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Richard Cobden

Index Richard Cobden

Richard Cobden (3 June 1804 – 2 April 1865) was an English manufacturer and Radical and Liberal statesman, associated with two major free trade campaigns, the Anti-Corn Law League and the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty. [1]

196 relations: Adam Smith, Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette, Alabama Claims, Alderman, Alexander Hamilton, Alexandra Palace, Algeria, Alton, Hampshire, American Civil War, Anne Cobden-Sanderson, Anthony Howe, Anti-Corn Law League, Anti-Russian sentiment, Asa Briggs, Austria, Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys, Bailiff, Balance of power (international relations), Baronet, Barrister, Benjamin Disraeli, Bolton, Brussels, Bury, Cabinet of the United Kingdom, Calico, Camden Town, Canada, Capital (economics), Cato Institute, Charles Pelham Villiers, Chartism, Chatham, Kent, Classical liberalism, Clitheroe, Cob Stenham, Cobden Bridge, Cobden Club, Cobden, Illinois, Cobden, Minnesota, Cobden, Ontario, Cobden, Victoria, Cobden–Chevalier Treaty, Cobdenism, Cocking, West Sussex, Comparative advantage, Confederate States of America, Corn Laws, County Court, Manchester, County Durham, ..., Crimean War, Dalton-in-Furness, Dame school, Darlington, David Urquhart, Eastcheap, Edinburgh, Edward Drummond, Egypt, Elections in the United Kingdom, England, English Channel, Ernest Bevin, Eugène Rouher, Feargus O'Connor, Foreign policy, France, Francis Wrigley Hirst, Frankfurt, Free trade, Friedrich List, George Combe, George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle, George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, Great Depression in the United Kingdom, Guangdong, Guangzhou, Hampshire, Harold Wilson, Harriet Martineau, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley, Heyshott, House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency), Imperialism, Islam, Italy, James Kershaw, Jane Cobden, John Bright, John Morley, John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Joseph Chamberlain, Karl Marx, Laissez-faire, Lancashire, Liberal Party (UK), Libertarianism, Liberty Fund, Listed building, Little Englander, Liverpool, London, London Institution, Lorcha (boat), Magistrate, Malt, Manchester, Manchester Athenaeum, Manchester Liberalism, Manchester Times, Manufacturing, Margaret Thatcher, Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, Member of parliament, Michel Chevalier, Midhurst, Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Mises Institute, Mornington Crescent tube station, Municipal corporation, Muslin, Napoleon III, Nelson, Lancashire, New York City, North Kensington, Ottoman Empire, Palestine (region), Paris, Parliament of the United Kingdom, Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden, Plenipotentiary, President of the Board of Trade, Privy council, Protectionism, Prussia, Pseudoscience, Quay Street, Queen Victoria, Radicals (UK), Ralph Raico, Reform Club, Richmond, London, Robert Peel, Rochdale, Rochdale (UK Parliament constituency), Ronald Reagan, Russia, Sabden, SAGE Publications, Salford, Greater Manchester, Second French Empire, Second Opium War, Second Peel ministry, Sheffield, Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea, Sir Edmund Beckett, 4th Baronet, Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet, Southampton, Spain, Speech from the throne, Stanley Baldwin, Stockport, Stockport (UK Parliament constituency), Sussex, T. J. Cobden-Sanderson, Teesdale, Thomas Bayley Potter, Thomas Fisher Unwin, Thomas Milner Gibson, Titus Salt, Turkey, Union (American Civil War), United Kingdom general election, 1841, United Kingdom general election, 1847, United Kingdom general election, 1857, United Kingdom general election, 1859, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United States, University of Cambridge, University of East Anglia, University of Oxford, Utopia, Vladimir Lenin, Vlks, Walter Sickert, West Lavington, West Sussex, West Meon, West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency), West Sussex, William Ewart Gladstone, William IV of the United Kingdom, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, Worthing. Expand index (146 more) »

Adam Smith

Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.

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Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette

Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette (8 April 1820 – 15 August 1874) was a French politician.

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Alabama Claims

The Alabama Claims were a series of demands for damages sought by the government of the United States from the United Kingdom in 1869, for the attacks upon Union merchant ships by Confederate Navy commerce raiders built in British shipyards during the American Civil War.

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Alderman

An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English law.

