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808 relations: Academy Awards, Active volcano, Afanasy Fet, Age of Enlightenment, Aging of Russia, Agrarianism, Agriculture in the Soviet Union, Airspace, Aleksandr Dugin, Aleksandr I. Kuprin, Aleksandr Popov (physicist), Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Alexander Blok, Alexander Glazunov, Alexander Griboyedov, Alexander Herzen, Alexander III of Russia, Alexander Nevsky, Alexander Ostrovsky, Alexander Prokhorov, Alexander Pushkin, Alexander Scriabin, Alexei Leonov, Alexis of Russia, Alfred Schnittke, Algae, All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Altai Mountains, Altaic languages, American Philosophical Society, American Political Science Association, Amphibian, Amur, Anarchism, Anarchist communism, Andrei Bely, Andrei Rublev, Andrei Tarkovsky, Andrey Bogolyubsky, Anna Akhmatova, Anna of Russia, Anton Chekhov, Anton Rubinstein, Aquarium (band), Arable land, Arctic, Aristotele Fioravanti, Arms industry, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, ... Expand index (758 more) »
- 1991 establishments in Asia
- 1991 establishments in Europe
- BRICS nations
- Federal republics
- G20 members
- Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization
- Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States
- Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union
- Northeast Asian countries
- Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Academy Awards
The Academy Awards of Merit, commonly known as the Oscars or Academy Awards, are awards for artistic and technical merit for the film industry.
Active volcano
An active volcano is a volcano that has erupted during the Holocene (the current geologic epoch that began approximately 11,700 years ago), is currently erupting, or has the potential to erupt in the future.
Afanasy Fet
Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (a), later known as Shenshin (a; –), was a renowned Russian poet regarded as the finest master of lyric verse in Russian literature.
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Russia and Age of Enlightenment
Aging of Russia
Since the beginning of the 1990s, social and demographic changes in the Russian Federation, stemming from under the Soviet Union, led the country towards an aging population, often described in media as a "demographic crisis".
See Russia and Aging of Russia
Agrarianism
Agrarianism is a social and political philosophy that promotes subsistence agriculture, family farming, widespread property ownership, and political decentralization.
Agriculture in the Soviet Union
Agriculture in the Soviet Union was mostly collectivized, with some limited cultivation of private plots.
See Russia and Agriculture in the Soviet Union
Airspace
Airspace is the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country above its territory, including its territorial waters or, more generally, any specific three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere.
Aleksandr Dugin
Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin (Александр Гельевич Дугин; born 7 January 1962) is a Russian far-right political philosopher.
See Russia and Aleksandr Dugin
Aleksandr I. Kuprin
Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin (Александр Иванович Куприн; – 25 August 1938) was a Russian writer best known for his novels ''The Duel'' (1905)Kuprin scholar Nicholas Luker, in his biography Alexander Kuprin, calls The Duel his "greatest masterpiece" (chapter IV) and likewise literary critic Martin Seymour-Smith calls The Duel "his finest novel" (The Guide to Modern World Literature, p.
See Russia and Aleksandr I. Kuprin
Aleksandr Popov (physicist)
Alexander Stepanovich Popov (sometimes spelled Popoff; Александр Степанович Попов; –) was a Russian physicist who was one of the first people to invent a radio receiving device.
See Russia and Aleksandr Popov (physicist)
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian author and Soviet dissident who helped to raise global awareness of political repression in the Soviet Union, especially the Gulag prison system.
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Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
Count Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (Граф Алексе́й Константи́нович Толсто́й; –), often referred to as A. K. Tolstoy, was a Russian poet, novelist, and playwright.
See Russia and Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
Alexander Blok
Alexander Alexandrovich Blok (a; 7 August 1921) was a Russian lyrical poet, writer, publicist, playwright, translator and literary critic.
Alexander Glazunov
Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov (– 21 March 1936) was a Russian composer, music teacher, and conductor of the late Russian Romantic period.
See Russia and Alexander Glazunov
Alexander Griboyedov
Alexander Sergeyevich Griboyedov (Александр Сергеевич Грибоедов, Aleksandr Sergeevich Griboedov or Griboyedov; 15 January 179511 February 1829), formerly romanized as Alexander Sergueevich Griboyedoff, was a Russian diplomat, playwright, poet, and composer.
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Alexander Herzen
Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (translit) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the precursor of Russian socialism and one of the main precursors of agrarian populism (being an ideological ancestor of the Narodniki, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Trudoviks and the agrarian American Populist Party).
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Alexander III of Russia
Alexander III (r; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894.
See Russia and Alexander III of Russia
Alexander Nevsky
Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (Александр Ярославич Невский;; monastic name: Aleksiy; 13 May 1221 – 14 November 1263) was Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240; 1241–1256; 1258–1259), Grand Prince of Kiev (1246–1263) and Grand Prince of Vladimir (1252–1263).
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Alexander Ostrovsky
Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Остро́вский) was a Russian playwright, generally considered the greatest representative of the Russian realistic period.
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Alexander Prokhorov
Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was a Russian physicist and researcher on lasers and masers in the former Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov.
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Alexander Pushkin
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era.
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Alexander Scriabin
Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin was a Russian composer and virtuoso pianist.
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Alexei Leonov
Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov (30 May 1934 – 11 October 2019) was a Soviet and Russian cosmonaut, Air Force major general, writer, and artist.
Alexis of Russia
Alexei Mikhailovich (Алексей Михайлович,; –), also known as Alexis, was Tsar of all Russia from 1645 until his death in 1676.
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Alfred Schnittke
Alfred Garrievich Schnittke (24 November 1934 – 3 August 1998) was a Russian composer.
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Algae
Algae (alga) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms.
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All-Russian Central Executive Committee
The All-Russian Central Executive Committee (translit) was (June – November 1917) a permanent body formed by the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (held from June 16 to July 7, 1917 in Petrograd), then became the supreme governing body of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in between sessions of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets from 1917 to 1937.
See Russia and All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Altai Mountains
The Altai Mountains, also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central Asia and Eastern Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters.
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Altaic languages
Altaic is a controversial proposed language family that would include the Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families and possibly also the Japonic and Koreanic languages.
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American Philosophical Society
The American Philosophical Society (APS) is an American scholarly organization and learned society founded in 1743 in Philadelphia that promotes knowledge in the humanities and natural sciences through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach.
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American Political Science Association
The American Political Science Association (APSA) is a professional association of political science students and scholars in the United States.
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Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.
Amur
The Amur River (река Амур) or Heilong River is a perennial river in Northeast Asia, forming the natural border between the Russian Far East and Northeast China (historically the Outer and Inner Manchuria). The Amur proper is long, and has a drainage basin of., Great Soviet Encyclopedia If including its main stem tributary, the Argun, the Amur is long, making it the world's tenth longest river.
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Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including the state and capitalism.
Anarchist communism
Anarchist communism is a political ideology and anarchist school of thought that advocates communism.
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Andrei Bely
Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (a), better known by the pen name Andrei Bely or Biely (a; – 8 January 1934), was a Russian novelist, Symbolist poet, theorist and literary critic.
Andrei Rublev
Andrei Rublev (Andrey Rublyov,; –) was a Russian artist considered to be one of the greatest medieval Russian painters of Orthodox Christian icons and frescoes.
Andrei Tarkovsky
Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (p 4 April 1932 – 29 December 1986) was a Soviet film director and screenwriter of Russian origin.
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Andrey Bogolyubsky
Andrey Bogolyubsky (died 28 June 1174; Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky, lit. Andrey Yuryevich of Bogolyubovo), was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal from 1157 until his death.
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Anna Akhmatova
Anna Andreyevna Gorenkoa; Ánna Andríyivna Horénko,.
Anna of Russia
Anna Ioannovna (Анна Иоанновна), also russified as Anna Ivanovna and sometimes anglicized as Anne, served as regent of the duchy of Courland from 1711 until 1730 and then ruled as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740.
Anton Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer.
Anton Rubinstein
Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein (Anton Grigoryevich Rubinshteyn) was a Russian pianist, composer and conductor who founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.
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Aquarium (band)
Aquarium or Akvarium (Аквариум; often stylized as Åквариум) is a Russian rock group formed in Leningrad in 1972.
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Arable land
Arable land (from the arabilis, "able to be ploughed") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.
Arctic
The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth.
Aristotele Fioravanti
Ridolfo "Aristotele" Fioravanti (c. 1415 or 1420 in Bologna – c. 1486 in Tsardom of Russia) was an Italian Renaissance architect and engineer, active in Muscovy from 1475, where he designed the Dormition Cathedral, Moscow during 1475–1479.
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Arms industry
The arms industry, also known as the defence (or defense) industry, military industry, or the arms trade, is a global industry which manufactures and sells weapons and military technology.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
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Association football
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.
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Astrakhan Khanate
The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar rump state of the Golden Horde.
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Astronaut
An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek ἄστρον, meaning 'star', and ναύτης, meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft.
Astronautics
Astronautics (or cosmonautics) is the practice of sending spacecraft beyond Earth's atmosphere into outer space.
Astronomical object
An astronomical object, celestial object, stellar object or heavenly body is a naturally occurring physical entity, association, or structure that exists within the observable universe.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. Russia and Austria-Hungary are Christian states.
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Autonomous okrugs of Russia
Autonomous okrugs (автономный округ, avtonomnyy okrug; more correctly referred to as "autonomous districts" or "autonomous areas") are a type of federal subject of the Russian Federation and simultaneously an administrative division type of some federal subjects.
See Russia and Autonomous okrugs of Russia
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. Russia and Azerbaijan are 1991 establishments in Asia, 1991 establishments in Europe, countries in Asia, countries in Europe, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States and member states of the United Nations.
Élie Metchnikoff
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Илья Ильич Мечников; – 15 July 1916), also spelled Élie Metchnikoff, was a zoologist from the Russian Empire of Moldavian noble ancestry and also at archive.org best known for his pioneering research in immunology (study of immune systems) and thanatology (study of death).
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Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
Ballad of a Soldier
Ballad of a Soldier (Баллада о солдате, Ballada o soldate), is a 1959 Soviet war romance film directed by Grigory Chukhray and starring Vladimir Ivashov and Zhanna Prokhorenko.
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Ballistic missile submarine
A ballistic missile submarine is a submarine capable of deploying submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with nuclear warheads.
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Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.
Baltic states
The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Bandy
Bandy is a winter sport and ball sport played by two teams wearing ice skates on a large ice surface (either indoors or outdoors) while using sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal.
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Bard (Soviet Union)
The term bard (p) came to be used in the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, and continues to be used in Russia today, to refer to singer-songwriters who wrote songs outside the Soviet establishment, similarly to folk singers of the American folk music revival.
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Barents Sea
The Barents Sea (also; Barentshavet,; Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters.
Bashkirs
The Bashkirs or Bashkurts (Başqorttar,; Башкиры) are a Kipchak-Bulgar Turkic ethnic group indigenous to Russia.
Basic Books
Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1950 and located in New York City, now an imprint of Hachette Book Group.
Battle of Berlin
The Battle of Berlin, designated as the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, and also known as the Fall of Berlin, was one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of World War II.
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Battle of Kursk
The Battle of Kursk was a major World War II Eastern Front battle between the forces of Germany and the Soviet Union near Kursk in southwestern Russia during the summer of 1943, resulting in a Soviet victory. The Battle of Kursk was the single largest battle in the history of warfare. It, along with the Battle of Stalingrad several months earlier, are the two most oft-cited turning points in the European theatre of the war.
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Battle of Moscow
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Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of StalingradSchlacht von Stalingrad see; p (17 July 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad in southern Russia.
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Battle of the Neva
The Battle of the Neva (Nevskaya bitva; slaget vid Neva) was fought between the Novgorod Republic, along with Karelians, and the Kingdom of Sweden, including Norwegian, Finnish and Tavastian forces, on the Neva River, near the settlement of Ust-Izhora, on 15 July 1240.
