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Transport Layer Security

Index Transport Layer Security

Transport Layer Security (TLS) – and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), which is now deprecated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – are cryptographic protocols that provide communications security over a computer network. [1]

347 relations: Advanced Encryption Standard, Android (operating system), Android Cupcake, Android Donut, Android Eclair, Android Froyo, Android Gingerbread, Android Honeycomb, Android Ice Cream Sandwich, Android Jelly Bean, Android KitKat, Android Lollipop, Android Marshmallow, Android Nougat, Android Oreo, Android P, Android version history, Apple Inc., Application programming interface, Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation, ARIA (cipher), Arms Export Control Act, Ars Technica, Artech House, Association for Computing Machinery, Authenticated encryption, Berkeley sockets, Birthday attack, Bit, Blink (web engine), Block cipher, Block cipher mode of operation, Blockchain, Blue Coat Systems, Botan (programming library), BREACH, Buffer over-read, Bullrun (decryption program), Byte, Camellia (cipher), CCM mode, CECPQ1, Certificate authority, Chosen-plaintext attack, Chrome OS, Chromium (web browser), Cipher, Cipher suite, Client (computing), Client certificate, ..., Client–server model, Cloudbleed, Cloudflare, Communication protocol, Communications security, Comodo Group, Comparison of TLS implementations, Computer configuration, Computer network, Computer security conference, CRIME, Cryptlib, Cryptographic hash function, Cryptographic nonce, Cryptographic protocol, Curve25519, Cyberattack, Data compression, Data Encryption Standard, Data integrity, Data transmission, Datagram Congestion Control Protocol, Datagram Transport Layer Security, DEFLATE, Diffie–Hellman key exchange, Digital Signature Algorithm, Downgrade attack, DROWN attack, Eavesdropping, EdDSA, Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, Elliptic-curve cryptography, Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman, Email, Encryption, Exclusive or, Exploit (computer security), Export of cryptography from the United States, Extended Validation Certificate, Extensible Authentication Protocol, File Transfer Protocol, FIPS 140, Firefox, Firefox for Android, Firefox OS, Forward secrecy, Free and open-source software, FTPS, Galois/Counter Mode, Gizmodo, Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present), Gmail, GnuTLS, Google, Google Chrome, Google Chrome for Android, Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides, GOST, GOST (block cipher), GOST (hash function), Hackathon, Hackers.mu, Handshaking, Hash function, Heartbleed, HKDF, HMAC, Hostname, HP-UX, HTTP compression, HTTP cookie, HTTP Strict Transport Security, HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header, HTTP/2, HTTPS, HTTPS Everywhere, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Initialization vector, Instant messaging, International Data Encryption Algorithm, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, Internet Direct, Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force, Internet Explorer, Internet Explorer 10, Internet Explorer 11, Internet Explorer 2, Internet Explorer 3, Internet Explorer 4, Internet Explorer 5, Internet Explorer 6, Internet Explorer 7, Internet Explorer 8, Internet Explorer 9, Internet Explorer Mobile, Internet Explorer version history, Internet protocol suite, Internet Standard, IOS, IOS 10, IOS 11, IOS 12, IOS 4, IOS 5, IOS 6, IOS 7, IOS 8, IOS 9, IPsec, Japan, Java (programming language), Java applet, Java Secure Socket Extension, Java virtual machine, JavaScript, Kerberos (protocol), Key (cryptography), Key ring file, Key size, Length extension attack, LibreSSL, Linux, List of Microsoft operating systems, London, Lucky Thirteen attack, Mac OS 8, Mac OS X 10.2, Mac OS X Leopard, Mac OS X Lion, Mac OS X Panther, Mac OS X Snow Leopard, Mac OS X Tiger, MacOS, MacOS High Sierra, MacOS Mojave, MacOS Sierra, Maemo, Man-in-the-middle attack, MatrixSSL, Mauritius, Mbed TLS, MD5, Message authentication, Message authentication code, Microsoft, Microsoft Developer Network, Microsoft Edge, Microsoft TechNet, Microsoft Windows, Mozilla, Mozilla Corporation, Multiplexed Transport Layer Security, Mutual authentication, Netcraft, Netscape, Netscape Navigator, Network address translation, Network News Transfer Protocol, Network Security Services, Obfuscated TCP, Object Pascal, OCSP stapling, Open-source software, OpenConnect, OpenSSL, OpenVPN, Opera (web browser), Opera Mobile, Opera Software, Opportunistic TLS, OS X El Capitan, OS X Mavericks, OS X Mountain Lion, OS X Yosemite, OSI model, Outlook.com, Padding oracle attack, Pale Moon (web browser), Paul Kocher, Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council, Phillip Rogaway, Poly1305, POODLE, Port (computer networking), Potentially unwanted program, Pre-shared key, Presentation layer, Presto (browser engine), Pretty Good Privacy, Privacy, Proprietary protocol, Pseudorandom function family, Pseudorandomness, Public key certificate, Public key infrastructure, Public-key cryptography, Qualys, QUIC, Random number generation, RC2, RC4, RdRand, Request for Comments, Round-trip delay time, RSA (cryptosystem), RSA BSAFE, S60 (software platform), Safari (web browser), Salsa20, Same-origin policy, Secure Remote Password protocol, Security Support Provider Interface, SEED, Server (computing), Server Name Indication, Server-Gated Cryptography, Session (computer science), Session hijacking, Session Initiation Protocol, SHA-1, SHA-2, Shared secret, Simon S. Lam, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, Singapore, Single sign-on, Solaris (operating system), SPDY, SSL acceleration, State (computer science), Stream cipher, Superfish, Symantec, Symmetric-key algorithm, System 7, Taher Elgamal, Tamper-evident technology, Tcpcrypt, TLS-PSK, TLS-SRP, Transmission Control Protocol, Transport layer, Transport Layer Security, Transport Layer Security Channel ID, Triple DES, Twitter, Uniform Resource Identifier, United Kingdom, Usenet, USENIX, User Datagram Protocol, Verisign, Virtual private network, Visa Inc., Voice over IP, Vulnerability (computing), Web browser, Web navigation, Web of trust, Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol, Web server, WebKit, Website, Wildcard certificate, Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile, Windows 2000, Windows 3.1x, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Mobile, Windows NT, Windows NT 3.1, Windows NT 3.5, Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, Windows Phone 7, Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone 8.1, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2016, Windows Server 2019, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Wireless Transport Layer Security, WolfSSL, World Wide Web, X.509, XMPP, 40-bit encryption. Expand index (297 more) »

Advanced Encryption Standard

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael, is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001.

