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Navjot Singh Sidhu

Navjot Singh Sidhu (born 20 October 1963) is an Indian politician, television personality and former cricketer.

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Nāgarī script

The Nāgarī script is the ancestor of Devanagari, Nandinagari and other variants, and was first used to write Prakrit and Sanskrit.

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North India

North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India.

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Operation Blue Star

Operation Blue Star was an Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984, ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to remove militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar, Punjab.

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Pakistan

Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.

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Pakistan Movement

The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (تحریک پاکستان –) was a religious political movement in the 1940s that aimed for and succeeded in the creation of Pakistan from the Muslim-majority areas of the British Indian Empire.

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Pankaj Kapur

Pankaj Kapur (born 29 May 1954) is an Indian theatre, television and film actor.

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Parcheesi

Parcheesi is a brand-name American adaptation of the Indian cross and circle board game Pachisi, published by Parker Brothers and Winning Moves.

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Parineeti Chopra

Parineeti Chopra (born 22 October 1988) is an Indian actress and singer who appears in Hindi films.

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Partition of India

The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan.

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Pathans of Punjab

The Pathans of Punjab (پنجابی پٹھان (Shahmukhi); د پنجاب پښتانه; also called Punjabi Pathans are originally Pashtun people (Pathans) who have settled in the Punjab region of Pakistan and north India.Punjabi Musalmans by J M Wikely Most of these Pashtun communities are scattered throughout the Punjab and have over time assimilated into the Punjabi society and culture. These non-frontier Pathans are usually known by the town or locality in which they are settled, e.g., Qasuria Pathans or Multani Pathans.

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Patiala

Patiala is a city in southeastern Punjab, northwestern India.

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Pauravas

Pauravas or Paurav Rashtra was an ancient Indian kingdom in the northwest Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan and India).

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Pehlwani

Pehlwani is a form of wrestling from the South Asia.

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Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf (lit), (الخليج الفارسي) is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia.

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.

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Peshawar

Peshawar (پېښور; پشاور; پشور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

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Poonam Dhillon

Poonam Dhillon (born 18 April 1962) is an Indian Hindi film, theatre and TV actress.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.

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Porus

Porus or Poros (from Ancient Πῶρος, Pôros), was a great Indian king from the Punjab region, whose territory spanned the region between the Hydaspes (River of Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab River), in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Pran (actor)

Pran Krishan Sikand (12 February 1920 – 12 July 2013), better known by his mononym, Pran, was an Indian actor, known as a movie villain and character actor in Hindi cinema from the 1940s to the 1990s.

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Prem Chopra

Prem Chopra (born 23 September 1935) is an Indian actor in Hindi and Punjabi films.

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Presidencies and provinces of British India

The Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in the subcontinent.

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Princely state

A princely state, also called native state (legally, under the British) or Indian state (for those states on the subcontinent), was a vassal state under a local or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj.

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Priyanka Chopra

Priyanka Chopra (born 18 July 1982) is a global actress, singer, film producer, philanthropist, author and the winner of the Miss World 2000 pageant.

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Punjab

The Punjab, also spelled Panjab (land of "five rivers"; Punjabi: پنجاب (Shahmukhi); ਪੰਜਾਬ (Gurumukhi); Πενταποταμία, Pentapotamia) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India.

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Punjab Province (British India)

Punjab, also spelled Panjab, was a province of British India.

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Punjab, India

Punjab is a state in northern India.

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Punjab, Pakistan

Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi:, panj-āb, "five waters") is Pakistan's second largest province by area, after Balochistan, and its most populous province, with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017.

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Punjabi cuisine

Punjabi cuisine is associated with food from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.

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Punjabi culture

The culture of the Punjab encompasses the spoken language, written literature, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history of the Punjabi people.

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Punjabi dialects

The Punjabi dialects are the series of dialects spoken in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.

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Punjabi diaspora

The Punjabi diaspora refers to the descendants of ethnic Punjabis who emigrated out of the Punjab region to the rest of the world.

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Punjabi Hindus

Punjabi Hindus are a group of people that follow the Hindu religion and have their roots and origin in the Punjab region of the Indian Subcontinent.

