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145 relations: Abadir Umar ar-Rida, Abasa, Awdal, Abd al Aziz al-Amawi, Abd al-Aziz of Mogadishu, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Abdallah al-Qutbi, Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, Abdullahi Ahmed Irro, Abyssinian–Adal war, Adal Sultanate, Afroasiatic languages, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Ajuran Sultanate, Al-Zayla`i, Ali, Ali Yusuf Kenadid, Amud, Arabic, Archaeological site, Aristocracy, Artifact (archaeology), Aw Barre, Aw Bube, Aw Garweyne, Barbara (region), Booco, Borama alphabet, Botiala, Cairo, Chief judge, Coin, Court (royal), Custom (law), Damo, Somalia, Darod, Dervish state, Detective, El Ayo, Emir, Empire, Ethiopia, Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, Eunuch, Faduma Sarjelle, Fakr ad-Din Mosque, Fatimah, French campaign in Egypt and Syria, Gadabuursi, George Wynn Brereton Huntingford, Gerad Dhidhin, ..., Great Mosque of Mecca, Hajj, Hajji, Harar, Hasan ibn Ali, Haylan, Heis (town), Honorific, Horn of Africa, Husayn ibn Ali, Ibn Battuta, Ibrahim Adeer, Imam, Isaaq, Islam, Judge, Jurist, Kilwa Sultanate, King, Kismayo, Lawyer, Lord, Macajilayn, Maduna, Mahmud IV, Majeerteen Sultanate, Maldives, Maritime history of Somalia, Master (form of address), Mecca, Meroë, Minister (government), Mogadishu, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Mohamoud Ali Shire, Monarch, Monarchy, Morocco, Mudun, Muhammad, Muscat and Oman, Muslim, Nawab, Nile, Nobiliary particle, Nobility, Nur ibn Mujahid, Osman Mahamuud, Police officer, Pottery, Primus inter pares, Prince, Princess, Prophets and messengers in Islam, Puntland, Qa’ableh, Qadi, Qadiriyya, Qombo'ul, Queen consort, Rahanweyn, Realm, Riwaq (arcade), Royal and noble ranks, Royal family, Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Saint, Salweyn, Sayyid, Sharif, Shaykh Sufi, Sheikh, Sheikh Abdurahman Sh. Nur, Sir, Somali architecture, Somali language, Somalia, Somaliland, Somalis, Steward (office), Style (manner of address), Sultan, Sultanate of Hobyo, Sultanate of Mogadishu, Sultanate of the Geledi, Tribute, Ulama, Viceroy, Vizier, Warsangali Sultanate, Witness, Xeer, Yusuf Ali Kenadid, Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn, Zeila. Expand index (95 more) »
Abadir Umar ar-Rida
Sheikh Abadir Umar ar-Rida al Harari (Harari: ኣው ኣባዲር, Abaadir Umar Ar-Rida, الفقيه عمر الرضا أبادر البكري الصديقي التيمي القرشي الهرري), also known as Fiqi Umar and Abadir Musa Warwaje'le, was a Arab Muslim cleric patron saint of the city of Harar in modern-day eastern Ethiopia.
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Abasa, Awdal
Abasa is an ancient town in the northwestern Awdal region of Somaliland.
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Abd al Aziz al-Amawi
‘Abd al-‘Azīz al-Amawī (عبد العزيز الأموي; 1838–1896) was a scholar following the Shāfi‘ī school of jurisprudence and the Ash'arite school of theology, and was a Sufi shaykh of the Qādiryya Sufi order, of which he established his own branch.
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Abd al-Aziz of Mogadishu
Abd al-Aziz of Mogadishu (عبد العزيز) was a 14th-century Somali ruler in of the Maldives islands.
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Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti
Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti (1753–1825) (عبد الرحمن الجبرتي), full name: Abd al-Rahman bin Hasan bin Burhan al-Din al-Jabarti (عبد الرحمن بن حسن بن برهان الدين الجبرتي), often simply known as Al-Jabarti, was an Egyptian scholar and chronicler who spent most of his life in Cairo.
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Abdallah al-Qutbi
Abdallah ibn Mu'allim Yusuf al-Qutbi (عبد الله يوسف قطبي) (c. 1879 - 1952) was a Somali polemicist, theologian and philosopher who lived in Qulunqul (Kolonkol), Somalia.
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Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti
Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti,(Arabic:عبدالرحمن بن اسماعيل الجبرتي) also known as Darod,(Arabic:دارود) Dawud or Da'ud, is the common ancestor of the Somali and Omani Darod clan.