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Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757July 12, 1804) was a statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Alexandra Palace

Alexandra Palace is a Grade II listed entertainment and sports venue in London, located between Muswell Hill and Wood Green.

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Algeria

Algeria (الجزائر, familary Algerian Arabic الدزاير; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ; Dzayer; Algérie), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast.

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Alton, Hampshire

Alton is a market town and civil parish in Hampshire, England, near the source of the River Wey.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.

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Anne Cobden-Sanderson

Anne Cobden-Sanderson or Julia Sarah Anne Cobden (26 March 1853 – 2 November 1926) was a British socialist and suffragette.

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Anthony Howe

Anthony Howe (born 1954, Salt Lake City, Utah) is an American kinetic sculptor who creates wind-driven sculptures resembling pulsing, alien creatures and vortices.

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Anti-Corn Law League

The Anti-Corn Law League was a successful political movement in Great Britain aimed at the abolition of the unpopular Corn Laws, which protected landowners’ interests by levying taxes on imported wheat, thus raising the price of bread at a time when factory-owners were trying to cut wages.

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Anti-Russian sentiment

Anti-Russian sentiment or Russophobia is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, derision and/or prejudice of Russia, Russians or Russian culture.

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Asa Briggs

Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs (7 May 1921 – 15 March 2016) was an English historian.

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Austria

Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.

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Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys

Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys (19 November 1805 – 1 March 1881) was a French statesman and diplomat, born at Melun in the department of Seine et Marne.

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Bailiff

A bailiff (from Middle English baillif, Old French baillis, bail "custody, charge, office"; cf. bail, based on the adjectival form, baiulivus, of Latin bajulus, carrier, manager) is a manager, overseer or custodian; a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given.

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Balance of power (international relations)

The balance of power theory in international relations suggests that national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.

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Baronet

A baronet (or; abbreviated Bart or Bt) or the rare female equivalent, a baronetess (or; abbreviation Btss), is the holder of a baronetcy, an hereditary title awarded by the British Crown.

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Barrister

A barrister (also known as barrister-at-law or bar-at-law) is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions.

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Benjamin Disraeli

Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British statesman of the Conservative Party who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

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Bolton

Bolton (locally) is a town in Greater Manchester in North West England. A former mill town, Bolton has been a production centre for textiles since Flemish weavers settled in the area in the 14th century, introducing a wool and cotton-weaving tradition. The urbanisation and development of the town largely coincided with the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Bolton was a 19th-century boomtown, and at its zenith in 1929 its 216 cotton mills and 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres of cotton spinning in the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War, and by the 1980s cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in Bolton. Close to the West Pennine Moors, Bolton is northwest of Manchester. It is surrounded by several smaller towns and villages that together form the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, of which Bolton is the administrative centre. The town of Bolton has a population of 139,403, whilst the wider metropolitan borough has a population of 262,400. Historically part of Lancashire, Bolton originated as a small settlement in the moorland known as Bolton le Moors. In the English Civil War, the town was a Parliamentarian outpost in a staunchly Royalist region, and as a result was stormed by 3,000 Royalist troops led by Prince Rupert of the Rhine in 1644. In what became known as the Bolton Massacre, 1,600 residents were killed and 700 were taken prisoner. Bolton Wanderers football club play home games at the Macron Stadium and the WBA World light-welterweight champion Amir Khan was born in the town. Cultural interests include the Octagon Theatre and the Bolton Museum and Art Gallery, as well as one of the earliest public libraries established after the Public Libraries Act 1850.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Bury

Bury is a town in Greater Manchester, England, on the River Irwell east of Bolton, southwest of Rochdale and northwest of Manchester.

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Cabinet of the United Kingdom

The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the collective decision-making body of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom, composed of the Prime Minister and 21 cabinet ministers, the most senior of the government ministers.

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Calico

Calico (in British usage since 1505) is a plain-woven textile made from unbleached and often not fully processed cotton.

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Camden Town

Camden Town, often shortened to Camden (a term also used for the entire borough), is a district of north west London, England, located north of Charing Cross (walking distance).

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Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.

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Capital (economics)

In economics, capital consists of an asset that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work.

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Cato Institute

The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded as the Charles Koch Foundation in 1974 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, and Charles Koch, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the conglomerate Koch Industries.

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Charles Pelham Villiers

Charles Pelham Villiers (3 January 1802 – 16 January 1898) was a British lawyer and politician from the aristocratic Villiers family who sat in the House of Commons from 1835 to 1898, making him the longest-serving Member of Parliament (MP).