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Battleship Potemkin
Battleship Potemkin (Bronenosets Potyomkin), sometimes rendered as Battleship Potyomkin, is a 1925 Soviet silent epic film produced by Mosfilm.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Beef Stroganoff
Beef Stroganoff or beef Stroganov is a Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef in a sauce of mustard and smetana (sour cream).
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Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. Russia and Belarus are countries in Europe, member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and member states of the United Nations.
Beluga (sturgeon)
The beluga, also known as the beluga sturgeon or great sturgeon (Huso huso), is a species of anadromous fish in the sturgeon family (Acipenseridae) of the order Acipenseriformes.
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Bering Sea
The Bering Sea (p) is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific Ocean.
Bering Strait
The Bering Strait (Beringov proliv) is a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska.
Beslan school siege
The Beslan school siege (also referred to as the Beslan school hostage crisis or the Beslan massacre) was a Islamic terrorist attack that started on 1 September 2004.
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Bessarabia
Bessarabia is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.
Bicameralism
Bicameralism is a type of legislature that is divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature.
Big Bang
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature.
Biogeochemistry
Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere).
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Birth rate
Birth rate, also known as natality, is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years.
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.
Blini
Blini (plural blinis or blini, rarely bliny; блины pl.), singular: blin, are an Eastern European pancake made from various kinds of flour of buckwheat, wheat, etc.
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Bloomberg L.P.
Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Bohdan Zynoviy Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky (Ruthenian: Ѕѣнові Богданъ Хмелнiцкiи; modern Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, Polish: Bohdan Chmielnicki; 15956 August 1657) was a Ruthenian nobleman and military commander of Ukrainian Cossacks as Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host, which was then under the suzerainty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
Bolshoi Theatre
The Bolshoi Theatre (t) is a historic opera house in Moscow, Russia, originally designed by architect Joseph Bové.
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Boris Pasternak
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (p; 30 May 1960) was a Russian poet, novelist, composer, and literary translator.
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Borscht
Borscht is a sour soup, made with meat stock, vegetables and seasonings, common in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.
Bosporan Kingdom
The Bosporan Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus (Basileía tou Kimmerikou Bospórou; Regnum Bospori), was an ancient Greco-Scythian state located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus, centered in the present-day Strait of Kerch.
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Breadbasket
The breadbasket of a country or of a region is an area which, because of the richness of the soil and/or advantageous climate, produces large quantities of wheat or other grain.
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
British Film Institute
The British Film Institute (BFI) is a film and television charitable organisation which promotes and preserves film-making and television in the United Kingdom.
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Brookings Institution
The Brookings Institution, often stylized as Brookings, is an American think tank that conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics (and tax policy), metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy, and economic development.
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Brusilov offensive
The Brusilov offensive (Брусиловский прорыв Brusilovskiĭ proryv, literally: "Brusilov's breakthrough"), also known as the "June advance", of June to September 1916 was the Russian Empire's greatest feat of arms during World War I, and among the most lethal offensives in world history.
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Bryophyte
Bryophytes are a group of land plants, sometimes treated as a taxonomic division, that contains three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania.
Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis
The Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis took place from 14 to 19 June 1995, when a group of 195 Chechen separatists led by Shamil Basayev attacked the southern Russian city of Budyonnovsk, some 110km north of the border with the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
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Bulat Okudzhava
Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava (Булат Шалвович Окуджава; ბულატ ოკუჯავა; Բուլատ Օկուջավա; May 9, 1924 – June 12, 1997) was a Soviet and Russian poet, writer, musician, novelist, and singer-songwriter of Georgian-Armenian ancestry.
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Buryatia
Buryatia (Buryatiya; Buryaad Ulas), officially the Republic of Buryatia, is a republic of Russia located in the Russian Far East.
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR or Byelorussian SSR; Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка; Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика), also known as Byelorussia, was a republic of the Soviet Union (USSR).
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Cabbage roll
A cabbage roll is a dish consisting of cooked cabbage leaves wrapped around a variety of fillings.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
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Capital flight
Capital flight, in economics, occurs when assets or money rapidly flow out of a country, due to an event of economic consequence or as the result of a political event such as regime change or economic globalization.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) is a nonpartisan international affairs think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C., with operations in Europe, South and East Asia, and the Middle East as well as the United States.
See Russia and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Catherine I of Russia
Catherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya;,; –) was the second wife and Empress consort of Peter the Great, whom she succeeded as Empress of Russia, ruling from 1725 until her death in 1727.
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Catherine the Great
Catherine II (born Princess Sophie Augusta Frederica von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
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Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe.
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CBS News
CBS News is the news division of the American television and radio broadcaster CBS.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
Central Bank of Russia
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which brands itself as Bank of Russia (Банк России) and is also commonly referred to in English as the Central Bank of Russia (CBR), is the central bank of the Russian Federation.
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Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).
Chalcolithic
The Chalcolithic (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper.
Channel One Russia
Channel One (t) is a Russian state-controlled television channel.
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Chatham House
The Royal Institute of International Affairs, commonly known as Chatham House, is a British think tank based in London, England.
Chechens
The Chechens (Нохчий,, Old Chechen: Нахчой, Naxçoy), historically also known as Kisti and Durdzuks, are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus.
Chechnya
Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a republic of Russia.
Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.
Chess
Chess is a board game for two players.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. Russia and China are BRICS nations, countries in Asia, G20 members, member states of the United Nations and northeast Asian countries.
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Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Christianization of Kievan Rus'
The Christianization of Kievan Rus' was a long and complicated process that took place in several stages.
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Chukchi Peninsula
The Chukchi Peninsula (also Chukotka Peninsula or Chukotski Peninsula; Чуко́тский полуо́стров, Chukotskiy poluostrov, short form Чуко́тка, Chukotka), at about 66° N 172° W, is the easternmost peninsula of Asia.
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Chukchi Sea
The Chukchi Sea (Chukótskoye móre), sometimes referred to as the Chuuk Sea, Chukotsk Sea or the Sea of Chukotsk, is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.
Cinema of the Soviet Union
The cinema of the Soviet Union includes films produced by the constituent republics of the Soviet Union reflecting elements of their pre-Soviet culture, language and history, albeit they were all regulated by the central government in Moscow.
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City University of New York
The City University of New York (CUNY, spoken) is the public university system of New York City.
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Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning (also respondent conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning) is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food, a puff of air on the eye, a potential rival) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g. the sound of a musical triangle).
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CNBC
CNBC is an American business news channel owned by NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of Comcast's NBCUniversal.
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CNN
Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news channel and website operating from Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.
See Russia and CNN
Coat of arms of Russia
The coat of arms of Russia derives from the earlier coat of arms of the Russian Empire.
See Russia and Coat of arms of Russia
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union introduced forced collectivization (Коллективизация) of its agricultural sector between 1928 and 1940 during the ascension of Joseph Stalin.
See Russia and Collectivization in the Soviet Union
Commonwealth of Independent States
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia. Russia and Commonwealth of Independent States are 1991 establishments in Asia and 1991 establishments in Europe.
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
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Congressional Research Service
The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a public policy research institute of the United States Congress.
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Conscription
Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service.
Constitution of Russia
The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993.
See Russia and Constitution of Russia
Constitutionality
In constitutional law, constitutionality is said to be the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution; the status of a law, a procedure, or an act's accordance with the laws or set forth in the applicable constitution.
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Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty.
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Conventional warfare
Conventional warfare is a form of warfare conducted by using conventional weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation.
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Cossacks
The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Orthodox Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia.
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.
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Council on Foreign Relations
The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international relations.
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Cranbury, New Jersey
Cranbury is a township in southern Middlesex County, within the U.S. state of New Jersey.
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Crime and Punishment
Crime and Punishment (pre-reform Russian: Преступленіе и наказаніе; post-reform prʲɪstʊˈplʲenʲɪje ɪ nəkɐˈzanʲɪje) is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky.
See Russia and Crime and Punishment
Crimea
Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov.
Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441–1783, the longest-lived of the Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde.
See Russia and Crimean Khanate
Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic ethnic group and nation native to Crimea.
Crimean War
The Crimean War was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between the Russian Empire and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont.
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Korona Królestwa Polskiego; Corona Regni Poloniae) was a political and legal idea formed in the 14th century, assuming unity, indivisibility and continuity of the state. Russia and Crown of the Kingdom of Poland are Christian states.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, or the Caribbean Crisis, was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in Cuba.
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Cultural imperialism
Cultural imperialism (also cultural colonialism) comprises the cultural dimensions of imperialism.
See Russia and Cultural imperialism
Cumans
The Cumans or Kumans (kumani; Kumanen;; Połowcy; cumani; polovtsy; polovtsi) were a Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language.
Current History
Current History is the oldest extant United States-based publication devoted exclusively to contemporary world affairs.
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Dagestan
Dagestan (Дагестан), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea.
DDT (band)
DDT (or ДДТ in Cyrillic) is a Russian rock band.
Decembrist revolt
The Decembrist Revolt (translation) was a failed coup d'état led by liberal military and political dissidents against the Russian Empire.
See Russia and Decembrist revolt
Decentralization
Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it.
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Declaration of war
A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state announces existing or impending war activity against another.
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Democracy
Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.
Deutsche Welle
("German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW, is a German public, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the German federal tax budget.
Diomede Islands
The Diomede Islands (translit), also known in Russia as Gvozdev Islands (translit), consist of two rocky, mesa-like islands.
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Discover (magazine)
Discover is an American general audience science magazine launched in October 1980 by Time Inc.
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Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes romanized as Mendeleyev, Mendeleiev, or Mendeleef;; Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev,; 8 February 18342 February 1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor.
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Dmitri Shostakovich
Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (9 August 1975) was a Soviet-era Russian composer and pianist who became internationally known after the premiere of his First Symphony in 1926 and thereafter was regarded as a major composer.
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Dmitry Donskoy
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (Дми́трий Ива́нович Донско́й; 12 October 1350 – 19 May 1389) was Prince of Moscow from 1359 and Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1363 until his death.
Dmitry Pozharsky
Dmitry Mikhaylovich Pozharsky (p; 17 October 1577 – 30 April 1642) was a Russian prince known for his military leadership during the Polish–Muscovite War from 1611 to 1612.
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Dnieper
The Dnieper, also called Dnepr or Dnipro, is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea.
Dominant-party system
A dominant-party system, or one-party dominant system, is a political occurrence in which a single political party continuously dominates election results over running opposition groups or parties.
See Russia and Dominant-party system
Dziga Vertov
Dziga Vertov (Дзига Вертов, born David Abelevich Kaufman, Дави́д А́белевич Ка́уфман., and also known as Denis Kaufman; – 12 February 1954) was a Soviet pioneer documentary film and newsreel director, as well as a cinema theorist.
East Germany
East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990.
East Prussia
East Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945.
East Siberian Sea
The East Siberian Sea (r; Илин Сибиирдээҕи байҕал, İlin Sibiirdeeği bayğal) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean.
See Russia and East Siberian Sea
East Slavs
The East Slavs are the most populous subgroup of the Slavs.
Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
Eastern Front (World War II)
The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in contemporary German and Ukrainian historiographies, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Allies, including the Soviet Union (USSR) and Poland.
See Russia and Eastern Front (World War II)
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
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Economy of Russia
The economy of Russia has gradually transformed from a planned economy into a mixed market-oriented economy.
See Russia and Economy of Russia
Edison Denisov
Edison Vasilievich Denisov (Эдисо́н Васи́льевич Дени́сов, 6 April 1929 – 24 November 1996) was a Russian composer in the so-called "Underground", "alternative" or "nonconformist" division of Soviet music.