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Abdullahi Ahmed Irro
Abdullahi Ahmed Irro (Cabdullaahi Axmed Cirro, عبد الله أحمد إرو), also known as Abdullahi Ahmad Yousef Irro,ARR: Arab report and record, (Economic Features, ltd.: 1978), p.602.
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Abyssinian–Adal war
The Abyssinian–Adal war was a military conflict between the Ethiopian Empire and the Adal Sultanate that took place from 1529 until 1543.
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Adal Sultanate
The Adal Sultanate, or Kingdom of Adal (alt. spelling Adel Sultanate), was a Muslim Sultanate located in the Horn of Africa. It was founded by Sabr ad-Din II after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat. The kingdom flourished from around 1415 to 1577. The sultanate and state were established by the local inhabitants of Harar. At its height, the polity controlled most of the territory in the Horn region immediately east of the Ethiopian Empire (Abyssinia). The Adal Empire maintained a robust commercial and political relationship with the Ottoman Empire.
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Afroasiatic languages
Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian and traditionally as Hamito-Semitic (Chamito-Semitic) or Semito-Hamitic, is a large language family of about 300 languages and dialects.
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Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Axmad Ibraahim al-Gaasi, Harari: አሕመድ ኢቢን ኢብራሂም አል ጋዚ, "Acmad Ibni Ibrahim Al-Gaazi" Afar, أحمد بن إبراهيم الغازي) "the Conqueror" (c. 1506 – February 21, 1543) was an Imam and General of the Adal Sultanate who fought against the Abyssinian empire and defeated several Abysinian Emperors.
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Ajuran Sultanate
The Ajuran Sultanate (Dawladdii Ajuuraan, الدولة الأجورانيون), also spelled Ajuuraan Sultanate, and often simply as Ajuran, was a Somali empire in the medieval times that dominated the Indian Ocean trade.
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Al-Zayla`i
Al-Zayla`i (`Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i عبد الرحمن بن أحمد الزيلعي) (1820–1882) was a Somali scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the Qadiriyyah movement in Somalia and East Africa.
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Ali
Ali (ʿAlī) (15 September 601 – 29 January 661) was the cousin and the son-in-law of Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam.
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Ali Yusuf Kenadid
Ali Yusuf Kenadid (Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid, علي يوسف كينايديض) was a Somali ruler.
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Amud
Amud or Amoud (Camuud, العامود) is an ancient, ruined town in the northwestern Awdal region of Somaliland.
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Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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Archaeological site
An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record.
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Aristocracy
Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos "excellent", and κράτος kratos "power") is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class.
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Artifact (archaeology)
An artifact, or artefact (see American and British English spelling differences), is something made or given shape by humans, such as a tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest.
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Aw Barre
Aw Barre, also spelt Au Bare (Amharic: አወበሬ) officially known as Teferi BerTeferi Ber is the name used by the Central Statistical Agency in its and called after its patron Saint Aw Barre is a town in eastern Ethiopia located in the Fafan Zone of the Somali Region, near the border with Northern Somalia on the main trade route between Jijiga and the sea.
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Aw Bube
Aw Bube (Awbuube, Aububah, أوبوبى), also known as Alaua or Halaua, is an ancient and ruined town located in the western Faafan Zone in the Somali region of Ethiopia.
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Aw Garweyne
Aw Garweyne is an ancient island in the southeastern Lower Shabelle province of Somalia.
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Barbara (region)
Barbara, also referred to as Barbaria, referred to an ancient region in littoral Horn of Africa.
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Booco
Booco is an archaeological site in the northeastern Bari province of Somalia.
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Borama alphabet
The Borama alphabet (Borama) or more generally known as the Gadabuursi script, is a writing script for the Somali language.
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Botiala
Botiala (Butiyaalo), also known as Bottiala or Bandar Kor, is an archaeological site in the northeastern Bari region of Somalia.
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Cairo
Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.
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Chief judge
Chief judge is the highest-ranking judge of a court that has more than one judge.
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Coin
A coin is a small, flat, (usually) round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender.
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Court (royal)
A court is an extended royal household in a monarchy, including all those who regularly attend on a monarch, or another central figure.
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Custom (law)
Custom in law is the established pattern of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting.
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Damo, Somalia
Damo (Daamo) is an ancient town in northeastern Somalia.
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Darod
The Darod (Daarood, دارود) is a Somali clan.