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Android (operating system)

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.

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Android Cupcake

Android "Cupcake" (version 1.5) is the third version of Android developed by Google, a major platform release deployable to Android-powered handsets starting in May 2009, that is no longer supported.

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Android Donut

Android "Donut" is the 4th version of the open source Android mobile operating system developed by Google that is no longer supported.

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Android Eclair

Android "Eclair" is a codename of the Android mobile operating system developed by Google and the fifth operating system for Android, and for the no longer supported versions 2.0 to 2.1.

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Android Froyo

Android "Froyo" is the sixth update of Android and is a codename of the Android mobile operating system developed by Google, spanning versions between 2.2 and 2.2.3.

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Android Gingerbread

Android "Gingerbread" is the 7th system of Android and a codename of the Android mobile operating system developed by Google and released in December 2010, for versions that are no longer supported.

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Android Honeycomb

Android "Honeycomb" is a codename for the Android platform that was designed for devices with larger screen sizes, particularly tablets and the 8th system of Android.

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Android Ice Cream Sandwich

Android 4.0–4.0.4 "Ice Cream Sandwich" is the ninth version of the Android mobile operating system developed by Google.

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Android Jelly Bean

Android "Jelly Bean" is the tenth version of Android and the codename given to three major point releases of the Android mobile operating system developed by Google, spanning versions between 4.1 and 4.3.1.

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Android KitKat

Android "KitKat" is a codename for the Android mobile operating system and the eleventh version of Android. Unveiled on September 3, 2013, KitKat focused primarily on optimizing the operating system for improved performance on entry-level devices with limited resources., statistics issued by Google indicate that 10.5% of all Android devices accessing Google Play run KitKat.

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Android Lollipop

Android "Lollipop" is a codename for the Android mobile operating system developed by Google, spanning versions between 5.0 and 5.1.1.

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Android Marshmallow

Android 6.0 "Marshmallow" (codenamed Android M during development) is the sixth major version of the Android operating system and the 13th version of Android.

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Android Nougat

Android "Nougat" (codenamed Android N during development) is the seventh major version and 14th original version of the Android operating system.

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Android Oreo

Android "Oreo" (codenamed Android O during development) is the eighth major update and the 15th version of the Android operating system.

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Android P

Android "P" is the upcoming ninth major version of the Android operating system.

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Android version history

The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of the Android beta on November 5, 2007.

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Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services.

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Application programming interface

In computer programming, an application programming interface (API) is a set of subroutine definitions, protocols, and tools for building software.

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Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation

Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is a Transport Layer Security (TLS) extension for application layer protocol negotiation.

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ARIA (cipher)

In cryptography, ARIA is a block cipher designed in 2003 by a large group of South Korean researchers.

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Arms Export Control Act

The Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (Title II of, codified at) gives the President of the United States the authority to control the import and export of defense articles and defense services.

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Ars Technica

Ars Technica (a Latin-derived term that the site translates as the "art of technology") is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society, created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998.

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Artech House

Artech House (a.k.a. Artech House Publishers) is a publisher of professional scientific and engineering books.

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Association for Computing Machinery

The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is an international learned society for computing.

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Authenticated encryption

Authenticated encryption (AE) and authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD, variant of AE) is a form of encryption which simultaneously provides confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity assurances on the data.

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Berkeley sockets

Berkeley sockets is an application programming interface (API) for Internet sockets and Unix domain sockets, used for inter-process communication (IPC).

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Birthday attack

A birthday attack is a type of cryptographic attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory.

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Bit

The bit (a portmanteau of binary digit) is a basic unit of information used in computing and digital communications.

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Blink (web engine)

No description.

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Block cipher

In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on fixed-length groups of bits, called a block, with an unvarying transformation that is specified by a symmetric key.

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Block cipher mode of operation

In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide an information service such as confidentiality or authenticity.

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Blockchain

A blockchain, originally block chain, is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography.

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Blue Coat Systems

Blue Coat Systems was a company that provided hardware, software, and services designed for cybersecurity and network management.

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Botan (programming library)

Botan is a BSD-licensed cryptographic library written in C++.

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BREACH

BREACH (a backronym: Browser Reconnaissance and Exfiltration via Adaptive Compression of Hypertext) is a security exploit against HTTPS when using HTTP compression.

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Buffer over-read

In computer security and programming, a buffer over-read is an anomaly where a program, while reading data from a buffer, overruns the buffer's boundary and reads (or tries to read) adjacent memory.

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Bullrun (decryption program)

Bullrun (stylized BULLRUN) is a clandestine, highly classified program to crack encryption of online communications and data, which is run by the United States National Security Agency (NSA).

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Byte

The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits, representing a binary number.

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Camellia (cipher)

In cryptography, Camellia is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits.

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CCM mode

CCM mode (Counter with CBC-MAC) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers.

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CECPQ1

In cryptography, CECPQ1 is a post-quantum cipher developed by Google to make web browsers secure via Transport Layer Security (TLS).

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Certificate authority

In cryptography, a certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is an entity that issues digital certificates.

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Chosen-plaintext attack

A chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts.

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Chrome OS

Chrome OS is an operating system designed by Google that is based on the Linux kernel and uses the Google Chrome web browser as its principal user interface.