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Punjabi language

Punjabi (Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ; Shahmukhi: پنجابی) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, ranking as the 10th most widely spoken language (2015) in the world.

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Punjabi Muslims

Punjabi Muslims (پنجابی مسلمان (Shahmukhi); also spelled Panjabi) are a linguistic, geographic and religious ethnic group living in the region of Punjab, primarily in eastern Pakistan.

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Punjabi Shaikh

Punjabi Shaikh (پنجابی شيخ.) are prominent branch of Shaikh in South Asia.

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Punjabis

The Punjabis (Punjabi:, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ), or Punjabi people, are an ethnic group associated with the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, who speak Punjabi, a language from the Indo-Aryan language family.

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Qadian

Qadian is a town and a municipal council in Gurdaspur District, north-east of Amritsar, situated north-east of Batala city in the state of Punjab, India.

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Qassab

The Qassab (قصاب; plural of قصائی Qasai from the Arabic word Khasab (خصب), are members of a north Indian community or biradari. The caste of commoners, labours and peasants. Occasionally most Qassab caste members are referred to as the Kasbi caste and have many different surnames such as Qurayshi Bhatti Mughal Rajput Rajas Khokar etc.

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Qawwali

Qawwali (Nastaʿlīq:; Punjabi: ਕਵਾਲੀ (Gurmukhi); Hindi: क़व्वाली; Bangla: কাওয়ালি) is a form of Sufi devotional music popular in South Asia: in the Punjab and Sindh regions of Pakistan; in Hyderabad, Delhi and other parts of India, especially North India; as well as Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet divisions of Bangladesh.

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Race (human categorization)

A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.

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Raja Dahir

Raja Dahar (راجا ڏاھر; राजा दाहिर, IAST: Rājā Dāhir; 663 – 712 CE) was the last Hindu ruler of Sindh.

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Rajasthan

Rajasthan (literally, "Land of Kings") is India's largest state by area (or 10.4% of India's total area).

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Rajesh Khanna

Rajesh Khanna (born Jatin Khanna; 29 December 1942 – 18 July 2012) was an Indian actor, film producer and politician who is known for his work in Hindi cinema.

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Rajinder Ghai

Rajinder Singh Ghai (born 12 June 1960 in Jalandhar, India) in a Punjabi Khukhrain family is a former Indian cricketer.

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Rajput

Rajput (from Sanskrit raja-putra, "son of a king") is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent.

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Ranbir Kapoor

Ranbir Kapoor (born 28 September 1982) is an Indian actor and film producer.

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Ranjit Singh

Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780 –1839) was the leader of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century.

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Refugee

A refugee, generally speaking, is a displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely (for more detail see legal definition).

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Religion

Religion may be defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.

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Rigveda

The Rigveda (Sanskrit: ऋग्वेद, from "praise" and "knowledge") is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns along with associated commentaries on liturgy, ritual and mystical exegesis.

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Rohilkhand

Rohilkhand is a region of northwestern Uttar Pradesh state of India, named after the Rohilla Afghan tribes.

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Rugby union

Rugby union, commonly known in most of the world as rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century.

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Rupi Kaur

Rupi Kaur (born October 5, 1992) (Punjabi: ਰੂਪੀ ਕੌਰ) is an Indian poet, writer, illustrator, and performer.

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SAGE Publications

SAGE Publishing is an independent publishing company founded in 1965 in New York by Sara Miller McCune and now based in California.

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Saraiki language

Saraiki (سرائیکی, also spelt Siraiki, or less often Seraiki) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda (Western Punjabi) group, spoken in the south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan.

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Saraiki people

The Saraikis (سرائیکی قوم), also known as Multanis, are an ethnolinguistic group in central and southeastern Pakistan, primarily southern Punjab.

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Sarbat da bhala

Sarbaht da bhala is the final term in the Sikh prayer called the Ardas.

