Table of Contents
838 relations: A Mighty Fortress Is Our God, Abbess, Abbot, Abecedarium (Trubar), Act of Abjuration, Acts of Supremacy, Ad fontes, Admiral of France, Affair of the Placards, Afonso I of Kongo, Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, Age of Discovery, Age of Enlightenment, Albert of Brandenburg, Albert V, Duke of Bavaria, Albert, Duke of Prussia, Albigensian Crusade, Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, Alister McGrath, Alkmaar, Alsace, Alumbrados, American Sociological Association, American Sociological Review, Anabaptism, Ancient Diocese of Noyon, Andreas Karlstadt, Anglican chant, Anglicanism, Anhalt-Köthen, Anne Boleyn, Anne Hutchinson, Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church, Anti-Catholicism, Anti-Protestantism, Antipope, Antoine of Navarre, Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Apostles' Creed, Apostolic succession, Archbishop, Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of Cologne, Archbishop of St Andrews, Archbishopric of Magdeburg, Arianism, Arminianism, Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation, Arthur, Prince of Wales, Augsburg, ... Expand index (788 more) »
- 16th-century Lutheranism
- Anti-Catholicism
- Protestant Reformation
- Schisms from the Catholic Church
A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" (originally written in German with the title "italic") is one of the best known hymns by the Protestant Reformer Martin Luther, a prolific hymnwriter.
See Reformation and A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
Abbess
An abbess (Latin: abbatissa) is the female superior of a community of nuns in an abbey.
Abbot
Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the head of an independent monastery for men in various Western Christian traditions.
Abecedarium (Trubar)
Abecedarium (Abecedary)—along with Catechismus (Catechism)—is the first printed book in Slovene.
See Reformation and Abecedarium (Trubar)
Act of Abjuration
The Act of Abjuration (Plakkaat van Verlatinghe; lit) is the declaration of independence by many of the provinces of the Netherlands from their allegiance to Philip II of Spain, during the Dutch Revolt.
See Reformation and Act of Abjuration
Acts of Supremacy
The Acts of Supremacy are two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England; two similar laws were passed by the Parliament of Ireland establishing the English monarchs as the head of the Church of Ireland.
See Reformation and Acts of Supremacy
Ad fontes
Ad fontes is a Latin expression which means " to the sources" (lit. "to the sources").
Admiral of France
Admiral of France (Amiral de France) is a French title of honour.
See Reformation and Admiral of France
Affair of the Placards
The Affair of the Placards (Affaire des Placards) was an incident in which anti-Catholic posters appeared in public places in Paris and in four major provincial cities, Blois, Rouen, Tours and Orléans, in the night of the 17 to 18 October 1534.
See Reformation and Affair of the Placards
Afonso I of Kongo
Mvemba a Nzinga, Nzinga Mbemba, Funsu Nzinga Mvemba or Dom Alfonso (c. 1456–1542 or 1543), also known as King Afonso I, was the sixth ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo from the Lukeni kanda dynasty and ruled in the first half of the 16th century.
See Reformation and Afonso I of Kongo
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (Wider die Mordischen und Reubischen Rotten der Bawren) is a piece written by Martin Luther in response to the German Peasants' War.
See Reformation and Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
Age of Discovery
The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was part of the early modern period and largely overlapping with the Age of Sail.
See Reformation and Age of Discovery
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Reformation and Age of Enlightenment
Albert of Brandenburg
Albert of Brandenburg (Albrecht von Brandenburg; 28 June 149024 September 1545) was a German cardinal, elector, Archbishop of Mainz from 1514 to 1545, and Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1513 to 1545.
See Reformation and Albert of Brandenburg
Albert V, Duke of Bavaria
Albert V (German: Albrecht V.) (29 February 1528 – 24 October 1579) was Duke of Bavaria from 1550 until his death.
See Reformation and Albert V, Duke of Bavaria
Albert, Duke of Prussia
Albert of Prussia (Albrecht von Preussen; 17 May 149020 March 1568) was a German prince who was the 37th grand master of the Teutonic Knights and, after converting to Lutheranism, became the first ruler of the Duchy of Prussia, the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.
See Reformation and Albert, Duke of Prussia
Albigensian Crusade
The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209–1229) was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France.
See Reformation and Albigensian Crusade
Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
Alexander Farnese (Alessandro Farnese, Alejandro Farnesio; 27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592) was an Italian noble and condottiero, who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592, as well as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.
See Reformation and Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
Alister McGrath
Alister Edgar McGrath (born 1953) is a Northern Irish theologian, Anglican priest, intellectual historian, scientist, Christian apologist, and public intellectual.
See Reformation and Alister McGrath
Alkmaar
Alkmaar is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland.
Alsace
Alsace (Low Alemannic German/Alsatian: Elsàss ˈɛlsɑs; German: Elsass (German spelling before 1996: Elsaß.) ˈɛlzas ⓘ; Latin: Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.
Alumbrados
The alumbrados (illuminated), also called the illuminati, were the practitioners of a mystical form of Christianity in the Crown of Castile during the 15th–16th centuries.
See Reformation and Alumbrados
American Sociological Association
The American Sociological Association (ASA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the discipline and profession of sociology.
See Reformation and American Sociological Association
American Sociological Review
The American Sociological Review is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects of sociology.
See Reformation and American Sociological Review
Anabaptism
Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά 're-' and βαπτισμός 'baptism'; Täufer, earlier also Wiedertäufer)Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term Wiedertäufer (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased.
See Reformation and Anabaptism
Ancient Diocese of Noyon
The former French Catholic Diocese of Noyon lay in the north-east of France, around Noyon.
See Reformation and Ancient Diocese of Noyon
Andreas Karlstadt
Andreas Rudolph Bodenstein von Karlstadt (148624 December 1541), better known as Andreas Karlstadt, Andreas Carlstadt or Karolostadt, in Latin, Carolstadius, or simply as Andreas Bodenstein, was a German Protestant theologian, University of Wittenberg chancellor, a contemporary of Martin Luther and a reformer of the early Reformation.
See Reformation and Andreas Karlstadt
Anglican chant
Anglican chant, also known as English chant, is a way to sing unmetrical texts, including psalms and canticles from the Bible, by matching the natural speech-rhythm of the words to the notes of a simple harmonized melody.
See Reformation and Anglican chant
Anglicanism
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.
See Reformation and Anglicanism
Anhalt-Köthen
Anhalt-Köthen was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania.
See Reformation and Anhalt-Köthen
Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife of King Henry VIII.
See Reformation and Anne Boleyn
Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson (July 1591 – August 1643) was a Puritan spiritual advisor, religious reformer, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy which shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638.
See Reformation and Anne Hutchinson
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
In the Catholic Church, the anointing of the sick, also known as Extreme Unction, is a Catholic sacrament that is administered to a Catholic "who, having reached the age of reason, begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age", except in the case of those who "persevere obstinately in manifest grave sin".
See Reformation and Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
Anti-Catholicism
Anti-Catholicism, also known as Catholophobia is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents.
See Reformation and Anti-Catholicism
Anti-Protestantism
Anti-Protestantism is bias, hatred or distrust against some or all branches of Protestantism and/or its followers, especially when amplified in legal, political, ethic or military measures.
See Reformation and Anti-Protestantism
Antipope
An antipope (antipapa) is a person who claims to be Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope.
Antoine of Navarre
Antoine de Bourbon, roi de Navarre (22 April 1518 – 17 November 1562) was the King of Navarre through his marriage (jure uxoris) to Queen Jeanne III, from 1555 until his death.
See Reformation and Antoine of Navarre
Apology of the Augsburg Confession
The Apology of the Augsburg Confession was written by Philipp Melanchthon during and after the 1530 Diet of Augsburg as a response to the Pontifical Confutation of the Augsburg Confession, Charles V's commissioned official Roman Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession of 25 June 1530.
See Reformation and Apology of the Augsburg Confession
Apostles' Creed
The Apostles' Creed (Latin: Symbolum Apostolorum or Symbolum Apostolicum), sometimes titled the Apostolic Creed or the Symbol of the Apostles, is a Christian creed or "symbol of faith".
See Reformation and Apostles' Creed
Apostolic succession
Apostolic succession is the method whereby the ministry of the Christian Church is considered by some Christian denominations to be derived from the apostles by a continuous succession, which has usually been associated with a claim that the succession is through a series of bishops.
See Reformation and Apostolic succession
Archbishop
In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office.
See Reformation and Archbishop
Archbishop of Canterbury
The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury.
See Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop of Cologne
The archbishop of Cologne governs the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne in western North Rhine-Westphalia.
See Reformation and Archbishop of Cologne
Archbishop of St Andrews
The Bishop of St.
See Reformation and Archbishop of St Andrews
Archbishopric of Magdeburg
The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was a Latin Catholic archdiocese (969–1552) and Prince-Archbishopric (1180–1680) of the Holy Roman Empire centered on the city of Magdeburg on the Elbe River.
See Reformation and Archbishopric of Magdeburg
Arianism
Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity. Reformation and Arianism are schisms from the Catholic Church.
Arminianism
Arminianism is a movement of Protestantism initiated in the early 17th century, based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius and his historic supporters known as Remonstrants.
See Reformation and Arminianism
Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
The Protestant Reformation during the 16th century in Europe almost entirely rejected the existing tradition of Catholic art, and very often destroyed as much of it as it could reach. Reformation and art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation are Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Arthur, Prince of Wales
Arthur, Prince of Wales (19/20 September 1486 – 2 April 1502), was the eldest son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and an older brother to the future King Henry VIII.
See Reformation and Arthur, Prince of Wales
Augsburg
Augsburg (label) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia, Germany, around west of the Bavarian capital Munich.
Augsburg Interim
The Augsburg Interim (full formal title: Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council) was an imperial decree ordered on 15 May 1548 at the 1548 Diet of Augsburg (also having become known as the 'harnessed diet', due to its tense atmosphere, very close to outright hostility) by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who had just defeated the forces of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47.
See Reformation and Augsburg Interim
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa.
See Reformation and Augustine of Hippo
Augustinians
Augustinians are members of several religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, written in about 400 AD by Augustine of Hippo.
See Reformation and Augustinians
Ausbund
The Ausbund ("Paragon" in German) is the oldest Anabaptist hymnal and one of the oldest Christian song books in continuous use.
Avignon
Avignon (Provençal or Avignoun,; Avenio) is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France.
Avignon Papacy
The Avignon Papacy (French: Papauté d'Avignon) was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (at the time within the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire; now part of France) rather than in Rome.
See Reformation and Avignon Papacy
Balthasar Hubmaier
Balthasar Hubmaier (1480 – 10 March 1528; Pacimontanus) was an influential German Anabaptist leader.
See Reformation and Balthasar Hubmaier
Baltic region
The Baltic Sea Region, alternatively the Baltic Rim countries (or simply the Baltic Rim), and the Baltic Sea countries/states, refers to the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea, including parts of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
See Reformation and Baltic region
Basel
Basel, also known as Basle,Bâle; Basilea; Basileia; other Basilea.
Basque language
Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.
See Reformation and Basque language
Basques
The Basques (or; euskaldunak; vascos; basques) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians.
Battle of Frankenhausen
The Battle of Frankenhausen was fought on 14 and 15 May 1525.
See Reformation and Battle of Frankenhausen
Battle of Lipany
The Battle of Lipany (in Czech: Bitva u Lipan), also called the Battle of Český Brod, was fought at Lipany 40 km east of Prague on 30 May 1434 and virtually ended the Hussite Wars.
See Reformation and Battle of Lipany
Battle of Mohács
The Battle of Mohács (mohácsi csata, Mohaç Muharebesi or Mohaç Savaşı) was fought on 29 August 1526 near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary, between the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary and its allies, led by Louis II, and those of the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent.
See Reformation and Battle of Mohács
Battle of Pavia
The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–1526 between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg Empire of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, Austria, the Low Countries, and the Two Sicilies.
See Reformation and Battle of Pavia
Battle of White Mountain
The Battle of White Mountain (Bitva na Bílé hoře; Schlacht am Weißen Berg) was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War.
See Reformation and Battle of White Mountain
Béarnese dialect
Béarnese (endonym bearnés or biarnés) is the variety of Gascon spoken in Béarn.
See Reformation and Béarnese dialect
Beeldenstorm
Beeldenstorm in Dutch and Bildersturm in German (roughly translatable from both languages as 'attack on the images or statues') are terms used for outbreaks of destruction of religious images that occurred in Europe in the 16th century, known in English as the Great Iconoclasm or Iconoclastic Fury and in French as the Furie iconoclaste.
See Reformation and Beeldenstorm
Benefice
A benefice or living is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services.
Bernardino Ochino
Bernardino Ochino (1487–1564) was an Italian, who was raised a Roman Catholic and later turned to Protestantism and became a Protestant reformer.
See Reformation and Bernardino Ochino
Bernhard Rothmann
Bernhard (or Bernard) Rothmann (c. 1495 – c. 1535) was a 16th-century radical and Anabaptist leader in the city of Münster.
See Reformation and Bernhard Rothmann
Biberach an der Riß
Biberach an der Riß (Swabian: Bibra), often referred to as simply Biberach, is a town in southern Germany.
See Reformation and Biberach an der Riß
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.
Bigamy
In a culture where only monogamous relationships are legally recognized, bigamy is the act of entering into a marriage with one person while still legally married to another.
Bilboes
Bilboes (plurale tantum) are iron restraints normally placed on a person's ankles.
Bishop of Linköping
Bishops of the Diocese of Linköping, Sweden.
See Reformation and Bishop of Linköping
Bishop of Rochester
The Bishop of Rochester is the ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of Rochester in the Province of Canterbury.
See Reformation and Bishop of Rochester
Bishops in the Catholic Church
In the Catholic Church, a bishop is an ordained minister who holds the fullness of the sacrament of holy orders and is responsible for teaching doctrine, governing Catholics in his jurisdiction, sanctifying the world and representing the Church.
See Reformation and Bishops in the Catholic Church
Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.
See Reformation and Black Death
Black Forest
The Black Forest (Schwarzwald) is a large forested mountain range in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany, bounded by the Rhine Valley to the west and south and close to the borders with France and Switzerland.
See Reformation and Black Forest
Blood of Christ
Blood of Christ, also known as the Most Precious Blood, in Christian theology refers to the physical blood actually shed by Jesus Christ primarily on the Cross, and the salvation which Christianity teaches was accomplished thereby, or the sacramental blood (wine) present in the Eucharist or Lord's Supper, which some Christian denominations believe to be the same blood of Christ shed on the Cross.
See Reformation and Blood of Christ
Body of Christ
In Christian theology, the term Body of Christ has two main but separate meanings: it may refer to Jesus Christ's words over the bread at the celebration of the Jewish feast of Passover that "This is my body" in (see Last Supper), or it may refer to all individuals who are "in Christ" (see Christian Church).
See Reformation and Body of Christ
Book of Common Order
The Book of Common Order, originally titled The Forme of Prayers, is a liturgical book by John Knox written for use in the Reformed denomination.
See Reformation and Book of Common Order
Book of Common Prayer
The Book of Common Prayer (BCP) is the name given to a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion and by other Christian churches historically related to Anglicanism.
See Reformation and Book of Common Prayer
Book of Concord
The Book of Concord (1580) or Concordia (often referred to as the Lutheran Confessions) is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. Reformation and Book of Concord are 16th-century Lutheranism.
See Reformation and Book of Concord
Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel is a 2nd-century BC biblical apocalypse with a 6th century BC setting.
See Reformation and Book of Daniel
Book of Genesis
The Book of Genesis (from Greek; בְּרֵאשִׁית|Bərēʾšīṯ|In beginning; Liber Genesis) is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.
See Reformation and Book of Genesis
Book of Leviticus
The Book of Leviticus (from Λευιτικόν,; וַיִּקְרָא,, 'And He called'; Liber Leviticus) is the third book of the Torah (the Pentateuch) and of the Old Testament, also known as the Third Book of Moses.
See Reformation and Book of Leviticus
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation or Book of the Apocalypse is the final book of the New Testament (and therefore the final book of the Christian Bible).
See Reformation and Book of Revelation
Boston martyrs
The Boston martyrs is the name given in Quaker tradition to the three English members of the Society of Friends, Marmaduke Stephenson, William Robinson and Mary Dyer, and to the Barbadian Friend William Leddra, who were condemned to death and executed by public hanging for their religious beliefs under the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1659, 1660 and 1661.
See Reformation and Boston martyrs
Branding iron
A branding iron is used for branding, pressing a heated metal shape against an object or livestock with the intention of leaving an identifying mark.
See Reformation and Branding iron
Breast milk
Breast milk (sometimes spelled as breastmilk) or mother's milk is milk produced by the mammary glands in the breast of human females.
See Reformation and Breast milk
Bremen
Bremen (Low German also: Breem or Bräm), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (Stadtgemeinde Bremen), is the capital of the German state of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen), a two-city-state consisting of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.
Brethren of the Common Life
The Brethren of the Common Life (Fratres Vitae Communis, FVC) was a Roman Catholic pietist religious community founded in the Netherlands in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, formerly a successful and worldly educator who had had a religious experience and preached a life of simple devotion to Jesus Christ.
See Reformation and Brethren of the Common Life
Brit milah
The brit milah (bərīṯ mīlā,,; "covenant of circumcision") or bris (ברית) is the ceremony of circumcision in Judaism and Samaritanism, during which the foreskin is surgically removed.
See Reformation and Brit milah
Brunswick–Lüneburg
The Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg (Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg), commonly known as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg or Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an imperial principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the territory of present day Lower Saxony.
See Reformation and Brunswick–Lüneburg
Calendar of saints
The calendar of saints is the traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint.
See Reformation and Calendar of saints
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Reformation and Cambridge University Press
Canon law
Canon law (from κανών, kanon, a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members.