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Chromium (web browser)

Chromium is an open-source Web browser project started by Google, to provide the source code for the proprietary Google Chrome browser.

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Cipher

In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.

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Cipher suite

A cipher suite is a set of algorithms that help secure a network connection that uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Socket Layer (SSL).

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Client (computing)

A client is a piece of computer hardware or software that accesses a service made available by a server.

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Client certificate

In cryptography, a client certificate is a type of digital certificate that is used by client systems to make authenticated requests to a remote server.

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Client–server model

The client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.

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Cloudbleed

Cloudbleed is a security bug discovered on February 17, 2017 affecting Cloudflare's reverse proxies, which caused their edge servers to run past the end of a buffer and return memory that contained private information such as HTTP cookies, authentication tokens, HTTP POST bodies, and other sensitive data.

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Cloudflare

Cloudflare, Inc. is a U.S. company that provides content delivery network services, DDoS mitigation, Internet security and distributed domain name server services, sitting between the visitor and the Cloudflare user's hosting provider, acting as a reverse proxy for websites.

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Communication protocol

In telecommunication, a communication protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity.

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Communications security

Communications security is the discipline of preventing unauthorized interceptors from accessing telecommunications in an intelligible form, while still delivering content to the intended recipients.

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Comodo Group

Comodo is a cyber security company headquartered in Clifton, New Jersey in the United States.

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Comparison of TLS implementations

The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol provides the ability to secure communications across networks.

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Computer configuration

In communications or computer systems, a configuration is an arrangement of functional units according to their nature, number, and chief characteristics.

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Computer network

A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources.

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Computer security conference

A computer security conference is a convention for individuals involved in computer security.

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CRIME

CRIME (Compression Ratio Info-leak Made Easy) is a security exploit against secret web cookies over connections using the HTTPS and SPDY protocols that also use data compression.

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Cryptlib

cryptlib is an open source cross-platform software security toolkit library.

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Cryptographic hash function

A cryptographic hash function is a special class of hash function that has certain properties which make it suitable for use in cryptography.

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Cryptographic nonce

In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once.

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Cryptographic protocol

A security protocol (cryptographic protocol or encryption protocol) is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences of cryptographic primitives.

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Curve25519

In cryptography, Curve25519 is an elliptic curve offering 128 bits of security and designed for use with the elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement scheme.

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Cyberattack

A cyberattack is any type of offensive maneuver that targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, or personal computer devices.

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Data compression

In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.

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Data Encryption Standard

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of electronic data.

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Data integrity

Data integrity is the maintenance of, and the assurance of the accuracy and consistency of, data over its entire life-cycle, and is a critical aspect to the design, implementation and usage of any system which stores, processes, or retrieves data.

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Data transmission

Data transmission (also data communication or digital communications) is the transfer of data (a digital bitstream or a digitized analog signal) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel.

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Datagram Congestion Control Protocol

In computer networking, the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a message-oriented transport layer protocol.

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Datagram Transport Layer Security

Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is a communications protocol that provides security for datagram-based applications by allowing them to communicate in a way that is designedRFC 4347RFC 6347 to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery.

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DEFLATE

In computing, Deflate is a lossless data compression algorithm and associated file format that uses a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman coding.

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Diffie–Hellman key exchange

Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DH)Synonyms of Diffie–Hellman key exchange include.

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Digital Signature Algorithm

The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures.

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Downgrade attack

A downgrade attack is a form of attack on a computer system or communications protocol that makes it abandon a high-quality mode of operation (e.g. an encrypted connection) in favor of an older, lower-quality mode of operation (e.g. clear text) that is typically provided for backward compatibility with older systems.

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DROWN attack

The DROWN (Decrypting RSA with Obsolete and Weakened eNcryption) attack is a cross-protocol security bug that attacks servers supporting modern TLS protocol suites by using their support for the obsolete, insecure, SSL v2 protocol to leverage an attack on connections using up-to-date protocols that would otherwise be secure.

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Eavesdropping

Eavesdropping is secretly or stealthily listening to the private conversation or communications of others without their consent.

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EdDSA

In public-key cryptography, Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) is a digital signature scheme using a variant of Schnorr signature based on Twisted Edwards curves.

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Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm

In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic curve cryptography.

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Elliptic-curve cryptography

Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.

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Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman

Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) is an anonymous key agreement protocol that allows two parties, each having an elliptic-curve public–private key pair, to establish a shared secret over an insecure channel.

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Email

Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices.

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Encryption

In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding a message or information in such a way that only authorized parties can access it and those who are not authorized cannot.

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Exclusive or

Exclusive or or exclusive disjunction is a logical operation that outputs true only when inputs differ (one is true, the other is false).

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Exploit (computer security)

An exploit (from the English verb to exploit, meaning "to use something to one’s own advantage") is a piece of software, a chunk of data, or a sequence of commands that takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer software, hardware, or something electronic (usually computerized).

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Export of cryptography from the United States

The export of cryptographic technology and devices from the United States was severely restricted by U.S. law until 1992, but was gradually eased until 2000; some restrictions still remain.

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Extended Validation Certificate

An Extended Validation Certificate (EV) is a certificate used for HTTPS websites and software that proves the legal entity controlling the website or software package.

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Extensible Authentication Protocol

Extensible Authentication Protocol, or EAP, is an authentication framework frequently used in wireless networks and point-to-point connections.

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File Transfer Protocol

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network.

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FIPS 140

The 140 series of Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) are U.S. government computer security standards that specify requirements for cryptography modules.

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Firefox

Mozilla Firefox (or simply Firefox) is a free and open-source web browser developed by Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, Mozilla Corporation.

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Firefox for Android

Firefox for Android (codenamed Fennec) is the build of the Mozilla Firefox web browser for devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.