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Sarson da saag

Sarson da saag (Sarson ka saag, in Hindi, Urdu) is a popular vegetarian dish from the Punjab and Rajasthan regions of the Indian subcontinent, made from mustard greens (sarson) and Indian spices.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Sayyid

Sayyid (also spelt Syed, Saiyed,Seyit,Seyd, Said, Sayed, Sayyed, Saiyid, Seyed and Seyyed) (سيد,; meaning "Mister"; plural سادة) is an honorific title denoting people (سيدة for females) accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali (combined Hasnain), sons of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and son-in-law Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib).

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Scrabble

Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles bearing a single letter onto a board divided into a 15×15 grid of squares.

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Second Anglo-Sikh War

The Second Anglo-Sikh War was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company that took place in 1848 and 1849.

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Selfless service

Selfless service or Seva (ਸੇਵਾ) in Sikhism, its ordained philosophy, in Sikh scripture, the theology, and hermeneutics is a service which is performed without any expectation of result or award for performing it.

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Seven stones

Seven stones, traditionally known as Pittu Garam, (Punjabi:ਪਿੱਠੂ ਗਰਮ, Urdu:, پِٺُو گرم, Persian: هفت سنگ) is a traditional South Asian game played between two teams.

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Shafi Aqeel

Shafi Aqeel (1930 - September 7, 2013) was a Pakistani journalist, writer, poet, art critic and translator.

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Shahid Kapoor

Shahid Kapoor (born 25 February 1981), also known as Shahid Khattar, is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films.

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Shahmukhi alphabet

Shahmukhi (Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ, meaning literally "from the King's mouth") is a Perso-Arabic alphabet used by Muslims in Punjab to write the Punjabi language.

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Shalimar Gardens, Lahore

The Shalimar Gardens (Punjabi, شالیمار باغ), sometimes spelt Shalamar Gardens, is a Mughal garden complex located in Lahore, capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab.

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Shia Islam

Shia (شيعة Shīʿah, from Shīʻatu ʻAlī, "followers of Ali") is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam), most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm.

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Shikhar Dhawan

Shikhar Dhawan (born 5 December 1985) is an Indian international cricketer and occasional vice-captain of Team India in T20I.

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Shiromani Akali Dal

The Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD), (translation: Supreme Akali Party) is a political party in India.

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Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee

The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (or SGPC) is an organization in India responsible for the management of gurdwaras, Sikh places of worship in three states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh and union territory of Chandigarh.

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Sidharth Malhotra

Sidharth Malhotra (born 16 January 1985) is an Indian actor and former model who appears in Hindi films.

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Sikh

A Sikh (ਸਿੱਖ) is a person associated with Sikhism, a monotheistic religion that originated in the 15th century based on the revelation of Guru Nanak.

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Sikh Empire

The Sikh Empire (also Sikh Khalsa Raj, Sarkar-i-Khalsa or Pañjab (Punjab) Empire) was a major power in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established a secular empire based in the Punjab.

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Sikhism

Sikhism (ਸਿੱਖੀ), or Sikhi,, from Sikh, meaning a "disciple", or a "learner"), is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent about the end of the 15th century. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions, and the fifth-largest. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. In the early 21st century there were nearly 25 million Sikhs worldwide, the great majority of them (20 million) living in Punjab, the Sikh homeland in northwest India, and about 2 million living in neighboring Indian states, formerly part of the Punjab. Sikhism is based on the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Guru (1469–1539), and the nine Sikh gurus that succeeded him. The Tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, named the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, terminating the line of human Gurus and making the scripture the eternal, religious spiritual guide for Sikhs.Louis Fenech and WH McLeod (2014),, 3rd Edition, Rowman & Littlefield,, pages 17, 84-85William James (2011), God's Plenty: Religious Diversity in Kingston, McGill Queens University Press,, pages 241–242 Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth. The Sikh scripture opens with Ik Onkar (ੴ), its Mul Mantar and fundamental prayer about One Supreme Being (God). Sikhism emphasizes simran (meditation on the words of the Guru Granth Sahib), that can be expressed musically through kirtan or internally through Nam Japo (repeat God's name) as a means to feel God's presence. It teaches followers to transform the "Five Thieves" (lust, rage, greed, attachment, and ego). Hand in hand, secular life is considered to be intertwined with the spiritual life., page.