Canonical visitation
In the Catholic Church, a canonical visitation is the act of an ecclesiastical superior who in the discharge of his office visits persons or places with a view to maintaining faith and discipline and of correcting abuses.
See Reformation and Canonical visitation
Capital punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.
See Reformation and Capital punishment
Cardinal (Catholic Church)
A cardinal (Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis) is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Cardinal (Catholic Church)
Carl Braaten
Carl Edward Braaten (January 3, 1929 – October 28, 2023) was an American Lutheran theologian and minister.
See Reformation and Carl Braaten
Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
Casimir (or Kasimir) of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (27 December 1481 – 21 September 1527) was Margrave of Bayreuth or Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach from 1515 to 1527.
See Reformation and Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
Casiodoro de Reina
Casiodoro de Reina or de Reyna (1520 – 15 March 1594) was a Spanish theologian who (perhaps with several others) translated the Bible into Spanish.
See Reformation and Casiodoro de Reina
Catechism
A catechism (from κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts.
Catechismus in der windischenn Sprach
Catechismus in der windischenn Sprach or simply Catechismus (Catechism, also known as Katekizem v slovenskem jeziku or simply Katekizem in modern Slovene), is a book written by the Slovene Protestant preacher Primož Trubar in 1550.
See Reformation and Catechismus in der windischenn Sprach
Cathedral chapter
According to both Catholic and Anglican canon law, a cathedral chapter is a college of clerics (chapter) formed to advise a bishop and, in the case of a vacancy of the episcopal see in some countries, to govern the diocese during the vacancy.
See Reformation and Cathedral chapter
Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)
The Cathedral of Our Lady (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Antwerp, Belgium.
See Reformation and Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)
Cathedral school
Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities.
See Reformation and Cathedral school
Catherine de' Medici
Catherine de' Medici (Caterina de' Medici,; Catherine de Médicis,; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was an Italian (Florentine) noblewoman born into the Medici family.
See Reformation and Catherine de' Medici
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine, historical Spanish: Catharina, now: Catalina; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 11 June 1509 until its annulment on 23 May 1533.
See Reformation and Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Siena
Caterina di Jacopo di Benincasa (25 March 1347 – 29 April 1380), known as Catherine of Siena (Caterina da Siena), was an Italian mystic and pious laywoman who engaged in papal and Italian politics through extensive letter-writing and advocacy.
See Reformation and Catherine of Siena
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Reformation and Catholic Church
Catholic Church and ecumenism
The Catholic Church has engaged in the modern ecumenical movement especially since the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and the issuing of the decree Unitatis redintegratio and the declaration Dignitatis humanae.
See Reformation and Catholic Church and ecumenism
Catholic League (French)
The Catholic League of France (Ligue catholique), sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern) Catholics as the Holy League (La Sainte Ligue), was a major participant in the French Wars of Religion.
See Reformation and Catholic League (French)
Catholic liturgy
Catholic liturgy means the whole complex of official liturgical worship, including all the rites, ceremonies, prayers, and sacraments of the Church, as opposed to private devotions.
See Reformation and Catholic liturgy
Catholic spirituality
Catholic spirituality includes the various ways in which Catholics live out their Baptismal promise through prayer and action.
See Reformation and Catholic spirituality
Cévennes
The Cévennes (Cevenas) is a cultural region and range of mountains in south-central France, on the south-east edge of the Massif Central.
Cerberus
In Greek mythology, Cerberus (or; Κέρβερος Kérberos), often referred to as the hound of Hades, is a multi-headed dog that guards the gates of the Underworld to prevent the dead from leaving.
Chambre Ardente
La chambre ardente was the name given to a special court established for the trial of heretics in France during the reign of Francis I in the 16th century.
See Reformation and Chambre Ardente
Chantry
A chantry is an ecclesiastical term that may have either of two related meanings.
Charlemagne
Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.
See Reformation and Charlemagne
Charles Borromeo
Charles Borromeo (Carlo Borromeo; Carolus Borromeus; 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584) was the Archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584 and a cardinal of the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Charles Borromeo
Charles II of England
Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.
See Reformation and Charles II of England
Charles II, Archduke of Austria
Charles II Francis of Austria (Karl II.) (3 June 1540 – 10 July 1590) was an Archduke of Austria and a ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola, Carinthia and Gorizia) from 1564.
See Reformation and Charles II, Archduke of Austria
Charles IX of France
Charles IX (Charles Maximilien; 27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574) was King of France from 1560 until his death in 1574.
See Reformation and Charles IX of France
Charles University
Charles University (CUNI; Univerzita Karlova, UK; Universitas Carolina; Karls-Universität), or historically as the University of Prague (Universitas Pragensis), is the largest and best-ranked university in the Czech Republic. It is one of the oldest universities in the world in continuous operation, the first university north of the Alps and east of Paris.
See Reformation and Charles University
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.
See Reformation and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine
Charles de Lorraine (17 February 1524 – 26 December 1574), Duke of Chevreuse, was a French Cardinal, a member of the powerful House of Guise.
See Reformation and Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine
Château d'Amboise
The Château d'Amboise is a château in Amboise, located in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley in France.
See Reformation and Château d'Amboise
Christian II of Denmark
Christian II (1 July 1481 – 25 January 1559) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union who reigned as King of Denmark and Norway, from 1513 until 1523, and Sweden from 1520 until 1521.
See Reformation and Christian II of Denmark
Christian III of Denmark
Christian III (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559) reigned as King of Denmark from 1534 and King of Norway from 1537 until his death in 1559.
See Reformation and Christian III of Denmark
Christian meditation
Christian meditation is a form of prayer in which a structured attempt is made to become aware of and reflect upon the revelations of God.
See Reformation and Christian meditation
Christian monasticism
Christian monasticism is a religious way of life of Christians who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.
See Reformation and Christian monasticism
Christian pilgrimage
Christianity has a strong tradition of pilgrimages, both to sites relevant to the New Testament narrative (especially in the Holy Land) and to sites associated with later saints or miracles.
See Reformation and Christian pilgrimage
Christine of Saxony
Christine of Saxony (25 December 1505 – 15 April 1549) was a German noblewoman, landgravine consort of Hesse by her marriage to Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.
See Reformation and Christine of Saxony
Christology
In Christianity, Christology is a branch of theology that concerns Jesus.
See Reformation and Christology
Christopher, Count of Oldenburg
Christopher, Count of Oldenburg (German: Christoph, Graf von Oldenburg) (c. 1504 – 4 August 1566) was German count and regent in eastern Denmark between 1534–36 during the Count's Feud (Danish: Grevens Fejde) which was named after him.
See Reformation and Christopher, Count of Oldenburg
Christos Yannaras
Christos Yannaras (also Giannaras; Χρήστος Γιανναράς; born 10 April 1935) is a Greek philosopher, Eastern Orthodox theologian and author of more than 50 books which have been translated into many languages.
See Reformation and Christos Yannaras
Church of Denmark
The Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Denmark or National Church (the People's Church, or unofficially label; the Congregation), sometimes called the Church of Denmark, is the established, state-supported church in Denmark.
See Reformation and Church of Denmark
Church of England
The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the Crown Dependencies.
See Reformation and Church of England
Church of Greece
The Church of Greece (Ekklēsía tē̂s Helládos), part of the wider Greek Orthodox Church, is one of the autocephalous churches which make up the communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
See Reformation and Church of Greece
Church of Ireland
The Church of Ireland (Eaglais na hÉireann,; Kirk o Airlann) is a Christian church in Ireland, and an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion.
See Reformation and Church of Ireland
Church of Scotland
The Church of Scotland (The Kirk o Scotland; Eaglais na h-Alba) is a Presbyterian denomination of Christianity that holds the status of the national church in Scotland.
See Reformation and Church of Scotland
Church of Sweden
The Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan) is an Evangelical Lutheran national church in Sweden.
See Reformation and Church of Sweden
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Reformation and Classical antiquity
Clément Marot
Clément Marot (23 November 1496 – 12 September 1544) was a French Renaissance poet.
See Reformation and Clément Marot
Clerical celibacy
Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried.
See Reformation and Clerical celibacy
Clerical marriage
Clerical marriage is the practice of allowing Christian clergy (those who have already been ordained) to marry.
See Reformation and Clerical marriage
Cluniac Reforms
The Cluniac Reforms (also called the Benedictine Reform) were a series of changes within medieval monasticism in the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.
See Reformation and Cluniac Reforms
Collège de France
The, formerly known as the or as the Collège impérial founded in 1530 by François I, is a higher education and research establishment in France.
See Reformation and Collège de France
College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals, more formally called the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and College of Cardinals
Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum
The Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum, or simply Collegium Germanicum, is a German-speaking seminary for Catholic priests in Rome, founded in 1552.
See Reformation and Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum
Cologne Cathedral
Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom,, officially Hohe Domkirche Sankt Petrus, English: Cathedral Church of Saint Peter) is a cathedral in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia belonging to the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Cologne Cathedral
Conciliarism
Conciliarism was a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope.
See Reformation and Conciliarism
Concordat
A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both,René Metz, What is Canon Law? (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960), pg.
Concordat of Bologna
The Concordat of Bologna (1516) was an agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X that Francis negotiated in the wake of his victory at Marignano in September 1515.
See Reformation and Concordat of Bologna
Concordat of Worms
The Concordat of Worms, also referred to as the Pactum Callixtinum or Pactum Calixtinum, was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire which regulated the procedure for the appointment of bishops and abbots in the Empire.
See Reformation and Concordat of Worms
Confessionalization
In Protestant Reformation history, confessionalization is the parallel processes of "confession-building" taking place in Europe between the Peace of Augsburg (1555) and the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).
See Reformation and Confessionalization
Confirmation in the Catholic Church
Confirmation in the Catholic Church is one of the seven sacraments.
See Reformation and Confirmation in the Catholic Church
Congregation (Roman Curia)
In the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church, a congregation (Sacræ Cardinalium Congregationes) is a type of department of the Curia.
See Reformation and Congregation (Roman Curia)
Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples was a congregation of the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church in Rome, responsible for missionary work and related activities.
See Reformation and Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Conrad Grebel
Conrad Grebel (– 1526) was a co-founder of the Swiss Brethren movement.
See Reformation and Conrad Grebel
Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia
The Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia was a report commissioned by Pope Paul III on the abuses in the Catholic Church in 1536.
See Reformation and Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia
Convent
A convent is a community of monks, nuns, friars or religious sisters.
Corpus Juris Canonici
The is a collection of significant sources of the Canon law of the Catholic Church that was applicable to the Latin Church.
See Reformation and Corpus Juris Canonici
Correlation
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data.
See Reformation and Correlation
Council of Constance
The Council of Constance was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church that was held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance (Konstanz) in present-day Germany.
See Reformation and Council of Constance
Council of Florence
The Council of Florence is the seventeenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held between 1431 and 1449.
See Reformation and Council of Florence
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent (Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Council of Trent
Count's Feud
The Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde), sometimes referred to as the Count's War, was a Danish war of succession occurring from 1534 to 1536, which gave rise to the Reformation in Denmark.
See Reformation and Count's Feud
Counter-Reformation
The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.
See Reformation and Counter-Reformation
County of Holland
The County of Holland was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1433 part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic, of which it remained a part until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.
See Reformation and County of Holland
County of Zeeland
The County of Zeeland (Graafschap Zeeland) was a county of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries and it later became one of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic.
See Reformation and County of Zeeland
Covenant of the pieces
According to the Hebrew Bible, the covenant of the pieces or covenant between the parts is an important event in Jewish History.
See Reformation and Covenant of the pieces
Creed
A creed, also known as a confession of faith, a symbol, or a statement of faith, is a statement of the shared beliefs of a community (often a religious community) in a form which is structured by subjects which summarize its core tenets.
Criticism of Christianity
Criticism of Christianity has a long history which stretches back to the initial formation of the religion in the Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Criticism of Christianity
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Korona Królestwa Polskiego; Corona Regni Poloniae) was a political and legal idea formed in the 14th century, assuming unity, indivisibility and continuity of the state.
See Reformation and Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
Cuius regio, eius religio
Cuius regio, eius religio is a Latin phrase which literally means "whose realm, their religion" – meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled.
See Reformation and Cuius regio, eius religio
Cyclic mass
In Renaissance music, the cyclic mass was a musical setting of the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Mass, in which each of the movements – Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei – shared a common musical theme, commonly a cantus firmus, thus making it a unified whole.
See Reformation and Cyclic mass
Cyril Lucaris
Cyril Lucaris or Kyrillos Loukaris (Κύριλλος Λούκαρις; 13 November 1572 – 27 June 1638) was a Greek prelate and theologian, and a native of Candia, Crete (then under the Republic of Venice).
See Reformation and Cyril Lucaris
Czech nobility
Czech nobility consists of the noble families from historical Czech lands, especially in their narrow sense, i.e. nobility of Bohemia proper, Moravia and Austrian Silesia – whether these families originated from those countries or moved into them through the centuries.
See Reformation and Czech nobility
Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Dalmacija; Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Central Croatia, Slavonia, and Istria, located on the east shore of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia.
Danse Macabre
The Danse Macabre, also called the Dance of Death, is an artistic genre of allegory from the Late Middle Ages on the universality of death.
See Reformation and Danse Macabre
David Beaton
David Beaton (also Beton or Bethune; 29 May 1546) was Archbishop of St Andrews and the last Scottish cardinal prior to the Reformation.
See Reformation and David Beaton
De heretico comburendo
De heretico comburendo or the Suppression of Heresy Act 1400 (2 Hen. 4. c. 15) was a law passed by Parliament under King Henry IV of England in 1401 for the suppression of the Lollards.
See Reformation and De heretico comburendo
Deacon
A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions.
Death by burning
Death by burning is an execution, murder, or suicide method involving combustion or exposure to extreme heat.
See Reformation and Death by burning
Decet Romanum Pontificem
Decet Romanum Pontificem (from Latin: "It Befits the Roman Pontiff"; 1521) is the papal bull that excommunicated the German theologian Martin Luther; its title comes from the first three Latin words of its text.
See Reformation and Decet Romanum Pontificem
Declaration of nullity
In the Catholic Church, a declaration of nullity, commonly called an annulment and less commonly a decree of nullity, and in some cases, a Catholic divorce, is an ecclesiastical tribunal determination and judgment that a marriage was invalidly contracted or, less frequently, a judgment that ordination was invalidly conferred.
See Reformation and Declaration of nullity
Defence of the Seven Sacraments
The Defence of the Seven Sacraments (Assertio Septem Sacramentorum) is a theological treatise published in 1521, written by King Henry VIII of England, allegedly with the assistance of Sir Thomas More.
See Reformation and Defence of the Seven Sacraments
Defender of the Faith
Defender of the Faith (Fidei Defensor or, specifically feminine, Fidei Defensatrix; Défenseur de la Foi) is a phrase that has been used as part of the full style of many English, Scottish, and later British monarchs since the early 16th century.
See Reformation and Defender of the Faith
Deutsche Messe
Deutsche Messe ("German Mass"; full title:, "German Mass and Order of Worship") was published by Martin Luther in 1526.
See Reformation and Deutsche Messe
Devotio Moderna
Devotio Moderna (Latin; lit., Modern Devotion) was a movement for religious reform, calling for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, simplicity of life, and integration into the community.
See Reformation and Devotio Moderna
Diarmaid MacCulloch
Diarmaid Ninian John MacCulloch (born 31 October 1951) is an English academic and historian, specialising in ecclesiastical history and the history of Christianity.
See Reformation and Diarmaid MacCulloch
Diet of Regensburg (1541)
The Colloquy of Regensburg, historically called the Colloquy of Ratisbon, was a conference held at Regensburg (Ratisbon) in Bavaria in 1541, during the Protestant Reformation, which marks the culmination of attempts to restore religious unity in the Holy Roman Empire by means of theological debate between the Protestants and the Catholics.
See Reformation and Diet of Regensburg (1541)
Diet of Speyer (1526)
The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer I) was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1526 in the Imperial City of Speyer in present-day Germany.
See Reformation and Diet of Speyer (1526)
Diet of Speyer (1529)
The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer II) was a Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in 1529 in the Imperial City of Speyer (located in present-day Germany).
See Reformation and Diet of Speyer (1529)
Diet of Worms
The Diet of Worms of 1521 (Reichstag zu Worms) was an imperial diet (a formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V and conducted in the Imperial Free City of Worms.
See Reformation and Diet of Worms
Diocese
In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.
Dispensation (Catholic canon law)
In the jurisprudence of the canon law of the Catholic Church, a dispensation is the exemption from the immediate obligation of law in certain cases.
See Reformation and Dispensation (Catholic canon law)
Disputation
Disputation is a genre of literature involving two contenders who seek to establish a resolution to a problem or establish the superiority of something.
See Reformation and Disputation
Dissolution of the monasteries
The dissolution of the monasteries, occasionally referred to as the suppression of the monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541, by which Henry VIII disbanded Catholic monasteries, priories, convents, and friaries in England, Wales, and Ireland; seized their wealth; disposed of their assets; and provided for their former personnel and functions.
See Reformation and Dissolution of the monasteries
Divine retribution
Divine retribution is supernatural punishment of a person, a group of people, or everyone by a deity in response to some action.
See Reformation and Divine retribution
Donation of Constantine
The Donation of Constantine is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope.
See Reformation and Donation of Constantine
Donatism
Donatism was a Christian sect leading to a schism in the Church, in the region of the Church of Carthage, from the fourth to the sixth centuries. Reformation and Donatism are schisms from the Catholic Church and schisms in Christianity.
Duchy of Bavaria
The Duchy of Bavaria was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the sixth through the eighth century.
See Reformation and Duchy of Bavaria
Duchy of Brunswick
The Duchy of Brunswick (Herzogtum Braunschweig) was a historical German state that ceased to exist in 1918.
See Reformation and Duchy of Brunswick
Duchy of Prussia
The Duchy of Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen, Księstwo Pruskie, Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (Herzogliches Preußen; Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformation in 1525.