Education in Russia
In Russia, the state provides most education services regulating education through the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
See Russia and Education in Russia
Elections in Russia
On the federal level, Russia elects a president as head of state and a parliament, one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly.
See Russia and Elections in Russia
Elizabeth of Russia
Elizabeth or Elizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та Петро́вна) was Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762.
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Elsevier
Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.
Emancipation reform of 1861
The emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, also known as the Edict of Emancipation of Russia, (translit – "peasants' reform of 1861") was the first and most important of the liberal reforms enacted during the reign of Emperor Alexander II of Russia.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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End of World War II in Europe
The final battles of the European theatre of World War II continued after the definitive surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies, signed by Field marshal Wilhelm Keitel on 8 May 1945 (VE Day) in Karlshorst, Berlin.
See Russia and End of World War II in Europe
Endemism
Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
Era of Stagnation
The "Era of Stagnation" (Períod zastóya, or Эпо́ха засто́я) is a term coined by Mikhail Gorbachev in order to describe the negative way in which he viewed the economic, political, and social policies of the Soviet Union that began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985).
See Russia and Era of Stagnation
EuroLeague
The EuroLeague, officially the Turkish Airlines EuroLeague, is a European men's professional basketball club competition.
Euronews
Euronews (stylised in lowercase) is a European television news network, headquartered in Lyon, France.
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions.
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European Russia
European Russia is the western and most populated part of the Russian Federation.
See Russia and European Russia
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. Russia and European Union are G20 members.
Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
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Expo 58
Expo 58, also known as the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Bruxelles de 1958, Brusselse Wereldtentoonstelling van 1958), was a world's fair held on the Heysel/Heizel Plateau in Brussels, Belgium, from 17 April to 19 October 1958.
Extravehicular activity
Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut in outer space outside a spacecraft.
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Fairleigh Dickinson University
Fairleigh Dickinson University is a private university with its main campuses in New Jersey, located in Madison / Florham Park and in Teaneck / Hackensack.
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Fall of Constantinople
The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.
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Fascism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
Fast-neutron reactor
A fast-neutron reactor (FNR) or fast-spectrum reactor or simply a fast reactor is a category of nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons (carrying energies above 1 MeV, on average), as opposed to slow thermal neutrons used in thermal-neutron reactors.
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Fauna
Fauna (faunae or faunas) is all of the animal life present in a particular region or time.
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FC Zenit Saint Petersburg
Football Club Zenit (Футбольный клуб «Зенит»), also known as Zenit Saint Petersburg or simply Zenit, is a Russian professional football club based in Saint Petersburg.
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Federal Assembly (Russia)
The Federal Assembly is the bicameral national legislature of Russia.
See Russia and Federal Assembly (Russia)
Federal cities of Russia
In the Russian Federation, a city of federal importance (gorod federalnogo znacheniya), also known as a federal city, is a city that has a status of both an inhabited locality and a constituent federal subject.
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Federal districts of Russia
The federal districts (p) are groupings of the federal subjects of Russia.
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Federal law
Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country.
Federal subjects of Russia
The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation (subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or simply as the subjects of the federation (subyekty federatsii), are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions.
See Russia and Federal subjects of Russia
Federation
A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a federal government (federalism).
Federation Council (Russia)
The Federation Council, unofficially Senate, is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia.
See Russia and Federation Council (Russia)
Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients.
Feudalism
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.
Fields Medal
The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years.
FIFA
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association, more commonly known by its acronym FIFA, is the international self-regulatory governing body of association football, beach soccer, and futsal.
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Figure skating
Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform on figure skates on ice.
Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs.
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Finland
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Russia and Finland are Christian states, countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
Finnish War
The Finnish War (Finska kriget, Финляндская война, Suomen sota) was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire from 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809 as part of the Napoleonic Wars.
Finno-Ugric languages
Finno-Ugric is a traditional grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except the Samoyedic languages.
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First Chechen War
Chechen resistance against Russian imperialism has its origins from 1785 during the time of Sheikh Mansur, the first imam (leader) of the Caucasian peoples.
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First language
A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.
Flint
Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone.
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Florida International University
Florida International University (FIU) is a public research university with its main campus in University Park, Florida.
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Food and Agriculture Organization
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsOrganisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture; Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'alimentazione e l'agricoltura.
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Foreign Affairs
Foreign Affairs is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.
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Foreign exchange reserves
Foreign exchange reserves (also called forex reserves or FX reserves) are cash and other reserve assets such as gold and silver held by a central bank or other monetary authority that are primarily available to balance payments of the country, influence the foreign exchange rate of its currency, and to maintain confidence in financial markets.
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Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy.
Formula One
Formula One, commonly known as Formula 1 or F1, is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).
France 24
France 24 (vingt-quatre in French) is a French publicly-funded international news television network based in Paris.
Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (Франче́ско Бартоломе́о (Варфоломе́й Варфоломе́евич) Растре́лли; 1700 – 29 April 1771) was an Italian architect who worked mainly in Russia.
See Russia and Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Franz Josef Land
Franz Josef Land (Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa) is a Russian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean.
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Free education
Free education is education funded through government spending or charitable organizations rather than tuition funding.
Free trade
Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports.
Freedom House
Freedom House is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights.
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of peaceful assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their collective or shared ideas.
See Russia and Freedom of assembly
Fresco
Fresco (or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster.
Fur trade
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur.
Fyodor Dostoevsky
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Ѳедоръ Михайловичъ Достоевскій.|Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevskiy|p.
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Fyodor Tyutchev
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (Фёдор Ива́нович Тю́тчев,; &ndash) was a Russian poet and diplomat.
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Gavrila Derzhavin
Gavriil (Gavrila) Romanovich Derzhavin (a; 14 July 1743 – 20 July 1816) was one of the most highly esteemed Russian poets before Alexander Pushkin, as well as a statesman.
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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
See Russia and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Generalplan Ost
The (Master Plan for the East), abbreviated GPO, was Nazi Germany's plan for the genocide, extermination and large-scale ethnic cleansing of Slavs, Eastern European Jews, and other indigenous peoples of Eastern Europe categorized as "Untermenschen" in Nazi ideology.
See Russia and Generalplan Ost
Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.
Geopolitics
Geopolitics is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.
George Gamow
George Gamow (sometimes Gammoff; born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov; Георгий Антонович Гамов; 4 March 1904 – 19 August 1968) was a Soviet and American polymath, theoretical physicist and cosmologist.
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia. Russia and Georgia (country) are 1991 establishments in Asia, 1991 establishments in Europe, Christian states, countries in Asia, countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
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Georgia State University
Georgia State University (Georgia State, State, or GSU) is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia.
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Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography
The Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography, officially the S. A. Gerasimov All-Russian University of Cinematography (Vserossiyskiy gosudarstvyennyy institut kinematografii imyeni S. A. Gerasimova, meaning All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography named after S. A. Gerasimov), a.k.a. VGIK, is a film school in Moscow, Russia.
See Russia and Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
See Russia and Germanic peoples
Glasnost
Glasnost (гласность) is a concept relating to openness and transparency.
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (in Kipchak Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.
Golden Ring of Russia
The Golden Ring of Russia (Zolotoye koltso Rossii) unites old Russian cities of five Oblasts – usually excluding Moscow – as a well-known theme-route.
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Goths
The Goths (translit; Gothi, Gótthoi) were Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe.
See Russia and Goths
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
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Grande Armée
paren) was the main military component of the French Imperial Army commanded by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars. From 1804 to 1808, it won a series of military victories that allowed the French Empire to exercise unprecedented control over most of Europe. Widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest fighting forces ever assembled, it suffered enormous losses during the disastrous Peninsular War followed by the invasion of Russia in 1812, after which it never recovered its strategic superiority and ended in total defeat for Napoleonic France by the Peace of Paris in 1815.
Great Game
The Great Game was a rivalry between the 19th-century British and Russian empires over influence in Central Asia, primarily in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet.
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
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Great Patriotic War (term)
The Great Patriotic War (translit) is a term used in Russia and some other former republics of the Soviet Union to describe the conflict fought during the period from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 along the many fronts of the Eastern Front of World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.
See Russia and Great Patriotic War (term)
Great power
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.
Great Purge
The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (translit), also known as the Year of '37 (label) and the Yezhovshchina (label), was Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin's campaign to consolidate power over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet state.
Grigori Perelman
Grigori Yakovlevich Perelman (a; born 13 June 1966) is a Russian mathematician who is known for his contributions to the fields of geometric analysis, Riemannian geometry, and geometric topology.
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Gulag
The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.
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Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.
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Harvard International Review
The Harvard International Review is a quarterly international relations journal published by the Harvard International Relations Council at Harvard University.
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Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
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Head of government
In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.
See Russia and Head of government
Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion
The Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion (also known as HUC, HUC-JIR, and The College-Institute) is a Jewish seminary with three locations in the United States and one location in Jerusalem.
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Helena Blavatsky
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (– 8 May 1891), often known as Madame Blavatsky, was a Russian and American mystic and author who co-founded the Theosophical Society in 1875.
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Hermitage Museum
The State Hermitage Museum (p) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Hinduism
Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.
History of Russia
The history of Russia begins with the histories of the East Slavs.
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History of Sweden (1523–1611)
The early Vasa era is a period in Swedish history that lasted between 1523–1611.
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Hokkaido
is the second-largest island of Japan and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region.
Hoover Institution
The Hoover Institution (officially The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace) is an American public policy think tank which promotes personal and economic liberty, free enterprise, and limited government.
See Russia and Hoover Institution
Horticulture
Horticulture is the art and science of growing plants.
House of Romanov
The House of Romanov (also transliterated as Romanoff; Romanovy) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917.
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How the Steel Was Tempered
How the Steel Was Tempered (Kak zakalyalas stal) or The Making of a Hero, is a socialist realist novel written by Nikolai Ostrovsky (1904–1936).
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Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
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Human capital flight
Human capital flight is the emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home.
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Human rights in Russia
Russia has consistently been criticized by international organizations and independent domestic media outlets for human rights violations.
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Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
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Humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers, and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) and snowy winters.
See Russia and Humid continental climate
Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD.
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Ice dance
Ice dance (sometimes referred to as ice dancing) is a discipline of figure skating that historically draws from ballroom dancing.
Idel-Ural
Idel-Ural (translit, Идель-Урал), literally Volga-Ural, is a historical region in Eastern Europe, in what is today Russia.
Igor of Kiev
Igor (Игорь; Ingvarr; – 945) was Prince of Kiev from 912 to 945.
Igor Sikorsky
Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (translit, Ihor Ivanovych Sikorskyi; 25 May 1889 – 26 October 1972)Fortier, Rénald.
Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (– 6 April 1971) was a Russian composer and conductor with French citizenship (from 1934) and American citizenship (from 1945).
See Russia and Igor Stravinsky
Ilya Repin
Ilya Yefimovich Repin (– 29 September 1930) was a Ukrainian-born Russian painter.
Immunology
Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia. Russia and India are BRICS nations, countries in Asia, G20 members and member states of the United Nations.
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
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Infant mortality
Infant mortality is the death of an infant before the infant's first birthday.
See Russia and Infant mortality
Ingush people
Ingush (translit, pronounced), historically known as Durdzuks, Gligvi and Kists, are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Republic of Ingushetia in central Caucasus, but also inhabitanting Prigorodny District and town of Vladikavkaz of modern day North-Ossetia.
Ingushetia
Ingushetia or Ingushetiya, officially the Republic of Ingushetia, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an American 501(c)(3) professional association for electronics engineering, electrical engineering, and other related disciplines.
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International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organisation, established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global energy sector.
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International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
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International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité international olympique, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland.
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International Organization (journal)
International Organization is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the entire field of international affairs.
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International Paralympic Committee
The International Paralympic Committee (IPC; Internationales Paralympisches Komitee) is an international non-profit organisation and the global governing body for the Paralympic Movement.