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Dervish state
The Dervish state (Dawlada Daraawiish, دولة الدراويش Dawlat ad-Darāwīsh) was an early 20th-century Somali Muslim kingdom.
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Detective
A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a law enforcement agency.
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El Ayo
El Ayo (Ceelaayo, عيلايو), also known as El Ayum, is a coastal town in the northern Sanaag region of Somalia.
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Emir
An emir (أمير), sometimes transliterated amir, amier, or ameer, is an aristocratic or noble and military title of high office used in a variety of places in the Arab countries, West African, and Afghanistan.
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Empire
An empire is defined as "an aggregate of nations or people ruled over by an emperor or other powerful sovereign or government, usually a territory of greater extent than a kingdom, as the former British Empire, Spanish Empire, Portuguese Empire, French Empire, Persian Empire, Russian Empire, German Empire, Abbasid Empire, Umayyad Empire, Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, or Roman Empire".
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Ethiopia
Ethiopia (ኢትዮጵያ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ, yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk), is a country located in the Horn of Africa.
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Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
Until the end of the Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia.
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Eunuch
The term eunuch (εὐνοῦχος) generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences.
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Faduma Sarjelle
Faduma Sarjelle (Faduma Sarjelle Gareen) was a princess of the House of Gareen, the ruling dynasty of the Ajuran Sultanate.
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Fakr ad-Din Mosque
The Fakr ad-Din Mosque (مسجد فخر الدين زنكي), also known as Masjid Fakhr al-Din, is the oldest mosque in Mogadishu, Somalia.
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Fatimah
Fatimah bint Muhammad (فاطمة;; especially colloquially: born c. 609 (or 20 Jumada al-Thani 5 BH ?) – died 28 August 632) was the youngest daughter and according to Shia Muslims, the only child of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Khadijah who lived to adulthood, and therefore part of Muhammad's household.
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French campaign in Egypt and Syria
The French Campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, proclaimed to defend French trade interests, weaken Britain's access to British India, and to establish scientific enterprise in the region.
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Gadabuursi
The Gadabuursi (Somali: Gadabuursi, Arabic: غادابوورسي), also known as Samaroon, is a northern Somali clan, a sub-division of the Dir clan family.
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George Wynn Brereton Huntingford
George Wynn Brereton Huntingford (19 November 1901 – 19 February 1978) was an English linguist, anthropologist and historian.
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Gerad Dhidhin
Gerad Dhidhin (Abdulaahi Kooge Maxamuud Harti, عبد الله كوجى محمود هرتى), also known as Gerad Abdulahi, was the founder of the Warsangali Sultanate in the late 13th century in the territory of present-day northern Somalia.
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Great Mosque of Mecca
The Great Mosque of Mecca, also called Al-Haram Mosque (al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, "the Forbidden Mosque" or "the Sacred Mosque") or Grand Mosque of Makkah, is the largest mosque in the world, and surrounds the Islamic Qiblah (قِـبْـلَـة, Direction of Prayer), that is the Kaaba in the Hejazi city of Mecca (مَـكَّـة, Makkah), Saudi Arabia.
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Hajj
The Hajj (حَجّ "pilgrimage") is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the holiest city for Muslims, and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their absence.
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Hajji
Hajji (sometimes spelled Hadji, Haji, Alhaji, Al hage, Al hag or El-Hajj) is a title which is originally given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca.
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Harar
Harar (Harari: ሐረር), and known to its inhabitants as Gēy (Harari: ጌይ), is a walled city in eastern Ethiopia.
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Hasan ibn Ali
Al-Ḥasan ibn Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (الحسن ابن علي ابن أبي طالب, 624–670 CE), commonly known as Hasan or Hassan, is the eldest son of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and of Ali, and the older brother to Husayn.
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Haylan
Haylan, (Heylaan), is an ancient town in the northern Sanaag region of Somalia.
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Heis (town)
Heis (Xiis) is a coastal town in the northern Sanaag province of Somaliland.
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Honorific
An honorific is a title that conveys esteem or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person.
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Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts into the Guardafui Channel, lying along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden and the southwest Red Sea.
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Husayn ibn Ali
Al-Ḥusayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (الحسين ابن علي ابن أبي طالب; 10 October 625 – 10 October 680) (3 Sha'aban AH 4 (in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar) – 10 Muharram AH 61) (his name is also transliterated as Husayn ibn 'Alī, Husain, Hussain and Hussein), was a grandson of the Islamic ''Nabi'' (نَـبِي, Prophet) Muhammad, and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam), and Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah.