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Chartism

Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain that existed from 1838 to 1857.

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Chatham, Kent

Chatham is one of the Medway towns located within the Medway unitary authority, in North Kent, in South East England.

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Classical liberalism

Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties under the rule of law with an emphasis on economic freedom.

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Clitheroe

Clitheroe is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Ribble Valley, approximately northwest of Manchester, in Lancashire, England.

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Cob Stenham

Anthony William Paul Stenham (28 January 1932 – 22 October 2006), and named "Cob" after Richard Cobden, was a director of Unilever for sixteen years, the chairman of Ajro Wiggins Appleton from 1991 and on the board and latterly chairman of Telewest, for twelve years from 1994 to 2006.

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Cobden Bridge

Cobden Bridge is a major road bridge in Southampton, UK.

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Cobden Club

The Cobden Club was a political gentlemen's club in Kensal Town, London.

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Cobden, Illinois

Cobden is a village in Union County, Illinois, United States.

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Cobden, Minnesota

Cobden is a city in Brown County, Minnesota, United States.

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Cobden, Ontario

Cobden is a small community in the Township of Whitewater Region, in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada.

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Cobden, Victoria

Cobden is a town located 200 kilometres southwest of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia named in honour of Richard Cobden.

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Cobden–Chevalier Treaty

The Cobden–Chevalier Treaty was an Anglo-French free trade agreement signed between the United Kingdom and France on 23 January 1860.

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Cobdenism

Cobdenism refers to an economic ideology (and the associated popular movement) which perceives international free trade and a non-interventionist foreign policy as the key requirements for prosperity and world peace.

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Cocking, West Sussex

Cocking is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England.

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Comparative advantage

The law or principle of comparative advantage holds that under free trade, an agent will produce more of and consume less of a good for which they have a comparative advantage.

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Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865.

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Corn Laws

The Corn Laws were tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and grain ("corn") enforced in Great Britain between 1815 and 1846.

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County Court, Manchester

The County Court in Quay Street, Manchester, England, is a Georgian townhouse that functioned as the Manchester County Court from 1878 to 1990.

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County Durham

County Durham (locally) is a county in North East England.

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Crimean War

The Crimean War (or translation) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia.

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Dalton-in-Furness

Dalton-in-Furness is a small town of 8,125 people, north east of Barrow-in-Furness, in Cumbria, England.

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Dame school

A dame school was an early form of a private elementary school in English-speaking countries.

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Darlington

Darlington is a large market town in County Durham, in North East England.

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David Urquhart

David Urquhart (1 July 180516 May 1877) was a Scottish diplomat, writer and politician, serving as a Member of Parliament from 1847 to 1852.

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Eastcheap

Eastcheap is a street in central London that is a western continuation of Great Tower Street towards Monument junction.

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Edinburgh

Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann; Edinburgh) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.

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Edward Drummond

Edward Drummond (30 March 1792 – 25 January 1843) was a British civil servant, and was Personal Secretary to several British Prime Ministers.

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Egypt

Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.

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Elections in the United Kingdom

There are six types of elections in the United Kingdom: elections to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elections to devolved parliaments and assemblies, elections to the European Parliament, local elections, mayoral elections and Police and Crime Commissioner elections.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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English Channel

The English Channel (la Manche, "The Sleeve"; Ärmelkanal, "Sleeve Channel"; Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; Mor Bretannek, "Sea of Brittany"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.

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Ernest Bevin

Ernest Bevin (9 March 1881 – 14 April 1951) was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour politician.

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Eugène Rouher

Eugène Rouher (30 November 1814 – 3 February 1884) was a French statesman of the Second Empire.

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Feargus O'Connor

Feargus Edward O'Connor (18 July 1794 – 30 August 1855) was an Irish Chartist leader and advocate of the Land Plan, which sought to provide smallholdings for the labouring classes.

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Foreign policy

A country's foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Francis Wrigley Hirst

Francis Wrigley Hirst (10 June 1873 – 22 February 1953) was a British journalist, writer and editor of The Economist magazine.

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Frankfurt

Frankfurt, officially the City of Frankfurt am Main ("Frankfurt on the Main"), is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany.

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Free trade

Free trade is a free market policy followed by some international markets in which countries' governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries.