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Sindh

Sindh (سنڌ; سِندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, in the southeast of the country.

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Sindhis

Sindhis (سنڌي (Perso-Arabic), सिन्धी (Devanagari), (Khudabadi)) are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the Sindh province of Pakistan, which was previously a part of pre-partition British India.

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Snooker

Snooker is a cue sport which originated among British Army officers stationed in India in the latter half of the 19th century.

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Social integration

Social integration is the process during which newcomers or minorities are incorporated into the social structure of the host society.

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Sohni Mahiwal

Sohni Mahiwal or Suhni Mehar (سوہنی معینوال, ਸੋਹਣੀ ਮਹੀਂਵਾਲ; سهڻي ميهار) is one of the four popular tragic romances of Punjab.

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Sonam Kapoor

Sonam Kapoor (born 9 June 1985), also known by her married name Sonam Kapoor Ahuja, is an Indian actress who appears in Bollywood films.

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South Asian ethnic groups

The ethno-linguistic composition of the population of South Asia, that is the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka is highly diverse.

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Speed reading

Speed reading is any of several techniques used to improve one's ability to read quickly.

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States Reorganisation Act, 1956

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories, organising them along linguistic lines.

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Sufi music

Sufi music is the devotional music of the Sufis, inspired by the works of Sufi poets, like Rumi, Hafiz, Bulleh Shah, Amir Khusrow and Khwaja Ghulam Farid.

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Sufism

Sufism, or Taṣawwuf (personal noun: ṣūfiyy / ṣūfī, mutaṣawwuf), variously defined as "Islamic mysticism",Martin Lings, What is Sufism? (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.15 "the inward dimension of Islam" or "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam",Massington, L., Radtke, B., Chittick, W. C., Jong, F. de, Lewisohn, L., Zarcone, Th., Ernst, C, Aubin, Françoise and J.O. Hunwick, “Taṣawwuf”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by: P. Bearman, Th.

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Sukhwinder Singh

Sukhwinder Singh (born 18 July 1971) also known as Suckwinder, is an Indian Bollywood playback singer.

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Sunar

Sunar (alternately Suniar(eh), Sonar or Swarnkar) is a Hindu caste in India and Nepal referring to the community of people who work as goldsmiths.

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Sunil Dutt

Sunil Dutt (6 June 1928 – 25 May 2005), born as Balraj Dutt, was an Indian movie actor, producer, director and politician.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam.

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Sunny Deol

Sunny Deol (born 19 October 1956)http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-deol-birthday-dance-action-3091005/ is an Indian film actor, director and producer known for his works exclusively in Hindi cinema.

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Tabletop game

Tabletop games are games that are normally played on a table or other flat surface, such as board games, card games, dice games, miniatures wargames or tile-based games.

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Tandoori chicken

Tandoori chicken is chicken dish prepared by roasting chicken marinated in yoghurt and spices in a tandoor, a cylindrical clay oven.

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Tanzania

Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a sovereign state in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region.

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Tarkhan

Tarkhan (Old Turkic Tarqan; ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ Darqan or Darkhan; ترخان;; طرخان; alternative spellings Tarkan, Tarkhaan, Tarqan, Tarchan, Turxan, Tarcan, Tárkány, Tarján, Torgyán or Turgan) is an ancient Central Asian title used by various Turkic peoples, Indo-Europeans (i.e. Iranian, Tokharian, Punjabi), and by the Hungarians and Mongols.

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Taxila

Taxila (from Pāli: Takkasilā, Sanskrit: तक्षशिला,, meaning "City of Cut Stone" or " Rock") is a town and an important archaeological site in the Rawalpindi District of the Punjab, Pakistan, situated about north-west of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, just off the famous Grand Trunk Road.

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Taxiles

Taxiles (in Greek Tαξίλης or Ταξίλας; lived 4th century BC) was the Greek chroniclers' name for a prince or king who reigned over the tract between the Indus and the Jhelum (Hydaspes) Rivers in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent at the time of Alexander the Great's expedition.

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Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a unitary state at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces.

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The Crown

The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions (such as Crown dependencies, provinces, or states).