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Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta (محمد ابن بطوطة; fully; Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة) (February 25, 13041368 or 1369) was a Moroccan scholar who widely travelled the medieval world.
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Ibrahim Adeer
Ibrahim Adeer (Ibraahin Adeer, ابراهيم أدير) was a Somali ruler.
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Imam
Imam (إمام; plural: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.
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Isaaq
The Isaaq (also Isaq, Ishaak, Isaac) (Reer Sheekh Isaxaaq, إسحاق) is a Somali clan.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges.
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Jurist
A jurist (from medieval Latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law).
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Kilwa Sultanate
The Kilwa Sultanate was a Medieval sultanate, centered at Kilwa (an island off modern-day Tanzania), whose authority, at its height, stretched over the entire length of the Swahili Coast.
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King
King, or King Regnant is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.
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Kismayo
Kismayo (Kismaayo; كيسمايو,; Italian: Chisimaio) is a port city in the southern Lower Juba (Jubbada Hoose) province of Somalia.
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Lawyer
A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary.
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Lord
Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others acting like a master, a chief, or a ruler.
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Macajilayn
Macajilayn, also spelled Mecajilayn, is an archaeological site in the northern Sanaag province of Somalia.
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Maduna
Maduna (Maduuna) is an ancient town in the northern Sanaag province of Somalia.
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Mahmud IV
Mahmud IV (Maxamuud IV, محمود) was a Somali ruler.
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Majeerteen Sultanate
The Majeerteen Sultanate (Suldanadda Majeerteen, سلطنة مجرتين), also known as Majeerteenia and Migiurtinia, was a Somali kingdom centered in the Horn of Africa.
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Maldives
The Maldives (or; ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ Dhivehi Raa'jey), officially the Republic of Maldives, is a South Asian sovereign state, located in the Indian Ocean, situated in the Arabian Sea.
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Maritime history of Somalia
Maritime history of Somalia refers to the seafaring tradition of the Somali people.
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Master (form of address)
Master is an English honorific for boys and young men.
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Mecca
Mecca or Makkah (مكة is a city in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula, and the plain of Tihamah in Saudi Arabia, and is also the capital and administrative headquarters of the Makkah Region. The city is located inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of above sea level, and south of Medina. Its resident population in 2012 was roughly 2 million, although visitors more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj (حَـجّ, "Pilgrimage") period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah (ذُو الْـحِـجَّـة). As the birthplace of Muhammad, and the site of Muhammad's first revelation of the Quran (specifically, a cave from Mecca), Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslims. Mecca is home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islam's holiest site, as well as being the direction of Muslim prayer. Mecca was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, acting either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger polities. It was conquered by Ibn Saud in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, home to structures such as the Abraj Al Bait, also known as the Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel, the world's fourth tallest building and the building with the third largest amount of floor area. During this expansion, Mecca has lost some historical structures and archaeological sites, such as the Ajyad Fortress. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj. As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the Muslim world,Fattah, Hassan M., The New York Times (20 January 2005). even though non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city.
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Meroë
Meroë (also spelled Meroe; Meroitic: Medewi or Bedewi; Arabic: مرواه and مروى Meruwi; Ancient Greek: Μερόη, Meróē) is an ancient city on the east bank of the Nile about 6 km north-east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi, Sudan, approximately 200 km north-east of Khartoum.
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Minister (government)
A minister is a politician who heads a government department, making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers.
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Mogadishu
Mogadishu (Muqdisho), known locally as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and most populous city of Somalia.
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Mohammed Abdullah Hassan
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (April 7, 1856 – December 21, 1920) was a Somali religious and patriotic leader.
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Mohamoud Ali Shire
Mohamoud Ali Shire (Maxamuud Cali Shiire, محمود علي شري, Mahmoud bin Ali Shirreh Maxmud bin Cali Shire) was a Somali elder of the Warsangali clan.
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Monarch
A monarch is a sovereign head of state in a monarchy.
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Monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, generally a family representing a dynasty (aristocracy), embodies the country's national identity and its head, the monarch, exercises the role of sovereignty.
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Morocco
Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.
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Mudun
Mudun is an archaeological site in the northeastern Bari province of Somalia.
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Muhammad
MuhammadFull name: Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāšim (ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم, lit: Father of Qasim Muhammad son of Abd Allah son of Abdul-Muttalib son of Hashim) (مُحمّد;;Classical Arabic pronunciation Latinized as Mahometus c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE)Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition.
