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175 relations: Abbe number, Afghanistan, Alluvium, Aluminium, Aluminium oxide, Aluminium oxynitride, American Gem Society, American Museum of Natural History, Analogue electronics, Annales de chimie et de physique, Asterism (gemology), Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil, Australia, Barcode reader, BBC, Beryllium, Birefringence, Birthstone, Bismarck Sapphire Necklace, Black Star of Queensland, Body armor, Boule (crystal), Cabochon, Cambodia, Carat (mass), Chatoyancy, China, Chromium, Chrysoberyl, CMOS, Coating, Colombia, Color, Colorfulness, Communications satellite, Copper, Corundum, Crystal, Crystal structure, Crystal twinning, Crystallite, Czochralski process, Deer Lodge, Montana, Diamond, Dichroism, Digital electronics, Dopant, East Africa, Eastern states of Australia, Electromagnetic spectrum, ..., Elizabeth II, Emerald, Facet, Federal Trade Commission, Franklin, North Carolina, Gallium nitride, Gemological Institute of America, Gems & Gemology, Gemstone, Geology, Geuda, Green, Hardness, Helena, Montana, Hematite, Hermann–Mauguin notation, Hexagonal crystal family, Hong Kong dollar, Hot isostatic pressing, Hue, Ilakaka, Incandescence, Inclusion (mineral), India, Infrared, Insulator (electricity), Integrated circuit, Iridium, Iron, Jan Czochralski, Jewellery, Kashmir, Kenya, Laos, Lapis lazuli, Laser, Latin, Lewistown, Montana, Light-emitting diode, Lightness, Logan Sapphire, Los Angeles Times, Loupe, Madagascar, Magnesium, Malawi, Middle Ages, Mindat.org, Mining, Missouri River, Mobile phone, Mode-locking, Mohs scale of mineral hardness, Moissanite, Molybdenum, Montana, Myanmar, National Museum of Natural History, Nelumbo nucifera, Nepal, New York City, Nigeria, North America, Optics, Oxford University Press, Oxide minerals, Oxygen, Oxyhydrogen, Pakistan, Philipsburg, Montana, Police radio, Porosity, Purple, Radiant energy, Rapaport Diamond Report, Relative permittivity, Ruby, Ruby (color), Rutile, Sanskrit, Sapphire jubilee, Saturn, Semiconductor, Shandong, Silicon on insulator, Silicon on sapphire, Smithsonian Institution, Solid-state electronics, Spectroscopy, Sri Lanka, Star of Bombay, Star of India (gem), Stimulated emission, Stuart Sapphire, Substrate (electronics), Swiss Gemmological Institute, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, The Star of Adam, The Wall Street Journal, Thermal conductivity, Thermal expansion, Ti-sapphire laser, Titanium, Titanium dioxide, Tower of London, Ultraviolet, United States dollar, Valence (chemistry), Valence and conduction bands, Vanadium, Verneuil process, Vietnam, Violet (color), Wafer (electronics), Washington, D.C., Watch, Wavelength, WebExhibits, Wedding anniversary, Window, Xenon arc lamp, Yogo sapphire, Zirconium dioxide. Expand index (125 more) »
Abbe number
In optics and lens design, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is a measure of the material's dispersion (variation of refractive index versus wavelength), with high values of V indicating low dispersion.
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.
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Alluvium
Alluvium (from the Latin alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against") is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock) soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Aluminium oxide
Aluminium oxide (British English) or aluminum oxide (American English) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula 23.
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Aluminium oxynitride
Aluminium oxynitride or ALON is a ceramic composed of aluminium, oxygen and nitrogen.
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American Gem Society
The American Gem Society (AGS) is a trade association of retail jewelers, independent appraisers, suppliers, and selective industry members, which was founded in 1934 by Robert M. Shipley.
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American Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History (abbreviated as AMNH), located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City, is one of the largest museums in the world.
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Analogue electronics
Analogue electronics (also spelled analog electronics) are electronic systems with a continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital electronics where signals usually take only two levels.
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Annales de chimie et de physique
Annales de chimie et de physique (French for Annals of Chemistry and of Physics) is a scientific journal that was founded in Paris, France, in 1789 under the title Annales de chimie.
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Asterism (gemology)
Asterism (from ἀστήρ star), the property of a star stone (asteria), is the phenomenon of gemstones exhibiting a star-like concentration of reflected or refracted light when cut en cabochon (shaped and polished rather than faceted).
