Communication

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Rubin, Veratrum, Veratrum album, Vernacular architecture, Veronica filiformis, Veronica gentianoides, Viceroy, Victims of Yalta, Victor Motschulsky, Viking metal, Viktor Kurnatovsky, Viktor Pokrovsky, Vilém Heckel, Village, Vinca herbacea, Vincent Cochetel, Vindija Cave, Violence against women, Viote Alpine Botanical Garden, Virgin Lands Campaign, Vitis vinifera, Vittorio Sella, Vladas Vitkauskas, Vladikavkaz, Vladimir Bobrovsky, Vladimir Darchiashvili, Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky, Vladimir Komarov, Vladimir Kovalevsky, Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Minorsky, Vladimir Viardo, Vladimir Zherikhin, Vladivostok, Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives, Voiceless velar lateral affricate, Voiceless velar lateral fricative, Volga Se Ganga, Volga Tatars, Volgograd, Vologases I of Parthia, Volucella inflata, Voronezh, Vorontsov, Vugar Aslanov, Vulcaniella caucasica, Vund Point, Wahidullah Waissi, Waldemar Belck, Walloon Legion, Walter Krupinski, Walter von Loë, War between Armenia and Iberia, War in Donbass, War of Dagestan, War of Laws, Warlord, Wartime sexual violence, Water pipit, Władysław Studnicki, Weaver beetle, Wehib Pasha, Werwolf (Wehrmacht headquarters), Western Asia, Western Caucasus, Western imperialism in Asia, Western Iranian languages, Western jackdaw, Western Persia campaign of 1730, Wheel, Wheel and axle, Whisky, White Tights, Wild boar, Wild Russia, Wildcat, Wildlife of Armenia, Wildlife of Azerbaijan, Wildlife of Russia, Wilhelm Loewenthal, Willem Sassen, Willemetia, William Edward David Allen, William Henry Beach, William Horwood Stuart, Wine, Winter moth, Winter War, Withdrawal through Andalal (1741), Witold Zglenicki, Wojciech Cejrowski, Wojciech Jagielski (journalist), Wolfgang F. 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Expand index (4247 more) » « Shrink index

-stan

The suffix -stan (ـستان|translit.

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A Hero of Our Time

A Hero of Our Time (Герой нашего времени, Geroy nashego vremeni) is a novel by Mikhail Lermontov, written in 1839, published in 1840, and revised in 1841.

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A Journey Beyond the Three Seas

A Journey Beyond the Three Seas (Хожение за три моря, Khozheniye za tri morya) is a Russian literary monument in the form of travel notes, made by a merchant from Tver, Afanasiy Nikitin during his journey to India in 1466–1472.

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A Journey to Arzrum

A Journey to Arzrum («Путешествие в Арзрум»; full title: A Journey to Arzrum during the Campaign of 1829, «Путешествие в Арзрум во время похода 1829 года») is a work of travel literature by Alexander Pushkin.

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A-A line

The Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line, or A-A line for short, was the military goal of Operation Barbarossa.

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Aşıq Pəri

Aşıq Pəri (ca. 1811-ca. 1847), also known as Ashiq Peri or Ashig Pari, was an Azerbaijani poet and folk singer.

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Abaza family

The Abaza family (الأسرة الأباظية), is an Egyptian family that has had an influential role in Egyptian cultural, economic, intellectual and political life since their establishment in Egypt in the late 18th century to modern times.

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Abazgi languages

Abazgi is the branch of the Northwest Caucasian languages that contains the Abaza and Abkhaz languages.

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Abazins

The Abazin, Abazinians, or Abaza (Abaza and Abkhaz: Абаза; Circassian: Абазэхэр; Абазины; Abazalar; أباظة) are an ethnic group of the Northwest Caucasus, closely related to the Abkhaz and Circassian people.

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Abba Ahimeir

Abba Ahimeir (אב"א אחימאיר, Аба Шойл Гайсинович; 2 November 1897 – 6 June 1962) was a Russian-born Jewish journalist, historian and political activist.

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Abbas Helmi II of Egypt

Abbas II Helmy Bey (also known as ‘Abbās Ḥilmī Pasha, عباس حلمي باشا) (14 July 1874 – 19 December 1944) was the last Khedive (Ottoman viceroy) of Egypt and Sudan, ruling from 8 January 1892 to 19 December 1914.