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Firefox OS

Firefox OS (project name: Boot to Gecko, also known as B2G) is a discontinued open-source operating system made for smartphones, tablet computers and smart TVs designed by Mozilla and external contributors.

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Forward secrecy

In cryptography, forward secrecy (FS), also known as perfect forward secrecy (PFS), is a feature of specific key agreement protocols that gives assurances your session keys will not be compromised even if the private key of the server is compromised.

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Free and open-source software

Free and open-source software (FOSS) is software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software.

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FTPS

FTPS (also known as FTPES, FTP-SSL, and FTP Secure) is an extension to the commonly used File Transfer Protocol (FTP) that adds support for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) cryptographic protocols.

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Galois/Counter Mode

Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric key cryptographic block ciphers that has been widely adopted because of its efficiency and performance.

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Gizmodo

Gizmodo is a design, technology, science and science fiction website that also features articles on politics.

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Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)

Ongoing news reports in the international media have revealed operational details about the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and its international partners' global surveillance of foreign nationals and U.S. citizens.

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Gmail

Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service developed by Google.

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GnuTLS

GnuTLS (the GNU Transport Layer Security Library) is a free software implementation of the TLS, SSL and DTLS protocols.

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Google

Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware.

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Google Chrome

Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google LLC.

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Google Chrome for Android

Google's Chrome for Android is an edition of Google Chrome released for the Android system.

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Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides

Google Docs, Google Sheets, and Google Slides are a word processor, a spreadsheet and a presentation program respectively, all part of a free, web-based software office suite offered by Google within its Google Drive service.

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GOST

GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) refers to a set of technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), a regional standards organization operating under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

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GOST (block cipher)

The GOST block cipher (Magma), defined in the standard GOST 28147-89 (RFC 5830), is a Soviet and Russian government standard symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 64 bits.

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GOST (hash function)

The GOST hash function, defined in the standards GOST R 34.11-94 and GOST 34.311-95 is a 256-bit cryptographic hash function.

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Hackathon

A hackathon (also known as a hack day, hackfest or codefest) is a design sprint-like event in which computer programmers and others involved in software development, including graphic designers, interface designers, project managers, and others, often including subject-matter-experts, collaborate intensively on software projects.

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Hackers.mu

hackers.mu is a group of developers from Mauritius who are focused on computer security, IETF standards and Linux and Open Source Software adoption.

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Handshaking

In telecommunications, a handshake is an automated process of negotiation between two communicating participants (example "Alice and Bob") through the exchange of information that establishes the protocols of a communication link at the start of the communication, before full communication begins.

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Hash function

A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of a fixed size.

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Heartbleed

Heartbleed is a security bug in the OpenSSL cryptography library, which is a widely used implementation of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol.

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HKDF

HKDF is a simple key derivation function (KDF) based on a hash-based message authentication code (HMAC).

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HMAC

In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes disabbreviated as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key.

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Hostname

In computer networking, a hostname (archaically nodename) is a label that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network and that is used to identify the device in various forms of electronic communication, such as the World Wide Web.

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HP-UX

HP-UX (from "Hewlett Packard Unix") is Hewlett Packard Enterprise's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on UNIX System V (initially System III) and first released in 1984.

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HTTP compression

HTTP compression is a capability that can be built into web servers and web clients to improve transfer speed and bandwidth utilization.

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HTTP cookie

An HTTP cookie (also called web cookie, Internet cookie, browser cookie, or simply cookie) is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser while the user is browsing.

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HTTP Strict Transport Security

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) is a web security policy mechanism that helps to protect websites against protocol downgrade attacks and cookie hijacking.

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HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header

The Upgrade header field is an HTTP header field introduced in HTTP/1.1.

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HTTP/2

HTTP/2 (originally named HTTP/2.0) is a major revision of the HTTP network protocol used by the World Wide Web.

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HTTPS

HTTP Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet.

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HTTPS Everywhere

HTTPS Everywhere is a free and open-source browser extension for Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, and Firefox for Android, which is developed collaboratively by The Tor Project and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF).

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems.

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Initialization vector

In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV) is a fixed-size input to a cryptographic primitive that is typically required to be random or pseudorandom.

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Instant messaging

Instant messaging (IM) technology is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet.

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International Data Encryption Algorithm

In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), originally called Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991.

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Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a function of ICANN, a nonprofit private American corporation that oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol-related symbols and Internet numbers.

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Internet Direct

Internet Direct, also known as "Indy", is a free software / open source socket library written in Object Pascal, an object-oriented version of Pascal.

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Internet Draft

An Internet Draft (I-D) is a document published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) containing preliminary technical specifications, results of networking-related research, or other technical information.

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Internet Engineering Task Force

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP).

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Internet Explorer

Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995.

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Internet Explorer 10

Internet Explorer 10 (IE10) is a version of the Internet Explorer web browser released by Microsoft in 2012, and is the default browser in Windows 8.

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Internet Explorer 11

Internet Explorer 11 (IE11) is the last version of the Internet Explorer web browser by Microsoft.

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Internet Explorer 2

Microsoft Internet Explorer 2 (IE2) is the second major version of Internet Explorer (IE), a graphical web browser by Microsoft.

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Internet Explorer 3

Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 (IE3) is a graphical web browser released on August 13, 1996 by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and on January 8, 1997 for Apple Mac OS (see IE for Mac).

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Internet Explorer 4

Microsoft Internet Explorer 4 (IE4) is a graphical web browser that Microsoft released in October 1997, primarily for Microsoft Windows, but also with versions available for the classic Mac OS, Solaris, and HP-UX - Robert McMillan writing for SunWorld (November 5, 1997) - Help and Support page on Microsoft's website (August 17, 2005) and marketed as "The Web the Way You Want It".

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Internet Explorer 5

Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 (IE5) is a graphical web browser and one of the main participants of the first browser war.

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Internet Explorer 6

Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 (IE6) is the sixth major revision of Internet Explorer, a web browser developed by Microsoft for Windows operating systems.