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Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil
Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil (3 November 1856 – 27 April 1913) was a French chemist best known for inventing the first commercially viable process for the manufacture of synthetic gemstones.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
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Barcode reader
A bar code reader (or bar code scanner) is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes to a computer.
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BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.
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Beryllium
Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.
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Birefringence
Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light.
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Birthstone
A birthstone is a gemstone that represents a person's month of birth.
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Bismarck Sapphire Necklace
The Bismarck Sapphire Necklace is a sapphire necklace designed by Cartier, Inc. in 1935.
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Black Star of Queensland
The Black Star of Queensland, named after its nature and place of origin, is a 733-carat (146.6 g) black sapphire, and was the world's largest gem quality star sapphire until The Star of Adam was discovered.
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Body armor
Body armor/armour, personal armor/armour, suits of armour or coats of armour all refer to protective clothing, designed to absorb and/or deflect slashing, bludgeoning and penetrating attacks by weapons.
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Boule (crystal)
A boule is a single crystal ingot produced by synthetic means.
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Cabochon
A cabochon, from the Middle French word caboche (meaning "head"), is a gemstone which has been shaped and polished as opposed to faceted.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (កម្ពុជា, or Kampuchea:, Cambodge), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, prĕəh riəciənaacak kampuciə,; Royaume du Cambodge), is a sovereign state located in the southern portion of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Carat (mass)
The carat (ct) (not to be confused with the karat, sometimes spelled carat, a unit of purity of gold alloys), is a unit of mass equal to 200 mg (0.2 g; 0.007055 oz) and is used for measuring gemstones and pearls.
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Chatoyancy
In gemology, chatoyancy, or chatoyance or cat's eye effect, is an optical reflectance effect seen in certain gemstones.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
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Chrysoberyl
The mineral or gemstone chrysoberyl is an aluminate of beryllium with the formula BeAl2O4.
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CMOS
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor, abbreviated as CMOS, is a technology for constructing integrated circuits.
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Coating
A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the substrate.
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Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.
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Color
Color (American English) or colour (Commonwealth English) is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color categories, with names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or purple.
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Colorfulness
Colorfulness, chroma and saturation are attributes of perceived color relating to chromatic intensity.
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Communications satellite
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.
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Copper
Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.
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Corundum
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium and chromium.
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Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
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Crystal structure
In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material.
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Crystal twinning
Crystal twinning occurs when two separate crystals share some of the same crystal lattice points in a symmetrical manner.
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Crystallite
A crystallite is a small or even microscopic crystal which forms, for example, during the cooling of many materials.
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Czochralski process
The Czochralski process is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold), salts and synthetic gemstones.
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Deer Lodge, Montana
Deer Lodge is a city in and the county seat of Powell County, Montana, United States.
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Diamond
Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.
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Dichroism
In optics, a dichroic material is either one which causes visible light to be split up into distinct beams of different wavelengths (colours) (not to be confused with dispersion), or one in which light rays having different polarizations are absorbed by different amounts.
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Digital electronics
Digital electronics or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics that operate on digital signals.
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Dopant
A dopant, also called a doping agent, is a trace impurity element that is inserted into a substance (in very low concentrations) to alter the electrical or optical properties of the substance.
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East Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern region of the African continent, variably defined by geography.
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Eastern states of Australia
The eastern states of Australia are the states adjoining the east coast of Australia.
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Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.
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Emerald
Emerald is a precious gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium.
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Facet
Facets are flat faces on geometric shapes.
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Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act.
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Franklin, North Carolina
Franklin is a town in Franklin Township, Macon County, North Carolina, United States, within the Nantahala National Forest.
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Gallium nitride
Gallium nitride is a binary III/V direct bandgap semiconductor commonly used in light-emitting diodes since the 1990s.
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Gemological Institute of America
The Gemological Institute of America, or GIA, is a nonprofit institute dedicated to research and education in the field of gemology and the jewelry arts.
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Gems & Gemology
Gems & Gemology is a quarterly scientific journal published by the Gemological Institute of America.
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Gemstone
A gemstone (also called a gem, fine gem, jewel, precious stone, or semi-precious stone) is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments.
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Geology
Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
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Geuda
Geuda (ගෙවුඩ, pronounced gay-yoo-dah) is a form of the mineral corundum, or sapphire, found primarily in Sri Lanka.
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Green
Green is the color between blue and yellow on the visible spectrum.
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Hardness
Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion.