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Abbas I of Persia

Shāh Abbās the Great or Shāh Abbās I of Persia (شاه عباس بزرگ; 27 January 157119 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty.

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Abbas Mirza

Abbas Mirza (عباس میرزا) (August 20, 1789October 25, 1833), was a Qajar crown prince of Persia.

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Abbas Qoli-Khan

'Abbās-qolī Khan was a 17th-century Safavid Persian official in the eastern Caucasus.

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Abbasgulu Bakikhanov

Abbasgulu Bakikhanov (Abbasqulu ağa Bakıxanov Qüdsi) (21 June 1794, Amirjan – 31 May 1847, Wadi Fatima, near Jeddah), Abbas Qoli Bakikhanov, or Abbas-Qoli ibn Mirza Mohammad (Taghi) Khan Badkubi was an Azerbaijani writer, historian, journalist, linguist, poet and philosopher.

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Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah

ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān ibn Rabīʿah was the Arab general of the early Caliphate.

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Abdallah Mirza

‘Abdallah Mirza (also spelled ‘Abdullah Mirza) (after 1410 – June 1451) was a short-lived ruler of the Timurid Empire, which encompassed the territory shared by present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, along with substantial areas of India, Mesopotamia and Caucasus.

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Abdülaziz

Abdülaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز / `Abdü’l-`Azīz, Abdülaziz; 8 February 18304 June 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned between 25 June 1861 and 30 May 1876.

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Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II (عبد الحميد ثانی, `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî; İkinci Abdülhamit; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state.

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Abdul Sattar Edhi

Abdul Sattar Edhi (عبدالستار ایدھی; 28 February 1928 – 8 July 2016) was a Pakistani philanthropist, ascetic, and humanitarian who founded the Edhi Foundation, which runs the world's largest volunteer ambulance network, along with homeless shelters, animal shelter, rehab centres, and orphanages across Pakistan.

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Abdulkarim Baderkhan

Abdulkarim Baderkhan (عبد الكريم بدرخان) (born 22 November 1986) is a Syrian poet, translator and critic.

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Abdulla Alishayev

Abdulla Telman Alishayev (died 2 September 2008) was a Russian Dagestani journalist and writer.

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Abdullah Gül

Abdullah Gül (born 29 October 1950) is a Turkish politician who served as the 11th President of Turkey, in office from 2007 to 2014.

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Abdulmejid I

Abdülmecid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول ‘Abdü’l-Mecīd-i evvel; 23/25 April 182325 June 1861), also known as Abdulmejid and similar spellings, was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839.

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Abdurrahman Fatalibeyli

Abdurrahman Fatalibeyli (birth surname Dudanginski, (Абдулрахман Фаталибейли-Дудангинский, Ədrürrəhman bəy Fətəlibəyli-Düdənginski) or Abo Alioglu Fatalibeyli-Dudanginsky Або Алиевич Дудангинский / Əbo Əliyeviç Düdənginski), born Abo Dudanginski (June 12, 1908, Dudanga – November 1954, Munich) was a Soviet army major who defected to the German forces during World War II.

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Abdussalam Akhundzadeh

Abdussalam Akhundzadeh — fifth Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus.

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Abies nordmanniana

Abies nordmanniana, the Nordmann fir or Caucasian fir, is a fir indigenous to the mountains south and east of the Black Sea, in Turkey, Georgia and the Russian Caucasus.

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Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

The Abkhaz–Georgian conflict involves ethnic conflict between Georgians and the Abkhaz people in Abkhazia, a de facto independent, partially recognized republic.

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Abkhazia

Abkhazia (Аҧсны́; აფხაზეთი; p) is a territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in northwestern Georgia.

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Abkhazians of African descent

Afro-Abkhazians, or Abkhazians of African descent, also known as African Caucasians, were a small group of people of African descent in Abkhazia, who used to live mainly in the settlement Adzyubzha at the mouth of the Kodori River and the surrounding villages (Chlou, Pokvesh, Agdarra, and Merkulov) on the eastern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe.

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Ablepharus kitaibelii

Ablepharus kitaibelii, commonly known as the European copper skink, juniper skink or European snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard from the skink family (Scincidae).

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Abovyan Street

Abovyan Street (Աբովյան Փողոց), is a street at the central Kentron district of the Armenian capital Yerevan.