See Reformation and Duchy of Prussia
Duke of Northumberland
Duke of Northumberland is a noble title that has been created three times in English and British history, twice in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of Great Britain.
See Reformation and Duke of Northumberland
Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature
Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature is the literature written in the Dutch language in the Low Countries from around 1550 to around 1700.
See Reformation and Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature
Dutch Republic
The United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden) and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.
See Reformation and Dutch Republic
Early modern period
The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.
See Reformation and Early modern period
Early New High German
Early New High German (ENHG) is a term for the period in the history of the German language generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 to 1650, developing from Middle High German and into New High German.
See Reformation and Early New High German
East Frisia
East Frisia or East Friesland (Ostfriesland;; Aastfräislound) is a historic region in the northwest of Lower Saxony, Germany.
See Reformation and East Frisia
East–West Schism
The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054. Reformation and East–West Schism are schisms from the Catholic Church and schisms in Christianity.
See Reformation and East–West Schism
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (keleti Magyar Királyság) is a modern term coined by some historians to designate the realm of John Zápolya and his son John Sigismund Zápolya, who contested the claims of the House of Habsburg to rule the Kingdom of Hungary from 1526 to 1570.
See Reformation and Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
See Reformation and Eastern Orthodox Church
Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532
The Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532 (24 Hen. 8. c. 12), also called the Statute in Restraint of Appeals, the Act of Appeals and the Act of Restraints in Appeals, was an Act of the Parliament of England.
See Reformation and Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532
Ecclesiastical court
An ecclesiastical court, also called court Christian or court spiritual, is any of certain courts having jurisdiction mainly in spiritual or religious matters.
See Reformation and Ecclesiastical court
Ecclesiastical Latin
Ecclesiastical Latin, also called Church Latin or Liturgical Latin, is a form of Latin developed to discuss Christian thought in Late antiquity and used in Christian liturgy, theology, and church administration to the present day, especially in the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Ecclesiastical Latin
Ecclesiastical province
An ecclesiastical province is one of the basic forms of jurisdiction in Christian churches, including those of both Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity, that have traditional hierarchical structures.
See Reformation and Ecclesiastical province
Ecclesiology
In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of the Church, the origins of Christianity, its relationship to Jesus, its role in salvation, its polity, its discipline, its eschatology, and its leadership.
See Reformation and Ecclesiology
Econometrics
Econometrics is an application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships.
See Reformation and Econometrics
Economic development
In the economics study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives.
See Reformation and Economic development
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople (translit) is the archbishop of Constantinople and primus inter pares (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that compose the Eastern Orthodox Church.
See Reformation and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Edict of Fontainebleau
The Edict of Fontainebleau (18 October 1685, published 22 October 1685) was an edict issued by French King Louis XIV and is also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
See Reformation and Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the minority Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation, which was predominantly Catholic.
See Reformation and Edict of Nantes
Edict of Potsdam
The Edict of Potsdam (Edikt von Potsdam) was a proclamation issued by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, in Potsdam on 29 October 1685, as a response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by the Edict of Fontainebleau.
See Reformation and Edict of Potsdam
Edict of Saint-Germain
The Edict of Saint-Germain, also known as the Edict of January, was a landmark decree of tolerance promulgated by the regent of France, Catherine de' Medici, in January 1562.
See Reformation and Edict of Saint-Germain
Edmund Andros
Sir Edmund Andros (6 December 1637 – 24 February 1714; also spelled Edmond) was an English colonial administrator in British America.
See Reformation and Edmund Andros
Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon (8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English essayist, historian, and politician.
See Reformation and Edward Gibbon
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Viscount Beauchamp (150022 January 1552), also known as Edward Semel, was an English nobleman and politician who served as Lord Protector of England from 1547 to 1549 during the minority of his nephew King Edward VI.
See Reformation and Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
Edward VI
Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553.
Elder (Christianity)
In Christianity, an elder is a person who is valued for wisdom and holds a position of responsibility and authority in a Christian group.
See Reformation and Elder (Christianity)
Electorate of Mainz
The Electorate of Mainz (Kurfürstentum Mainz or Kurmainz, Electoratus Moguntinus), previously known in English as Mentz and by its French name Mayence, was one of the most prestigious and influential states of the Holy Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Electorate of Mainz
Electorate of Saxony
The Electorate of Saxony, also known as Electoral Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen or), was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806.
See Reformation and Electorate of Saxony
Electorate of Trier
The Electorate of Trier (Kurfürstentum Trier or Kurtrier or Trèves) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the end of the 9th to the early 19th century.
See Reformation and Electorate of Trier
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.
See Reformation and Elizabeth I
Elizabethan literature
Elizabethan literature refers to bodies of work produced during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603), and is one of the most splendid ages of English literature.
See Reformation and Elizabethan literature
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Reformation and Encyclopædia Britannica
English Dissenters
English Dissenters or English Separatists were Protestants who separated from the Church of England in the 17th and 18th centuries.
See Reformation and English Dissenters
English Madrigal School
The English Madrigal School was the intense flowering of the musical madrigal in England, mostly from 1588 to 1627, along with the composers who produced them.
See Reformation and English Madrigal School
English Reformation Parliament
The English Reformation Parliament, which sat from 3 November 1529 to 14 April 1536, established the legal basis for the English Reformation, passing major pieces of legislation leading to the break with Rome and increasing the authority of the Church of England.
See Reformation and English Reformation Parliament
English Renaissance theatre
English Renaissance theatre, also known as Renaissance English theatre and Elizabethan theatre, refers to the theatre of England between 1558 and 1642.
See Reformation and English Renaissance theatre
Episcopal see
An episcopal see is, the area of a bishop's ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
See Reformation and Episcopal see
Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus; 28 October c.1466 – 12 July 1536) was a Dutch Christian humanist, Catholic theologian, educationalist, satirist, and philosopher.
Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick
Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Ernst der Bekenner; 27 June 1497 – 11 January 1546), also frequently called Ernest the Confessor, was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a champion of the Protestant cause during the early years of the Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick
Ernest of Bavaria
Wittelsbach-Hapsburg aristocrat Ernest of Bavaria (Ernst von Bayern) (17 December 1554 – 17 February 1612) was Prince-Elector-Archbishop of the Archbishopric of Cologne and, as such, Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Westphalia, from 1583 to 1612 as successor of the expelled Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg.
See Reformation and Ernest of Bavaria
Eucharist
The Eucharist (from evcharistía), also known as Holy Communion, the Blessed Sacrament and the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others.
Eucharist in the Catholic Church
Eucharist (thanksgiving) is the name that Catholic Christians give to the sacrament by which, according to their belief, the body and blood of Christ are present in the bread and wine consecrated during the Catholic eucharistic liturgy, generally known as the Mass.
See Reformation and Eucharist in the Catholic Church
Eucharistic adoration
Eucharistic adoration is a devotional practice primarily in Western Catholicism and Western Rite Orthodoxy, but also to a lesser extent in certain Lutheran and Anglican traditions, in which the Blessed Sacrament is adored by the faithful.
See Reformation and Eucharistic adoration
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Evangelical counsels
In Christianity, the three evangelical counsels, or counsels of perfection, are chastity, poverty (or perfect charity), and obedience.
See Reformation and Evangelical counsels
Exclusive psalmody
Exclusive psalmody is the practice of singing only the biblical Psalms in congregational singing as worship.
See Reformation and Exclusive psalmody
Excommunication
Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments.
See Reformation and Excommunication
Exsurge Domine
is a papal bull promulgated on 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X. It was written in response to the teachings of Martin Luther which opposed the views of the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Exsurge Domine
Fall of man
The fall of man, the fall of Adam, or simply the Fall, is a term used in Christianity to describe the transition of the first man and woman from a state of innocent obedience to God to a state of guilty disobedience.
See Reformation and Fall of man
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church historically observes the disciplines of fasting and abstinence (from meat) at various times each year.
See Reformation and Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
Fausto Sozzini
Fausto Paolo Sozzini, or simply Fausto Sozzini (Faustus Socinus; Faust Socyn; 5 December 1539 – 4 March 1604), was an Italian Renaissance humanist and theologian, and, alongside his uncle Lelio Sozzini, founder of the Nontrinitarian Christian belief system known as Socinianism.
See Reformation and Fausto Sozzini
Felix Manz
Felix Manz (also Felix Mantz) (c. 1498 – 5 January 1527) was an Anabaptist, a co-founder of the original Swiss Brethren congregation in Zürich, Switzerland, and an early martyr of the Radical Reformation.
See Reformation and Felix Manz
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.
See Reformation and Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria
Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria (Linz, 14 June 1529 – 24 January 1595, Innsbruck) was ruler of Further Austria and since 1564 Imperial count of Tyrol.
See Reformation and Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637.
See Reformation and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferenc Dávid
Ferenc Dávid (also rendered as Francis David or Francis Davidis; born as Franz David Hertel, – 15 November 1579) was a Protestant preacher and theologian from Transylvania, the founder of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, and the leading figure of the Nontrinitarian Christian movements during the Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Ferenc Dávid
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba (29 October 150711 December 1582), known as the Grand Duke of Alba (Grão Duque de Alba) in Spain and Portugal and as the Iron Duke (or shortly 'Alva') in the Netherlands, was a Spanish noble, general and diplomat.
See Reformation and Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
Fief
A fief (feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law.
Fifth Council of the Lateran
The Fifth Council of the Lateran, held between 1512 and 1517, was the eighteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church and was the last council before the Protestant Reformation and the Council of Trent.
See Reformation and Fifth Council of the Lateran
Filioque
Filioque, a Latin term meaning "and from the Son", was added to the original Nicene Creed, and has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western Christianity.
First War of Kappel
The First War of Kappel (Erster Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1529 between the Protestant and the Catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland.
See Reformation and First War of Kappel
Florence
Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.
Florian Geyer
Florian Geyer von Giebelstadt (also spelled Geier; 1490 – 10 June 1525) was a German nobleman, diplomat, and knight.
See Reformation and Florian Geyer
Fontevraud Abbey
The Royal Abbey of Our Lady of Fontevraud or Fontevrault (in French: abbaye de Fontevraud) was a monastery in the village of Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, near Chinon, in the former French Duchy of Anjou.
See Reformation and Fontevraud Abbey
François, Duke of Guise
François de Lorraine, 2nd Duke of Guise, 1st Prince of Joinville, and 1st Duke of Aumale; 17 February 1519 – 24 February 1563), was a French general and statesman. A prominent leader during the Italian War of 1551–1559 and French Wars of Religion, he was assassinated during the siege of Orleans in 1563.
See Reformation and François, Duke of Guise
France in the Middle Ages
The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 10th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions), and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis against the House of Plantagenet and their Angevin Empire, culminating in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) (compounded by the catastrophic Black Death in 1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.
See Reformation and France in the Middle Ages
Francis I of France
Francis I (er|; Françoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547.
See Reformation and Francis I of France
Francis II of France
Francis II (François II; 19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was King of France from 1559 to 1560.
See Reformation and Francis II of France
Francisco de Enzinas
Francisco de Enzinas (1 November 1518? – 30 December 1552), also known by the humanist name Francis Dryander (from the Greek drus, which can be translated encina in Spanish), was a classical scholar, translator, author, Protestant reformer and apologist of Spanish origin.
See Reformation and Francisco de Enzinas
Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, OFM (1436 – 8 November 1517) was a Spanish cardinal, religious figure, and statesman.
See Reformation and Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
Franconia
Franconia (Franken,; East Franconian: Franggn; Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and East Franconian dialect (German: Ostfränkisch).
Franz von Sickingen
Franz von Sickingen (2 March 14817 May 1523) was a knight of the Holy Roman Empire who, with Ulrich von Hutten, led the so-called "Knights' War," and was one of the most notable figures of the early period of the Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Franz von Sickingen
Franz von Waldeck
Count Franz von Waldeck (1491 – 15 July 1553) was Prince-Bishop of Münster, Osnabrück, and Minden in the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Franz von Waldeck
Frederick I of Denmark
Frederick I (Danish and;;; 7 October 1471 – 10 April 1533) was King of Denmark and Norway.
See Reformation and Frederick I of Denmark
Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
Frederick III (17 January 1463 – 5 May 1525), also known as Frederick the Wise (German: Friedrich der Weise), was Prince-elector of Saxony from 1486 to 1525, who is mostly remembered for the protection given to his subject Martin Luther, the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm; 16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, from 1640 until his death in 1688.
See Reformation and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
Free imperial city
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, urbs imperialis libera), was used from the fifteenth century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.
See Reformation and Free imperial city
French Wars of Religion
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598.
See Reformation and French Wars of Religion
Function word
In linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker.
See Reformation and Function word
Gabriel Biel
Gabriel Biel (1420 to 1425 – 7 December 1495) was a German scholastic philosopher and member of the Canons Regular of the Congregation of Windesheim, who were the clerical counterpart to the Brethren of the Common Life.
See Reformation and Gabriel Biel
Gaspard II de Coligny
Gaspard de Coligny, seigneur de Châtillon (16 February 1519 – 24 August 1572), was a French nobleman, Admiral of France, and Huguenot leader during the French Wars of Religion.
See Reformation and Gaspard II de Coligny
Gasparo Contarini
Gasparo Contarini (16 October 1483 – 24 August 1542) was an Italian diplomat, cardinal, and Bishop of Belluno.
See Reformation and Gasparo Contarini
Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg (10 November 1547 – 31 May 1601) was the archbishop-elector of Cologne from 1577 to 1588.
See Reformation and Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
Genesis creation narrative
The Genesis creation narrative is the creation myth of both Judaism and Christianity.
See Reformation and Genesis creation narrative
Geneva
Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.
Genevan Psalter
The Genevan Psalter, also known as the Huguenot Psalter, is a 1539 metrical psalter in French created under the supervision of John Calvin for liturgical use by the Reformed churches of the city of Geneva in the sixteenth century.
See Reformation and Genevan Psalter
George Blaurock
Jörg vom Haus Jacob (Georg Cajacob, or George of the House of Jacob), commonly known as George Blaurock (c. 1491 – September 6, 1529), was an Anabaptist leader and evangelist.
See Reformation and George Blaurock
George Martinuzzi
George Martinuzzi, O.S.P.P.E. (born Juraj Utješenović, also known as György Martinuzzi, Brother György, Georg Utiessenovicz-Martinuzzi or György Fráter, Fráter György; 1482 – 16 December 1551), was a Croatian nobleman, Pauline monk and Hungarian statesman who supported King John Zápolya and his son, King John Sigismund Zápolya.
See Reformation and George Martinuzzi
George Spalatin
Georg(e) Spalatin was the pseudonym taken by Georg Burkhardt (17 January 1484 – 16 January 1545), a German humanist, theologian, reformer, secretary of the Saxon Elector Frederick the Wise, as well as an important figure in the history of the Reformation.
See Reformation and George Spalatin
George Wishart
George Wishart (also Wisehart; c. 15131 March 1546) was a Scottish Protestant Reformer and one of the early Protestant martyrs burned at the stake as a heretic.
See Reformation and George Wishart
George, Duke of Saxony
George the Bearded (Meissen, 27 August 1471 – Dresden, 17 April 1539) was Duke of Saxony from 1500 to 1539 known for his opposition to the Reformation.
See Reformation and George, Duke of Saxony
George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
George of Brandenburg-Ansbach (German: Georg; 4 March 1484 – 27 December 1543), known as George the Pious (Georg der Fromme), was a Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from the House of Hohenzollern.
See Reformation and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
See Reformation and German language
Germans
Germans are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language.
Geuzen
Geuzen (Les Gueux) was a name assumed by the confederacy of Calvinist Dutch nobles, who from 1566 opposed Spanish rule in the Netherlands.
Ghent
Ghent (Gent; Gand; historically known as Gaunt in English) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.
Giorgio Biandrata
Giorgio Biandrata or Blandrata (15155 May 1588) was an Italian-born Transylvanian physician and polemicist, who came from the De Biandrate family, powerful from the early part of the 13th century.
See Reformation and Giorgio Biandrata
Girolamo Aleandro
Girolamo Aleandro (also Hieronymus Aleander; 13 February 14801 February 1542) was an Italian humanist, linguist, and cardinal.
See Reformation and Girolamo Aleandro
Girolamo Ghinucci
Girolamo Ghinucci (additionally referred to historically as: Jerome de Ghinucci, Geronimo de Ghinucci, Hieronymus Ghinucci, and Girolamo Ginucci; 1480 in Siena – 3 July 1541) was an Italian papal administrator, diplomat and cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Girolamo Ghinucci
Girolamo Savonarola
Girolamo Savonarola, OP (21 September 1452 – 23 May 1498) or Jerome Savonarola was an ascetic Dominican friar from Ferrara and a preacher active in Renaissance Florence.
See Reformation and Girolamo Savonarola
God in Christianity
In Christianity, God is the eternal, supreme being who created and preserves all things.
See Reformation and God in Christianity
God the Father
God the Father is a title given to God in Christianity.
See Reformation and God the Father
God the Son
God the Son (Θεὸς ὁ υἱός, Deus Filius; האל הבן) is the second Person of the Trinity in Christian theology.
See Reformation and God the Son
Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.
See Reformation and Google Books
Gospel
Gospel (εὐαγγέλιον; evangelium) originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported.
Gothic art
Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture.
See Reformation and Gothic art
Governance
Governance is the overall complex system or framework of processes, functions, structures, rules, laws and norms borne out of the relationships, interactions, power dynamics and communication within an organized group of individuals which not only sets the boundaries of acceptable conduct and practices of different actors of the group and controls their decision-making processes through the creation and enforcement of rules and guidelines, but also manages, allocates and mobilizes relevant resources and capacities of different members and sets the overall direction of the group in order to effectively address its specific collective needs, problems and challenges.
See Reformation and Governance
Grace in Christianity
In Western Christian theology, grace is created by God who gives it as help to one because God desires one to have it, not necessarily because of anything one has done to earn it.