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Internet Explorer 7

Windows Internet Explorer 7 (IE7) (codenamed Rincon) is a web browser for Windows.

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Internet Explorer 8

Windows Internet Explorer 8 (IE8) is a web browser developed by Microsoft in the Internet Explorer browser series, released on October 22, 2009.

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Internet Explorer 9

Internet Explorer 9 or IE9 (officially Windows Internet Explorer 9) is a version of the Internet Explorer web browser from Microsoft.

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Internet Explorer Mobile

Internet Explorer Mobile (formerly named Pocket Internet Explorer; commonly abbreviated to IE Mobile) is a discontinued mobile browser developed by Microsoft, based on versions of the Trident layout engine.

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Internet Explorer version history

Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995.

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Internet protocol suite

The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks.

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Internet Standard

In computer network engineering, an Internet Standard is a normative specification of a technology or methodology applicable to the Internet.

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IOS

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware.

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IOS 10

iOS 10 is the tenth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 9.

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IOS 11

iOS 11 is the eleventh major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 10.

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IOS 12

iOS 12 will be the twelfth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 11.

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IOS 4

iOS 4 is the fourth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iPhone OS 3.

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IOS 5

iOS 5 is the fifth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 4.

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IOS 6

iOS 6 is the sixth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc, being the successor to iOS 5.

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IOS 7

iOS 7 is the seventh major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 6.

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IOS 8

iOS 8 is the eighth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 7.

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IOS 9

iOS 9 is the ninth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 8.

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IPsec

In computing, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a secure network protocol suite of IPv4 that authenticates and encrypts the packets of data sent over an IPv4 network.

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Japan

Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.

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Java (programming language)

Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

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Java applet

A Java applet was a small application that is written in the Java programming language, or another programming language that compiles to Java bytecode, and delivered to users in the form of Java bytecode.

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Java Secure Socket Extension

In computing, the Java Secure Socket Extension (JSSE) provides a set of packages that enable secure Internet communications.

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Java virtual machine

A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages and compiled to Java bytecode.

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JavaScript

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, interpreted programming language.

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Kerberos (protocol)

Kerberos is a computer network authentication protocol that works on the basis of tickets to allow nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner.

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Key (cryptography)

In cryptography, a key is a piece of information (a parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm.

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Key ring file

A key ring is a file which contains multiple public keys of certificate authority (CA).

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Key size

In cryptography, key size or key length is the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher).

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Length extension attack

In cryptography and computer security, a length extension attack is a type of attack where an attacker can use Hash(message1) and the length of message1 to calculate Hash(message1 ‖ message2) for an attacker-controlled message2.

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LibreSSL

LibreSSL is an open-source implementation of the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols.

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Linux

Linux is a family of free and open-source software operating systems built around the Linux kernel.

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List of Microsoft operating systems

The following is a list of Microsoft written and published operating systems.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Lucky Thirteen attack

The Lucky Thirteen attack is a cryptographic timing attack against implementations of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol that use the CBC mode of operation, first reported in February 2013 by its developers Nadhem J. AlFardan and Kenny Paterson of the Information Security Group at Royal Holloway, University of London.

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Mac OS 8

Mac OS 8 is an operating system that was released by Apple Computer, Inc. on July 26, 1997.

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Mac OS X 10.2

Mac OS X Jaguar (version 10.2) is the third major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system.

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Mac OS X Leopard

Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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Mac OS X Lion

Mac OS X Lion (version 10.7) is the eighth major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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Mac OS X Panther

Mac OS X Panther (version 10.3) is the fourth major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple’s desktop and server operating system.

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Mac OS X Snow Leopard

Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6) is the seventh major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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Mac OS X Tiger

Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4) is the fifth major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for Mac computers.

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MacOS

macOS (previously and later) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001.

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MacOS High Sierra

macOS High Sierra (version 10.13) is the fourteenth major release of macOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers.

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MacOS Mojave

macOS Mojave (version 10.14) is the upcoming fifteenth major release of macOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers.

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MacOS Sierra

macOS Sierra (version 10.12) is the thirteenth major release of macOS (previously), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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Maemo

Maemo is a software platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and Internet tablets.

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Man-in-the-middle attack

In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM) is an attack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other.

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MatrixSSL

MatrixSSL is an open-source TLS/SSL implementation designed for custom applications in embedded hardware environments.

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Mauritius

Mauritius (or; Maurice), officially the Republic of Mauritius (République de Maurice), is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent.

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Mbed TLS

mbed TLS (previously PolarSSL) is an implementation of the TLS and SSL protocols and the respective cryptographic algorithms and support code required.

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MD5

The MD5 algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value.

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Message authentication

In information security, message authentication or data origin authentication is a property that a message has not been modified while in transit (data integrity) and that the receiving party can verify the source of the message.

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Message authentication code

In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as a tag, is a short piece of information used to authenticate a message—in other words, to confirm that the message came from the stated sender (its authenticity) and has not been changed.

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Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation (abbreviated as MS) is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington.

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Microsoft Developer Network

Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) is the portion of Microsoft responsible for managing the firm's relationship with developers and testers, such as hardware developers interested in the operating system (OS), and software developers developing on the various OS platforms or using the API or scripting languages of Microsoft's applications.

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Microsoft Edge

Microsoft Edge (codename "Spartan") is a web browser developed by Microsoft and included in Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile and Xbox One, replacing Internet Explorer as the default web browser on all device classes.

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Microsoft TechNet

Microsoft TechNet is a Microsoft web portal and web service for IT professionals.

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Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating system families, all of which are developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.

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Mozilla

Mozilla (stylized as moz://a) is a free software community founded in 1998 by members of Netscape.

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Mozilla Corporation

The Mozilla Corporation (stylized as moz://a) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation that coordinates and integrates the development of Internet-related applications such as the Firefox web browser, SeaMonkey Internet suite, and the Mozilla Thunderbird email client by a global community of open-source developers, some of whom are employed by the corporation itself.