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Abraham Firkovich

Abraham (Avraham) ben Samuel Firkovich (Hebrew אברהם בן שמואל - Avraham ben Shmuel; Karayce: Аврагъам Фиркович - Avragham Firkovich) (1786–1874) was a famous Karaite writer and archeologist, collector of ancient manuscripts, and a Karaite Hakham.

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Abraham Harkavy

Avraam/Albert Yakovlevich Harkavy (Авраа́м Я́ковлевич Гарка́ви), or Avraham Eliyahu ben Yaakov Harkavy (in Hebrew) (17 October 1835 – 15 March 1919) was a Jewish Russian historian and orientalist.

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Abrostola asclepiadis

Abrostola asclepiadis is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Abrostola clarissa

Abrostola clarissa is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Abu Mansur al-Maturidi

Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al-Samarḳandī (853-944 CE; محمد بن محمد بن محمود أبو منصور ماتریدی سمرقندی حنفی), often referred to as Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī for short, or reverently as Imam Māturīdī by Sunni Muslims, was a Sunni Hanafi jurist, theologian, and scriptural exegete from ninth-century Samarkand who became the eponymous codifier of one of the principal orthodox schools of Sunni theology, the Maturidi school, which became the dominant theological school for Sunni Muslims in Central Asia and later enjoyed a preeminent status as the school of choice for both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire.

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Abu Omar al-Kuwaiti

Ahmad Nasser Eid Abdullah Al-Fajri Al-Azimi, also, Abu Omar Al-Kuwaiti and Abu Dzeit (1972 – 16 February 2005) was a Kuwaiti and suspected al-Qaeda agent operating first in Afghanistan and later in Chechnya and the wider Caucasus area.

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Abu Omar al-Saif

Abu Omar al-Saif (أبو عمر السيف)(1968/69-2005) was an informal name or nom de guerre of a Saudi Islamist and fighter operating first in Afghanistan (1986–1988) and later in the North Caucasus (1996–2005) as the mufti of Arab fighters in Chechnya, allegedly with close ties to al-Qaeda.

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Abu Omar al-Shishani

Tarkhan Batirashvili (თარხან ბათირაშვილი; 11 February 1986 – 10 July 2016), known by his nom de guerre Abu Omar al-Shishani (أبو عمر الشيشاني, Abū ‘Umar ash-Shīshānī, "Abu Omar the Chechen") or Omar al-Shishani, was a Georgian Chechen (Kist) jihadist who served as a commander for the Islamic State in Syria, and previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army.

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Acanthophila alacella

Acanthophila alacella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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AccessHolding

Access Microfinance Holding AG, often referred to as AccessHolding, is a commercial microfinance investment and holding company based in Germany.

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Ace Combat: Assault Horizon

is an installment of the Ace Combat arcade combat flight video game series.

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Acer cappadocicum

Acer cappadocicum (Cappadocian maple) is a maple native to Asia, from central Turkey (ancient Cappadocia) east along the Caucasus, the Himalaya, to southwestern China.

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Acer pseudoplatanus

Acer pseudoplatanus, known as the sycamore in the United Kingdom and the sycamore maple in the United States, is a flowering plant species in the soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae.

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Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire, also called the First Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great.

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Achillea filipendulina

Achillea filipendulina (common names yarrow, fernleaf yarrow, milfoil, nosebleed) is an Asian species of flowering herbaceous perennial plants in the sunflower family, native to central and southwestern Asia (Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Caucasus).

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Achillea nobilis

Achillea nobilis, the noble yarrow, is a flowering plant in the sunflower family.

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Acleris comariana

Acleris comariana, the strawberry tortrix, is a moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Acleris cristana

Acleris cristana, the rufous-margined button moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae and is found from Europe through the Caucasus and Ussuri to Japan.

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Acleris rhombana

Acleris rhombana, the rhomboid tortrix, is a moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Acleris sparsana

Acleris sparsana is a moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Acompsia tripunctella

Acompsia tripunctella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Acossus terebra

Acossus terebra is a species of moth of the Cossidae family.