See Reformation and Grace in Christianity
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
See Reformation and Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
The grand master of the Teutonic Order (Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens; Magister generalis Ordo Teutonicus) is the supreme head of the Teutonic Order.
See Reformation and Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
Great Commandment
The Great Commandment (or Greatest Commandment) is a name used in the New Testament to describe the first of two commandments cited by Jesus in,, and in answer to him in: Most Christian denominations consider these two commandments as, together, forming the core of the Christian religion.
See Reformation and Great Commandment
Greek Orthodox Church
Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía) is a term that can refer to any one of three classes of Christian churches, each associated in some way with Greek Christianity, Levantine Arabic-speaking Christians or more broadly the rite used in the Eastern Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Greek Orthodox Church
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
Greensleeves
"Greensleeves" is a traditional English folk song.
See Reformation and Greensleeves
Gregorian Reform
The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, c. 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy.
See Reformation and Gregorian Reform
Gregory of Rimini
Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300 – November 1358), also called Gregorius de Arimino or Ariminensis, was one of the great scholastic philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages.
See Reformation and Gregory of Rimini
Grisons
The Grisons or Graubünden,Names include.
Guido de Bres
Guido de Bres (also known as Guido de Bray,L.A. van Langeraad, Guido de Bray Zijn Leven en Werken, Zierikzee: S.Ochtman en Zoon 1884 p.9, 13 Guy de Bray and Guido de Brès, 1522 – 31 May 1567) was a Walloon pastor, Protestant reformer and theologian, a student of John Calvin and Theodore Beza in Geneva.
See Reformation and Guido de Bres
Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux)
Guillaume Briçonnet (– 24 January 1534) was the Bishop of Meaux from 1516 until his death in 1534.
See Reformation and Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux)
Gustav Vasa
Gustav I (born Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa noble family; 12 May 1496 – 29 September 1560), commonly known as Gustav Vasa, was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560, previously self-recognised Protector of the Realm (Riksföreståndare) from 1521, during the ongoing Swedish War of Liberation against King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
See Reformation and Gustav Vasa
Gutenberg Bible
The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42, was the earliest major book printed in Europe using mass-produced metal movable type.
See Reformation and Gutenberg Bible
Habsburg Netherlands
Habsburg Netherlands was the Renaissance period fiefs in the Low Countries held by the Holy Roman Empire's House of Habsburg.
See Reformation and Habsburg Netherlands
Hafnarfjörður
Hafnarfjörður, officially Hafnarfjarðarkaupstaður, is a port town and municipality in Iceland, located about south of Reykjavík.
See Reformation and Hafnarfjörður
Hail Mary
The Hail Mary (Ave Maria) or Angelical salutation is a traditional Catholic prayer addressing Mary, the mother of Jesus.
Hamburg
Hamburg (Hamborg), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,.
Hanging
Hanging is killing a person by suspending them from the neck with a noose or ligature.
Hans Brask
Hans Brask (1464–1538) was a Swedish Bishop of Linköping.
See Reformation and Hans Brask
Hans Hut
Hans Hut (c. 14906 December 1527) was a very active Anabaptist in southern Germany and Austria.
Hans Tausen
Hans Tausen (Tavsen) (1494 – 11 November 1561) nicknamed the “Danish Luther” was the leading Lutheran theologian of the Danish Reformation in Denmark.
See Reformation and Hans Tausen
Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.
See Reformation and Hanseatic League
Heidelberg
Heidelberg (Heidlberg) is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany.
See Reformation and Heidelberg
Heidelberg Disputation
The Heidelberg Disputation was held at the lecture hall of the Augustinian order on April 26, 1518.
See Reformation and Heidelberg Disputation
Heilbronn
Heilbronn is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, surrounded by Heilbronn District.
Heinrich Bullinger
Heinrich Bullinger (18 July 1504 – 17 September 1575) was a Swiss Reformer and theologian, the successor of Huldrych Zwingli as head of the Church of Zürich and a pastor at the Grossmünster.
See Reformation and Heinrich Bullinger
Henry II of France
Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 1547 until his death in 1559.
See Reformation and Henry II of France
Henry III of France
Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589) was King of France from 1574 until his assassination in 1589, as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575.
See Reformation and Henry III of France
Henry IV of France
Henry IV (Henri IV; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.
See Reformation and Henry IV of France
Henry of Lausanne
Henry of Lausanne (variously known as of Bruys, of Cluny, of Toulouse, of Le Mans and as the Deacon, sometimes referred to as Henry the Monk or Henry the Petrobrusian) was a French heresiarch of the first half of the 12th century.
See Reformation and Henry of Lausanne
Henry VIII
Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547.
See Reformation and Henry VIII
Heresy in Christianity
Heresy in Christianity denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faith as defined by one or more of the Christian churches.
See Reformation and Heresy in Christianity
Hermann of Wied
Hermann of Wied (German: Hermann von Wied) (14 January 1477 – 15 August 1552) was the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne from 1515 to 1546.
See Reformation and Hermann of Wied
Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (etmonas) were the highest-ranking military officers, second only to the King, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
See Reformation and Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
High German languages
The High German languages (hochdeutsche Mundarten, i.e. High German dialects), or simply High German (Hochdeutsch) – not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called "High German" – comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and eastern Belgium, as well as in neighbouring portions of France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), the Czech Republic (Bohemia), and Poland (Upper Silesia).
See Reformation and High German languages
Holy orders in the Catholic Church
The sacrament of holy orders in the Catholic Church includes three orders: bishops, priests, and deacons, in decreasing order of rank, collectively comprising the clergy.
See Reformation and Holy orders in the Catholic Church
Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
See Reformation and Holy Roman Empire
Holy Saturday
Holy Saturday (Sabbatum Sanctum), also known as Great and Holy Saturday (also Holy and Great Saturday), Low Saturday, the Great Sabbath, Hallelujah Saturday (in Portugal and Brazil), Saturday of the Glory, Sábado de Gloria, and Black Saturday or Easter Eve, and called "Joyous Saturday", "the Saturday of Light", and "Mega Sabbatun" among Coptic Christians, is the final day of Holy Week, between Good Friday and Easter Sunday, when Christians prepare for the latter.
See Reformation and Holy Saturday
Holy See
The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.
Homophony
In music, homophony (Greek: ὁμόφωνος, homóphōnos, from ὁμός, homós, "same" and φωνή, phōnē, "sound, tone") is a texture in which a primary part is supported by one or more additional strands that provide the harmony.
House of Borgia
The House of Borgia (Spanish and Borja; Borja) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian Renaissance.
See Reformation and House of Borgia
House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.
See Reformation and House of Habsburg
House of Hohenzollern
The House of Hohenzollern (Haus Hohenzollern,; Casa de Hohenzollern) is a formerly royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) German dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania.
See Reformation and House of Hohenzollern
House of Orange-Nassau
The House of Orange-Nassau (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) is the current reigning house of the Netherlands.
See Reformation and House of Orange-Nassau
House of Wettin
The House of Wettin was a dynasty of German kings, prince-electors, dukes, and counts that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia.
See Reformation and House of Wettin
Hugh Trevor-Roper
Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, (15 January 1914 – 26 January 2003) was an English historian.
See Reformation and Hugh Trevor-Roper
Huguenots
The Huguenots were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism.
Huldrych Zwingli
Huldrych or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system.
See Reformation and Huldrych Zwingli
Human capital
Human capital or human assets is a concept used by economists to designate personal attributes considered useful in the production process.
See Reformation and Human capital
Hussite Wars
The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution, were a series of civil wars fought between the Hussites and the combined Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, and European monarchs loyal to the Catholic Church, as well as various Hussite factions.
See Reformation and Hussite Wars
Hussites
Catholic crusaders in the 15th century The Lands of the Bohemian Crown during the Hussite Wars. The movement began in Prague and quickly spread south and then through the rest of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Eventually, it expanded into the remaining domains of the Bohemian Crown as well. The Hussites (Czech: Husité or Kališníci, "Chalice People"; Latin: Hussitae) were a Czech proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus (fl.
Hutterites
Hutterites (Hutterer), also called Hutterian Brethren (German), are a communal ethnoreligious branch of Anabaptists, who, like the Amish and Mennonites, trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the early 16th century and have formed intentional communities.
See Reformation and Hutterites
Iceland
Iceland (Ísland) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe.
Icelanders
Icelanders (Íslendingar) are an ethnic group and nation who are native to the island country of Iceland.
See Reformation and Icelanders
Iconoclasm
Iconoclasm (from Greek: label + label)From lit. Reformation and Iconoclasm are Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Iconoclasm
Imperial ban
The imperial ban (Reichsacht) was a form of outlawry in the Holy Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Imperial ban
Imperial election
The election of a Holy Roman Emperor was generally a two-stage process whereby the King of the Romans was elected by a small body of the greatest princes of the realm, the prince-electors.
See Reformation and Imperial election
Imperial Estate
An Imperial Estate (Status Imperii; Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).
See Reformation and Imperial Estate
Imperial Knight
The Free Imperial Knights (Reichsritter Eques imperii) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, whose direct overlord was the Emperor.
See Reformation and Imperial Knight
Incarnation (Christianity)
In Christian theology, the doctrine of incarnation teaches that the pre-existent divine person of Jesus Christ, God the Son, the second person of the Trinity, and the eternally begotten Logos (Koine Greek for "word"), took upon human nature and "was made flesh" by being conceived in the womb of a woman, the Virgin Mary, also known as the Theotokos (Greek for "God-bearer" or "Mother of God").
See Reformation and Incarnation (Christianity)
Incest
Incest is human sexual activity between family members or close relatives.
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (English: Index of Forbidden Books) was a changing list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia); Catholics were forbidden to print or read them, subject to the local bishop.
See Reformation and Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Indulgence
In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence (from indulgeo, 'permit') is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for (forgiven) sins".
See Reformation and Indulgence
Infant baptism
Infant baptism (or paedobaptism) is the practice of baptizing infants or young children.
See Reformation and Infant baptism
Ingolstadt
Ingolstadt (Austro-Bavarian) is an independent city on the Danube, in Upper Bavaria, with 142.308 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2023).
See Reformation and Ingolstadt
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Institutio Christianae Religionis) is John Calvin's seminal work of systematic theology.
See Reformation and Institutes of the Christian Religion
Inter caetera
Inter caetera ('Among other ') was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on the 4 May 1493, which granted to the Catholic Monarchs King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile all lands to the "west and south" of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde islands.
See Reformation and Inter caetera
Isabella Jagiellon
Isabella Jagiellon (Izabella királyné; Izabela Jagiellonka; 18 January 1519 – 15 September 1559) was the queen consort of Hungary.
See Reformation and Isabella Jagiellon
Isny im Allgäu
Isny im Allgäu (Low Alemannic: Isny im Allgai) is a town in south-eastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
See Reformation and Isny im Allgäu
Italian War of 1494–1495
The First Italian War, or Charles VIII's Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars.
See Reformation and Italian War of 1494–1495
Italian War of 1521–1526
The Italian War of 1521–1526, sometimes known as the Four Years' War, (Sixième guerre d'Italie) was a part of the Italian Wars.
See Reformation and Italian War of 1521–1526
Italian War of 1542–1546
The Italian War of 1542–1546 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars, pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England.
See Reformation and Italian War of 1542–1546
Italian War of 1551–1559
The Italian War of 1551–1559 began when Henry II of France declared war against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with the intent of recapturing parts of Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs.
See Reformation and Italian War of 1551–1559
Jacob van Hoogstraaten
Jacob van Hoogstraten (c. 1460 – 24 January 1527) was a Brabantian Dominican theologian and controversialist.
See Reformation and Jacob van Hoogstraaten
Jacobus Arminius
Jacobus Arminius (Dutch: Jakob Hermanszoon; 10 October 1560 – 19 October 1609) was a Dutch Reformed minister and theologian during the Protestant Reformation period whose views became the basis of Arminianism and the Dutch Remonstrant movement.
See Reformation and Jacobus Arminius
Jacques Clément
Jacques Clément (1567 – 1 August 1589) was a French conspirator and the assassin of King Henry III.
See Reformation and Jacques Clément
Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (Latinized as Jacobus Faber Stapulensis; c. 1455 – c. 1536) was a French theologian and a leading figure in French humanism.
See Reformation and Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
Jakob Fugger
Jakob Fugger of the Lily (Jakob Fugger von der Lilie; 6 March 1459 – 30 December 1525), also known as Jakob Fugger the Rich or sometimes Jakob II, was a major German merchant, mining entrepreneur, and banker.
See Reformation and Jakob Fugger
Jakob Hutter
Jakob Hutter (also spelled Jacob Hutter, Huter or Hueter; c. 1500 – 25 February 1536) was a Tyrolean Anabaptist leader and founder of the Hutterites.
See Reformation and Jakob Hutter
James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault
James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Châtellerault, 2nd Earl of Arran (– 22 January 1575), was a Scottish nobleman and head of the House of Hamilton.
See Reformation and James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault
James Madison
James Madison (March 16, 1751June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817.
See Reformation and James Madison
Jan Łaski
Jan Łaski or Johannes à Lasco (1499 – 8 January 1560) was a Polish Calvinist reformer.
Jan Łaski (1456–1531)
Jan Łaski (1456 in Łask – 19 May 1531 in Kalisz, Poland) was a Polish nobleman, Grand Chancellor of the Crown (1503–10), diplomat, from 1490 secretary to Poland's King Casimir IV Jagiellon and from 1508 coadjutor to the Archbishop of Lwów.
See Reformation and Jan Łaski (1456–1531)
Jan Hus
Jan Hus (1370 – 6 July 1415), sometimes anglicized as John Hus or John Huss, and referred to in historical texts as Iohannes Hus or Johannes Huss, was a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism, and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation.
Jan Matthys
Jan Matthys (also known as Jan Matthias, Johann Mathyszoon, Jan Mattijs, Jan Matthijszoon; c. 1500 – 5 April 1534) was a charismatic Anabaptist leader of the Münster Rebellion, regarded by his followers as a prophet.
See Reformation and Jan Matthys
Jan Tarnowski
Jan Amor Tarnowski (Latin: Joannes Tarnovius; 1488 – 16 May 1561) was a Polish nobleman, knight, military commander, military theoretician, and statesman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.
See Reformation and Jan Tarnowski
Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour (c. 150824 October 1537) was Queen of England as the third wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 30 May 1536 until her death the next year.
See Reformation and Jane Seymour
Jón Arason
Jón Arason (1484 – November 7, 1550) was an Icelandic Roman Catholic bishop and poet, who was executed in his struggle against the imposition of the Protestant Reformation in Iceland.
See Reformation and Jón Arason
Jerome
Jerome (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian priest, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome.
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.
Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)
Joachim Westphal (born at Hamburg 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; died there 16 January 1574) was a German "Gnesio-Lutheran" theologian and Protestant reformer.
See Reformation and Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)
João I of Kongo
Nzinga-a-Nkuwu João I (né Nzinga-a-Nkuwu) was the 5th ManiKongo of the Kingdom of Kongo (Kongo-dia-Ntotila) between 1470 and 1509.
See Reformation and João I of Kongo
Johann Eck
Johann Maier von Eck (13 November 1486 – 13 February 1543), often anglicized as John Eck, was a German Catholic theologian, scholastic, prelate, and a pioneer of the counter-reformation who was among Martin Luther's most important interlocutors and theological opponents.
See Reformation and Johann Eck
Johann Gropper
Johann Gropper (John or Johannes Gropper; 24 February 1503 – 13 March 1559) was a German cardinal and church politician of the Reformation period.
See Reformation and Johann Gropper
Johann Tetzel
Johann Tetzel (c. 1465 – 11 August 1519) was a German Dominican friar and preacher.
See Reformation and Johann Tetzel
Johannes Bugenhagen
Johannes Bugenhagen (24 June 1485 – 20 April 1558), also called Doctor Pomeranus by Martin Luther, was a German theologian and Lutheran priest who introduced the Protestant Reformation in the Duchy of Pomerania and Denmark in the 16th century.
See Reformation and Johannes Bugenhagen
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (– 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press.
See Reformation and Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Oecolampadius
Johannes Oecolampadius (also Œcolampadius, in German also Oekolampadius, Oekolampad; 1482 – 24 November 1531) was a German Protestant reformer in the Calvinist tradition from the Electoral Palatinate.
See Reformation and Johannes Oecolampadius
John Calvin
John Calvin (Jehan Cauvin; Jean Calvin; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and John Calvin
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1504Loades 2008 – 22 August 1553) was an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King Edward VI from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install Lady Jane Grey on the English throne after the King's death.
See Reformation and John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
John Fisher
John Fisher (c. 19 October 1469 – 22 June 1535) was an English Catholic bishop, cardinal, and theologian.
See Reformation and John Fisher
John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
John Frederick I (30 June 1503 in Torgau – 3 March 1554 in Weimar), called the Magnanimous, was the Elector of Saxony (1532–1547) and head of the Schmalkaldic League.
See Reformation and John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
John Knox
John Knox (– 24 November 1572) was a Scottish minister, Reformed theologian, and writer who was a leader of the country's Reformation.
John of Leiden
John of Leiden (born Johan Beukelszoon; 2 February 1509 – 22 January 1536) was a Dutch Anabaptist leader.
See Reformation and John of Leiden
John Penry
John Penry (1563 – 29 May 1593) was executed for high treason during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. He is Wales' most famous Protestant Separatist martyr.
See Reformation and John Penry
John Sigismund Zápolya
John Sigismund Zápolya or Szapolyai (Szapolyai János Zsigmond; 7 July 1540 – 14 March 1571) was King of Hungary as John II from 1540 to 1551 and from 1556 to 1570, and the first Prince of Transylvania, from 1570 to his death.
See Reformation and John Sigismund Zápolya
John Wycliffe
John Wycliffe (also spelled Wyclif, Wickliffe, and other variants; 1328 – 31 December 1384) was an English scholastic philosopher, Christian reformer, Catholic priest, and a theology professor at the University of Oxford.