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Multiplexed Transport Layer Security

In information technology, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol provides connection security with mutual authentication, data confidentiality and integrity, key generation and distribution, and security parameters negotiation.

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Mutual authentication

Mutual authentication or two-way authentication refers to two parties authenticating each other at the same time, being a default mode of authentication in some protocols (IKE, SSH) and optional in others (TLS).

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Netcraft

Netcraft is an Internet services company based in Bath, England.

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Netscape

Netscape is a brand name associated with the development of the Netscape web browser.

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Netscape Navigator

Netscape Navigator was a proprietary web browser, and the original browser of the Netscape line, from versions 1 to 4.08, and 9.x. It was the flagship product of the Netscape Communications Corp and was the dominant web browser in terms of usage share in the 1990s, but by 2002 its use had almost disappeared.

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Network address translation

Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.

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Network News Transfer Protocol

The Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is an application protocol used for transporting Usenet news articles (netnews) between news servers and for reading and posting articles by end user client applications.

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Network Security Services

In computing, Network Security Services (NSS) comprises a set of libraries designed to support cross-platform development of security-enabled client and server applications with optional support for hardware TLS/SSL acceleration on the server side and hardware smart cards on the client side.

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Obfuscated TCP

Obfuscated TCP (ObsTCP) was a proposal for a transport layer protocol which implements opportunistic encryption over TCP.

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Object Pascal

Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Delphi.

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OCSP stapling

OCSP stapling, formally known as the TLS Certificate Status Request extension, is an alternative approach to the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) for checking the revocation status of X.509 digital certificates.

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Open-source software

Open-source software (OSS) is a type of computer software whose source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.

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OpenConnect

OpenConnect is an open-source software application for connecting to virtual private networks (VPN), which implement secure point-to-point connections.

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OpenSSL

OpenSSL is a software library for applications that secure communications over computer networks against eavesdropping or need to identify the party at the other end.

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OpenVPN

OpenVPN is an open-source software application that implements virtual private network (VPN) techniques to create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections in routed or bridged configurations and remote access facilities.

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Opera (web browser)

Opera is a web browser for Windows, macOS, and Linux operating systems developed by Opera Software AS.

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Opera Mobile

Opera Mobile is a mobile web browser for smartphones and PDAs developed by Opera Software AS.

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Opera Software

Opera Software AS is a Norwegian software company, primarily known for its desktop Opera web browser, and mobile web browser Opera Mini.

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Opportunistic TLS

Opportunistic TLS (Transport Layer Security) refers to extensions in plain text communication protocols, which offer a way to upgrade a plain text connection to an encrypted (TLS or SSL) connection instead of using a separate port for encrypted communication.

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OS X El Capitan

OS X El Capitan (version 10.11) is the twelfth major release of OS X (now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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OS X Mavericks

OS X Mavericks (version 10.9) is the tenth major release of OS X (now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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OS X Mountain Lion

OS X Mountain Lion (version 10.8) is the ninth major release of OS X (now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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OS X Yosemite

OS X Yosemite (version 10.10) is the eleventh major release of OS X (now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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OSI model

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.

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Outlook.com

Outlook.com is a web-based suite of webmail, contacts, tasks, and calendaring services from Microsoft.

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Padding oracle attack

In cryptography, a padding oracle attack is an attack which uses the padding validation of a cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext.

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Pale Moon (web browser)

Pale Moon is an open-source web browser with an emphasis on customizability; its motto is "Your browser, Your way".

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Paul Kocher

Paul Carl Kocher (born June 11, 1973) is an American cryptographer and cryptography consultant, currently the president and chief scientist of Cryptography Research, Inc.

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Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council

The Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council was originally formed by American Express, Discover Financial Services, JCB International, MasterCard and Visa Inc. on 7 September 2006, with the goal of managing the ongoing evolution of the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard.

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Phillip Rogaway

Phillip Rogaway is a professor of computer science at the University of California, Davis.

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Poly1305

Poly1305 is a cryptographic message authentication code (MAC) created by Daniel J. Bernstein.

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POODLE

The POODLE attack (which stands for "Padding Oracle On Downgraded Legacy Encryption") is a man-in-the-middle exploit which takes advantage of Internet and security software clients' fallback to SSL 3.0.

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Port (computer networking)

In computer networking, a port is an endpoint of communication in an operating system, which identifies a specific process or a type of network service running on that system.

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Potentially unwanted program

A potentially unwanted program (PUP) or potentially unwanted application (PUA) is software that a user may perceive as unwanted.

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Pre-shared key

In cryptography, a pre-shared key (PSK) is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it needs to be used.

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Presentation layer

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the presentation layer is layer 6 and serves as the data translator for the network.

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Presto (browser engine)

Presto was the browser engine of the Opera web browser for a decade.

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Pretty Good Privacy

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is an encryption program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication.

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Privacy

Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively.

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Proprietary protocol

In telecommunications, a proprietary protocol is a communications protocol owned by a single organization or individual.

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Pseudorandom function family

In cryptography, a pseudorandom function family, abbreviated PRF, is a collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle in the following way: no efficient algorithm can distinguish (with significant advantage) between a function chosen randomly from the PRF family and a random oracle (a function whose outputs are fixed completely at random).

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Pseudorandomness

A pseudorandom process is a process that appears to be random but is not.

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Public key certificate

In cryptography, a public key certificate, also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate, is an electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key.

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Public key infrastructure

A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption.

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Public-key cryptography

Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is any cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: public keys which may be disseminated widely, and private keys which are known only to the owner.

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Qualys

Qualys, Inc. provides cloud security, compliance and related services and is based in Foster City, California.

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QUIC

QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections, pronounced quick) is an experimental transport layer network protocol designed by Jim Roskind at Google, initially implemented in 2012, and announced publicly in 2013 as experimentation broadened.