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International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit by a collaboration of five space agencies and their contractors: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada).
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International student
International students or exchange students, also known as foreign students, are students who undertake all or part of their secondary or tertiary education in a country other than their own.
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International Women's Day
International Women's Day (IWD) is a holiday celebrated annually on March 8 as a focal point in the women's rights movement.
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Invertebrate
Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord.
Ipatovo kurgan
Ipatovo kurgan refers to kurgan 2 of the Ipatovo Barrow Cemetery 3, a cemetery of kurgan burial mounds, located near the town of Ipatovo in Stavropol Krai, Russia, some northeast of Stavropol.
Isaac Asimov
Isaac Asimov (– April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University.
Islam in Russia
Islam is a major religious minority in the Russian Federation, which has the largest Muslim population in Europe excluding Turkey.
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Islamism
Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.
Ivan Aivazovsky
Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Иван Константинович Айвазовский) was a Russian Romantic painter who is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art.
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Ivan Bunin
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (or; a; – 8 November 1953).
Ivan Kramskoi
Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoi (Иван Николаевич Крамской; –) was a Russian Realist painter and art critic.
Ivan Krylov
Ivan Andreyevich Krylov (Ива́н Андре́евич Крыло́в; 13 February 1769 – 21 November 1844) is Russia's best-known fabulist and probably the most epigrammatic of all Russian authors.
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Иван Петрович Павлов,; 27 February 1936) was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and physiologist known for his discovery of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.
Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (Иванъ Сергѣевичъ Тургеневъ.|p.
Izvestia
Izvestia (p, "The News") is a daily broadsheet newspaper in Russia.
JAXA
The is the Japanese national air and space agency.
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Jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues, ragtime, European harmony and African rhythmic rituals.
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Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a nontrinitarian, millenarian, restorationist Christian denomination.
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Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO; Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast' (YeAO),; ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט|Yidishe avtonome gegnt) is a federal subject of Russia in the far east of the country, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China.
See Russia and Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.
JSTOR
JSTOR (short for Journal Storage) is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources founded in 1994.
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Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad Oblast (translit) is the westernmost federal subject of the Russian Federation, in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Kalmykia
Kalmykia, officially the Republic of Kalmykia, is a republic of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region of Southern Russia.
Kamchatka Peninsula
The Kamchatka Peninsula (poluostrov Kamchatka) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about.
See Russia and Kamchatka Peninsula
Kara Sea
The Kara Sea is a marginal sea, separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and from the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.
Karl Bryullov
Karl Pavlovich Bryullov, also Briullov or Briuloff, born Charles Bruleau (Карл Па́влович Брюлло́в; –) was a Russian painter.
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe. Russia and Kazakhstan are 1991 establishments in Asia, 1991 establishments in Europe, countries in Asia, countries in Europe, member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and member states of the United Nations.
Kazimir Malevich
Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (// ЦГИАК Украины, ф. 1268, оп. 1, д. 26, л. 13об—14. – 15 May 1935) was a Russian avant-garde artist and art theorist, whose pioneering work and writing influenced the development of abstract art in the 20th century.
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Khanate of Kazan
The Khanate of Kazan (Old Tatar: قزان خانلغی; Qazan xanlığı; Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552.
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Khanate of Sibir
The Khanate of Sibir (Sıbır qannıq, Iskär yort; Sibirskoye tsarstvo, Sibirsky yurt) was a Bashkir Khanate in western Siberia, founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the Golden Horde.
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Khazars
The Khazars were a nomadic Turkic people that, in the late 6th-century CE, established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, Crimea, and Kazakhstan.
Kinescope
Kinescope, shortened to kine, also known as telerecording in Britain, is a recording of a television program on motion picture film, directly through a lens focused on the screen of a video monitor.
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
The Principality or, from 1253, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia, was a medieval state in Eastern Europe which existed from 1199 to 1349. Russia and Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia are Christian states.
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Kingdom of Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was a monarchy in Central Europe during the medieval period from 1025 until 1385. Russia and Kingdom of Poland are Christian states.
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Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) constituted the German state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. Russia and Kingdom of Prussia are Christian states.
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Kipchaks
The Kipchaks or Qipchaqs, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe.
Kleptocracy
Kleptocracy (from Greek κλέπτης, "thief", or κλέπτω, "I steal", and -κρατία from κράτος, "power, rule"), also referred to as thievocracy, is a government whose corrupt leaders (kleptocrats) use political power to expropriate the wealth of the people and land they govern, typically by embezzling or misappropriating government funds at the expense of the wider population.
Klyuchevskaya Sopka
Klyuchevskaya Sopka (Ключевская сопка; also known as Klyuchevskoi, Ключевской) is a stratovolcano, the highest mountain of Siberia and the highest active volcano of Eurasia.
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Komsomolskaya Pravda
Komsomolskaya Pravda (Комсомольская правда) is a daily Russian tabloid newspaper that was founded in 1925.
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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (a; – 19 September 1935) was a Russian rocket scientist who pioneered astronautics.
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Krais of Russia
A krai (t) is a type of federal subject of the Russian Federation.
See Russia and Krais of Russia
Krasnodar Krai
Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodarskiy kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia and administratively a part of the Southern Federal District.
Kremlin
The Moscow Kremlin (Moskovskiy Kreml'), or simply the Kremlin, is a fortified complex in Moscow, Russia.
Kunashir
Kunashir Island (Kunashír; Kunashiri-tō; translit), possibly meaning Black Island or Grass Island in Ainu, is the southernmost island of the Kuril Archipelago.
Kurgan hypothesis
The Kurgan hypothesis (also known as the Kurgan theory, Kurgan model, or steppe theory) is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and parts of Asia.
See Russia and Kurgan hypothesis
Kuril Islands
The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands (p; Japanese: or) are a volcanic archipelago administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast in the Russian Far East.
Kuril Islands dispute
The Kuril Islands dispute, known as the Northern Territories dispute in Japan, is a territorial dispute between Japan and Russia over the ownership of the four southernmost Kuril Islands.
See Russia and Kuril Islands dispute
Kvass
Kvass is a fermented cereal-based low-alcoholic beverage of cloudy appearance and sweet-sour taste.
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Kyiv
Kyiv (also Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine.
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Laika
Laika (Лайка,; – 3 November 1957) was a Soviet space dog who was one of the first animals in space and the first to orbit the Earth.
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Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (Ozero Baykal; Baigal dalai) is a large rift lake in Russia.
Lake Ladoga
Lake Ladoga (Ladozhskoye ozero, or label,; Laatokka;; Ladog, Ladoganjärv) is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg.
Lake Onega
Lake Onega (also known as Onego; Onezhskoe ozero,; Ääninen, Äänisjärvi; Livvi: Oniegujärvi; Änine, Änižjärv) is a lake in northwestern Russia, on the territory of the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast.
Laptev Sea
The Laptev Sea (r; translit) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.
Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
See Russia and Laser
Latvia
Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. Russia and Latvia are countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
Le Temps
Le Temps is a Swiss French-language daily newspaper published in Berliner format in Geneva by Le Temps SA.
Left-bank Ukraine
Left-bank Ukraine (translit; translit; Lewobrzeżna Ukraina) is a historic name of the part of Ukraine on the left (east) bank of the Dnieper River, comprising the modern-day oblasts of Chernihiv, Poltava and Sumy as well as the eastern parts of Kyiv and Cherkasy.
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Lemelson–MIT Prize
The Lemelson–MIT Program awards several prizes yearly to inventors in the United States.
See Russia and Lemelson–MIT Prize
Lena (river)
The Lena is a river in the Russian Far East, and is the easternmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Yenisey). The Lena is the eleventh-longest river in the world, and the longest river entirely within Russia, with a length of and a drainage basin of.
Leninism
Leninism is a political ideology developed by Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary vanguard party as the political prelude to the establishment of communism.
Leon Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Bronstein (– 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist.
Leonid Andreyev
Leonid Nikolaievich Andreyev (Леони́д Никола́евич Андре́ев, – 12 September 1919) was a Russian playwright, novelist and short-story writer, who is considered to be a father of Expressionism in Russian literature.
See Russia and Leonid Andreyev
Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (19 December 1906– 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982, and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) from 1960 to 1964 and again from 1977 to 1982.
See Russia and Leonid Brezhnev
Lev Kuleshov
Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov (Лев Владимирович Кулешов; – 29 March 1970) was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School.
Lev Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau (Лев Дави́дович Ланда́у; 22 January 1908 – 1 April 1968) was a Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics.
Lichen
A lichen is a symbiosis of algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species, along with a yeast embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship.
Light-emitting diode
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it.
See Russia and Light-emitting diode
Linguistic homeland
In historical linguistics, the homeland or Urheimat (from German ur- "original" and Heimat, home) of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages.
See Russia and Linguistic homeland
List of Byzantine emperors
The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD.
See Russia and List of Byzantine emperors
List of Christian denominations
A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organization and doctrine.
See Russia and List of Christian denominations
List of conflicts in Europe
This is a list of conflicts in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, and global conflicts in which Europe was a theatre of war.
See Russia and List of conflicts in Europe
List of countries and dependencies by population
This is a list of countries and dependencies by population.
See Russia and List of countries and dependencies by population
List of countries and dependencies by population density
This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by population density, sorted by inhabitants per square kilometre or square mile.
See Russia and List of countries and dependencies by population density
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.
See Russia and List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of countries by GDP (PPP)
GDP (PPP) means gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity.
See Russia and List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of countries by rail transport network size
This list of countries by rail transport network size based on length of rail lines.
See Russia and List of countries by rail transport network size
List of films voted the best
This is a list of films voted the best in national and international surveys of critics and the public.
See Russia and List of films voted the best
List of institutions of higher education in Russia
The following is a list of universities and other higher educational institutions in Russia, based primarily on the National Information Centre on Academic Recognition and Mobility webpage of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
See Russia and List of institutions of higher education in Russia
List of leaders of the Soviet Union
During its 69-year history, the Soviet Union usually had a de facto leader who would not necessarily be head of state or even head of government but would lead while holding an office such as Communist Party General Secretary.
See Russia and List of leaders of the Soviet Union
List of political parties in Russia
This article discusses political parties in Russia.
See Russia and List of political parties in Russia
List of river systems by length
This is a list of the longest rivers on Earth.
See Russia and List of river systems by length
List of states with limited recognition
A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such.
See Russia and List of states with limited recognition
List of states with nuclear weapons
Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful detonation of nuclear weapons.
See Russia and List of states with nuclear weapons
Literacy
Literacy is the ability to read and write.
Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. Russia and Lithuania are countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
Live birth (human)
In human reproduction, a live birth occurs when a fetus exits the mother showing any definite sign of life such as voluntary movement, heartbeat, or pulsation of the umbilical cord, for however brief a time and regardless of whether the umbilical cord or placenta are intact.
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Livonian War
The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia).
Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a regional American daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California in 1881.
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Lower Paleolithic
The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
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Lunokhod 1
Lunokhod 1 (Russian: Луноход-1 "Moonwalker 1"), also known as Аппарат 8ЕЛ № 203 ("Device 8EL No.
Lysenkoism
Lysenkoism (Lysenkovshchina,; lysenkivščyna) was a political campaign led by Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th century, rejecting natural selection in favour of a form of Lamarckism, as well as expanding upon the techniques of vernalization and grafting.
Macmillan Publishers
Macmillan Publishers (occasionally known as the Macmillan Group; formally Macmillan Publishers Ltd in the UK and Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC in the US) is a British publishing company traditionally considered to be one of the 'Big Five' English language publishers (along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins and Simon & Schuster).
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Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
Marc Chagall
Marc Chagall (born Moishe Shagal; – 28 March 1985) was a Belarusian-French artist.