See Reformation and John Wycliffe
John Zápolya
John Zápolya or Szapolyai (Szapolyai/ Zápolya János; Ivan Zapolja; Ioan Zápolya; Ján Zápoľský; 1487 – 22 July 1540), was King of Hungary (as John I) from 1526 to 1540.
See Reformation and John Zápolya
Jus patronatus
The right of patronage (in Latin jus patronatus or ius patronatus) in Roman Catholic canon law is a set of rights and obligations of someone, known as the patron in connection with a gift of land (benefice).
See Reformation and Jus patronatus
Just war theory
The just war theory (bellum iustum) is a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just.
See Reformation and Just war theory
Justification (theology)
In Christian theology, justification is the event or process by which sinners are made or declared to be righteous in the sight of God.
See Reformation and Justification (theology)
Kalmar Union
The Kalmar Union (Danish, Norwegian, and Kalmarunionen; Kalmarin unioni; Kalmarsambandið; Unio Calmariensis) was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden as designed by widowed Queen Margaret of Norway and Sweden.
See Reformation and Kalmar Union
Katharina von Bora
Katharina von Bora (29 January 1499? – 20 December 1552), after her wedding Katharina Luther, also referred to as "die Lutherin" ('the Lutheress'), was the wife of the German reformer Martin Luther and a seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Katharina von Bora
Kempten
Kempten ((Swabian German)) is the largest town of Allgäu, in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.
Kett's Rebellion
Kett's Rebellion was a revolt in the English county of Norfolk during the reign of Edward VI, largely in response to the enclosure of land.
See Reformation and Kett's Rebellion
Ki Tissa
Ki Tisa, Ki Tissa, Ki Thissa, or Ki Sisa (—Hebrew for "when you take," the sixth and seventh words, and first distinctive words in the parashah) is the 21st weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the ninth in the Book of Exodus.
Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period.
See Reformation and Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Germany
The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom (regnum Teutonicorum 'kingdom of the Germans', regnum Teutonicum 'German kingdom', regnum Alamanie "kingdom of Germany") was the mostly Germanic language-speaking East Frankish kingdom, which was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
See Reformation and Kingdom of Germany
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century.
See Reformation and Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)
The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the Holy Roman Empire, but part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy that became the Austrian Empire in 1804.
See Reformation and Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)
Kingdom of Kongo
The Kingdom of Kongo (Kongo Dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo; Reino do Congo) was a kingdom in Central Africa.
See Reformation and Kingdom of Kongo
Kingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a Basque kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France.
See Reformation and Kingdom of Navarre
Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller, is a Catholic military order.
See Reformation and Knights Hospitaller
Knights' War
The Knights' War, also known as the Imperial Knights' Revolt, (27 August 15226 May 1523) was a failed attempt by the Brotherly Convention (of knights) led by the Evangelical knight Franz von Sickingen to forcibly remove Richard, Prince-Bishop of Trier, and secularize his lands.
See Reformation and Knights' War
Konrad Pellikan
Konrad Pellikan (Conrad Kürsner; Conradus Pellicanus; sometimes anglicized as Conrad Pellican; 8 January 1478 – 6 May 1556) was a German Protestant theologian, humanist, Protestant reformer and Christian Hebraist who worked chiefly in Switzerland.
See Reformation and Konrad Pellikan
Lady Jane Grey
Lady Jane Grey (– 12 February 1554), also known as Lady Jane Dudley after her marriage and as the "Nine Days' Queen", was an English noblewoman who claimed the throne of England and Ireland from 10 to 19 July 1553.
See Reformation and Lady Jane Grey
Landgraviate of Hesse
The Landgraviate of Hesse (Landgrafschaft Hessen) was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Landgraviate of Hesse
Lands of the Bohemian Crown
The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were the states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods with feudal obligations to the Bohemian kings.
See Reformation and Lands of the Bohemian Crown
Last Judgment
The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Reckoning, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, Day of Resurrection or The Day of the Lord (translit or label) is a concept found across the Abrahamic religions and the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism.
See Reformation and Last Judgment
Late Middle Ages
The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.
See Reformation and Late Middle Ages
Laurentius Andreae
Laurentius Andreae (Swedish: Lars Andersson) (c. 1470 – 14 April 1552) was a Swedish Lutheran clergyman and scholar who is acknowledged as one of his country's preeminent intellectual figures during the first half of the 16th century.
See Reformation and Laurentius Andreae
Law of Moses
The Law of Moses (תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה), also called the Mosaic Law, is the law said to have been revealed to Moses by God.
See Reformation and Law of Moses
Lübeck
Lübeck (Low German: Lübęk or Lübeek ˈlyːbeːk; Latin: Lubeca), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany.
Legitimacy (family law)
Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.
See Reformation and Legitimacy (family law)
Leipzig Book Fair
The Leipzig Book Fair (Leipziger Buchmesse) is the second largest book fair in Germany after the Frankfurt Book Fair.
See Reformation and Leipzig Book Fair
Lelio Sozzini
Lelio Francesco Maria Sozzini, or simply Lelio Sozzini (Latin: Laelius Socinus; 29 January 1525 – 4 May 1562), was an Italian Renaissance humanist and theologian, and, alongside his nephew Fausto Sozzini, founder of the Nontrinitarian Christian belief system known as Socinianism.
See Reformation and Lelio Sozzini
Limmat
The Limmat is a river in Switzerland.
Lindau
Lindau (Lindau (Bodensee), Lindau am Bodensee;; Low Alemannic: Lindou) is a major town and island on the eastern side of Lake Constance (Bodensee in German) in Bavaria, Germany.
List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland
This is a list of archbishops of the Archdiocese of Gniezno, who are simultaneously primates of Poland since 1418.
See Reformation and List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland
List of bishops of Hólar
The Diocese of Hólar is a suffragan diocese of the Church of Iceland.
See Reformation and List of bishops of Hólar
List of Christian denominations by number of members
This is a list of Christian denominations by number of members.
See Reformation and List of Christian denominations by number of members
List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
The governor (landvoogd) or governor-general (gouverneur-generaal) of the Habsburg Netherlands was a representative appointed by the Holy Roman emperor (1504-1556), the king of Spain (1556-1598, 1621-1706), and the archduke of Austria (1716-1794), to administer the Burgundian inheritance of the House of Habsburg in the Low Countries when the monarch was absent from the territory.
See Reformation and List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
List of Protestant Reformers
This is an alphabetical list of Protestant Reformers.
See Reformation and List of Protestant Reformers
List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
This list of states in the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordships, sous-fiefs, and allodial fiefs.
See Reformation and List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
Literacy
Literacy is the ability to read and write.
Lollardy
Lollardy, also known as Lollardism or the Lollard movement, was a proto-Protestant Christian religious movement that was active in England from the mid-14th century until the 16th-century English Reformation. Reformation and Lollardy are schisms in Christianity.
Lord Protector
Lord Protector (plural: Lords Protector) was a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state.
See Reformation and Lord Protector
Lord's Prayer
The Lord's Prayer, also known by its incipit Our Father (Pater Noster), is a central Christian prayer that Jesus taught as the way to pray.
See Reformation and Lord's Prayer
Louis I, Prince of Condé
Louis de Bourbon, 1st Prince of Condé (7 May 1530 – 13 March 1569) was a prominent Huguenot leader and general, the founder of the Condé branch of the House of Bourbon.
See Reformation and Louis I, Prince of Condé
Louis II of Hungary
Louis II (II.; Ludvík Jagellonský; Ludovik II.; Ľudovít II.; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526.
See Reformation and Louis II of Hungary
Low German
Low German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands.
See Reformation and Low German
Luberon
The Luberon (or; Provençal: Leberon or Leberoun) is a massif in central Provence in Southern France, part of the French Prealps.
Lucas Cranach the Elder
Lucas Cranach the Elder (Lucas Cranach der Ältere; – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving.
See Reformation and Lucas Cranach the Elder
Luther Bible
The Luther Bible (Lutherbibel) is a German language Bible translation by the Protestant reformer Martin Luther.
See Reformation and Luther Bible
Luther's Large Catechism
Luther's Large Catechism (Der Große Katechismus) is a catechism by Martin Luther.
See Reformation and Luther's Large Catechism
Luther's Small Catechism
Luther's Small Catechism (Der Kleine Katechismus) is a catechism written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children.
See Reformation and Luther's Small Catechism
Lutheran chorale
A Lutheran chorale is a musical setting of a Lutheran hymn, intended to be sung by a congregation in a German Protestant Church service.
See Reformation and Lutheran chorale
Lyndal Roper
Lyndal Anne Roper (born 28 May 1956) is a historian.
See Reformation and Lyndal Roper
Magdeburg
Magdeburg is the capital of the German state Saxony-Anhalt.
Manuscript
A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way.
See Reformation and Manuscript
Marburg
Marburg is a university town in the German federal state (Bundesland) of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (Landkreis).
Marburg Colloquy
The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting at Marburg Castle, Marburg, Hesse, Germany, which attempted to solve a disputation between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
See Reformation and Marburg Colloquy
Margaret of Parma
Margaret (5 July 1522 – 18 January 1586) was Duchess of Parma from 1547 to 1586 as the wife of Duke Ottavio Farnese and Governor of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567 and from 1578 to 1582.
See Reformation and Margaret of Parma
Margaret of Valois
Margaret of Valois (Marguerite, 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615), popularly known as La Reine Margot, was a French princess of the Valois dynasty who became Queen of Navarre by marriage to Henry III of Navarre and then also Queen of France at her husband's 1589 accession to the latter throne as Henry IV.
See Reformation and Margaret of Valois
Marguerite de Navarre
Marguerite de Navarre (Marguerite d'Angoulême, Marguerite d'Alençon; 11 April 149221 December 1549), also known as Marguerite of Angoulême and Margaret of Navarre, was a princess of France, Duchess of Alençon and Berry, and Queen of Navarre by her second marriage to King Henry II of Navarre.
See Reformation and Marguerite de Navarre
Marmoutier Abbey, Tours
Marmoutier Abbey — also known as the Abbey of Marmoutier or Marmoutiers — was an early monastery outside Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France.
See Reformation and Marmoutier Abbey, Tours
Marriage in the Catholic Church
Marriage in the Catholic Church, also known as holy matrimony, is the "covenant by which a man and woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life and which is ordered by its nature to the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring", and which "has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament between the baptized".
See Reformation and Marriage in the Catholic Church
Marshal of the Sejm
The Marshal of the Sejm (Marszałek Sejmu) is the speaker (chair) of the Sejm, the lower house of the Polish Parliament.
See Reformation and Marshal of the Sejm
Martin Bucer
Martin Bucer (early German: Martin Butzer; 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a German Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg who influenced Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican doctrines and practices.
See Reformation and Martin Bucer
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.
See Reformation and Martin Luther
Martyrology
A martyrology is a catalogue or list of martyrs and other saints and beati arranged in the calendar order of their anniversaries or feasts.
See Reformation and Martyrology
Mary Dyer
Mary Dyer (born Marie Barrett; c. 1611 – 1 June 1660) was an English and colonial American Puritan-turned-Quaker who was hanged in Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony, for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony.
Mary I of England
Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain and the Habsburg dominions as the wife of King Philip II from January 1556 until her death in 1558.
See Reformation and Mary I of England
Mary of Guise
Mary of Guise (Marie de Guise; 22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine, was Queen of Scotland from 1538 until 1542, as the second wife of King James V. She was a French noblewoman of the House of Guise, a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine and one of the most powerful families in France.
See Reformation and Mary of Guise
Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)
Mary of Austria (15 September 1505 – 18 October 1558), also known as Mary of Hungary, was queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the wife of King Louis II, and was later governor of the Habsburg Netherlands.
See Reformation and Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567.
See Reformation and Mary, Queen of Scots
Mass (liturgy)
Mass is the main Eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity.
See Reformation and Mass (liturgy)
Mass in the Catholic Church
The Mass is the central liturgical service of the Eucharist in the Catholic Church, in which bread and wine are consecrated and become the body and blood of Christ.
See Reformation and Mass in the Catholic Church
Massachusetts Bay Colony
The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691), more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around the Massachusetts Bay, one of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
See Reformation and Massachusetts Bay Colony
Massacre of the Innocents
The Massacre (or Slaughter) of the Innocents is a biblical story, recounted in the Nativity narrative of the Gospel of Matthew (2:16–18) in which Herod the Great, king of Judea, orders the execution of all male children who are two years old and under in the vicinity of Bethlehem.
See Reformation and Massacre of the Innocents
Massacre of Vassy
The Massacre of Vassy (massacre de Wassy) was the murder of Huguenot worshippers and citizens in an armed action by troops of the Duke of Guise, in Wassy, France on 1 March 1562.
See Reformation and Massacre of Vassy
Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg
Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg (1469 – 30 March 1540) was a statesman of the Holy Roman Empire, a Cardinal and Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1519 to 1540.
See Reformation and Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg
Matthew 16:19
Matthew 16:19 is the nineteenth verse in sixteenth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
See Reformation and Matthew 16:19
Matthew 5:21
Matthew 5:21 is the twenty-first verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount.
See Reformation and Matthew 5:21
Matthias Flacius
Matthias Flacius Illyricus (Latin; Matija Vlačić Ilirik) or Francovich (Franković) (3 March 1520 – 11 March 1575) was a Lutheran reformer from Istria, present-day Croatia.
See Reformation and Matthias Flacius
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
Matthias (24 February 1557 – 20 March 1619) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612 to 1619, Archduke of Austria from 1608 to 1619, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1608 to 1618 and King of Bohemia from 1611 to 1617.
See Reformation and Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
Maurice, Elector of Saxony
Maurice (21 March 1521 – 9 July 1553) was Duke (1541–47) and later Elector (1547–53) of Saxony.
See Reformation and Maurice, Elector of Saxony
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death in 1576.
See Reformation and Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
Münster
Münster (Mönster) is an independent city (Kreisfreie Stadt) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Meistersinger
A (German for "master singer") was a member of a German guild for lyric poetry, composition and unaccompanied art song of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.
See Reformation and Meistersinger
Melchior Hoffman
Melchior Hoffman (or Hofmann c. 1495c. 1543) was a German Anabaptist, radical lay preacher and reformer in northern Europe.
See Reformation and Melchior Hoffman
Memmingen
Memmingen (Swabian: Memmenge) is a town in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.
Memorialism
Memorialism is the belief held by some Christian denominations that the elements of bread and wine (or juice) in the Eucharist (more often referred to as "the Lord's Supper" by memorialists) are purely symbolic representations of the body and blood of Jesus Christ, the feast being established only or primarily as a commemorative ceremony.
See Reformation and Memorialism
Menno Simons
Menno Simons (1496 – 31 January 1561) was a Roman Catholic priest from the Friesland region of the Low Countries who was excommunicated from the Catholic Church and became an influential Anabaptist religious leader.
See Reformation and Menno Simons
Mennonites
Mennonites are a group of Anabaptist Christian communities tracing their roots to the epoch of the Radical Reformation.
See Reformation and Mennonites
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.
See Reformation and Mercantilism
Merit (Christianity)
In Christian theology, merit (Latin: meritum) is a good work done that is "seen to have a claim to a future reward from a graceful God".
See Reformation and Merit (Christianity)
Metaphysical poets
The term Metaphysical poets was coined by the critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of 17th-century English poets whose work was characterised by the inventive use of conceits, and by a greater emphasis on the spoken rather than lyrical quality of their verse.
See Reformation and Metaphysical poets
Metrical psalter
A metrical psalter is a kind of Bible translation: a book containing a verse translation of all or part of the Book of Psalms in vernacular poetry, meant to be sung as hymns in a church.
See Reformation and Metrical psalter
Michael Sattler
Michael Sattler (1490 – 20 May 1527) was a monk who left the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation to become one of the early leaders of the Anabaptist movement.
See Reformation and Michael Sattler
Michael Servetus
Michael Servetus (Miguel Serveto; Michel Servet; also known as Miguel Servet, Miguel de Villanueva, Revés, or Michel de Villeneuve; 29 September 1509 or 1511 – 27 October 1553) was a Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer, and Renaissance humanist.
See Reformation and Michael Servetus
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
See Reformation and Middle Ages
Mikael Agricola
Mikael Agricola (c. 1510 – 9 April 1557) was a Finnish Lutheran clergyman who became the de facto founder of literary Finnish and a prominent proponent of the Protestant Reformation in Sweden, including Finland, which was a Swedish territory at the time.
See Reformation and Mikael Agricola
Mikulov
Mikulov (Nikolsburg; ניקאלשבורג, Nikolshburg) is a town in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic.
Millenarianism
Millenarianism or millenarism is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming fundamental transformation of society, after which "all things will be changed".
See Reformation and Millenarianism
Minister (Christianity)
In Christianity, a minister is a person authorised by a church or other religious organization to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such as weddings, baptisms or funerals; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community.
See Reformation and Minister (Christianity)
Mixed government
Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, ostensibly making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived in Aristotle's ''Politics'' as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny.
See Reformation and Mixed government
Modern era
The modern era or the modern period is considered the current historical period of human history.
See Reformation and Modern era
Modern Greek
Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά, Néa Elliniká, or Κοινή Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα, Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (Ελληνικά, italic), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the language sometimes referred to as Standard Modern Greek.
See Reformation and Modern Greek
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the form of government used by the United Kingdom by which a hereditary monarch reigns as the head of state, with their powers regulated by the British Constitution.
See Reformation and Monarchy of the United Kingdom
Moors
The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
Moses
Moses; Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ); Mūše; Mūsā; Mōÿsēs was a Hebrew prophet, teacher and leader, according to Abrahamic tradition.
Movable type
Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks) usually on the medium of paper.
See Reformation and Movable type
Nativity of Jesus
The nativity of Jesus, nativity of Christ, birth of Jesus or birth of Christ is documented in the biblical gospels of Luke and Matthew.