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Muscat and Oman
The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman (سلطنة مسقط وعمان) was a thalassocratic nation that encompassed the present-day Sultanate of Oman and parts of present-day United Arab Emirates and Gwadar, Pakistan.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Nawab
Nawab (Eastern Nagari: নবাব/নওয়াব, Devanagari: नवाब/नबाब, Perso-Arab: نواب) also spelt Nawaab, Navaab, Navab, Nowab The title nawab was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similarly to a British peerage, to persons and families who never ruled a princely state.
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Nile
The Nile River (النيل, Egyptian Arabic en-Nīl, Standard Arabic an-Nīl; ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ, P(h)iaro; Ancient Egyptian: Ḥ'pī and Jtrw; Biblical Hebrew:, Ha-Ye'or or, Ha-Shiḥor) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest.
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Nobiliary particle
A nobiliary particle is used in a surname or family name in many Western cultures to signal the nobility of a family.
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Nobility
Nobility is a social class in aristocracy, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society and with membership thereof typically being hereditary.
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Nur ibn Mujahid
Nur ibn Mujahid ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (Harari አሚር ኑር, Somali: Nuur ibn Mujaahid, Arabic: نور بن مجاهد السمروني) (literally, "Light"; died 1567).
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Osman Mahamuud
Osman Mahamuud (Cismaan Maxamuud, عثمان محمود), also known as `Uthman III ibn Mahmud, was a Somali king.
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Police officer
A police officer, also known as an officer, policeman, policewoman, cop, police agent, or a police employee is a warranted law employee of a police force.
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Pottery
Pottery is the ceramic material which makes up pottery wares, of which major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain.
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Primus inter pares
Primus inter pares (Πρῶτος μεταξὺ ἴσων) is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals.
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Prince
A prince is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family ranked below a king and above a duke.
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Princess
Princess is a regal rank and the feminine equivalent of prince (from Latin princeps, meaning principal citizen).
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Prophets and messengers in Islam
Prophets in Islam (الأنبياء في الإسلام) include "messengers" (rasul, pl. rusul), bringers of a divine revelation via an angel (Arabic: ملائكة, malāʾikah);Shaatri, A. I. (2007).
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Puntland
Puntland (Puntlaand, أرض البنط), officially the Puntland State of Somalia (Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, بونتلاند دولة الصومال), is a region in northeastern Somalia.
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Qa’ableh
Qa’ableh is a town in the eastern Sanaag region of Somalia.
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Qadi
A qadi (قاضي; also cadi, kadi or kazi) is the magistrate or judge of the Shariʿa court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions, such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works.
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Qadiriyya
The Qadiriyya (القادريه, قادریه, also transliterated Qadri, Qadriya, Kadri, Elkadri, Elkadry, Aladray, Alkadrie, Adray, Kadray, Qadiri,"Quadri" or Qadri) are members of the Qadiri tariqa (Sufi order).
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Qombo'ul
Qombo'ul (Qumbucul) is an historical town in the eastern Sanaag region of Somalia.
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Queen consort
A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king (or an empress consort in the case of an emperor).
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Rahanweyn
The Rahaweyn (Somali Maay: Reewing; traditional Raxaweyn, رحنوين) is a Somali clan, composed of two major sub-clans, the Digil and the Mirifle.
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Realm
A realm is a community or territory over which a sovereign rules; It is commonly used to describe a kingdom or other monarchical or dynastic state.
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Riwaq (arcade)
A riwaq (or rivaq, رواق) is an arcade or portico open on at least one side.
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Royal and noble ranks
Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Royal family
A royal family is the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, and sometimes his or her extended family.
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Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman
Said bin Sultan Al-Said (سعيد بن سلطان,, Said bin Sultani) (5 June 1791 – 19 October 1856) was Sultan of Muscat and Oman from 1806 to 4 June 1856.
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Saint
A saint (also historically known as a hallow) is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God.
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Salweyn
Salweyn, also known as Salwine, is an archaeological site in the northern Sanaag province of Somalia.
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Sayyid
Sayyid (also spelt Syed, Saiyed,Seyit,Seyd, Said, Sayed, Sayyed, Saiyid, Seyed and Seyyed) (سيد,; meaning "Mister"; plural سادة) is an honorific title denoting people (سيدة for females) accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali (combined Hasnain), sons of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and son-in-law Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib).
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Sharif
Sharif (also transliterated Sharīf or Sherif) / Shareef, Alsharif, Alshareef (شريف), or Chérif (Darija: Chorfa) is a traditional Arab title.