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The New Cambridge History of India

The New Cambridge History of India is a major multi-volume work of historical scholarship published by Cambridge University Press.

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Third Battle of Panipat

The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 at Panipat, about north of Delhi, between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and invading forces of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali, supported by two Indian allies—the Rohilla Najib-ud-daulah Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh.

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Tibet

Tibet is a historical region covering much of the Tibetan Plateau in Central Asia.

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Toronto

Toronto is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016.

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Trousers

Trousers (British English) or pants (American English) are an item of clothing originating in Asia, worn from the waist to the ankles, covering both legs separately (rather than with cloth extending across both legs as in robes, skirts, and dresses).

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Tug of war

Tug of war (also known as war of tug, tug o' war, tug war, rope war, rope pulling, tugging war or toutrek) is a sport that directly puts two teams against each other in a test of strength: teams pull on opposite ends of a rope, with the goal being to bring the rope a certain distance in one direction against the force of the opposing team's pull.

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Turco-Persian tradition

The composite Turco-Persian tradition, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991 refers to a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries (AD) in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan).

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Uganda

Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda (Jamhuri ya Uganda), is a landlocked country in East Africa.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate (ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلأُمَوِيَّة, trans. Al-Khilāfatu al-ʾUmawiyyah), also spelt, was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.

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Union territory

A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India.

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Unionist Party (Punjab)

The Unionist Party was a political party based in the Punjab Province during the period of British rule in India.

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United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE; دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة), sometimes simply called the Emirates (الإمارات), is a federal absolute monarchy sovereign state in Western Asia at the southeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north.

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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, is a United Nations programme with the mandate to protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people, and assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.

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University of California Press

University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.

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Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh (IAST: Uttar Pradeś) is a state in northern India.

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Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand, officially the State of Uttarakhand (Uttarākhaṇḍ Rājya), formerly known as Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India.

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Vaisakhi

Vaisakhi (IAST), also known as Baisakhi, Vaishakhi, or Vasakhi is a historical and religious festival in Sikhism and Hinduism.

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Vancouver

Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia.

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Varun Dhawan

Varun Dhawan (born 24 April 1987) is an Indian actor.

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Vedic period

The Vedic period, or Vedic age, is the period in the history of the northwestern Indian subcontinent between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation in the central Gangetic Plain which began in BCE.

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Vinod Khanna

Vinod Khanna (6 October 1946 – 27 April 2017) was an Indian actor, producer and politician.

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Vinod Mehra

Vinod Mehra (विनोद मेहरा) (13 February 1945 – 30 October 1990) was an Indian actor in Bollywood films.

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Virat Kohli

Virat Kohli (born 5 November 1988) is an Indian international cricketer who currently captains the India national team.

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Waris Shah

Waris Shah (وارث شاہ (shahmukhi), ਵਾਰਿਸ ਸ਼ਾਹ (gurmukhi); 1722–1798) was a Punjabi Sufi poet of Chishti order, known for his contribution to Punjabi literature.

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Yo Yo Honey Singh

Hirdesh Singh (born 15 March 1983), better known by his stage name Yo Yo Honey Singh or Honey Singh, is an Indian music producer, Indi-pop singer and film actor.

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Yograj Singh

Yograj Singh Bhandal (born 25 March 1958) is a former Indian cricketer who played one Test and six ODIs for India as a right-arm fast-medium bowler.

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Yuvraj Singh

Yuvraj Singh (born 12 December 1981) is an Indian international cricketer, who plays all forms of the game.

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Zaman Shah Durrani

Shah Zaman Durrani, (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic), (c. 1770 – 1844) was ruler of the Durrani Empire from 1793 until 1800.

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Ethnic Punjabis, List of Muslim Gujjars, List of Punjabi Hindus, List of famous Punjabi Hindus, List of famous punjabi hindus, Pakistani Panjabis, Pakistani Punjabis, Panjabi Hindus, Panjabi Pakistani, Panjabi Pakistanis, Panjabi people, Panjabis, Punjab people, Punjabi Pakistani, Punjabi Pakistanis, Punjabi Peoples, Punjabi people.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis

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