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Helena, Montana
Helena is the state capital of the U.S. state of Montana and the county seat of Lewis and Clark County.
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Hematite
Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is the mineral form of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of several iron oxides.
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Hermann–Mauguin notation
In geometry, Hermann–Mauguin notation is used to represent the symmetry elements in point groups, plane groups and space groups.
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Hexagonal crystal family
In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families, which includes 2 crystal systems (hexagonal and trigonal) and 2 lattice systems (hexagonal and rhombohedral).
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Hong Kong dollar
The Hong Kong dollar (sign: HK$; code: HKD) is the official currency of Hong Kong.
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Hot isostatic pressing
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a manufacturing process, used to reduce the porosity of metals and increase the density of many ceramic materials.
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Hue
Hue is one of the main properties (called color appearance parameters) of a color, defined technically (in the CIECAM02 model), as "the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, and yellow", (which in certain theories of color vision are called unique hues).
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Ilakaka
Ilakaka is a small town in Ihorombe Region in the south western part of Madagascar.
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Incandescence
Incandescence is the emission of electromagnetic radiation (including visible light) from a hot body as a result of its temperature.
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Inclusion (mineral)
In mineralogy, an inclusion is any material that is trapped inside a mineral during its formation.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.
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Insulator (electricity)
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field.
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Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
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Iridium
Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Jan Czochralski
Jan Czochralski (23 October 1885 – 22 April 1953) was a Polish chemist who invented the Czochralski process and pioneer in semi conductor industry, which is used for growing single crystals and in the production of semiconductor wafers.
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Jewellery
Jewellery (British English) or jewelry (American English)see American and British spelling differences consists of small decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks.
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Kashmir
Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.
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Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
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Laos
Laos (ລາວ,, Lāo; Laos), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao; République démocratique populaire lao), commonly referred to by its colloquial name of Muang Lao (Lao: ເມືອງລາວ, Muang Lao), is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southwest and Thailand to the west and southwest.
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Lapis lazuli
Lapis lazuli, or lapis for short, is a deep blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color.
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Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Lewistown, Montana
Lewistown is a city in and the county seat of Fergus County, Montana, United States.
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Light-emitting diode
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.
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Lightness
In colorimetry and color theory, lightness, also known as value or tone, is a representation of variation in the perception of a color or color space's brightness.
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Logan Sapphire
The Logan Sapphire is a flawless specimen from Sri Lanka, a cushion-cut stone which possesses a rich deep blue color and is the second largest (blue) sapphire known, weighing 422.99 carats (84.6 g).
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Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.
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Loupe
A loupe is a simple, small magnification device used to see small details more closely.
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Madagascar
Madagascar (Madagasikara), officially the Republic of Madagascar (Repoblikan'i Madagasikara; République de Madagascar), and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Malawi
Malawi (or; or maláwi), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Mindat.org
Mindat.org is a non-commercial online mineralogical database, claiming to be the largest mineral database and mineralogical reference website on the internet.
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Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.
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Missouri River
The Missouri River is the longest river in North America.
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Mobile phone
A mobile phone, known as a cell phone in North America, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area.
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Mode-locking
Mode-locking is a technique in optics by which a laser can be made to produce pulses of light of extremely short duration, on the order of picoseconds (10−12 s) or femtoseconds (10−15 s).
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Mohs scale of mineral hardness
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scale characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material.
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Moissanite
Moissanite is naturally occurring silicon carbide and its various crystalline polymorphs.
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Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42.
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Montana
Montana is a state in the Northwestern United States.
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Myanmar
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia.
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National Museum of Natural History
The National Museum of Natural History is a natural-history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States.
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Nelumbo nucifera
Nelumbo nucifera, also known as Indian lotus, sacred lotus, bean of India, Egyptian bean or simply lotus, is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae.
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Nepal
Nepal (नेपाल), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल), is a landlocked country in South Asia located mainly in the Himalayas but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Nigeria
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north.
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North America
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.
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Optics
Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Oxide minerals
The oxide mineral class includes those minerals in which the oxide anion (O2−) is bonded to one or more metal ions.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Oxyhydrogen
Oxyhydrogen is a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.
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Philipsburg, Montana
Philipsburg is a town in and the county seat of Granite County, Montana, United States.
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Police radio
Police radio is a communications radio system used by law enforcement agencies all over the world.
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Porosity
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%.
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Purple
Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red.
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Radiant energy
In physics, and in particular as measured by radiometry, radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation.