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Shaykh Sufi
Abd Al-Rahman bin Abdallah al Shashi (عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الشاشي) (b. 1829 - 1904), popularly known as Shaykh Sufi, was a 19th-century Somali scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist.
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Sheikh
Sheikh (pronounced, or; شيخ, mostly pronounced, plural شيوخ)—also transliterated Sheik, Shykh, Shaik, Shayk, Shaykh, Cheikh, Shekh, and Shaikh—is an honorific title in the Arabic language.
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Sheikh Abdurahman Sh. Nur
Sheikh Abdurahman Sh.
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Sir
Sir is an honorific address used in a number of situations in many anglophone cultures.
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Somali architecture
Somali architecture is the engineering and designing of multiple different construction types such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, temples, aqueducts, lighthouses, towers and tombs during the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Somalia and other regions inhabited by Somalis, as well as the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with Western designs in contemporary times.
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Somali language
Somali Retrieved on 21 September 2013 (Af-Soomaali) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch.
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Somalia
Somalia (Soomaaliya; aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe Federal Republic of Somalia is the country's name per Article 1 of the.
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Somaliland
Somaliland (Somaliland; صوماليلاند, rtl), officially the Republic of Somaliland (Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, جمهورية صوماليلاند Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd), is a self-declared state internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia.
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Somalis
Somalis (Soomaali, صوماليون) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula).
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Steward (office)
A steward is an official who is appointed by the legal ruling monarch to represent them in a country, and may have a mandate to govern it in their name; in the latter case, synonymous with the position of regent, vicegerent, viceroy (for Romance languages), governor, or deputy (the Roman rector, praefectus or vicarius).
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Style (manner of address)
A style of office or honorific is an official or legally recognized title.
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Sultan
Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.
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Sultanate of Hobyo
The Sultanate of Hobyo (Saldanadda Hobyo, سلطنة هوبيو), also known as the Sultanate of Obbia,New International Encyclopedia, Volume 21, (Dodd, Mead: 1916), p.283.
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Sultanate of Mogadishu
The Sultanate of Mogadishu (Saldanadda Muqdisho, سلطنة مقديشو) (fl. 10th-16th centuries), also known as the Kingdom of Magadazo, was a medieval Somali trading empire centered in southern Somalia.
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Sultanate of the Geledi
The Sultanate of the Geledi (Saldanadda Geledi, سلطنة غلدي) was a Somali kingdom that ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the late-17th century and 19th century.
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Tribute
A tribute (/ˈtrɪbjuːt/) (from Latin tributum, contribution) is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance.
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Ulama
The Arabic term ulama (علماء., singular عالِم, "scholar", literally "the learned ones", also spelled ulema; feminine: alimah and uluma), according to the Encyclopedia of Islam (2000), in its original meaning "denotes scholars of almost all disciplines".
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Viceroy
A viceroy is a regal official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.
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Vizier
A vizier (rarely; وزير wazīr; وازیر vazīr; vezir; Chinese: 宰相 zǎixiàng; উজির ujira; Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu): वज़ीर or وزیر vazeer; Punjabi: ਵਜ਼ੀਰ or وزير vazīra, sometimes spelt vazir, vizir, vasir, wazir, vesir or vezir) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister.
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Warsangali Sultanate
The Warsangali Sultanate (Saldanadda Warsangeli, سلطنة الورسنجلي) was a Somali Sultanate ruling house centered in northeastern of Somalia.
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Witness
A witness is someone who has, who claims to have, or is thought, by someone with authority to compel testimony, to have knowledge relevant to an event or other matter of interest.
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Xeer
Xeer (pronounced /ħeːr/) is the traditional legal system of Somalia, and one of the three systems from which formal Somali law draws its inspiration, the others being civil law and Islamic law.
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Yusuf Ali Kenadid
Yusuf Ali Kenadid (Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid) was a Somali Sultan.
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Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn
Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn (يوسف بن أحمد الكونين) (b. 12th century), popularly known as Aw Barkhadle ("Blessed Father"),Abdullahi, p.13 Yusuf Al Kownayn, Yusuf Al Bagdhadi, and Shaykh Abu Barakat al Barbari ("Blessed Father of Somalia), was a Somali Muslim scholar and traveler.
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Zeila
Zeila (Saylac, زيلع), also known as Zaila or Zeyla, is a port city in the northwestern Awdal region of Somaliland.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles