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Friedrich List

Georg Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German economist with dual American citizenship who developed the "National System", also known as the National System of Innovation.

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George Combe

George Combe (21 October 1788 – 14 August 1858) was a Scottish lawyer and the leader and spokesman of the phrenological movement for more than twenty years.

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George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle

George William Frederick Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle (18 April 1802– 5 December 1864), styled Viscount Morpeth from 1825 to 1848, was a British statesman, orator, and writer.

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George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon

George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, (24 October 1827 – 9 July 1909), styled Viscount Goderich from 1833 to 1859 and known as the Earl of Ripon in 1859 and as the Earl de Grey and Ripon from 1859 to 1871, was a British politician who served in every Liberal cabinet from 1861 until the year before his death, which took place forty-eight years later.

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Great Depression in the United Kingdom

The Great Depression in the United Kingdom, also known as the Great Slump, was a period of national economic downturn in the 1930s, which had its origins in the global Great Depression.

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Guangdong

Guangdong is a province in South China, located on the South China Sea coast.

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Guangzhou

Guangzhou, also known as Canton, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong.

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Hampshire

Hampshire (abbreviated Hants) is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom.

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Harold Wilson

James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was a British Labour politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and from 1974 to 1976.

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Harriet Martineau

Harriet Martineau (12 June 1802 – 27 June 1876) was a British social theorist and Whig writer, often cited as the first female sociologist.

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Henry Campbell-Bannerman

Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (7 September 183622 April 1908) was a British statesman of the Liberal Party who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1905 to 1908 and Leader of the Liberal Party from 1899 to 1908.

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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century.

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Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley

Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley (17 June 1804 – 15 July 1884), known as The Lord Cowley between 1847 and 1857, was a British diplomat.

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Heyshott

Heyshott is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England.

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House of Commons of the United Kingdom

The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)

Huddersfield is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1983 by Barry Sheerman of the Labour Co-operative Party (which denotes he is a member of the Labour Party and Co-operative Party, one of 38 current Labour MPs, and requires members to contribute practically to a cooperative business).

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Imperialism

Imperialism is a policy that involves a nation extending its power by the acquisition of lands by purchase, diplomacy or military force.

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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James Kershaw

James Kershaw (1795–1864) was a British cotton mill owner and Liberal MP, associated with the Anti-Corn Law League.

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Jane Cobden

Emma Jane Catherine Cobden (28 April 1851 – 7 July 1947), known as Jane Cobden, was a British Liberal politician who was active in many radical causes.

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John Bright

John Bright (16 November 1811 – 27 March 1889) was a British Radical and Liberal statesman, one of the greatest orators of his generation and a promoter of free trade policies.

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John Morley

John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, (24 December 1838 – 23 September 1923) was a British Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor.

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John Russell, 1st Earl Russell

John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878), known by his courtesy title Lord John Russell before 1861, was a leading Whig and Liberal politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on two occasions during the early Victorian era.

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Joseph Chamberlain

Joseph Chamberlain (8 July 1836 – 2 July 1914) was a British statesman who was first a radical Liberal, then, after opposing home rule for Ireland, a Liberal Unionist, and eventually served as a leading imperialist in coalition with the Conservatives.

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Karl Marx

Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.

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Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire (from) is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies.

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Lancashire

Lancashire (abbreviated Lancs.) is a county in north west England.

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Liberal Party (UK)

The Liberal Party was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom – with the opposing Conservative Party – in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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Libertarianism

Libertarianism (from libertas, meaning "freedom") is a collection of political philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core principle.

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Liberty Fund

Liberty Fund, Inc. is a nonprofit foundation headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana which promulgates the libertarian views of its founder, Pierre F. Goodrich through publishing, conferences, and educational resources.

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Listed building

A listed building, or listed structure, is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, Cadw in Wales, and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency in Northern Ireland.

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Little Englander

"Little Englander" is a term for English nationalists or English people who are described as xenophobic or overly nationalistic and are accused of being "ignorant" and "boorish".

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Liverpool

Liverpool is a city in North West England, with an estimated population of 491,500 in 2017.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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London Institution

The London Institution was an educational institution founded in London in 1806 (not to be confused with the British Institution for Promoting the Fine Arts in the United Kingdom founded the previous year, with which it shared some founders).

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Lorcha (boat)

The lorcha is a type of sailing vessel having a junk rig on a Portuguese or other European-style hull.