See Reformation and Nativity of Jesus
Nördlingen
Nördlingen (Swabian: Nearle or Nearleng) is a town in the Donau-Ries district, in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, with a population of approximately 20,674.
See Reformation and Nördlingen
New Jerusalem
In the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible, New Jerusalem (YHWH šāmmā, YHWH there") is Ezekiel's prophetic vision of a city centered on the rebuilt Holy Temple, the Third Temple, to be established in Jerusalem, which would be the capital of the Messianic Kingdom, the meeting place of the twelve tribes of Israel, during the Messianic era.
See Reformation and New Jerusalem
New Testament
The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.
See Reformation and New Testament
Nicene Creed
The Nicene Creed (Sýmvolon tis Nikéas), also called the Creed of Constantinople, is the defining statement of belief of mainstream Christianity and in those Christian denominations that adhere to it.
See Reformation and Nicene Creed
Nicholas of Cusa
Nicholas of Cusa (1401 – 11 August 1464), also referred to as Nicholas of Kues and Nicolaus Cusanus, was a German Catholic cardinal and polymath active as a philosopher, theologian, jurist, mathematician and astronomer.
See Reformation and Nicholas of Cusa
Nicodemus
Nicodemus (Nikódēmos) is a New Testament figure venerated as a saint in a number of Christian traditions.
Nicolaus von Amsdorf
Nicolaus von Amsdorf (German: Nikolaus von Amsdorf, 3 December 1483 – 14 May 1565) was a German Lutheran theologian and an early Protestant reformer.
See Reformation and Nicolaus von Amsdorf
Ninety-five Theses
The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.
See Reformation and Ninety-five Theses
Nonresistance
Nonresistance (or non-resistance) is "the practice or principle of not resisting authority, even when it is unjustly exercised".
See Reformation and Nonresistance
Nontrinitarianism
Nontrinitarianism is a form of Christianity that rejects the mainstream Christian theology of the Trinity—the belief that God is three distinct hypostases or persons who are coeternal, coequal, and indivisibly united in one being, or essence (from the Ancient Greek). Certain religious groups that emerged during the Protestant Reformation have historically been known as antitrinitarian. Reformation and Nontrinitarianism are schisms in Christianity.
See Reformation and Nontrinitarianism
Noyon Cathedral
Noyon Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Noyon) is a Roman Catholic church and former cathedral, located in Noyon, France.
See Reformation and Noyon Cathedral
Nun
A nun is a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service and contemplation, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery or convent.
Occamism
Occamism (or Ockhamism) is the philosophical and theological teaching developed by William of Ockham (1285–1347) and his disciples, which had widespread currency in the 14th century.
Olaus Petri
Olof Persson, sometimes Petersson (6 January 1493 – 19 April 1552), better known under the Latin form of his name, Olaus Petri (or less commonly, Olavus Petri), was a clergyman, writer, judge, and major contributor to the Protestant Reformation in Sweden.
See Reformation and Olaus Petri
Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic is the first Slavic literary language.
See Reformation and Old Church Slavonic
Old St. Peter's Basilica
Old St.
See Reformation and Old St. Peter's Basilica
Old Swiss Confederacy
The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (cantons, German or), initially within the Holy Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Old Swiss Confederacy
Old Testament
The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.
See Reformation and Old Testament
On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae, praeludium Martini Lutheri, October 1520) was the second of the three major treatises published by Martin Luther in 1520, coming after the Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (August 1520) and before On the Freedom of a Christian (November 1520).
See Reformation and On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
On the Freedom of a Christian
On the Freedom of a Christian (Latin: "De Libertate Christiana"; German: "Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen"), sometimes also called A Treatise on Christian Liberty, was the third of Martin Luther’s major reforming treatises of 1520, appearing after his ''Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation'' (August 1520) and the work ''Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church'' (October 1520).
See Reformation and On the Freedom of a Christian
Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (postnominal abbr. OFMCap) is a religious order of Franciscan friars within the Catholic Church, one of three "First Orders" that reformed from the Franciscan Friars Minor Observant (OFMObs, now OFM), the other being the Conventuals (OFMConv).
See Reformation and Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
Original sin
Original sin is the Christian doctrine that holds that humans, through the act of birth, inherit a tainted nature with a proclivity to sinful conduct in need of regeneration.
See Reformation and Original sin
Orion Publishing Group
Orion Publishing Group Ltd.
See Reformation and Orion Publishing Group
Orlamünde
Orlamünde is a small town in the Saale-Holzland district, in Thuringia, Germany.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
See Reformation and Ottoman Empire
Oxford
Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Reformation and Oxford University Press
Pacifism
Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism (including conscription and mandatory military service) or violence.
Padua
Padua (Padova; Pàdova, Pàdoa or Pàoa) is a city and comune (municipality) in Veneto, northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Padua.
Pandemic
A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals.
Papal bull
A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Papal bull
Papal States
The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.
See Reformation and Papal States
Papal supremacy
Papal supremacy is the doctrine of the Catholic Church that the Pope, by reason of his office as Vicar of Christ, the visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful, and as pastor of the entire Catholic Church, has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered: that, in brief, "the Pope enjoys, by divine institution, supreme, full, immediate, and universal power in the care of souls." The doctrine had the most significance in the relationship between the church and the temporal state, in matters such as ecclesiastic privileges, the actions of monarchs and even successions.
See Reformation and Papal supremacy
Paper mill
A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags, and other ingredients.
See Reformation and Paper mill
Paraphrase mass
A paraphrase mass is a musical setting of the Ordinary of the Mass that uses as its basis an elaborated version of a cantus firmus, typically chosen from plainsong or some other sacred source.
See Reformation and Paraphrase mass
Parish (Catholic Church)
In the Catholic Church, a parish (parochia) is a stable community of the faithful within a particular church, whose pastoral care has been entrusted to a parish priest (Latin: parochus), under the authority of the diocesan bishop.
See Reformation and Parish (Catholic Church)
Parlement of Paris
The Parlement of Paris (Parlement de Paris) was the oldest parlement in the Kingdom of France, formed in the 14th century.
See Reformation and Parlement of Paris
Parliament of England
The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the Parliament of Great Britain.
See Reformation and Parliament of England
Parliament of Ireland
The Parliament of Ireland (Parlaimint na hÉireann) was the legislature of the Lordship of Ireland, and later the Kingdom of Ireland, from 1297 until the end of 1800.
See Reformation and Parliament of Ireland
Pastor
A pastor (abbreviated to "Pr" or "Ptr" (both singular), or "Ps" (plural)) is the leader of a Christian congregation who also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation.
Patrick Hamilton (martyr)
Patrick Hamilton (1504 – 29 February 1528) was a Scottish churchman and an early Protestant Reformer in Scotland.
See Reformation and Patrick Hamilton (martyr)
Paul the Apostle
Paul (Koinē Greek: Παῦλος, romanized: Paûlos), also named Saul of Tarsus (Aramaic: ܫܐܘܠ, romanized: Šāʾūl), commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle (AD) who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.
See Reformation and Paul the Apostle
Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg (Augsburger Frieden), also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 in the German city of Augsburg.
See Reformation and Peace of Augsburg
Peace of Passau
The Peace of Passau was an attempt to resolve religious tensions in the Holy Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Peace of Passau
Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia (Westfälischer Friede) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.
See Reformation and Peace of Westphalia
Pentapolitana
Pentapolitana (or rarely Pentapolis) was a league of towns in the Middle Ages of the five most important Hungarian royal free cities (Latin: libera regiae civitas, Hungarian: szabad királyi város, German: Königliche Freistadt; Slovak: slobodné kráľovské mesto) of the Kingdom of Hungary; Kassa (today Košice), Bártfa (Bardejov), Lőcse (Levoča), Eperjes (Prešov), and Kisszeben (Sabinov).
See Reformation and Pentapolitana
Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
Christians were persecuted throughout the Roman Empire, beginning in the 1st century AD and ending in the 4th century.
See Reformation and Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
Peter Martyr Vermigli
Peter Martyr Vermigli (8 September 149912 November 1562) was an Italian-born Reformed theologian.
See Reformation and Peter Martyr Vermigli
Peter Waldo
Peter Waldo (c. 1140 – c. 1205; also Valdo, Valdes, Waldes) was the leader of the Waldensians, a Christian spiritual movement of the Middle Ages.
See Reformation and Peter Waldo
Pharisees
The Pharisees (lit) were a Jewish social movement and a school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism.
Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567), nicknamed der Großmütige, was a German nobleman and champion of the Protestant Reformation, notable for being one of the most important of the early Protestant rulers in Germany.
See Reformation and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
Philip II of Spain
Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598.
See Reformation and Philip II of Spain
Philip Melanchthon
Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and influential designer of educational systems.
See Reformation and Philip Melanchthon
Philippe III de Croÿ
Philippe de Croÿ, 3rd Duke of Aarschot, 4th Prince of Chimay, Count of Porcean (Valenciennes, 10 July 1526Venice, 11 December 1595), was Stadtholder of Flanders, and inherited the estates of the ancient and wealthy family of Croÿ.
See Reformation and Philippe III de Croÿ
Philippists
The Philippists formed a party in early Lutheranism.
See Reformation and Philippists
Pińczów
Pińczów is a town in southern Poland, in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, about 40 km south of Kielce.
Pietism
Pietism, also known as Pietistic Lutheranism, is a movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with an emphasis on individual piety and living a holy Christian life.
Pilgrimage of Grace
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular revolt beginning in Yorkshire in October 1536, before spreading to other parts of Northern England including Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham and north Lancashire, under the leadership of Robert Aske.
See Reformation and Pilgrimage of Grace
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
The Pilgrims, also known as the Pilgrim Fathers, were the English settlers who traveled to North America on Mayflower and established the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts (John Smith had named this territory New Plymouth in 1620, sharing the name of the Pilgrims' final departure port of Plymouth, Devon).
See Reformation and Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
Pillory
The pillory is a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, used during the medieval and renaissance periods for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse.
Piotr of Goniądz
Piotr of Goniądz (Piotr z Goniądza,; Latin: Gonesius; c. 1525–1573) was a Polish political and religious writer, thinker and one of the spiritual leaders of the Polish Brethren.
See Reformation and Piotr of Goniądz
Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.
Plymouth Colony
Plymouth Colony (sometimes Plimouth) was the first permanent English colony in New England from 1620 and the third permanent English colony in America, after Newfoundland and the Jamestown Colony.
See Reformation and Plymouth Colony
Polish Brethren
The Polish Brethren (Polish: Bracia Polscy) were members of the Minor Reformed Church of Poland, a Nontrinitarian Protestant church that existed in Poland from 1565 to 1658.
See Reformation and Polish Brethren
Polish Reformed Church
The Polish Reformed Church, officially called the Evangelical Reformed Church in the Republic of Poland (Polish: Kościół Ewangelicko-Reformowany w RP) is a historic Calvinistic Protestant church in Poland established in the 16th century, still in existence today.
See Reformation and Polish Reformed Church
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
See Reformation and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
This is the 1519-1521 Polish-Teutonic War.
See Reformation and Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
Polygyny
Polygyny is a form of polygamy entailing the marriage of a man to several women.
Pope
The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.
Pope Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI (born Rodrigo de Borja; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503) (epithet: Valentinus ("The Valencian")) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent Borgia family in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain), Rodrigo studied law at the University of Bologna.
See Reformation and Pope Alexander VI
Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (Bonifatius PP.; born Benedetto Caetani; – 11 October 1303) was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 December 1294 until his death in 1303.
See Reformation and Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Clement VII
Pope Clement VII (Clemens VII; Clemente VII; born Giulio de' Medici; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534.
See Reformation and Pope Clement VII
Pope Gregory XI
Pope Gregory XI (Gregorius XI, born Pierre Roger de Beaufort; c. 1329 – 27 March 1378) was head of the Catholic Church from 30 December 1370 to his death, in March 1378.
See Reformation and Pope Gregory XI
Pope Innocent X
Pope Innocent X (Innocentius X; Innocenzo X; 6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 September 1644 to his death, in January 1655.
See Reformation and Pope Innocent X
Pope Julius II
Pope Julius II (Iulius II; Giulio II; born Giuliano della Rovere; 5 December 144321 February 1513) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to his death, in February 1513.
See Reformation and Pope Julius II
Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X (Leone X; born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, 11 December 14751 December 1521) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his death, in December 1521.
See Reformation and Pope Leo X
Pope Martin V
Pope Martin V (Martinus V; Martino V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431.
See Reformation and Pope Martin V
Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III (Paulus III; Paolo III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death, in November 1549.
See Reformation and Pope Paul III
Pope Paul IV
Pope Paul IV (Paulus IV; Paolo IV; 28 June 1476 – 18 August 1559), born Gian Pietro Carafa, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 May 1555 to his death, in August 1559.
See Reformation and Pope Paul IV
Pope Pius II
Pope Pius II (Pius PP., Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August 1458 to his death.
See Reformation and Pope Pius II
Pope Urban VI
Pope Urban VI (Urbanus VI; Urbano VI; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano, was head of the Catholic Church from 8 April 1378 to his death, in October 1389.
See Reformation and Pope Urban VI
Poverty reduction
Poverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty.
See Reformation and Poverty reduction
Prayer Book Rebellion
The Prayer Book Rebellion or Western Rising was a popular revolt in Cornwall and Devon in 1549.
See Reformation and Prayer Book Rebellion
Pre-Tridentine Mass
Pre-Tridentine Mass refers to the evolving and regional forms of the Catholic Mass in the West from antiquity to 1570.
See Reformation and Pre-Tridentine Mass
Predestination
Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul.
See Reformation and Predestination
Predestination in Calvinism
Predestination is a doctrine in Calvinism dealing with the question of the control that God exercises over the world.
See Reformation and Predestination in Calvinism
Prelate
A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Christian clergy who is an ordinary or who ranks in precedence with ordinaries.
Presbyterian Church of Wales
The Presbyterian Church of Wales (Eglwys Bresbyteraidd Cymru), also known as the Calvinistic Methodist Church (Yr Eglwys Fethodistaidd Galfinaidd), is a denomination of Protestant Christianity based in Wales.
See Reformation and Presbyterian Church of Wales
Presbyterian polity
Presbyterian (or presbyteral) polity is a method of church governance ("ecclesiastical polity") typified by the rule of assemblies of presbyters, or elders.
See Reformation and Presbyterian polity
Presbyterianism
Presbyterianism is a Reformed (Calvinist) Protestant tradition named for its form of church government by representative assemblies of elders.
See Reformation and Presbyterianism
Priesthood in the Catholic Church
The priesthood is the office of the ministers of religion, who have been commissioned ("ordained") with the Holy orders of the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Priesthood in the Catholic Church
Primož Trubar
Primož Trubar or Primus Truber (1508 – 28 June 1586) was a Slovene Protestant Reformer of the Lutheran tradition, mostly known as the author of the first Slovene language printed book, the founder and the first superintendent of the Protestant Church of the Duchy of Carniola, and for consolidating the Slovenian language.
See Reformation and Primož Trubar
Prince of Orange
Prince of Orange (or Princess of Orange if the holder is female) is a title associated with the sovereign Principality of Orange, in what is now southern France and subsequently held by the stadtholders of, and then the heirs apparent of, the Netherlands.
See Reformation and Prince of Orange
Prince-bishop
A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty, as opposed to Prince of the Church itself, a title associated with cardinals.
See Reformation and Prince-bishop
Prince-Bishopric of Münster
The Prince-Bishopric of Münster (Fürstbistum Münster, Bistum Münster or Hochstift Münster) was a large ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire, located in the northern part of today's North Rhine-Westphalia and western Lower Saxony.
See Reformation and Prince-Bishopric of Münster
Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg
The Prince-Bishopric of Strasburg (Fürstbistum Straßburg; Fìrschtbischofsìtz Strossburi(g)) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th century until 1803.
See Reformation and Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg
Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
The Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg (Fürstbistum Würzburg; Hochstift Würzburg) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire located in Lower Franconia, west of the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg.
See Reformation and Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
Prince-elector
The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Prince-elector
Principality of Ansbach
The Principality or Margraviate of (Brandenburg) Ansbach (Fürstentum Ansbach or Markgrafschaft Brandenburg-Ansbach) was a free imperial principality in the Holy Roman Empire centered on the Franconian city of Ansbach.
See Reformation and Principality of Ansbach
Principality of Bayreuth
The Principality of Bayreuth (Fürstentum Bayreuth) or Margraviate of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (Markgraftum Brandenburg-Bayreuth) was an immediate territory of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by a Franconian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty.
See Reformation and Principality of Bayreuth
Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
The Principality of Transylvania (Erdélyi Fejedelemség; Principatus Transsilvaniae; Fürstentum Siebenbürgen; Principatul Transilvaniei / Principatul Ardealului; Erdel Voyvodalığı / Transilvanya Prensliği) was a semi-independent state ruled primarily by Hungarian princes.
See Reformation and Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
Printing press
A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.
See Reformation and Printing press
Prooftext
A proof text is a passage of scripture presented as proof for a theological doctrine, belief, or principle.
Protestant Reformers
Protestant Reformers were theologians whose careers, works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.
See Reformation and Protestant Reformers
Protestant work ethic
The Protestant work ethic, also known as the Calvinist work ethic or the Puritan work ethic, is a work ethic concept in sociology, economics, and history.
See Reformation and Protestant work ethic
Protestation at Speyer
On 19 April 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban of Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.
See Reformation and Protestation at Speyer
Pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary circulation is a division of the circulatory system in all vertebrates.
See Reformation and Pulmonary circulation
Puritans
The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to rid the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant.
Quakers
Quakers are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations.
Queen consort
A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status.