Mariinsky Theatre
The Mariinsky Theatre (Mariinskiy teatr, also transcribed as Maryinsky or Mariyinsky) is a historic opera house in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
Maser
A maser is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves (microwaves), through amplification by stimulated emission.
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Matryoshka doll
Matryoshka dolls (a), also known as stacking dolls, nesting dolls, Russian tea dolls, or Russian dolls, are a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside another.
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Maxim Gorky
Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (Алексей Максимович Пешков; – 18 June 1936), popularly known as Maxim Gorky (Максим Горький), was a Russian and Soviet writer and socialism proponent.
Mayonnaise
Mayonnaise, colloquially referred to as "mayo", is a thick, cold, and creamy sauce commonly used on sandwiches, hamburgers, composed salads, and French fries.
Megacity
A megacity is a very large city, typically with a population of more than 10 million people.
Member states of the United Nations
The member states of the United Nations comprise sovereign states.
See Russia and Member states of the United Nations
Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
Prince Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (baptised –) was a Russian Field Marshal who figured prominently in the Napoleonic Wars.
See Russia and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
Middlesex University
Middlesex University London (legally Middlesex University and abbreviated to MDX) is a public research university based in Hendon, northwest London, England.
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Mikhail Bakhtin
Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (mʲɪxɐˈil mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ bɐxˈtʲin; – 7 March 1975) was a Russian philosopher, literary critic and scholar who worked on literary theory, ethics, and the philosophy of language.
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Mikhail Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (30 May 1814 – 1 July 1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist.
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Mikhail Bulgakov
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov (p; – 10 March 1940) was a Russian, later Soviet writer, medical doctor, and playwright active in the first half of the 20th century.
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Mikhail Glinka
Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (Михаилъ Ивановичъ Глинка.|Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka|mʲɪxɐˈil‿ɨˈvanəvʲɪdʑ‿ˈɡlʲinkə|Ru-Mikhail-Ivanovich-Glinka.ogg) was the first Russian composer to gain wide recognition within his own country and is often regarded as the fountainhead of Russian classical music.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.
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Mikhail Kutuzov
Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky (Михаил Илларионович Голенищев-Кутузов-Смоленский; Mikhail Illarion Golenishchev-Kutuzov Fürst von Smolensk; –) was a Field Marshal of the Russian Empire.
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Mikhail Lermontov
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (p; –) was a Russian Romantic writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", the most important Russian poet after Alexander Pushkin's death in 1837 and the greatest figure in Russian Romanticism.
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Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (ləmɐˈnosəf|a.
See Russia and Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
Mikhail Yevgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (p; –), born Mikhail Yevgrafovich Saltykov and known during his lifetime by the pen name Nikolai Shchedrin (Николай Щедрин), was a major Russian writer and satirist of the 19th century.
See Russia and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
Mikhail Vrubel
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Vrubel (Михаил Александрович Врубель; –) was a Russian painter, draughtsman, and sculptor.
Millet
Millets are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food.
MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Mixed economy
A mixed economy is an economic system that accepts both private businesses and nationalized government services, like public utilities, safety, military, welfare, and education.
Modern Humanities Research Association
The Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) is a United Kingdom–based international organisation that aims to encourage and promote advanced study and research of humanities.
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Modern synthesis (20th century)
The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework.
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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned between them or managed the sovereignty of the states in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania.
See Russia and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered much of Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century, sacking numerous cities including the largest such as Kiev (50,000 inhabitants) and Chernigov (30,000 inhabitants).
See Russia and Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. Russia and Mongolia are countries in Asia, member states of the United Nations and northeast Asian countries.
Mongols
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite.
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Mortality rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
Moscow
Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.
Moscow State University
Moscow State University (MSU; Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia.
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Moscow theater hostage crisis
The Moscow theater hostage crisis (also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege) was the seizure of the crowded Dubrovka Theater in Moscow by Chechen terrorists on 23 October 2002, resulting in the taking of 912 hostages.
See Russia and Moscow theater hostage crisis
Mount Elbrus
Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain in Russia and Europe.
Multi-party system
In political science, a multi-party system is a political system where more than two meaningfully-distinct political parties regularly run for office and win elections.
See Russia and Multi-party system
Multinational state
A multinational state or a multinational union is a sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states.
See Russia and Multinational state
Munich
Munich (München) is the capital and most populous city of the Free State of Bavaria, Germany.
Murom
Murom, a city steeped in history and cultural significance, stands as a testament to Russia's rich heritage.
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Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.
See Russia and Napoleonic Wars
Naryshkin Baroque
Naryshkin Baroque, also referred to as Moscow Baroque or Muscovite Baroque, is a particular style of Baroque architecture and decoration that was fashionable in Moscow from the late 17th century into the early 18th century.
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NASA Earth Observatory
NASA Earth Observatory is an online publishing outlet for NASA which was created in 1999.
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National anthem of Russia
The "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" is the national anthem of Russia.
See Russia and National anthem of Russia
National Council of Teachers of English
The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) is a United States professional organization dedicated to "improving the teaching and learning of English and the language arts at all levels of education.
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National Geographic
National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.
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National parks of Russia
There are currently 64 national parks in Russia.
See Russia and National parks of Russia
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
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Nature reserve
A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, funga, or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for purposes of conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research.
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
NBC News
NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC.
New Siberian Islands
The New Siberian Islands (r; translit) are an archipelago in the Extreme North of Russia, to the north of the East Siberian coast between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea north of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, of which they are administratively a part.
See Russia and New Siberian Islands
Newsweek
Newsweek is a weekly news magazine.
Nicholas I of Russia
Nicholas I (–) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland.
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Nicholas Roerich
Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh (Николай Константинович Рерих), better known as Nicholas Roerich (October 9, 1874 – December 13, 1947), was a Russian painter, writer, archaeologist, theosophist, philosopher, and public figure.
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Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1958 to 1964.
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Nikolai Gogol
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol used the grotesque in his writings, for example in his works "The Nose", "Viy", "The Overcoat", and "Nevsky Prospekt". These stories, and others such as "Diary of a Madman", have also been noted for their proto-surrealist qualities.
Nikolai Leskov
Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov (Никола́й Семёнович Леско́в; –) was a Russian novelist, short-story writer, playwright, and journalist, who also wrote under the pseudonym M. Stebnitsky.
Nikolai Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (a; –) was a Russian mathematician and geometer, known primarily for his work on hyperbolic geometry, otherwise known as Lobachevskian geometry, and also for his fundamental study on Dirichlet integrals, known as the Lobachevsky integral formula.
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Nikolai Ostrovsky
Nikolai Alekseyevich Ostrovsky (Николай Алексеевич Островский; Mykola Oleksiiovych Ostrovskyi; 29 September 1904 – 22 December 1936) was a Soviet socialist realist writer.
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Nikolai Rubinstein
Nikolai Grigoryevich Rubinstein (Николай Григорьевич Рубинштейн; &ndash) was a Russian pianist, conductor, and composer.
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Nikolai Vavilov
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (a; – 26 January 1943) was a Russian and Soviet agronomist, botanist and geneticist who identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants.
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Nikolay Karamzin
Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin (p) was a Russian historian, romantic writer, poet and critic.
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Nikolay Nekrasov
Nikolay Alexeyevich Nekrasov (a, –) was a Russian poet, writer, critic and publisher, whose deeply compassionate poems about the Russian peasantry made him a hero of liberal and radical circles in the Russian intelligentsia of the mid-nineteenth century, particularly as represented by Vissarion Belinsky and Nikolay Chernyshevsky.
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Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine.
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Non-Euclidean geometry
In mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry consists of two geometries based on axioms closely related to those that specify Euclidean geometry.
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North Asia
North Asia or Northern Asia is the northern region of Asia, which is defined in geographical terms and consists of three federal districts of Russia: Ural, Siberian, and the Far Eastern.
North Caucasian languages
The North Caucasian languages, sometimes called simply Caucasic, is a proposed language family consisting of a pair of well established language families spoken in the Caucasus, predominantly in the north, consisting of the Northwest Caucasian family (also called Pontic, Abkhaz–Adyghe, Circassian, or West Caucasian) and the Northeast Caucasian family (also called Nakh–Dagestanian, Caspian or East Caucasian).
See Russia and North Caucasian languages
North Caucasus
The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia.
North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. Russia and North Korea are countries in Asia, member states of the United Nations and northeast Asian countries.
Northern Crusades
The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and also against Orthodox Christian East Slavs.
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Norway
Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Russia and Norway are countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
Novgorod Republic
The Novgorod Republic (Novgorodskaya respublika) was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east.
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Ob (river)
The Ob is a major river in Russia.
Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health.
Oblasts of Russia
In Russia, the oblasts are 46 administrative territories; they are one type of federal subject, the highest-level administrative division of Russian territory.
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Oceanic climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or maritime climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool to warm summers and cool to mild winters (for their latitude), with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature.
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October Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.
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Official language
An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.
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Old Believers
Old Believers or Old Ritualists are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666.
Old East Slavic
Old East Slavic (traditionally also Old Russian) was a language (or a group of dialects) used by the East Slavs from the 7th or 8th century to the 13th or 14th century, until it diverged into the Russian and Ruthenian languages.
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Oldowan
The Oldowan (or Mode I) was a widespread stone tool archaeological industry (style) in prehistory.
Oleg the Wise
Oleg (Ѡлегъ, Ольгъ; Helgi; died 912), also known as Oleg the Wise, was a Varangian prince of the Rus' who became prince of Kiev, and laid the foundations of the Kievan Rus' state.
Oligarchy
Oligarchy is a conceptual form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.
Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (Jeux olympiques) are the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions.
Olympic medal
An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games.
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia.
See Russia and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Osiris
Osiris (from Egyptian wsjr) is the god of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
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Pafnuty Chebyshev
Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (p) (–) was a Russian mathematician and considered to be the founding father of Russian mathematics.
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Pancake
A pancake (or hotcake, griddlecake, or flapjack) is a flat cake, often thin and round, prepared from a starch-based batter that may contain eggs, milk and butter, and then cooked on a hot surface such as a griddle or frying pan.
Pannonian Avars
The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.
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Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
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Paul I of Russia
Paul I (Pavel I Petrovich; –) was Emperor of Russia from 1796 until his 1801 assassination.
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Pazyryk burials
The Pazyryk burials are a number of Scythian (Saka) "The rich kurgan burials in Pazyryk, Siberia probably were those of Saka chieftains" "Analysis of the clothing, which has analogies in the complex of Saka clothes, particularly in Pazyryk, led Wang Binghua (1987, 42) to the conclusion that they are related to the Saka Culture." "The dress of Iranian-speaking Saka and Scythians is easily reconstructed on the basis of...
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P–n junction
A p–n junction is a combination of two types of semiconductor materials, p-type and n-type, in a single crystal.
Pechenegs
The Pechenegs or PatzinaksPeçeneq(lər), Peçenek(ler), Middle Turkic: بَجَنَكْ, Pecenegi, Печенег(и), Печеніг(и), Besenyő(k), Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, პაჭანიკი, pechenegi, печенези,; Печенези, Pacinacae, Bisseni were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language.
Pelmeni
Pelmeni (пельмени—plural,; pelmen, пельмень—singular) are dumplings of Russian cuisine that consist of a filling wrapped in thin, unleavened dough.
Peredvizhniki
Peredvizhniki (Передви́жники), often called The Wanderers or The Itinerants in English, were a group of Russian realist artists who formed an artists' cooperative in protest of academic restrictions; it evolved into the Society for Travelling Art Exhibitions in 1870.
Perestroika
Perestroika (a) was a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the late 1980s, widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "transparency") policy reform.
Periodic table
The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the elements, is an ordered arrangement of the chemical elements into rows ("periods") and columns ("groups").