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Magistrate

The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law.

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Malt

Malt is germinated cereal grains that have been dried in a process known as "malting".

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Manchester

Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 530,300.

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Manchester Athenaeum

The Athenaeum in Princess Street Manchester, England, now part of Manchester Art Gallery, was originally a club built for the Manchester Athenaeum, a society for the "advancement and diffusion of knowledge", in 1837.

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Manchester Liberalism

Manchester Liberalism, Manchester School, Manchester Capitalism and Manchesterism are terms for the political, economic and social movements of the 19th century that originated in Manchester, England.

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Manchester Times

The Manchester Times was a weekly newspaper published in Manchester, England, from 1828 to 1922.

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Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.

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Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.

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Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha

Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, also spelled as Mehmed Emin Aali (March 5, 1815 – September 7, 1871) was a prominent Ottoman statesman during the Tanzimat period, best known as the architect of the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856, and for his role in the Treaty of Paris (1856) that ended the Crimean War.

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Member of parliament

A member of parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament.

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Michel Chevalier

Michel Chevalier (13 January 1806 – 18 November 1879) was a French engineer, statesman, economist and free market liberal.

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Midhurst

Midhurst (pronounced, or in the Sussex dialect: Medhas) is a market town and civil parish in West Sussex, England.

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Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the ministry in the government of France that handles France's foreign relations.

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Mises Institute

The Mises Institute, short name for Ludwig von Mises Institute for Austrian Economics, is a tax-exempt educative organization located in Auburn, Alabama, United States.

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Mornington Crescent tube station

Mornington Crescent is a London Underground station in Camden Town in north west London, named after the nearby street.

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Municipal corporation

A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to) cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs.

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Muslin

Muslin, also mousseline, is a cotton fabric of plain weave.

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Napoleon III

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.

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Nelson, Lancashire

Nelson is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England, with a population of 29,135 in 2011.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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North Kensington

North Kensington is an area of west London, England, north of Notting Hill and White City and south of Kensal Green, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Palestine (region)

Palestine (فلسطين,,; Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Palaestina; פלשתינה. Palestina) is a geographic region in Western Asia.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the UK Parliament or British Parliament, is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies and overseas territories.

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Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden

Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden, PC (18 July 1864 – 15 May 1937) was a British politician.

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Plenipotentiary

The word plenipotentiary (from the Latin plenus "full" and potens "powerful") has two meanings.

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President of the Board of Trade

The President of the Board of Trade is head of the Board of Trade.

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Privy council

A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government.

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Protectionism

Protectionism is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.

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Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual, but are incompatible with the scientific method.

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Quay Street

Quay Street is a street in the city centre of Manchester, England.

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Queen Victoria

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.

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Radicals (UK)

The Radicals were a loose parliamentary political grouping in Great Britain and Ireland in the early to mid-19th century, who drew on earlier ideas of radicalism and helped to transform the Whigs into the Liberal Party.

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Ralph Raico

Ralph Raico (October 23, 1936 – December 13, 2016) was an American libertarian historian of European liberalism and a professor of history at Buffalo State College.

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Reform Club

The Reform Club is a private members club on the south side of Pall Mall in central London.

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Richmond, London

Richmond is a suburban town in south-west London, The London Government Act 1963 (c.33) (as amended) categorises the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames as an Outer London borough.

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Robert Peel

Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, (5 February 17882 July 1850) was a British statesman of the Conservative Party who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1834–35 and 1841–46) and twice as Home Secretary (1822–27 and 1828–30).

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Rochdale

Rochdale is a town in Greater Manchester, England, at the foothills of the South Pennines on the River Roch, northwest of Oldham and northeast of Manchester.

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Rochdale (UK Parliament constituency)

Rochdale is a seat represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Sabden

Sabden is a medium-to-large village and civil parish in the Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England.

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SAGE Publications

SAGE Publishing is an independent publishing company founded in 1965 in New York by Sara Miller McCune and now based in California.

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Salford, Greater Manchester

Salford is a town in the City of Salford, North West England.

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Second French Empire

The French Second Empire (Second Empire) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

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Second Opium War

The Second Opium War (第二次鴉片戰爭), the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war pitting the United Kingdom and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China, lasting from 1856 to 1860.

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Second Peel ministry

The second Peel ministry was formed by Sir Robert Peel in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1841.

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Sheffield

Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England.