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Acronicta alni

The alder moth (Acronicta alni) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Acronicta auricoma

The scarce dagger (Acronicta auricoma) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Acronicta cuspis

Acronicta cuspis, the large dagger, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Acronicta strigosa

The marsh dagger (Acronicta strigosa) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Actebia praecox

Actebia praecox, the Portland moth, is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Actinidia arguta

Actinidia arguta, the hardy kiwi, is a perennial vine native to Japan, Korea, Northern China, and Russian Siberia.

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Actinolema

Actinolema is a genus of 2 species of plants in the Apiaceae family.

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Actinotia radiosa

Actinotia radiosa is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Adam Jerzy Czartoryski

Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (Аdomas Jurgis Čartoriskis, also known as Adam George Czartoryski in English; 14 January 177015 July 1861) was a Polish nobleman, statesman and author.

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Adana

Adana (Ադանա) is a major city in southern Turkey.

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Adjara

Adjara (აჭარა), officially known as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (Georgian: აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა), is a historical, geographic and political-administrative region of Georgia.

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Admiral Nakhimov-class cruiser

The Admiral Nakhimov-class cruisers were a group of four light cruisers built for the Imperial Russian Navy just before World War I began in 1914.

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Adolphus Warburton Moore

Adolphus Warburton Moore (1841–1887) (known generally as A. W. Moore) was a British civil servant and mountaineer.

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Adscita albanica

Adscita albanica is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.

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Aeëtes

Aeëtes (also spelled Æëtes, Αἰήτης Aiētēs) was a King of Colchis in Greek mythology.

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Aegilops tauschii

Aegilops tauschii, also known as Tausch's goatgrass and rough-spike hard grass, is an annual grass species.

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Aegle koekeritziana

Aegle koekeritziana is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Aegosoma scabricorne

Aegosoma scabricorne is a species of long-horned beetles belonging to the family Cerambycidae.

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Aelia Eudoxia

Aelia Eudoxia (died 6 October 404) was a Roman Empress consort by marriage to the Roman Emperor Arcadius.

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Aethes prangana

Aethes prangana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Aethes scalana

Aethes scalana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae.

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AF Hotel

AF Hotel is a well known hotel in Azerbaijan.

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Afsharid dynasty

The Afsharid dynasty (افشاریان) were members of an Iranian dynasty that originated from the Turkic Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Persia in the mid-eighteenth century.

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Agapanthia villosoviridescens

Agapanthia villosoviridescens, also known as the golden-bloomed grey longhorn beetle, is a species of beetle in the Lamiinae subfamily, that can be found in the Caucasus, Europe, Kazakhstan, the Near East, Russia and Turkey.

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Agapeta hamana

Agapeta hamana is a moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Agasyllis

Agasyllis caucasica is a species of flowering plants of the Apiaceae family and the only species of genus Agasyllis.

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Agdistis falkovitshi

Agdistis falkovitshi is a moth of the Pterophoridae family.

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Agdistis rubasiensis

Agdistis rubasiensis is a moth of the Pterophoridae family.

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Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (translit; 14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797), also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah (آقا محمد شاه), was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as king (shah).

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Aghasalim Childagh

Aghasalim Childagh (Azerbaijani: Ağasəlim Çildağ) (February 1, 1930 – April 8, 2008) was a performer of Azerbaijani meykhana music.

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Aghjots Vank

Aghjots Vank (Աղջոց վանք); also known as the Saint Stephen Monastery of Goght (Գողթի Սուրբ Ստեփանոս վանք), is a 13th-century monastery situated along a tributary of the Azat River Valley within the Khosrov State Reserve located half a mile walk from the hamlet of Mets Gilanlar, and near the villages of Goght and Garni (approximately 3–4 miles) in the Ararat Province of Armenia.

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Aghvan Chatinyan

Aghvan Chatinyan (Աղվան Չատինյան; born 14 December 1927 in Vardablur, Stepanavan, Armenia) is an Armenian mountaineer and several times Caucasus rock climbing champion.

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Agonopterix caucasiella

Agonopterix caucasiella is a moth in the Depressariidae family.

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Agonum angustatum

Agonum angustatum is a species of ground beetle in the Platyninae subfamily that can be found in Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Iran and North Africa.

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Agriades pyrenaicus

Agriades pyrenaicus, the Gavarnie blue, is a Palearctic butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Agriphila inquinatella

Agriphila inquinatella is a small moth species of the family Crambidae.

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Agropyron

Agropyron is a genus of Eurasian plants in the grass family), native to Europe and Asia but widely naturalized in North America. Species in the genus are commonly referred to as wheatgrass.;Species.