Permafrost
Permafrost is soil or underwater sediment which continuously remains below for two years or more: the oldest permafrost had been continuously frozen for around 700,000 years.
Peter II of Russia
Peter II Alexeyevich (23 October 1715 30 January 1730) was Emperor of Russia from 1727 until 1730, when he died at the age of 14.
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Peter Kropotkin
Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (9 December 1842 – 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist and geographer known as a proponent of anarchist communism.
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Peter the Great
Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.
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PFC CSKA Moscow
Professional Football Club CSKA (Профессиональный футбольный клуб – ЦСКА, derived from the historical name 'Центральный спортивный клуб армии', English: Central Sports Club of the Army), commonly referred to as CSKA Moscow or CSKA Moskva outside of Russia, or simply as CSKA, is a Russian professional football club.
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PGM-19 Jupiter
The PGM-19 Jupiter was the first nuclear armed, medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) of the United States Air Force (USAF).
Pirozhki
Pirozhki (p) are Eastern European baked or fried yeast-leavened boat-shaped buns with a variety of fillings.
Planned economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.
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Pluto
Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune.
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Plutocracy
A plutocracy or plutarchy is a society that is ruled or controlled by people of great wealth or income.
Poincaré conjecture
In the mathematical field of geometric topology, the Poincaré conjecture is a theorem about the characterization of the 3-sphere, which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space.
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Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. Russia and Poland are countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
Polar climate
The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers but with varying winters.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Russia and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth are Christian states.
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Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)
The Polish–Russian War was a conflict fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia from 1609 to 1618.
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Polity
A polity is a group of people with a collective identity, who are organized by some form of political institutionalized social relations, and have a capacity to mobilize resources.
Polotsk
Polotsk (Полоцк) or Polatsk (Polack) is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus.
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin under the direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups.
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Populism
Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite".
Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was held at Potsdam in the Soviet occupation zone from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
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Power of the purse
The power of the purse is the ability of one group to control the actions of another group by withholding funding, or putting stipulations on the use of funds.
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Preschool
A preschool (sometimes spelled as pre school or pre-school), also known as nursery school, pre-primary school, play school or creche, is an educational establishment or learning space offering early childhood education to children before they begin compulsory education at primary school.
President of Russia
The president of the Russian Federation (Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the executive head of state of Russia.
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Primary Chronicle
The Russian Primary Chronicle, commonly shortened to Primary Chronicle (translit, commonly transcribed Povest' vremennykh let (PVL)), is a chronicle of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110.
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Primary energy
Primary energy (PE) is the energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process.
Primary sector of the economy
The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, fishing, forestry and mining.
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Prime Minister of Russia
The chairman of the government of the Russian Federation, also informally known as the prime minister, is the head of government of Russia and the second highest ranking political office in Russia.
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Princeton University
Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.
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Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.
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Promulgation
Promulgation is the formal proclamation or the declaration that a new statutory or administrative law is enacted after its final approval.
Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical prehistoric ethnolinguistic group of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
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Purchasing power parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies.
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer during the Romantic period.
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Qajar dynasty
The Qajar dynasty (translit; 1789–1925) was an Iranian dynasty founded by Mohammad Khan of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman Qajar tribe.
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is an American government-funded international media organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analyses to Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East.
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Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
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Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
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Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.
Red Square
Red Square (Krasnaya ploshchad') is one of the oldest and largest squares in Moscow, the capital of Russia.
Red Terror
The Red Terror (krasnyy terror) was a campaign of political repression and executions in Soviet Russia carried out by the Bolsheviks, chiefly through the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police.
Regional power
In international relations, regional power, since the late 20thcentury has been used for a sovereign state that exercises significant power within its geographical region.
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
Renewable energy
Renewable energy (or green energy) is energy from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale.
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Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB; Reporters sans frontières; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organization focused on safeguarding the right to freedom of information.
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Representative democracy
Representative democracy (also called electoral democracy or indirect democracy) is a type of democracy where representatives are elected by the public.
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Republics of Russia
The republics are one type of federal subject of the Russian Federation.
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Republics of the Soviet Union
The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics (r) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
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Research and development
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones.
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Rhythmic gymnastics
Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which gymnasts perform on a floor with an apparatus: hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon and rope.
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River delta
A river delta is a landform shaped like a triangle, created by the deposition of sediment that is carried by a river and enters slower-moving or stagnant water.
Rock music in Russia
Russian rock music originated in the Soviet Union in the 1960s based on the influence of Western rock music and bard songs, and was developed by both amateur bands and official VIA.
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Rococo
Rococo, less commonly Roccoco, also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, and trompe-l'œil frescoes to create surprise and the illusion of motion and drama.
Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.
Rome
Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.
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Roscosmos
The State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos" (Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»), commonly known simply as Roscosmos (Роскосмос), is a state corporation of the Russian Federation responsible for space flights, cosmonautics programs, and aerospace research.
Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast
Rostov (p) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring.
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Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia.
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences.
Rurik
Rurik (also spelled Rorik, Riurik or Ryurik; Rjurikŭ; Hrøríkʀ; died 879) was a Varangian chieftain of the Rus' who, according to tradition, was invited to reign in Novgorod in the year 862.
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Russia and weapons of mass destruction
The Russian Federation is known to possess or have possessed three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and chemical weapons.
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Russia Day
Russia Day (День России, Den' Rossii) called Day of adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of RSFSR (День принятия Декларации о государственном суверенитете РСФСР, Den' prinyatia Declaratsii o gosudarstvennom suvernitete RSFSR) before 2002, is the national holiday of the Russian Federation.
Russian Airborne Forces
The Russian Airborne Forces (desantnye voyska Rossii, VDV) is the airborne forces branch of the Russian Armed Forces.
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Russian Armed Forces
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia.
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Russian ballet
Russian ballet (Русский балет) (Ballet russe) is a form of ballet characteristic of or originating from Russia.
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
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Russian colonization of North America
From 1732 to 1867, the Russian Empire laid claim to northern Pacific Coast territories in the Americas.
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Russian Constitution of 1906
The Russian Constitution of 1906 refers to a major revision of the 1832 Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire, which transformed the formerly absolutist state into one in which the emperor agreed for the first time to share his autocratic power with a parliament.
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Russian Far East
The Russian Far East (p) is a region in North Asia.
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Russian Ground Forces
The Russian Ground Forces, also known as the Russian Army in English, are the land forces of the Russian Armed Forces.
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Russian language
Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.
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Russian literature
Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia, its émigrés, and to Russian-language literature.
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Russian Navy
The Russian Navy is part of the Russian Armed Forces.
Russian oligarchs
Russian oligarchs (oligarkhi) are business oligarchs of the former Soviet republics who rapidly accumulated wealth in the 1990s via the Russian privatisation that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
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Russian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov', abbreviated as РПЦ), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskovskiy patriarkhat), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian church.
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Russian Republic
The Russian Republic, referred to as the Russian Democratic Federal Republic in the 1918 Constitution, was a short-lived state which controlled, de jure, the territory of the former Russian Empire after its proclamation by the Russian Provisional Government on 1 September (14 September) 1917 in a decree signed by Alexander Kerensky as Minister-Chairman and Alexander Zarudny as Minister of Justice.
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Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.
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Russian Revolution of 1905
The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, began on 22 January 1905.
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Russian ruble
The ruble or rouble (rublʹ; symbol: ₽; abbreviation: руб or р. in Cyrillic, Rub in Latin; ISO code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation.
Russians
Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.
Russkaya Pravda
The Russkaya Pravda (sometimes translated as Rus' Justice, Rus' Truth, or Russian Justice) was the legal code of Kievan Rus' and its principalities during the period of feudal fragmentation.
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Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Japanese Empire and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire.
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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
The Russo-Turkish War (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
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Ruthenia
Ruthenia is an exonym, originally used in Medieval Latin, as one of several terms for Kievan Rus'.
Rye
Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.
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Saint Basil's Cathedral
The Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed (Sobor Vasiliya Blazhennogo), known in English as Saint Basil's Cathedral, is an Orthodox church in Red Square of Moscow, and is one of the most popular cultural symbols of Russia.
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Saint Petersburg State University
Saint Petersburg State University (SPBU; Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a public research university in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Russia.
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Sakha Republic
Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of one million.
Sakhalin
Sakhalin (p) is an island in Northeast Asia.
Salafi movement
The Salafi movement or Salafism is a revival movement within Sunni Islam, which was formed as a socio-religious movement during the late 19th century and has remained influential in the Islamic world for over a century.
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Satellite
A satellite or artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body.
Sayan Mountains
The Sayan Mountains (Саяны Sajany; Соёны нуруу, Soyonï nurû; Kögmen) are a mountain range in southern Siberia spanning southeastern Russia (Buryatia, Irkutsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Tuva and Khakassia) and northern Mongolia.
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Scientific American
Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.
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Sea of Azov
The Sea of Azov is an inland shelf sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about) Strait of Kerch, and sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea.
Sea of Japan
The Sea of Japan is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula, and the mainland of the Russian Far East.
Sea of Okhotsk
The Sea of Okhotsk is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean. It is located between Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, Japan's island of Hokkaido on the south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and north.
Second Chechen War
The Second Chechen War is also known as the Second Chechen Campaign (Втора́я чече́нская кампа́ния) or the Second Russian Invasion of Chechnya from the Chechen insurgents' point of view.
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Secondary sector of the economy
In macroeconomics, the secondary sector of the economy is an economic sector in the three-sector theory that describes the role of manufacturing.
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Semi-arid climate
A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type.
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Semi-presidential republic
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state.
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Semyon Dezhnev
Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnyov (p; sometimes spelled Dezhnev; March 7, 1605 – 1673) was a Russian explorer of Siberia and the first European to sail through the Bering Strait, 80 years before Vitus Bering did.
Serbia
Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain. Russia and Serbia are Christian states, countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
Sergei Bondarchuk
Sergei Fyodorovich Bondarchuk (25 September 192020 October 1994) was a Soviet and Russian actor and filmmaker of Ukrainian origin, who was one of the leading figures of Russian cinema in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
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Sergei Eisenstein
Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (11 February 1948) was a Soviet film director, screenwriter, film editor and film theorist.
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Sergei Korolev
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov,; Serhii Pavlovych Koroliov,; 14 January 1966) was the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer during the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s.
Sergei Prokofiev
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (– 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor who later worked in the Soviet Union.
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Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff (28 March 1943) was a Russian composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor.
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Sevastopol
Sevastopol, sometimes written Sebastopol, is the largest city in Crimea and a major port on the Black Sea.
Severnaya Zemlya
Severnaya Zemlya (lit) is a archipelago in the Russian high Arctic.
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, international security and defence organization established by China and Russia in 2001.
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Shashlik
Shashlik, or shashlyck (шашлык shashlyk), is a dish of skewered and grilled cubes of meat, similar to or synonymous with shish kebab.
Shchi
Shchi (a) is a Russian-style cabbage soup.
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Sheremetyevo International Airport
Sheremetyevo Alexander S. Pushkin International Airport (ʂɨrʲɪˈmʲetʲjɪvə) is one of four international airports that serve the city of Moscow.
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Shock therapy (economics)
In economics, shock therapy is a group of policies intended to be implemented simultaneously in order to liberalize the economy, including liberalization of all prices, privatization, trade liberalization, and stabilization via tight monetary policies and fiscal policies.
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Siberia
Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Siege of Leningrad
The Siege of Leningrad was a prolonged military siege undertaken by the Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) on the Eastern Front of World War II.
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Slate (magazine)
Slate is an online magazine that covers current affairs, politics, and culture in the United States.
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Slavic languages
The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.
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Slavs
The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.
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Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government.
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Sochi
Sochi (a, from Шъуача – seaside) is the largest resort city in Russia.