See Reformation and Queen consort
Radical Reformation
The Radical Reformation represented a response to perceived corruption both in the Catholic Church and in the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others. Reformation and Radical Reformation are Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Radical Reformation
Rafał Leszczyński (1526–1592)
Rafał Leszczyński (1526–1592), of Wieniawa coat of arms, was a voivode of Brześć Kujawski from 1545 to 1550; castellan of Śrem in 1580, starost of Radziejów, sejm marshal, one of the leaders of the Executionist movement and Polish Reformation.
See Reformation and Rafał Leszczyński (1526–1592)
Rebaptism
Rebaptism in Christianity is the baptism of a person who has previously been baptized, usually in association with a denomination that does not recognize the validity of the previous baptism.
Recusancy
Recusancy (from translation) was the state of those who remained loyal to the Catholic Church and refused to attend Church of England services after the English Reformation.
Reformed Christianity
Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.
See Reformation and Reformed Christianity
Reformed Church of France
The Reformed Church of France (Église réformée de France, ERF) was the main Protestant denomination in France with a Calvinist orientation that could be traced back directly to John Calvin.
See Reformation and Reformed Church of France
Reginald Pole
Reginald Pole (12 March 1500 – 17 November 1558) was an English cardinal and the last Catholic archbishop of Canterbury, holding the office from 1556 to 1558, during the Counter-Reformation.
See Reformation and Reginald Pole
Relic
In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past.
Religious order (Catholic)
In the Catholic Church, a religious order is a community of consecrated life with members that profess solemn vows.
See Reformation and Religious order (Catholic)
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
See Reformation and Renaissance
Renaissance humanism
Renaissance humanism was a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of Classical antiquity.
See Reformation and Renaissance humanism
Requiem
A Requiem (Latin: rest) or Requiem Mass, also known as Mass for the dead (Missa pro defunctis) or Mass of the dead (Missa defunctorum), is a Mass of the Catholic Church offered for the repose of the soul or souls of one or more deceased persons, using a particular form of the Roman Missal.
Reutlingen
Reutlingen (Swabian: Reitlenga) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
See Reformation and Reutlingen
Revelation
In religion and theology, revelation (or divine revelation) is the disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity (god) or other supernatural entity or entities.
See Reformation and Revelation
Rhineland
The Rhineland (Rheinland; Rhénanie; Rijnland; Rhingland; Latinised name: Rhenania) is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.
Richard Davies (bishop)
Richard Davies (c. 15057 November 1581) was a Welsh bishop and scholar.
See Reformation and Richard Davies (bishop)
Riksdag
The Riksdag (also riksdagen or Sveriges riksdag) is the legislature and the supreme decision-making body of the Kingdom of Sweden.
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
The rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality (Turkish: Osmanlı Beyliği) in, and ended.
See Reformation and Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Robert Barnes (martyr)
Robert Barnes (– 30 July 1540) was an English reformer and martyr.
See Reformation and Robert Barnes (martyr)
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan
The Archdiocese of Milan (Arcidiocesi di Milano; Archidioecesis Mediolanensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Italy which covers the areas of Milan, Monza, Lecco and Varese.
See Reformation and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienne
The Archbishopric of Vienne, named after its episcopal seat in Vienne in the Isère département of southern France, was a metropolitan Roman Catholic archdiocese.
See Reformation and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienne
Roman Catholic Diocese of Halberstadt
The Diocese of Halberstadt was a Roman Catholic diocese (Bistum Halberstadt) from 804 until 1648.
See Reformation and Roman Catholic Diocese of Halberstadt
Roman Catholic Diocese of Meaux
The Diocese of Meaux (Latin: Dioecesis Meldensis; French: Diocèse de Meaux) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in France.
See Reformation and Roman Catholic Diocese of Meaux
Roman Curia
The Roman Curia (Romana Curia) comprises the administrative institutions of the Holy See and the central body through which the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church are conducted.
See Reformation and Roman Curia
Romanesque art
Romanesque art is the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 12th century, or later depending on region.
See Reformation and Romanesque art
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
Royal Prussia
Royal Prussia (Prusy Królewskie; Königlich-Preußen or Preußen Königlichen Anteils, Królewsczé Prësë) or Polish PrussiaAnton Friedrich Büsching, Patrick Murdoch.
See Reformation and Royal Prussia
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608).
See Reformation and Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Sack of Antwerp
The sack of Antwerp, often known as the Spanish Fury at Antwerp, was an episode of the Eighty Years' War.
See Reformation and Sack of Antwerp
Sack of Rome (1527)
The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of Rome on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, during the War of the League of Cognac.
See Reformation and Sack of Rome (1527)
Sacrament of Penance
The Sacrament of Penance (also commonly called the Sacrament of Reconciliation or Confession) is one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church (known in Eastern Christianity as sacred mysteries), in which the faithful are absolved from sins committed after baptism and reconciled with the Christian community.
See Reformation and Sacrament of Penance
Sacramental bread
Sacramental bread, also called Communion bread, Communion wafer, Sacred host, Eucharistic bread, the Lamb or simply the host (lit), is the bread used in the Christian ritual of the Eucharist.
See Reformation and Sacramental bread
Sacramental union
Sacramental union (Latin: unio sacramentalis; Martin Luther's German: Sacramentliche Einigkeit;Weimar Ausgabe 26, 442.23; Luther's Works 37, 299-300. German: sakramentalische Vereinigung) is the Lutheran theological doctrine of the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Christian Eucharist (see Eucharist in Lutheranism).
See Reformation and Sacramental union
Sacramental wine
Sacramental wine, Communion wine, altar wine, or wine for consecration is wine obtained from grapes and intended for use in celebration of the Eucharist (also referred to as the Lord's Supper or Holy Communion, among other names).
See Reformation and Sacramental wine
Sacramentarians
The Sacramentarians were Christians during the Protestant Reformation who denied not only the Roman Catholic transubstantiation but also the Lutheran sacramental union (as well as similar doctrines such as consubstantiation). Reformation and Sacramentarians are Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Sacramentarians
Sacred language
A sacred language, holy language or liturgical language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like Mosque service) by people who speak another, primary language (like Persian, Urdu, Pashtu, Balochi, Sindhi etc.) in their daily lives.
See Reformation and Sacred language
Sacred tradition
Sacred tradition, also called holy tradition or apostolic tradition, is a theological term used in Christian theology.
See Reformation and Sacred tradition
Salvation in Christianity
In Christianity, salvation (also called deliverance or redemption) is the saving of human beings from sin and its consequences—which include death and separation from God—by Christ's death and resurrection, and the justification entailed by this salvation.
See Reformation and Salvation in Christianity
Satisfaction theory of atonement
The satisfaction theory of atonement is a theory in Catholic theology which holds that Jesus Christ redeemed humanity through making satisfaction for humankind's disobedience through his own supererogatory obedience.
See Reformation and Satisfaction theory of atonement
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.
See Reformation and Scandinavia
Schaffhausen
Schaffhausen (Schafuuse; Schaffhouse; Sciaffusa; Schaffusa), historically known in English as Shaffhouse, is a town with historic roots, a municipality in northern Switzerland, and the capital of the canton of the same name; it has an estimated population of 36,000 It is located right next to the shore of the High Rhine; it is one of four Swiss towns located on the northern side of the Rhine, along with italic, the historic italic, and italic.
See Reformation and Schaffhausen
Schleitheim
Schleitheim is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland, located directly on the border with Germany.
See Reformation and Schleitheim
Schleitheim Confession
The Schleitheim Confession was the most representative statement of Anabaptist principles, by a group of Swiss Anabaptists in 1527 in Schleitheim, Switzerland.
See Reformation and Schleitheim Confession
Schmalkaldic League
The Schmalkaldic League was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Reformation and Schmalkaldic League are Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Schmalkaldic League
Schmalkaldic War
The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg) was the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by the Duke of Alba and the Duke of Saxony, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.
See Reformation and Schmalkaldic War
Scholasticism
Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.
See Reformation and Scholasticism
Scottish Episcopal Church
The Scottish Episcopal Church (Eaglais Easbaigeach na h-Alba; Scots Episcopal(ian) Kirk) is the ecclesiastical province of the Anglican Communion in Scotland.
See Reformation and Scottish Episcopal Church
Scottish Reformation Parliament
The Scottish Reformation Parliament was the assembly elected in 1560 that passed legislation leading to the establishment of the Church of Scotland.
See Reformation and Scottish Reformation Parliament
Sebastian Castellio
Sebastian Castellio (also Sébastien Châteillon, Châtaillon, Castellión, and Castello; 1515 – 29 December 1563) was a French preacher and theologian; and one of the first Reformed Christian proponents of religious toleration, freedom of conscience and thought.
See Reformation and Sebastian Castellio
Sebastian Hofmeister
Sebastian Hofmeister (1476, Schaffhausen, Switzerland – June 26, 1533, Zofingen), known in writing as Oeconomus or Oikonomos, was a Swiss monk and religious Reformer who was prominent in early debates of the Reformation.
See Reformation and Sebastian Hofmeister
Sebastian Lotzer
Sebastian Lotzer (c. 1490 – after 1525) was born in Horb am Neckar.
See Reformation and Sebastian Lotzer
Second Coming
The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is the Christian belief that Jesus Christ will return to Earth after his ascension to Heaven (which is said to have occurred about two thousand years ago).
See Reformation and Second Coming
Second Vatican Council
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the or, was the 21st and most recent ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.
See Reformation and Second Vatican Council
Second War of Kappel
The Second War of Kappel (Zweiter Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1531 between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland.
See Reformation and Second War of Kappel
Secular clergy
In Christianity, the term secular clergy refers to deacons and priests who are not monastics or otherwise members of religious life.
See Reformation and Secular clergy
Sejm
The Sejm, officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland.
Seminary
A seminary, school of theology, theological college, or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called seminarians) in scripture and theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy, in academics, or mostly in Christian ministry.
Senate of Poland
The Senate (Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the Sejm.
See Reformation and Senate of Poland
Separation of church and state
The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state.
See Reformation and Separation of church and state
Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually law-making, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinguishable and articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each.
See Reformation and Separation of powers
Septuagint
The Septuagint, sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta), and often abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew.
See Reformation and Septuagint
Sequence (musical form)
A sequence (Latin: sequentia, plural: sequentiae) is a chant or hymn sung or recited during the liturgical celebration of the Eucharist for many Christian denominations, before the proclamation of the Gospel.
See Reformation and Sequence (musical form)
Sermon on the Mount
The Sermon on the Mount (anglicized from the Matthean Vulgate Latin section title: Sermo in monte) is a collection of sayings spoken by Jesus of Nazareth found in the Gospel of Matthew (chapters 5, 6, and 7).
See Reformation and Sermon on the Mount
Seven deadly sins
The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, function as a grouping and classification of major vices within the teachings in Christianity and Islam.
See Reformation and Seven deadly sins
Seville
Seville (Sevilla) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville.
Shrine
A shrine (scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: escrin "box or case") is a sacred space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they are venerated or worshipped.
Shunning
Shunning can be the act of social rejection, or emotional distance.
Sibiu
Sibiu (Hermannstadt, Cibinium, Transylvanian Saxon: Härmeschtat or Hermestatt, Nagyszeben) is a middle-sized, well-preserved fortified medieval town in central Romania, situated in the historical region of Transylvania (Transilvania, Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien). Located some north-west of Bucharest, the town straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the Olt River.
Sigismund I the Old
Sigismund I the Old (Zygmunt I Stary, Žygimantas II Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548.
See Reformation and Sigismund I the Old
Sigismund II Augustus
Sigismund II Augustus (Zygmunt II August, Žygimantas Augustas; 1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548.
See Reformation and Sigismund II Augustus
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 – 9 December 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his death in 1437.
See Reformation and Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Slavkov u Brna
Slavkov u Brna (Austerlitz) is a town in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic.
See Reformation and Slavkov u Brna
Slovene language
Slovene or Slovenian (slovenščina) is a South Slavic language of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.
See Reformation and Slovene language
Slovenes
The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians (Slovenci), are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia, and adjacent regions in Italy, Austria and Hungary.
Social history
Social history, often called "history from below", is a field of history that looks at the lived experience of the past.
See Reformation and Social history
Socinianism
Socinianism is a Nontrinitarian Christian belief system developed and co-founded during the Protestant Reformation by the Italian Renaissance humanists and theologians Lelio Sozzini (Latin: Laelius Socinus) and Fausto Sozzini (Latin: Faustus Socinus), uncle and nephew, respectively.
See Reformation and Socinianism
Sola fide
Justificatio sola fide (or simply sola fide), meaning justification by faith alone, is a soteriological doctrine in Christian theology commonly held to distinguish the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Protestantism, among others, from the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian and Anabaptist churches.
Sola scriptura
Sola scriptura (Latin for 'by scripture alone') is a Christian theological doctrine held by most Protestant Christian denominations, in particular the Lutheran and Reformed traditions, that posits the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.
See Reformation and Sola scriptura
Souterliedekens
The Souterliedekens (literal: Psalter-songs) is a Dutch metrical psalter, published in 1540 in Antwerp, and which remained very popular throughout the century.
See Reformation and Souterliedekens
Spanish Inquisition
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.
See Reformation and Spanish Inquisition
Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Reformation and Spanish language
Spanish Netherlands
The Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols; Spanische Niederlande) (historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714.
See Reformation and Spanish Netherlands
Spiritual Exercises
The Spiritual Exercises (Exercitia spiritualia), composed 1522–1524, are a set of Christian meditations, contemplations, and prayers written by Ignatius of Loyola, a 16th-century Spanish Catholic priest, theologian, and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).
See Reformation and Spiritual Exercises
Spirituali
The Spirituali were members of a reform movement within the Catholic Church, which existed from the 1530s to the 1560s. Reformation and Spirituali are Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Spirituali
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
The St. Reformation and St. Bartholomew's Day massacre are Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
St. Gallen
St.
See Reformation and St. Gallen
St. Peter's Basilica
The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican (Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica (Basilica Sancti Petri; Basilica di San Pietro), is a church of the Italian High Renaissance located in Vatican City, an independent microstate enclaved within the city of Rome, Italy.
See Reformation and St. Peter's Basilica
Stained glass
Stained glass is coloured glass as a material or works created from it.
See Reformation and Stained glass
State of the Teutonic Order
The State of the Teutonic Order (Civitas Ordinis Theutonici) was a theocratic state located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. It was formed by the knights of the Teutonic Order during the early 13th century Northern Crusades in the region of Prussia. In 1237, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword merged with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as its branch — the Livonian Order (while their state, Terra Mariana, covering present-day Estonia and Latvia, became part of the State of the Teutonic Order).
See Reformation and State of the Teutonic Order
State religion
A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.
See Reformation and State religion
Stephen Bocskai
Stephen Bocskai or Bocskay (Bocskai István, Štefan Bočkaj; 1 January 155729 December 1606) was Prince of Transylvania and Hungary from 1605 to 1606.
See Reformation and Stephen Bocskai
Strasbourg
Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.
See Reformation and Strasbourg
Strasbourg Cathedral
Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, or Cathédrale de Strasbourg, Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg), also known as Strasbourg Minster (Straßburger Münster), is a Catholic cathedral in Strasbourg, Alsace, France.
See Reformation and Strasbourg Cathedral
Surplice
A surplice (Late Latin superpelliceum, from super, "over" and pellicia, "fur garment") is a liturgical vestment of Western Christianity.
Swabian League
The Swabian League (Schwäbischer Bund) was a military alliance of imperial estates – imperial cities, prelates, principalities and knights – principally in the territory of the early medieval stem duchy of Swabia established in 1488.
See Reformation and Swabian League
Swedish War of Liberation
The Swedish War of Liberation (1521–1523; lit), also known as Gustav Vasa's Rebellion and the Swedish War of Secession, was a significant historical event in Sweden.
See Reformation and Swedish War of Liberation
Sylvester Mazzolini
Sylvester Mazzolini, in Italian Silvestro Mazzolini da Prierio, in Latin Sylvester Prierias (1456/1457–1527), was a theologian born at Priero, Piedmont; he died at Rome.
See Reformation and Sylvester Mazzolini
Synod of Dort
The Synod of Dort (also known as the Synod of Dordt or the Synod of Dordrecht) was a European transnational Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618–1619, by the Dutch Reformed Church, to settle a divisive controversy caused by the rise of Arminianism.
See Reformation and Synod of Dort
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
Szlachta
The szlachta (Polish:; Lithuanian: šlėkta) were the noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and, as a social class, dominated those states by exercising political rights and power.
Taborites
The Taborites (Táborité, singular Táborita), known by their enemies as the Picards, were a faction within the Hussite movement in the medieval Lands of the Bohemian Crown.
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
See Reformation and Taylor & Francis
Tábor
Tábor (Tabor) is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.
Ten Commandments
The Ten Commandments (עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדְּבָרִים|ʿĂsereṯ haDəḇārīm|The Ten Words), or the Decalogue (from Latin decalogus, from Ancient Greek label), are religious and ethical directives, structured as a covenant document, that, according to the Hebrew Bible, are given by Yahweh to Moses.
See Reformation and Ten Commandments
Tetrapolitan Confession
The Tetrapolitan Confession (Confessio Tetrapolitana, Vierstädtebekenntnis), also called the Strasbourg Confession or Swabian Confession, was an early Protestant confession of faith drawn up by Martin Bucer and Wolfgang Capito and presented to the Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg on 9 July 1530 on behalf of the four south German cities of Konstanz, Lindau, Memmingen and Strasbourg.
See Reformation and Tetrapolitan Confession
Teutonic Order
The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
See Reformation and Teutonic Order
Textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts (mss) or of printed books.
See Reformation and Textual criticism
The Economic Journal
The Economic Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal of economics published on behalf of the Royal Economic Society by Oxford University Press.
See Reformation and The Economic Journal
The Pale
The Pale (Irish: An Pháil) or the English Pale (An Pháil Shasanach or An Ghalltacht) was the part of Ireland directly under the control of the English government in the Late Middle Ages.