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Agrotis cinerea

The Light Feathered Rustic (Agrotis cinerea) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Ahmad Huseinzadeh

Ahmad Huseinzadeh (Əhməd Hüseynzadə) — third Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus, son of Mahammadali Huseinzadeh, maternal uncle of Ali bey Huseynzade.

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Ahmad ibn Rustah

Ahmad ibn Rustah Isfahani (احمد ابن رسته اصفهانی Aḥmad ibn Rusta Iṣfahānī), more commonly known as Ibn Rustah (ابن رسته, also spelled Ibn Rusta and Ibn Ruste), was a 10th-century Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta district, Isfahan, Persia.

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Ahmad Javad

Ahmad Javad (Əhməd Cavad; May 5, 1892 – October 13, 1937) was an Azerbaijani poet.

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Ahmed Izzet Pasha

Ahmed İzzet Pasha (1864 – 31 March 1937), known as Ahmet İzzet Furgaç after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was an Ottoman general during World War I. He was also one of the last Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire (14 October 1918 - 8 November 1918) and its last Minister of Foreign Affairs.

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Ahmed-Pasha Khimshiashvili

Ahmed Bey, subsequently Ahmed Paşa (1781 – October 1836) was a Muslim Georgian nobleman of the Khimshiashvili clan from Adjara, which he ruled as an autonomous ruler (bey) under the Ottoman Empire after 1818.

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Ahtopol

Ahtopol (Ахтопол) is a town and seaside resort on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast.

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Air Astana

Air Astana (Эйр Астана) is the flag carrier of the Republic of Kazakhstan, based in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

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Ajika

Ajika or adjika is a Georgian-Abkhaz hot, spicy but subtly flavored dip often used to flavor food.

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Ajuga genevensis

Ajuga genevensis (also variously known as the upright bugle, blue bugle, Geneva bugleweed, blue bugleweed) is a herbaceous flowering plant native to Europe.

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Akhali Kselebi

Akhali Kselebi Ltd (ახალი ქსელები new web), also known as New Net is the third largest telecommunication company of Georgia and Caucasus (After Silknet and MagtiCom).

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Akhmat-Arena

The Akhmat-Arena («Ахмат-Арена») is a multi-use stadium in Grozny, Chechnya, Russia, named after former President of the Chechen Republic Akhmad Kadyrov.

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Akhtar (magazine)

The Persian periodical Akhtar (meaning Star in English) was founded in 1876, following the suggestion of the Persian ambassador in Istanbul at that time, and was published until its discontinuation in 1896.

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Akhurian Reservoir

Akhurian Reservoir (Ախուրյանի ջրամբար; Arpaçay Barajı) is a reservoir on the Akhurian River between Armenia and Turkey.

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Akinchi

Akinchi (Əkinçi / اکينچی), also transliterated as Ekinchi ("The Cultivator"), was the first Azerbaijani-language newspaper, published in Baku (then part of the Russian Empire, now the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan) between 1875 and 1877.

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Aksaray Malaklisi dog

The Aksaray Malaklısı, also known as the Turkish mastiff or Central Anatolian shepherd, is a large Turkish breed of Molosser-type guard dog.

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Aktash River

The Aktash River (Акташ) is a river in the Kasbek and Khasavyurt districts of the Republic of Daghestan in Caucasian Russia.

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Al (folklore)

Al (or Hal); Ալ or Ալք; Гал;; Һал; Алы; Al; Xal) is a class of demon in the folklore of the Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia, and Armenia. Als are demons of childbirth, interfering with human reproduction. The al is known by various other names, including alk in Armenian and Kurdish, ol, hāl and xāl in Tajikistan and Afghanistan, almasti or albasti in Central Asian Turkic speaking countries, and halmasti among the Dards.Asatrian, 150.

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Al Basty

Al Basty (Turkish: Albastı; Tatar, Kyrgyz, Kazakh: Албасты, Chuvash: Алпастă, Azerbaijanese: Albasdı, Russian: Албасты́) or Al Kardai is an ancient female spirit, the personification of guilt, found in folklore throughout the Caucasus mountains, with origins going as far back as Sumerian mythology.

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Al Eqtisadiah

Al Eqtisadiah (الاقتصادية, 'The Economy') is a Saudi daily newspaper, published by Saudi Research and Publishing Company.