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Socialist realism
Socialist realism was the official cultural doctrine of the Soviet Union that mandated an idealized representation of life under socialism in literature and the visual arts.
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Sofia Gubaidulina
Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina (Софи́я Асгáтовна Губaйду́лина, София Әсгать кызы Гобәйдуллина; born 24 October 1931) is a Soviet-Russian composer and an established international figure.
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Sophia Palaiologina
Sophia Fominichna Palaiologina or Paleologue (Sofiya Fominichna Paleolog; born Zoe Palaiologina; Ζωή Παλαιολογίνα; – 7 April 1503) was a Byzantine princess from the Palaiologos imperial dynasty and the grand princess of Moscow as the second wife of Ivan III of Russia.
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South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains.
South Ossetia
South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. Russia and South Ossetia are 1991 establishments in Asia and 1991 establishments in Europe.
Soviet (council)
A soviet (sovet) is a workers' council that follows a socialist ideology, particularly in the context of the Russian Revolution.
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Soviet and communist studies
Soviet and communist studies, or simply Soviet studies, is the field of regional and historical studies on the Soviet Union and other communist states, as well as the history of communism and of the communist parties that existed or still exist in some form in many countries, both inside and outside the former Eastern Bloc, such as the Communist Party USA.
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Soviet invasion of Manchuria
The Soviet invasion of Manchuria, formally known as the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation or simply the Manchurian Operation, began on 9 August 1945 with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
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Soviet space dogs
During the 1950s and 1960s the Soviet space program used dogs for sub-orbital and orbital space flights to determine whether human spaceflight was feasible.
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Soviet space program
The Soviet space program (Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) was the state space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from 1955 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. Russia and Soviet Union are federal republics.
Soviet Union national football team
The Soviet Union national football team (r) is the national football team who represented the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1992.
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Soviet–Afghan War
The Soviet–Afghan War was a protracted armed conflict fought in the Soviet-controlled Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) from 1979 to 1989. The war was a major conflict of the Cold War as it saw extensive fighting between Soviet Union, the DRA and allied paramilitary groups against the Afghan mujahideen and their allied foreign fighters.
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Soyuz (rocket family)
Soyuz (Союз, meaning "union", GRAU index 11A511) is a family of expendable Russian and Soviet carrier rockets developed by OKB-1 and manufactured by Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara, Russia.
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Space Age
The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the space race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events, beginning with the launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, and continuing to the present.
Space capsule
A space capsule is a spacecraft designed to transport cargo, scientific experiments, and/or astronauts to and from space.
Space exploration
Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space.
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Space Race
The Space Race (Космическая гонка) was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union, to achieve superior spaceflight capability.
Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program.
Space station
A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains in orbit and hosts humans for extended periods of time.
Space technology
Space technology is technology for use in outer space.
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SpaceX
Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, commonly referred to as SpaceX, is an American spacecraft manufacturer, launch service provider and satellite communications company headquartered in Hawthorne, California.
Special Broadcasting Service
The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) is an Australian hybrid-funded public service broadcaster.
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Sphere of influence
In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity.
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Sputnik 1
Sputnik 1 (Спутник-1, Satellite 1) was the first artificial Earth satellite.
Sputnik 2
Sputnik 2 (Спутник-2, Satellite 2, or Prosteyshiy Sputnik 2 (PS-2, italic, Simplest Satellite 2, launched on 3 November 1957, was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, and the first to carry an animal into orbit, a Soviet space dog named Laika.
Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.
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State Duma
The State Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia.
State-sponsored terrorism
State-sponsored terrorism is terrorist violence carried out with the active support of national governments provided to violent non-state actors.
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Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is an international institute based in Stockholm.
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Strategic bomber
A strategic bomber is a medium- to long-range penetration bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of air-to-ground weaponry onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating the enemy's capacity to wage war.
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Strategic Rocket Forces
The Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation (RVSN RF; Raketnye voyska strategicheskogo naznacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is a separate-troops branch of the Russian Armed Forces that controls Russia's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
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Subarctic climate
The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a continental climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers.
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Subtropics
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics.
Succession of the Roman Empire
The continuation, succession, and revival of the Roman Empire is a running theme of the history of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Russia and succession of the Roman Empire are Christian states.
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Superpower
Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale.
Suzdal
Suzdal (Суздаль) is a town that serves as the administrative center of Suzdalsky District in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, which is located near the Kamenka River, north of the city of Vladimir.
Sviatoslav I
Sviatoslav or Svyatoslav I Igorevich (Svętoslavŭ Igorevičǐ; Old Norse: Sveinald; – 972) was Prince of Kiev from 945 until his death in 972.
Symbolism (arts)
Symbolism was a late 19th-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts seeking to represent absolute truths symbolically through language and metaphorical images, mainly as a reaction against naturalism and realism.
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Synchronized swimming
Synchronized swimming (in British English, synchronised swimming) or artistic swimming is a sport where swimmers perform a synchronized choreographed routine, accompanied by music.
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Syrniki
Syrniki (сырнікі; сырники) or syrnyky (Ukrainian: сирники, cheese cakes) are fried Eastern Slavic quark (curd cheese) pancakes.
T.A.T.u.
t.A.T.u. (Тату) were a Russian pop duo consisting of Lena Katina and Julia Volkova.
Taiga
Taiga (p), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches.
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TASS
The Russian News Agency TASS, or simply TASS, is a Russian state-owned news agency founded in 1904.
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Tatar language
Tatar (татар теле, tatar tele or татарча, tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia and Crimea.
Tatars
The Tatars, in the Collins English Dictionary formerly also spelt Tartars, is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia. Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes.
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
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Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions.
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Term limit
A term limit is a legal restriction on the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office.
Tertiary education
Tertiary education, also referred to as third-level, third-stage or post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of secondary education.
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Tertiary sector of the economy
The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle).
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The Age
The Age is a daily newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, that has been published since 1854.
The American Mathematical Monthly
The American Mathematical Monthly is a mathematical journal founded by Benjamin Finkel in 1894.
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The Atlantic
The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.
The Christian Science Monitor
The Christian Science Monitor (CSM), commonly known as The Monitor, is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles both in electronic format and a weekly print edition.
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The Economist
The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.
The Five (composers)
The Five (Могучая кучка, lit. Mighty Bunch), also known as the Mighty Handful or The Mighty Five, were five prominent 19th-century Russian composers who worked together to create a distinct national style of classical music: Mily Balakirev (the leader), César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin.
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The Lancet
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind.
The Last Day of Pompeii
The Last Day of Pompeii is a large history painting by Karl Bryullov produced in 1830–1833 on the subject of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79.
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The Moscow Times
The Moscow Times is an independent English-language and Russian-language online newspaper.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The New Yorker
The New Yorker is an American magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.
The Straits Times
The Straits Times (also known informally by its abbreviation ST) is a Singaporean daily English-language newspaper owned by the SPH Media Trust.
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The Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), also referred to simply as the Journal, is an American newspaper based in New York City, with a focus on business and finance.
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The Washington Post
The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.
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The West Australian
The West Australian is the only locally edited daily newspaper published in Perth, Western Australia.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Theodosius Dobzhansky
Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky (Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добржа́нський; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was an American geneticist and evolutionary biologist.
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Theosophical Society
The Theosophical Society is the organizational body of Theosophy, an esoteric new religious movement.
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Time (magazine)
Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.
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Time of Troubles
The Time of Troubles (Smutnoye vremya), also known as Smuta (troubles), was a period of political crisis in Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Feodor I, the last of the House of Rurik, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.
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Total fertility rate
The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.
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Trans-Siberian Railway
The Trans-Siberian Railway, historically known as the Great Siberian Route and often shortened to Transsib, is a large railway system that connects European Russia to the Russian Far East.
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Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.
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Transparency International
Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank.
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I. The treaty, which followed months of negotiations after the armistice on the Eastern Front in December 1917, was signed at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus).
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Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty intended to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament.
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Tretyakov Gallery
The State Tretyakov Gallery (Gosudarstvennaya Tretyakovskaya Galereya; abbreviated ГТГ, GTG) is an art gallery in Moscow, Russia, which is considered the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world.
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Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius
The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius (Троице-Сергиева лавра) is a lavra and the most important Russian monastery, being the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church.
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Trinity Sunday
Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost in the Western Christian liturgical calendar, and the Sunday of Pentecost in Eastern Christianity.
Triple Entente
The Triple Entente (from French entente meaning "friendship, understanding, agreement") describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Trofim Lysenko
Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко; Trokhym Denysovych Lysenko,; 20 November 1976) was a Soviet agronomist and scientist.
Trotskyism
Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International.
Tundra
In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons.
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
UEFA Champions League
The UEFA Champions League (abbreviated as UCL) is an annual club association football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and contested by top-division European clubs, deciding the competition winners through a round robin group stage to qualify for a double-legged knockout format, and a single leg final.
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UEFA Euro 1988
The 1988 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in West Germany from 10 to 25 June 1988.
UEFA Euro 2008
The 2008 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2008 or simply Euro 2008, was the 13th UEFA European Championship, a quadrennial football tournament contested by the member nations of UEFA (the Union of European Football Associations).
UEFA Europa League
The UEFA Europa League (previously known as the UEFA Cup), abbreviated as UEL or sometimes UEFA EL, is an annual football club competition organised since 1971 by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) for eligible European football clubs.
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Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. Russia and Ukraine are countries in Europe and member states of the United Nations.
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.
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Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainska Radianska Sotsialistychna Respublika; Ukrainskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991.
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UN Tourism
UN Tourism (UNWTO until 2023) is a specialized agency of the United Nations which promotes responsible, sustainable and universally-accessible tourism.
Union of Concerned Scientists
The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is a nonprofit science advocacy organization based in the United States.
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Union State
The Union State of Russia and Belarus, officially also referred to as Union State, is a supranational union consisting of Belarus and Russia, with the stated aim of deepening the relationship between the two states through integration in economic and defence policy.
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
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United Nations Human Rights Council
The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.
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United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.
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United Russia
The All-Russian Political Party "United Russia" (Vserossiyskaya politicheskaya partiya "Yedinaya Rossiya") is the ruling political party of Russia.
United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is an executive department of the United States federal government that aims to meet the needs of commercial farming and livestock food production, promotes agricultural trade and production, works to assure food safety, protects natural resources, fosters rural communities and works to end hunger in the United States and internationally.
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United States Government Publishing Office
The United States Government Publishing Office (USGPO or GPO), formerly the United States Government Printing Office, is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States Federal government.
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Universal health care
Universal health care (also called universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care) is a health care system in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured access to health care.
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University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California.
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University of Colorado Boulder
The University of Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder, CU, or Colorado) is a public research university in Boulder, Colorado, United States.
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University of Kent
The University of Kent (formerly the University of Kent at Canterbury, abbreviated as UKC) is a semi-collegiate public research university based in Kent, United Kingdom.
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University of Nevada, Las Vegas
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise, Nevada.
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University of Warwick
The University of Warwick (abbreviated as Warw. in post-nominal letters) is a public research university on the outskirts of Coventry between the West Midlands and Warwickshire, England.
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Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house.
Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.
Uralic languages
The Uralic languages, sometimes called the Uralian languages, form a language family of 42 languages spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia.
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Urban area
An urban area is a human settlement with a high population density and an infrastructure of built environment.
USA Today
USA Today (often stylized in all caps) is an American daily middle-market newspaper and news broadcasting company.
Valentin Glushko
Valentin Petrovich Glushko (Валенти́н Петро́вич Глушко́; Valentyn Petrovych Hlushko; born 2 September 1908 – 10 January 1989) was a Soviet engineer who was program manager of the Soviet space program from 1974 until 1989.
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Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born 6 March 1937) is a Russian engineer, member of the State Duma, and former Soviet cosmonaut.