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Rapaport Diamond Report
The Rapaport Price List is the diamond industry standard for the pricing of diamonds.
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Relative permittivity
The relative permittivity of a material is its (absolute) permittivity expressed as a ratio relative to the permittivity of vacuum.
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Ruby
A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide).
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Ruby (color)
Ruby is a color that is a representation of the color of the cut and polished ruby gemstone and is a shade of red or pink.
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Rutile
Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide (TiO2).
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Sanskrit
Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.
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Sapphire jubilee
In 2017, the term sapphire jubilee or blue sapphire jubilee was coined for the celebrations to mark the 65th anniversary of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (see Sapphire Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II).
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Saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter.
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Semiconductor
A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor – such as copper, gold etc.
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Shandong
Shandong (formerly romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region.
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Silicon on insulator
Silicon on insulator (SOI) technology refers to the use of a layered silicon–insulator–silicon substrate in place of conventional silicon substrates in semiconductor manufacturing, especially microelectronics, to reduce parasitic device capacitance, thereby improving performance.
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Silicon on sapphire
Silicon on sapphire (SOS) is a hetero-epitaxial process for integrated circuit manufacturing that consists of a thin layer (typically thinner than 0.6 µm) of silicon grown on a sapphire (Al2O3) wafer.
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Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, established on August 10, 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States.
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Solid-state electronics
Solid-state electronics means semiconductor electronics; electronic equipment using semiconductor devices such as semiconductor diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits (ICs).
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Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.
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Star of Bombay
The Star of Bombay is a 182-carat (36.4-g) cabochon-cut star sapphire originating from Sri Lanka.
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Star of India (gem)
The Star of India is a 563.35-carat (112.67 g) star sapphire, one of the largest such gems in the world.
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Stimulated emission
Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level.
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Stuart Sapphire
The Stuart Sapphire is a blue sapphire that forms part of the British Crown Jewels.
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Substrate (electronics)
A substrate (also called a wafer) is a solid (usually planar) substance onto which a layer of another substance is applied, and to which that second substance adheres.
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Swiss Gemmological Institute
The Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF is a gemmology laboratory located in Basel, Switzerland.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (or; Тоҷикистон), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated population of million people as of, and an area of.
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Tanzania
Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a sovereign state in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region.
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Thailand
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a unitary state at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces.
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The Star of Adam
The Star of Adam is an oval-shaped blue star sapphire, currently the largest star sapphire in the world.
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The Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.
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Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity (often denoted k, λ, or κ) is the property of a material to conduct heat.
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Thermal expansion
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.
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Ti-sapphire laser
Ti:sapphire lasers (also known as Ti:Al2O3 lasers, titanium-sapphire lasers, or Ti:sapphs) are tunable lasers which emit red and near-infrared light in the range from 650 to 1100 nanometers.
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Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.
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Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula.
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Tower of London
The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, the valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules.
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Valence and conduction bands
In solid-state physics, the valence band and conduction band are the bands closest to the Fermi level and thus determine the electrical conductivity of the solid.
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Vanadium
Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23.
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Verneuil process
The Verneuil process, also called flame fusion, was the first commercially successful method of manufacturing synthetic gemstones, developed in the late 1800s by the French chemist Auguste Verneuil.
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Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Violet (color)
Violet is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light between blue and the invisible ultraviolet.
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Wafer (electronics)
A wafer, also called a slice or substrate, is a thin slice of semiconductor material, such as a crystalline silicon, used in electronics for the fabrication of integrated circuits and in photovoltaics for conventional, wafer-based solar cells.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
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Watch
A watch is a timepiece intended to be carried or worn by a person.
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Wavelength
In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
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WebExhibits
WebExhibits is a virtual museum of science, humanities, and culture that uses information, virtual experiments, and hands-on activities that prompt visitors to think, to formulate questions, and to explore topics from a variety of angles.
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Wedding anniversary
A wedding anniversary is the anniversary of the date a wedding took place.
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Window
A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of light, sound, and air.
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Xenon arc lamp
A xenon arc lamp is a highly specialized type of gas discharge lamp, an electric light that produces light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure.
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Yogo sapphire
Yogo sapphires are a variety of corundum found only in Yogo Gulch, part of the Little Belt Mountains in Judith Basin County, Montana, United States, on land once inhabited by the Piegan Blackfeet people.
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Zirconium dioxide
Zirconium dioxide, sometimes known as zirconia (not to be confused with zircon), is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire
