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29 relations: ASTM International, Axe, Brinell scale, Bristol, Connecticut, Case-hardening, Ceramic, Connecticut, Dimensionless quantity, Engineering, Hardened steel, Hardness, Hardness comparison, Holger F. Struer, Indentation hardness, Instron, International Organization for Standardization, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Kilogram-force, Knoop hardness test, Leeb rebound hardness test, List of blade materials, Metallurgy, Meyer hardness test, Nondestructive testing, Sheet metal, Shore durometer, Tungsten carbide, Ultimate tensile strength, Vickers hardness test.
ASTM International
ASTM International is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services.
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Axe
An axe (British English or ax (American English; see spelling differences) is an implement that has been used for millennia to shape, split and cut wood; to harvest timber; as a weapon; and as a ceremonial or heraldic symbol. The axe has many forms and specialised uses but generally consists of an axe head with a handle, or helve. Before the modern axe, the stone-age hand axe was used from 1.5 million years BP without a handle. It was later fastened to a wooden handle. The earliest examples of handled axes have heads of stone with some form of wooden handle attached (hafted) in a method to suit the available materials and use. Axes made of copper, bronze, iron and steel appeared as these technologies developed. Axes are usually composed of a head and a handle. The axe is an example of a simple machine, as it is a type of wedge, or dual inclined plane. This reduces the effort needed by the wood chopper. It splits the wood into two parts by the pressure concentration at the blade. The handle of the axe also acts as a lever allowing the user to increase the force at the cutting edge—not using the full length of the handle is known as choking the axe. For fine chopping using a side axe this sometimes is a positive effect, but for felling with a double bitted axe it reduces efficiency. Generally, cutting axes have a shallow wedge angle, whereas splitting axes have a deeper angle. Most axes are double bevelled, i.e. symmetrical about the axis of the blade, but some specialist broadaxes have a single bevel blade, and usually an offset handle that allows them to be used for finishing work without putting the user's knuckles at risk of injury. Less common today, they were once an integral part of a joiner and carpenter's tool kit, not just a tool for use in forestry. A tool of similar origin is the billhook. However, in France and Holland, the billhook often replaced the axe as a joiner's bench tool. Most modern axes have steel heads and wooden handles, typically hickory in the US and ash in Europe and Asia, although plastic or fibreglass handles are also common. Modern axes are specialised by use, size and form. Hafted axes with short handles designed for use with one hand are often called hand axes but the term hand axe refers to axes without handles as well. Hatchets tend to be small hafted axes often with a hammer on the back side (the poll). As easy-to-make weapons, axes have frequently been used in combat.
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Brinell scale
The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece.
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Bristol, Connecticut
Bristol is a suburban city located in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, southwest of Hartford.
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Case-hardening
Case-hardening or surface hardening is the process of hardening the surface of a metal object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to remain soft, thus forming a thin layer of harder metal (called the "case") at the surface.
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Ceramic
A ceramic is a non-metallic solid material comprising an inorganic compound of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds.
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Connecticut
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Dimensionless quantity
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned.
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Engineering
Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations.
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Hardened steel
The term hardened steel is often used for a medium or high carbon steel that has been given heat treatment and then quenching followed by tempering.
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Hardness
Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion.
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Hardness comparison
There are a large number of hardness testing methods available (e.g. Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell, Meyer and Leeb).
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Holger F. Struer
Holger F. Struer was a Danish chemist and founder of "H.
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Indentation hardness
Indentation hardness tests are used in mechanical engineering to determine the hardness of a material to deformation.
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Instron
Instron (an ITW company) is a manufacturer of test equipment designed to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials and components, such as universal testing machines.
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International Organization for Standardization
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.
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Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
The Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of ASM International.
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Kilogram-force
The kilogram-force (kgf or kgF), or kilopond (kp, from Latin pondus meaning weight), is a gravitational metric unit of force.
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Knoop hardness test
The Knoop hardness test is a microhardness test – a test for mechanical hardness used particularly for very brittle materials or thin sheets, where only a small indentation may be made for testing purposes.
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Leeb rebound hardness test
The Leeb Rebound Hardness Test(LRHT) is one of the four most used methods for testing metal hardness.
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List of blade materials
Blade materials are those used to make the blade of a knife or other simple edged hand tool or weapon, such as a hatchet or sword.
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Metallurgy
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.
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Meyer hardness test
The Meyer hardness test is a rarely used hardness test based upon projected area of an impression.
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Nondestructive testing
Nondestructive testing or non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and technology industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage.
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Sheet metal
Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces.
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Shore durometer
Durometer is one of several measures of the hardness of a material.
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Tungsten carbide
Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms.
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Ultimate tensile strength
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS), ultimate strength, or Ftu within equations, is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed to compressive strength, which withstands loads tending to reduce size.
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Vickers hardness test
The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials.
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Rockwell Constant Hardness Rating, Rockwell Hardness Scale, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell hardness scale, Rockwell hardness test, Rockwell test, Rockwell+scale.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_scale