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Vascular plant
Vascular plants, also called tracheophytes or collectively tracheophyta, form a large group of land plants (accepted known species) that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant.
Vasili III of Russia
Vasili III Ivanovich (Василий III Иванович; 25 March 14793 December 1533) was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1505 until his death in 1533.
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Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun.
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Victory Day (9 May)
Victory Day День Победы, Deň Pobedy Дзень Перамогі Dzěň Pěramohi Ғалаба куни, Gʻalaba kuni/Ğalaba Kuni Жеңіс Күні, Jeñis Küni გამარჯვების დღე, Gamarjvebis dğe Qələbə Günü Ziua Victoriei Жеңиш майрамы Ceñiş Mayramı Рӯзи Ғалаба, Rúzi Calaba Հաղթանակի օրը, Haqtanaki orë Ýeňişlar Harçlaarsiň is a holiday that commemorates the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany in 1945.
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Vikings
Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.
Viktor Tsoi
Viktor Robertovich Tsoi (Виктор Робертович Цой;; 21 June 1962 – 15 August 1990) was a Soviet singer-songwriter and actor who co-founded Kino, one of the most popular and musically influential bands in the history of Russian music.
Vissarion Belinsky
Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky (Виссаріонъ Григорьевичъ Бѣлинскій.|Vissarión Grigórʹjevič Belínskij|vʲɪsərʲɪˈon ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲjɪvʲɪdʑ bʲɪˈlʲinskʲɪj; –) was a Russian literary critic of Westernizing tendency.
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Vladimir K. Zworykin
Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (1888/1889July 29, 1982) was a Russian-American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology.
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Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (Владимир Владимирович Набоков; 2 July 1977), also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (Владимир Сирин), was a Russian-American novelist, poet, translator, and entomologist.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who is the president of Russia.
Vladimir the Great
Vladimir I Sviatoslavich or Volodymyr I Sviatoslavych (Volodiměr Svętoslavič; Christian name: Basil; 15 July 1015), given the epithet "the Great", was Prince of Novgorod from 970 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 978 until his death in 1015. The Eastern Orthodox Church canonised him as Saint Vladimir.
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Vladimir Vernadsky
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, also spelt Volodymyr Ivanovych Vernadsky (Владимир Иванович Вернадский, Володимир Іванович Вернадський; – 6 January 1945) was a Russian, Ukrainian, and Soviet mineralogist and geochemist who is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology.
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Vladimir Vysotsky
Vladimir Semyonovich Vysotsky (p; 25 January 1938 – 25 July 1980) was a Soviet singer-songwriter, poet, and actor who had an immense and enduring effect on Soviet culture.
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Vladimir, Russia
Vladimir (Влади́мир) is a city and the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Klyazma River, east of Moscow.
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Vladimir-Suzdal
Vladimir-Suzdal (Владимирско-Су́здальская, Vladimirsko-Suzdal'skaya), formally known as the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal or Grand Principality of Vladimir (1157–1331) (translit; Volodimeriae), also as Suzdalia or Vladimir-Suzdalian Rus', was one of the major principalities emerging from Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century, centered in Vladimir-on-Klyazma.
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Vodka
Vodka (wódka; водка; vodka) is a clear distilled alcoholic beverage.
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Voice of America
Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international radio broadcasting state media agency owned by the United States of America.
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Volga
The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of, and a catchment area of., Russian State Water Registry It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between and – and of drainage basin.
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Voskhod 2
Voskhod 2 (Sunrise-2) was a Soviet crewed space mission in March 1965.
Vostok 1
Vostok 1 (Восток, East or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first human orbital spaceflight in history.
Vostok 6
Vostok 6 (Восток-6, Orient 6 or East 6) was the first human spaceflight to carry a woman, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, into space.
Walters Art Museum
Walters Art Museum is a public art museum located in the Mount Vernon section of Baltimore, Maryland.
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War and Peace
War and Peace (translit; pre-reform Russian: Война и миръ) is a literary work by Russian author Leo Tolstoy.
War of the Sixth Coalition
In the War of the Sixth Coalition (Guerre de la Sixième Coalition) (March 1813 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation (Befreiungskriege), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia, and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba.
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Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States.
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Wassily Kandinsky
Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (– 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist.
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Westminster
Westminster is the main settlement of the City of Westminster in London, England.
White movement
The White movement (p), also known as the Whites (Бѣлые / Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the communist Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War and that to a lesser extent continued operating as militarized associations of rebels both outside and within Russian borders in Siberia until roughly World War II (1939–1945).
White Sea
The White Sea (Beloye more; Karelian and lit; Serako yam) is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia.
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
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Winter War
The Winter War was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland.
Wired (magazine)
Wired (stylized in all caps) is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
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World Intellectual Property Organization
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO; Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle (OMPI)) is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN).
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.
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World War I casualties
The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was about 40 million: estimates range from around 15 to 22 million deaths and about 23 million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.
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World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.
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Yale University Press
Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.
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Yamnaya culture
The Yamnaya culture or the Yamna culture, also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BCE.
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Yaroslav the Wise
Yaroslav I Vladimirovich (978 – 20 February 1054), better known as Yaroslav the Wise, was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1019 until his death in 1054.
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Yaroslavl
Yaroslavl (Ярославль) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow.
Yenisey
The Yenisey (Енисе́й) is the fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean.
Yevgeny Zamyatin
Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin (p; – 10 March 1937), sometimes anglicized as Eugene Zamyatin, was a Russian author of science fiction, philosophy, literary criticism, and political satire.
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Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who, aboard the first successful crewed spaceflight, became the first human to journey into outer space.
Zemsky Sobor
The Zemsky Sobor (t) was a parliament of the Tsardom of Russia's estates of the realm active during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Zond 5
Zond 5 (lit) was a spacecraft of the Soviet Zond program.
.ru
.ru is the Latin alphabet Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Russia introduced on 7 April 1994.
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1960 European Nations' Cup
The 1960 European Nations' Cup was the inaugural tournament of the UEFA European Championship, held every four years and organised by UEFA.
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1980 Summer Olympics
The 1980 Summer Olympics (Letnije Olimpijskije igry 1980), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (Igry XXII Olimpiady) and officially branded as Moscow 1980 (Москва 1980), were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1980 in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia.
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1991 Soviet coup attempt
The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup, was a failed attempt by hardliners of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet President and General Secretary of the CPSU at the time.
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1993 Russian constitutional crisis
In September and October 1993, a constitutional crisis arose in the Russian Federation from a conflict between the then Russian president Boris Yeltsin and the country's parliament.
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1999 Russian apartment bombings
In September 1999, a series of explosions hit four apartment blocks in the Russian cities of Buynaksk, Moscow, and Volgodonsk, killing more than 300, injuring more than 1,000, and spreading a wave of fear across the country.
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2000 Russian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Russia on 26 March 2000.
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2004 Russian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Russia on 14 March 2004.
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2014 Winter Olympics
The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games (XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 (Сочи 2014), were an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi, Russia.
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41st parallel north
The 41st parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 41 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
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See also
1991 establishments in Asia
- Azerbaijan
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- Georgia (country)
- Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- Islamic Emirate of Kunar
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Nationalist Democratic Assembly
- Russia
- South Ossetia
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan
- Unified Korean sporting teams
- Uzbekistan
1991 establishments in Europe
- ARC Europe
- Alpenliga
- Aromanian National Day
- Azerbaijan
- Balkan Masters Athletics Championships
- Cartoon d'or
- Chaillot Papers
- Comité International du Ski-Alpinisme de Compétition
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- European Cockpit Association
- European Concert Hall Organisation
- European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers' Organisations
- European Council for Business Education
- European Dance Radio Chart
- European Federation of Neurological Societies
- European Fencing Confederation
- European Film Award for Best Editor
- European Journal of Cancer Prevention
- European Kings Club
- European Medical Students' Association
- European Optical Society
- European Society for Analytic Philosophy
- European Wound Management Association
- Formula Renault Eurocup
- Georgia (country)
- Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- Guadiana International Bridge
- Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
- Kazakhstan
- Moldova
- NFL Europe
- Russia
- Russia–NATO relations
- SAO Western Slavonia
- Slovenia
- South Ossetia
- Statewatch
- Ternopil Regional Art Museum
- ULEB
- Visegrád Group
BRICS nations
- Brazil
- China
- Egypt
- Ethiopia
- India
- Iran
- Member states of BRICS
- Russia
- South Africa
- United Arab Emirates
Federal republics
- Argentina
- Austria
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brazil
- Ethiopia
- Federal republic
- Germany
- Iraq
- Mexico
- Nepal
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- Russia
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
- Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
- Somalia
- South Sudan
- Soviet Union
- Sudan
- Switzerland
- Venezuela
G20 members
- African Union
- Argentina
- Australia
- Brazil
- Canada
- China
- European Union
- France
- Germany
- India
- Indonesia
- Italy
- Japan
- Mexico
- Russia
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization
- Armenia
- Belarus
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Russia
- Tajikistan
Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States
Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union
- Armenia
- Belarus
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Russia
Northeast Asian countries
- China
- Japan
- Mongolia
- North Korea
- Russia
- South Korea
- Taiwan
Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
References
Also known as Biodiversity in Russia, Eussia, Federation of Russia, ISO 3166-1:RU, Independent Russian Federation, POCCNR, Poccия, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Resey, Rossijskaja Federacija, Rossijskaja Federatsija, Rossijskaq Federaciq, Rossiyskaya Federaciya, Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, Russia (1991-1993), Russia (Federation), Russia (country), Russian (country), Russian federation republic, RussianFederation, Russie, Russiya, Russland, Russsia, Ryssland, The Country Russia, The Russia, The Russian Federation, Venäjä, , Арассыыйа, Аьрасат, Ородой Холбооной Улас, Оросын Холбооны Улс, Орсин Ниицән, Оьрсийн Федераций, РОССИЯ, Ресей, Ресей Федерациясы, Росси́йская Федера́ци, Росси́йская Федера́ция, Российская Федерация, Уæрæсе.
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List of countries and dependencies by population, List of countries and dependencies by population density, List of countries by GDP (nominal), List of countries by GDP (PPP), List of countries by rail transport network size, List of films voted the best, List of institutions of higher education in Russia, List of leaders of the Soviet Union, List of political parties in Russia, List of river systems by length, List of states with limited recognition, List of states with nuclear weapons, Literacy, Lithuania, Live birth (human), Livonian War, Los Angeles Times, Lower Paleolithic, Lunokhod 1, Lysenkoism, Macmillan Publishers, Mammal, Marc Chagall, Mariinsky Theatre, Market economy, Maser, Matryoshka doll, Maxim Gorky, Mayonnaise, Megacity, Member states of the United Nations, Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Middle Ages, Middle East, Middlesex University, Mikhail Bakhtin, Mikhail Bakunin, Mikhail Bulgakov, Mikhail Glinka, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Kutuzov, Mikhail Lermontov, Mikhail Lomonosov, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail Vrubel, Millet, MIT Press, Mixed economy, Modern Humanities Research Association, Modern synthesis (20th century), Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', Mongolia, Mongols, Moon, Mortality rate, Moscow, Moscow State University, Moscow theater hostage crisis, Mount Elbrus, Multi-party system, Multinational state, Munich, Murom, Napoleonic Wars, Naryshkin Baroque, NASA Earth Observatory, National anthem of Russia, National Council of Teachers of English, National Geographic, National parks of Russia, NATO, Nature (journal), Nature reserve, Nazi Germany, NBC News, New Siberian Islands, Newsweek, Nicholas I of Russia, Nicholas Roerich, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Gogol, Nikolai Leskov, Nikolai Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ostrovsky, Nikolai Rubinstein, Nikolai Vavilov, Nikolay Karamzin, Nikolay Nekrasov, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Non-Euclidean geometry, North Asia, North Caucasian languages, North 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