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Random number generation

Random number generation is the generation of a sequence of numbers or symbols that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by a random chance, usually through a hardware random-number generator (RNG).

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RC2

In cryptography, RC2 (also known as ARC2) is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by Ron Rivest in 1987.

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RC4

In cryptography, RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4 also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR meaning Alleged RC4, see below) is a stream cipher.

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RdRand

RDRAND (previously known as Bull Mountain) is an instruction for returning random numbers from an Intel on-chip hardware random number generator which has been seeded by an on-chip entropy source.

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Request for Comments

In information and communications technology, a Request for Comments (RFC) is a type of publication from the technology community.

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Round-trip delay time

In telecommunications, the round-trip delay time (RTD) or round-trip time (RTT) is the length of time it takes for a signal to be sent plus the length of time it takes for an acknowledgement of that signal to be received.

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RSA (cryptosystem)

RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is one of the first public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission.

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RSA BSAFE

RSA BSAFE is a FIPS 140-2 validated cryptography library offered by RSA Security.

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S60 (software platform)

The S60 Platform (formerly Series 60 User Interface) was a software platform for smartphones that runs on the Symbian operating system.

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Safari (web browser)

Safari is a web browser developed by Apple based on the WebKit engine.

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Salsa20

Salsa20 and the closely related ChaCha are stream ciphers developed by Daniel J. Bernstein.

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Same-origin policy

In computing, the same-origin policy is an important concept in the web application security model.

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Secure Remote Password protocol

The Secure Remote Password protocol (SRP) is an augmented password-authenticated key agreement (PAKE) protocol, specifically designed to work around existing patents.

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Security Support Provider Interface

Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI) is a Win32 API used by Microsoft Windows systems to perform a variety of security-related operations such as authentication.

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SEED

SEED is a block cipher developed by the Korea Internet & Security Agency (KISA).

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Server (computing)

In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients".

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Server Name Indication

Server Name Indication (SNI) is an extension to the TLS computer networking protocol by which a client indicates which hostname it is attempting to connect to at the start of the handshaking process.

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Server-Gated Cryptography

Server-Gated Cryptography (SGC), also known as International Step-Up by Netscape, is a defunct mechanism that was used to step up from 40-bit or 56-bit to 128-bit cipher suites with SSL.

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Session (computer science)

In computer science, in particular networking, a session is a semi-permanent interactive information interchange between two or more communicating devices, or between a computer and user (see login session).

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Session hijacking

In computer science, session hijacking, sometimes also known as cookie hijacking is the exploitation of a valid computer session—sometimes also called a session key—to gain unauthorized access to information or services in a computer system.

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Session Initiation Protocol

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a communications protocol for signaling and controlling multimedia communication sessions in applications of Internet telephony for voice and video calls, in private IP telephone systems, as well as in instant messaging over Internet Protocol (IP) networks.

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SHA-1

In cryptography, SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a cryptographic hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest - typically rendered as a hexadecimal number, 40 digits long.

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SHA-2

SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA).

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Shared secret

In cryptography, a shared secret is a piece of data, known only to the parties involved, in a secure communication.

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Simon S. Lam

Simon Sin-Sing Lam (林善成) is Professor and Regents Chair in Computer Science at The University of Texas at Austin.

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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (email) transmission.

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Singapore

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia.

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Single sign-on

Single sign-on (SSO) is a property of access control of multiple related, yet independent, software systems.

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Solaris (operating system)

Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems.

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SPDY

SPDY (pronounced "speedy") is a deprecated open-specification networking protocol that was developed primarily at Google for transporting web content.

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SSL acceleration

SSL acceleration (TLS acceleration) is a method of offloading processor-intensive public-key encryption for Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to a hardware accelerator.

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State (computer science)

In information technology and computer science, a program is described as stateful if it is designed to remember preceding events or user interactions; the remembered information is called the state of the system.

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Stream cipher

A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream).

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Superfish

Superfish was an advertising company that developed various advertising-supported software products based on a visual search engine.

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Symantec

Symantec Corporation (commonly known as Symantec) is an American software company headquartered in Mountain View, California, United States.

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Symmetric-key algorithm

Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both encryption of plaintext and decryption of ciphertext.

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System 7

System 7 (codenamed "Big Bang" and sometimes retrospectively called Mac OS 7) is a graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers and is part of the classic Mac OS series of operating systems.

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Taher Elgamal

Taher Elgamal (Arabic: طاهر الجمل) (born 18 August 1955) is an Egyptian cryptographer.

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Tamper-evident technology

Tamper-evident describes a device or process that makes unauthorized access to the protected object easily detected.

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Tcpcrypt

In computer networking, tcpcrypt is a transport layer communication encryption protocol.

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TLS-PSK

Transport Layer Security pre-shared key ciphersuites (TLS-PSK) is a set of cryptographic protocols that provide secure communication based on pre-shared keys (PSKs).

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TLS-SRP

Transport layer security Secure Remote Password (TLS-SRP) ciphersuites are a set of cryptographic protocols that provide secure communication based on passwords, using an SRP password-authenticated key exchange.

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Transmission Control Protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite.

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Transport layer

In computer networking, the transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the Internet Protocol Suite and the OSI model.

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Transport Layer Security

Transport Layer Security (TLS) – and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), which is now deprecated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – are cryptographic protocols that provide communications security over a computer network.

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Transport Layer Security Channel ID

Transport Layer Security Channel ID (TLS Channel ID, previously known as Transport Layer Security – Origin Bound Certificates TLS-OBC) is a draft RFC proposal Transport Layer Security (TLS) extension that aims to increase TLS security by using certificates on both ends of the TLS connection.

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Triple DES

In cryptography, Triple DES (3DES), officially the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block.

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Twitter

Twitter is an online news and social networking service on which users post and interact with messages known as "tweets".