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Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea

Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea, PC (16 September 1810 – 2 August 1861) was an English statesman and a close ally and confidant of Florence Nightingale.

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Sir Edmund Beckett, 4th Baronet

Sir Edmund Beckett-Denison, 4th Baronet (28 January 1787 – 24 May 1874) was railway promoter and politician who was born at Gledhow Hall, in Leeds, on 29 January 1787.

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Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet

Sir James Robert George Graham, 2nd Baronet GCB PC (1 June 1792 – 25 October 1861) was a British statesman.

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Southampton

Southampton is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire, England.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Speech from the throne

A speech from the throne (or throne speech) is an event in certain monarchies in which the reigning sovereign, or a representative thereof, reads a prepared speech to members of the nation's legislature when a session is opened, outlining the government's agenda and focus for the forthcoming session; or in some cases, closed.

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Stanley Baldwin

Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, (3 August 186714 December 1947) was a British statesman of the Conservative Party who dominated the government in his country between the world wars.

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Stockport

Stockport is a large town in Greater Manchester, England, south-east of Manchester city centre, where the River Goyt and Tame merge to create the River Mersey.

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Stockport (UK Parliament constituency)

Stockport is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1992 by Ann Coffey, a member of the Labour Party.

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Sussex

Sussex, from the Old English Sūþsēaxe (South Saxons), is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex.

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T. J. Cobden-Sanderson

Thomas James Cobden-Sanderson (2 December 1840 – 7 September 1922) was an English artist and bookbinder associated with the Arts and Crafts movement.

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Teesdale

Teesdale is a dale, or valley, of the east side of the Pennines in County Durham, England.

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Thomas Bayley Potter

Thomas Bayley Potter DL, JP (29 November 1817 – 6 November 1898) was a British Liberal Party politician.

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Thomas Fisher Unwin

Thomas Fisher Unwin (24 January 1848 – 6 February 1935) was an English publisher who founded the publishing house T. Fisher Unwin in 1882.

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Thomas Milner Gibson

Thomas Milner Gibson PC (3 September 1806 – 25 February 1884) was a British politician.

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Titus Salt

Sir Titus Salt, 1st Baronet (20 September 1803 – 29 December 1876), born in Morley, near Leeds, was a manufacturer, politician, and philanthropist in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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Union (American Civil War)

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States of America and specifically to the national government of President Abraham Lincoln and the 20 free states, as well as 4 border and slave states (some with split governments and troops sent both north and south) that supported it.

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United Kingdom general election, 1841

In the 1841 United Kingdom general election, there was a big swing as Sir Robert Peel's Conservatives took control of the House of Commons.

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United Kingdom general election, 1847

The 1847 United Kingdom general election saw candidates calling themselves Conservatives win the most seats, in part because they won a number of uncontested seats.

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United Kingdom general election, 1857

In the 1857 United Kingdom general election, the Whigs, led by Lord Palmerston, finally won a majority in the House of Commons as the Conservative vote fell significantly.

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United Kingdom general election, 1859

In the 1859 United Kingdom general election, the Whigs, led by Lord Palmerston, held their majority in the House of Commons over the Earl of Derby's Conservatives.

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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.

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University of East Anglia

The University of East Anglia (abbreviated as UEA) is a public research university in Norwich, England.

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University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.

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Utopia

A utopia is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Vlks

Vlks are an alternative pop band from Chatham and London in England.

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Walter Sickert

Walter Richard Sickert (31 May 186022 January 1942) was an English painter and printmaker who was a member of the Camden Town Group in London.

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West Lavington, West Sussex

West Lavington is a village and civil parish on the edge of Midhurst in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England.

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West Meon

West Meon is a village and civil parish in Hampshire, England, with a population of 749 people as of the 2011 census.

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West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)

West Riding of Yorkshire was a parliamentary constituency in England from 1832 to 1865.

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West Sussex

West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex (with Brighton and Hove) to the east, Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north, and to the south the English Channel.

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William Ewart Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone, (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman of the Liberal Party.

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William IV of the United Kingdom

William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837.

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William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne

William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, (15 March 1779 – 24 November 1848) was a British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary (1830–1834) and Prime Minister (1834 and 1835–1841).

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Worthing

Worthing is a large seaside town in England, with borough status in West Sussex.

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A Manchester Manufacturer, Cobden, Richard.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden

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