The Sheep and the Goats
The Sheep and the Goats or "the Judgement of the Nations" is a pronouncement of Jesus recorded in chapter 25 of the Gospel of Matthew, although unlike most parables it does not purport to relate a story of events happening to other characters.
See Reformation and The Sheep and the Goats
Theatines
The Theatines, officially named the Congregation of Clerics Regular (Ordo Clericorum Regularium; abbreviated CR), is a Catholic order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men founded by Archbishop Gian Pietro Carafa on 14 September 1524.
Theodore Beza
Theodore Beza (Theodorus Beza; Théodore de Bèze or de Besze; June 24, 1519 – October 13, 1605) was a French Calvinist Protestant theologian, reformer and scholar who played an important role in the Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Theodore Beza
Theology
Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.
Theology of the Cross
The theology of the Cross (Latin: Theologia Crucis, Kreuzestheologie) or staurology (from Greek stauros: cross, and -logy: "the study of") is a term coined by the German theologian Martin Luther to refer to theology that posits "the cross" (that is, divine self-revelation) as the only source of knowledge concerning who God is and how God saves.
See Reformation and Theology of the Cross
Third Succession Act
The Third Succession Act of King Henry VIII's reign, passed by the Parliament of England, returned his daughters Mary and Elizabeth to the line of the succession behind their half-brother Edward.
See Reformation and Third Succession Act
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.
See Reformation and Thirty Years' War
Thirty-nine Articles
The Thirty-nine Articles of Religion (commonly abbreviated as the Thirty-nine Articles or the XXXIX Articles), finalised in 1571, are the historically defining statements of doctrines and practices of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation.
See Reformation and Thirty-nine Articles
Thomas Bilney
Thomas Bilney (149519 August 1531) was an English Christian martyr.
See Reformation and Thomas Bilney
Thomas Cajetan
Thomas Cajetan, OP (20 February 14699 August 1534), also known as Gaetanus, commonly Tommaso de Vio or Thomas de Vio, was an Italian philosopher, theologian, the Master of the Order of Preachers 1508 to 1518, and cardinal from 1517 until his death.
See Reformation and Thomas Cajetan
Thomas Cranmer
Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a British religious figure who was leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See.
See Reformation and Thomas Cranmer
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell (1485 – 28 July 1540), briefly Earl of Essex, was an English statesman and lawyer who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII from 1534 to 1540, when he was beheaded on orders of the king, who later blamed false charges for the execution.
See Reformation and Thomas Cromwell
Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare
Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare (1513 – 3 February 1537), also known as Silken Thomas (Irish: Tomás an tSíoda), was a leading figure in 16th-century Irish history.
See Reformation and Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare
Thomas Müntzer
Thomas Müntzer (– 27 May 1525) was a German preacher and theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Martin Luther and the Catholic Church led to his open defiance of late-feudal authority in central Germany.
See Reformation and Thomas Müntzer
Thomas Wolsey
Thomas Wolsey (– 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and Catholic cardinal.
See Reformation and Thomas Wolsey
Thuringia
Thuringia, officially the Free State of Thuringia, is a state of central Germany, covering, the sixth smallest of the sixteen German states.
Tithe
A tithe (from Old English: teogoþa "tenth") is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory tax to government.
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation) is the first of three tracts written by Martin Luther in 1520.
See Reformation and To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
Tournai
Tournai or Tournay (Doornik; Tornai; Tornè; Tornacum) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the Province of Hainaut, Belgium.
Transubstantiation
Transubstantiation (Latin: transubstantiatio; Greek: μετουσίωσις metousiosis) is, according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, "the change of the whole substance of bread into the substance of the Body of Christ and of the whole substance of wine into the substance of the Blood of Christ".
See Reformation and Transubstantiation
Transylvanian Saxons
The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjer Såksen or simply Soxen, singularly Sox or Soax; Transylvanian Landler: Soxn or Soxisch; Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; erdélyi szászok) are a people of mainly German ethnicity and overall Germanic origin —mostly Luxembourgish and from the Low Countries initially during the medieval Ostsiedlung process, then also from other parts of present-day Germany— who settled in Transylvania (Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, historically also Überwald, Transsilvania, Septem Castra or Septem Castrensis, Medieval Latin: Trānsylvānia) in various waves, starting from the mid and mid-late 12th century until the mid 19th century.
See Reformation and Transylvanian Saxons
Treasury of merit
The treasury of merit or treasury of the Church (thesaurus ecclesiae; θησαυρός, thesaurós, treasure; ἐκκλησία, ekklēsía‚ convening, congregation, parish) consists, according to Catholic belief, of the merits of Jesus Christ and his faithful, a treasury that because of the communion of saints benefits others too.
See Reformation and Treasury of merit
Treaty of Hampton Court (1562)
The Treaty of Hampton Court (also known as the Treaty of Richmond) was signed on 22 September 1562 between Queen Elizabeth and Huguenot leader Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé.
See Reformation and Treaty of Hampton Court (1562)
Treaty of Joinville
The Treaty of Joinville was signed in secret on 31 December 1584 by the Catholic League, led by France's first family of Catholic nobles, the House of Guise, and Habsburg Spain.
See Reformation and Treaty of Joinville
Treaty of Leipzig
The Treaty of Leipzig or Partition of Leipzig (German Leipziger Teilung) was signed on 11 November 1485 between Elector Ernest of Saxony and his younger brother Albert III, the sons of Elector Frederick II of Saxony from the House of Wettin.
See Reformation and Treaty of Leipzig
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.
See Reformation and Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Vienna (1606)
The Treaty of Vienna (also known as the Peace of Vienna) was signed on 23 June 1606 between Stephen Bocskay, Prince of Transylvania, and Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor.
See Reformation and Treaty of Vienna (1606)
Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from 'threefold') is the central doctrine concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three,, consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons (hypostases) sharing one essence/substance/nature (homoousion).
Twelve Articles
The Twelve Articles (German Zwölf Artikel) were part of the peasants' demands of the Swabian League during the German Peasants' War of 1525.
See Reformation and Twelve Articles
Two kingdoms doctrine
The two kingdoms doctrine is a Protestant Christian doctrine that teaches that God is the ruler of the whole world and that he.
See Reformation and Two kingdoms doctrine
Ulcer (dermatology)
An ulcer is a sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, accompanied by the disintegration of tissue.
See Reformation and Ulcer (dermatology)
Ulm
Ulm is the sixth-largest city of the southwestern German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with around 129,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 60th-largest city.
Unam sanctam
Unam sanctam is a papal bull that was issued by Pope Boniface VIII on 18 November 1302.
See Reformation and Unam sanctam
Unitarian Church of Transylvania
The Unitarian Church of Transylvania (Erdélyi Unitárius Egyház; Biserica Unitariană din Transilvania), also known as the Hungarian Unitarian Church (Magyar Unitárius Egyház; Biserica Unitariană Maghiară), is a Nontrinitarian Christian denomination of the Unitarian tradition, based in the city of Cluj, Transylvania, Romania.
See Reformation and Unitarian Church of Transylvania
Unitatis redintegratio
Unitatis redintegratio (Restoration of unity) is the Second Vatican Council's decree on ecumenism.
See Reformation and Unitatis redintegratio
United States Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence, formally titled The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in both the engrossed version and the original printing, is the founding document of the United States.
See Reformation and United States Declaration of Independence
Universalism
Universalism is the philosophical and theological concept that some ideas have universal application or applicability.
See Reformation and Universalism
University of Bourges
The University of Bourges (Université de Bourges) was a university located in Bourges, France.
See Reformation and University of Bourges
University of Mainz
The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) is a public research university in Mainz, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany.
See Reformation and University of Mainz
University of Marburg
The Philipps University of Marburg (Philipps-Universität Marburg) is a public research university located in Marburg, Germany.
See Reformation and University of Marburg
University of Orléans
The University of Orléans (Université d'Orléans) is a French university, in the Academy of Orléans and Tours.
See Reformation and University of Orléans
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England.
See Reformation and University of Oxford
University of Paris
The University of Paris (Université de Paris), known metonymically as the Sorbonne, was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution.
See Reformation and University of Paris
Upper Swabia
Upper Swabia (Oberschwaben or Schwäbisches Oberland) is a region in Germany in the federal states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.
See Reformation and Upper Swabia
Use of Sarum
The Use of Sarum (or Use of Salisbury, also known as the Sarum Rite) is the liturgical use of the Latin rites developed at Salisbury Cathedral and used from the late eleventh century until the English Reformation.
See Reformation and Use of Sarum
Utraquism
Utraquism (from the Latin sub utraque specie, meaning "under both kinds"), also called Calixtinism (from chalice; Latin: calix, borrowed from Greek kalyx, shell, husk; Czech: kališníci), was a belief amongst Hussites, a reformist Christian movement, that communion under both kinds (both bread and wine, as opposed to the bread alone) should be administered to the laity during the celebration of the Eucharist.
Valentinus (Gnostic)
Valentinus (–) was the best known and, for a time, most successful early Christian Gnostic theologian.
See Reformation and Valentinus (Gnostic)
Valladolid
Valladolid is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León.
See Reformation and Valladolid
Veneration
Veneration (veneratio; τιμάω), or veneration of saints, is the act of honoring a saint, a person who has been identified as having a high degree of sanctity or holiness.
See Reformation and Veneration
Via media
Via media is a Latin phrase meaning "the middle road" or the "way between (and avoiding or reconciling) two extremes".
Viðey
Viðey (sometimes anglicised as Videy) is the largest island of the Kollafjörður Bay in Iceland, near the capital of Reykjavík.
Viborg, Denmark
Viborg is a city in central Jutland, Denmark, the capital of both Viborg municipality and Region Midtjylland.
See Reformation and Viborg, Denmark
Vienne, Isère
Vienne (Vièna) is a town in southeastern France, located south of Lyon, at the confluence of the Gère and the Rhône.
See Reformation and Vienne, Isère
Viking Press
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House.
See Reformation and Viking Press
Vulgate
The Vulgate is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible.
Waldensian Evangelical Church
The Waldensian Evangelical Church (Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, CEV) is a Protestant denomination active in Italy and Switzerland that was independent until it united with the Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy in the Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches.
See Reformation and Waldensian Evangelical Church
Waldensians
The Waldensians, also known as Waldenses, Vallenses, Valdesi, or Vaudois, are adherents of a church tradition that began as an ascetic movement within Western Christianity before the Reformation.
See Reformation and Waldensians
Walloon language
Walloon (natively walon; wallon) is a Romance language that is spoken in much of Wallonia and, to a very small extent, in Brussels, Belgium; some villages near Givet, northern France; and a clutch of communities in northeastern Wisconsin, United States.
See Reformation and Walloon language
Walloons
Walloons (Wallons; Walons) are a Gallo-Romance ethnic group native to Wallonia and the immediate adjacent regions of Flanders, France, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
War of the League of Cognac
The War of the League of Cognac (1526–30) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
See Reformation and War of the League of Cognac
Warsaw Confederation
The Warsaw Confederation, signed on 28 January 1573 by the Polish national assembly (sejm konwokacyjny) in Warsaw, was one of the first European acts granting religious freedoms. Reformation and Warsaw Confederation are Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Warsaw Confederation
Wartburg
The Wartburg is a castle originally built in the Middle Ages.
Wassy
Wassy is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.
Welsh language
Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people.
See Reformation and Welsh language
Welsh people
The Welsh (Cymry) are an ethnic group native to Wales.
See Reformation and Welsh people
Wessel Gansfort
Wessel Harmensz Gansfort (1419 – 4 October 1489) was a theologian and early humanist of the northern Low Countries.
See Reformation and Wessel Gansfort
Western Alps
The Western Alps are the western part of the Alpine Range including the southeastern part of France (e.g. Savoie), the whole of Monaco, the northwestern part of Italy (i.e. Piedmont and the Aosta Valley) and the southwestern part of Switzerland (e.g. Valais).
See Reformation and Western Alps
Western Christianity
Western Christianity is one of two subdivisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other).
See Reformation and Western Christianity
Western Schism
The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Great Occidental Schism, the Schism of 1378, or the Great Schism, was a split within the Roman Catholic Church lasting from 20 September 1378 to 11 November 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and were eventually joined by a third line of Pisan claimants in 1409. Reformation and Western Schism are schisms from the Catholic Church and schisms in Christianity.
See Reformation and Western Schism
Wheel of the Year
The Wheel of the Year is an annual cycle of seasonal festivals, observed by a range of modern pagans, marking the year's chief solar events (solstices and equinoxes) and the midpoints between them.
See Reformation and Wheel of the Year
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
See Reformation and Wiley (publisher)
Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons.
See Reformation and Wiley-Blackwell
William Farel
William Farel (1489 – 13 September 1565), Guilhem Farel or Guillaume Farel, was a French evangelist, Protestant reformer and a founder of the Calvinist Church in the Principality of Neuchâtel, in the Republic of Geneva, and in Switzerland in the Canton of Bern and the (then occupied by Bern) Canton of Vaud.
See Reformation and William Farel
William the Silent
William the Silent or William the Taciturn (Willem de Zwijger; 24 April 153310 July 1584), more commonly known in the Netherlands as William of Orange (Willem van Oranje), was the leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648.
See Reformation and William the Silent
William Tyndale
William Tyndale (sometimes spelled Tynsdale, Tindall, Tindill, Tyndall; – October 1536) was an English biblical scholar and linguist who became a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation in the years leading up to his execution.
See Reformation and William Tyndale
Windesheim, Germany
Windesheim is a municipality in the district of Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.
See Reformation and Windesheim, Germany
Wissembourg
Wissembourg (South Franconian: Weisseburch; German: Weißenburg) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
See Reformation and Wissembourg
Witch-hunt
A witch-hunt, or a witch purge, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of witchcraft.
See Reformation and Witch-hunt
Wittenberg
Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is the fourth-largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
See Reformation and Wittenberg
Women in the Protestant Reformation
The status of Women in the Protestant Reformation was deeply influenced by Bible study, as the Reformation promoted literacy and Bible study in order to study God's will in what a society should look like. Reformation and Women in the Protestant Reformation are Protestant Reformation.
See Reformation and Women in the Protestant Reformation
Woodcut
Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking.
Worms, Germany
Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main.
See Reformation and Worms, Germany
Yale University Press
Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.
See Reformation and Yale University Press
Zion
Zion (צִיּוֹן Ṣīyyōn, LXX Σιών, also variously transliterated Sion, Tzion, Tsion, Tsiyyon) is a placename in the Hebrew Bible, often used as a synonym for Jerusalem as well as for the Land of Israel as a whole.
Zwickau prophets
The Zwickau prophets (Zwickauer Propheten, Zwickauer Storchianer) were three men of the Radical Reformation from Zwickau in the Electorate of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire who were possibly involved in a disturbance in nearby Wittenberg and its evolving Reformation in early 1522.
See Reformation and Zwickau prophets
16th century in literature
This article presents lists of literary events and publications in the 16th century.
See Reformation and 16th century in literature
See also
16th-century Lutheranism
- Abckiria
- Book of Concord
- Crypto-Calvinism
- Examination of the Council of Trent
- Icelandic Reformation
- Jeremias II of Constantinople
- Loci theologici
- Reformation
- Reformation in Denmark
- Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein
- Reformation in Germany
- Reformation in Norway
- Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary
- Swedish Reformation
Anti-Catholicism
- 26 Martyrs of Japan
- Algeciras church attacks
- Anti-Catholicism
- Anti-Catholicism in literature and media
- Anti-Christian sentiment
- Arsenite Schism
- Away from Rome!
- Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition
- Burning of convents in Spain (1931)
- Carbonari
- Catholic Persecution of 1801
- Christian fundamentalism
- Chute na santa incident
- Criticism of the Catholic Church
- Daniel Ortega
- Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions
- Elizabeth (film)
- Fumi-e
- Great Apostasy
- Historicism (Christianity)
- Jesuit conspiracy theories
- Michelade
- Monster of Ravenna
- Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
- Persecution of Catholics
- Pochvennichestvo
- Red Terror (Spain)
- Reformation
- Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche
- Serbian Honour (paramilitary organization)
- Slavophilia
- Strelnikoff Mary of Help of Brezje controversy
- The Callahans and the Murphys
- The Unholy (2021 film)
- Universal Church of the Kingdom of God
- Vatican conspiracy theories
- Whore of Babylon
- William Adams (samurai)
Protestant Reformation
- Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
- Bohemian Reformation
- Catacomb saints
- Crypto-Calvinism
- Crypto-Protestantism
- European City of the Reformation
- European wars of religion
- Five solae
- French Confession of Faith
- Iconoclasm
- List of states by the date of adoption of the Reformation
- Magisterial Reformation
- Monster of Ravenna
- Nicodemite
- Post tenebras lux
- Propaganda during the Reformation
- Protestant church music during and after the Reformation
- Radical Reformation
- Reformation
- Reformation Wall
- Sacramentarians
- Sandomierz Agreement
- Schmalkaldic League
- Siege of Steinvikholm (1537)
- Spirituali
- St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
- The Candle is Lighted, We Cannot Blow Out
- The Estates Revolt in Bohemia in 1547
- The Reformation: A History
- Warsaw Confederation
- Women in the Protestant Reformation
Schisms from the Catholic Church
- Écône consecrations
- Antipopes
- Arianism
- Civil Constitution of the Clergy
- Donatism
- East–West Schism
- Independent Catholicism
- Philippine Independent Church
- Protestant Reformation
- Reformation
- Schism of Montaner
- Western Schism
References
Also known as Age of Reformation, Causes of the Reformation, Christianity reforms, European Reformation, German Reformation, German Reformers, History of the Protestant Reformation, Lutheran Reformation, Protestant Reform, Protestant Reformation, Protestant Revolt, Protestant Revolution of 16th century, Protestant Revolution of the 16th century, Protestant movement, Reformation Era, Reformation Studies, Reformation in France, Reformation in Germany, Reformation, Protestant, Reformation., The Protestant Reformation, The Protestant Reformation and Germany, The Reformation.
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