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Uniform Resource Identifier

A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters designed for unambiguous identification of resources and extensibility via the URI scheme.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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Usenet

Usenet is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers.

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USENIX

The USENIX Association is the Advanced Computing Systems Association.

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User Datagram Protocol

In computer networking, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite.

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Verisign

Verisign, Inc. is an American company based in Reston, Virginia, United States that operates a diverse array of network infrastructure, including two of the Internet's thirteen root nameservers, the authoritative registry for the,, and generic top-level domains and the and country-code top-level domains, and the back-end systems for the,, and top-level domains.

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Virtual private network

A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, and enables users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing devices were directly connected to the private network.

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Visa Inc.

Visa Inc. (also known as Visa, stylized as VISA) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City, California, United States.

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Voice over IP

Voice over Internet Protocol (also voice over IP, VoIP or IP telephony) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet.

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Vulnerability (computing)

In computer security, a vulnerability is a weakness which can be exploited by a Threat Actor, such as an attacker, to perform unauthorized actions within a computer system.

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Web browser

A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web.

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Web navigation

Web navigation refers to the process of navigating a network of information resources in the World Wide Web, which is organized as hypertext or hypermedia.

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Web of trust

In cryptography, a web of trust is a concept used in PGP, GnuPG, and other OpenPGP-compatible systems to establish the authenticity of the binding between a public key and its owner.

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Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol

The Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Protocol (WPAD) is a method used by clients to locate the URL of a configuration file using DHCP and/or DNS discovery methods.

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Web server

Web server refers to server software, or hardware dedicated to running said software, that can serve contents to the World Wide Web.

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WebKit

WebKit is a browser engine used in Apple's Safari browser and other products.

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Website

A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server.

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Wildcard certificate

In computer networking, a wildcard certificate is a public key certificate which can be used with multiple subdomains of a domain.

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Windows 10

Windows 10 (codenamed Redstone, formerly Threshold) is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft, as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.

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Windows 10 Mobile

Windows 10 Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft, released in 2015.

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Windows 2000

Windows 2000 (codenamed NT 5.0) is an operating system for use on both client and server computers.

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Windows 3.1x

Windows 3.1x (codenamed Janus) is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers.

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Windows 7

Windows 7 (codenamed Vienna, formerly Blackcomb) is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft.

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Windows 8

Windows 8 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.

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Windows 8.1

Windows 8.1 (codenamed Blue) is a computer operating system released by Microsoft.

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Windows 95

Windows 95 (codenamed Chicago) is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft.

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Windows 98

Windows 98 (codenamed Memphis while in development) is a graphical operating system by Microsoft.

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Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile is a discontinued family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones and Pocket PCs.

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Windows NT

Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993.

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Windows NT 3.1

Windows NT 3.1 is a 32-bit operating system developed by Microsoft, and released on July 27, 1993.

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Windows NT 3.5

Windows NT 3.5 is an operating system developed by Microsoft, released on September 21, 1994.

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Windows NT 3.51

Windows NT 3.51 is the third release of Microsoft's Windows NT line of operating systems.

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Windows NT 4.0

Windows NT 4.0 is an operating system that is part of Microsoft's Windows NT family of operating systems.

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Windows Phone 7

Windows Phone 7 is the first release of the Windows Phone mobile client operating system, released worldwide on October 21, 2010, and in the United States on November 8, 2010.

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Windows Phone 8

Windows Phone 8 is the second generation of the Windows Phone mobile operating system from Microsoft.

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Windows Phone 8.1

Windows Phone 8.1 is the third generation of Microsoft's Windows Phone mobile operating system, succeeding Windows Phone 8.

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Windows Server 2003

Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft and released on April 24, 2003.

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Windows Server 2008

Windows Server 2008 is the second major release of the Windows Server family of operating systems for server computers.

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Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows Server 2008 R2 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft.

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Windows Server 2012

Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8", is the sixth release of Windows Server.

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Windows Server 2016

Windows Server 2016 is a server operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems, developed concurrently with Windows 10.

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Windows Server 2019

Windows Server 2019 is an operating system under development by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems designed for servers.

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Windows Vista

Windows Vista (codenamed Longhorn) is an operating system by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs.

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Windows XP

Windows XP (codenamed Whistler) is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.

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Wireless Transport Layer Security

Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) is a security protocol, part of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) stack.

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WolfSSL

wolfSSL (formerly CyaSSL or yet another SSL) is a small, portable, embedded SSL/TLS library targeted for use by embedded systems developers.

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World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet.

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X.509

In cryptography, X.509 is a standard that defines the format of public key certificates.

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XMPP

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a communication protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup Language).

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40-bit encryption

40-bit encryption refers to a key size of forty bits, or five bytes, for symmetric encryption; this represents a relatively low level of security.

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Redirects here:

BEAST (Browser Exploit Against SSL/TLS), BEAST (computer security), BEAST (security exploit), BEAST attack, Certificate pinning, Key pinning, Perspectives Project, Public-key pinning, SSL 1.0, SSL 2, SSL 2.0, SSL 3.0, SSL encryption, SSL handshake, SSL v1, SSL v2, SSL v3, SSL/TLS, SSL3, SSLv1, SSLv1.0, SSLv2, SSLv2.0, SSLv3, SSLv3.0, Secure Network Programming (API), Secure Network Programming API, Secure Socket Layer, Secure Sockets Layer, Secure socket layer, Secure sockets layer, Secured Socket Layer, Site certificate, TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, TLS 1.2, TLS 1.3, TLS False Start, TLS encryption, TLS handshake, TLS protocol, TLS/SSL, TLS/SSL support history of web browsers, TLS1.3, TLSV, TLSv1, TLSv1.0, TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2, TLSv1.3, Transfer Layer Security, Transfer layer security, Transport Layer Security Protocol, Transport Layer Security-SSL, Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer, Transport layer encryption, Transport layer security.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security

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