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Al Jazirah (newspaper)

Al Jazirah (in Arabic الجزيرة meaning The Peninsula) is a daily Arabic newspaper published in Saudi Arabia.

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Al-'Awasim

Al-ʿAwāṣim (اَلْـعَـوَاصِـم, The "defences, fortifications"; singular: al-ʿāṣimah (اَلْـعَـاصِـمَـة, "protectress")) was the Arabic term used to refer to the Muslim side of the frontier zone between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates in Cilicia, northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia.

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Al-Ashraf Qansuh Al-Ghuri

Al-Ashraf Qansuh Al-Ghuri (الأشرف قانصوه الغوري) was the second-to-last of the Mamluk Sultans.

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Al-Baqi'

Jannaṫ al-Baqī‘ (lit) is a cemetery in Medina, the Hijazi region of present-day Saudi Arabia.

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Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah

Abu ʿUqba al-Jarrah ibn ʿAbdallah al-Hakami (أبو عقبة الجراح بن عبد الله الحكمي) was an Arab nobleman and general of the Hakami tribe.

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Al-Muqawqis

Al-Muqawqis (المقوقس) is mentioned in Islamic history as a ruler of Egypt, who corresponded with the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Alagir

Alagir (Алаги́р; Алагир) is an industrial town and the administrative center of Alagirsky District in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia, located on the west bank of the Ardon River, west of the republic's capital Vladikavkaz.

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Alan Blackshaw

Alan Blackshaw OBE (7 April 1933 – 4 August 2011) was an English mountaineer, skier and civil servant who was President of the Alpine Club from 2001 to 2004 and President of the Ski Club of Great Britain from 1997 to 2003.

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Alans

The Alans (or Alani) were an Iranian nomadic pastoral people of antiquity.

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Alarodian languages

The Alarodian languages are a proposed language family that encompasses the Northeast Caucasian (Nakh–Dagestanian) languages and the extinct Hurro-Urartian languages.

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Alaverdi Monastery

Alaverdi Monastery (ალავერდის მონასტერი) is a Georgian Eastern Orthodox monastery located from Akhmeta, in the Kakheti region of Eastern Georgia.

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Alazani

The Alazani (ალაზანი, Qanıx) is a river that flows through the Caucasus.

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Albania (placename)

The toponym Albania may indicate several different geographical regions: a country in the Balkans; an ancient land in the Caucasus; as well as Scotland, Albania being a Latinization of a Gaelic name for Scotland, Alba; and even a city in the U.S. state of New York.

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Albania (satrapy)

Albania, or Ardhan in Parthian or Arran in Middle Persian, was a Caucasian satrapy (province) of the Sassanid Empire.

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Albanopolis, Caucasia

Albanopolis was a city, probably in the Caucasus, famed in Christianity as being the place at which the apostle Bartholomew was crucified.

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Albert Antébi

Albert-Abraham Antébi (אלברט אברהם ענתבי; born 1873 Damascus – died 1919 Constantinople) was a Jewish public activist and communitary leader born in Ottoman Syria, who worked for the defense of the interests of the Jewish old and new settlement in Palestine during the Ottoman rule, especially in the realm of education, philanthropy and estate, as representative of the Alliance israélite universelle and of the Jewish Colonization Association founded by Baron Hirsch.

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Albert Makashov

Colonel General Albert Mikhailovich Makashov (Альберт Михайлович Макашóв; born 12 June 1938) is a Russian officer and a nationalist-communist politician.

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Alburnoides gmelini

Alburnoides gmelini, the Dagestan spirlin, is a fish species of the family Cyprinidae, known from the western Caspian coast of southern Russia.

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Alchemilla barbatiflora

Alchemilla barbatiflora is an herbaceous perennial plant native to the Caucasus.

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Aleksandr Bartenev

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Bartenev (Александр Николаевич Бартенев; 1882 — 1946) was a Russian zoologist.

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Aleksandr Baryatinsky

Aleksandr Ivanovich Baryatinsky (Александр Иванович Барятинский; –) was a Russian General and Field Marshal (from 1859), Prince, governor of the Caucasus.

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Aleksandr Fomin (botanist)

Aleksandr Vasiljevich Fomin was a Russian botanist that lived during the reign of the Soviet Union.

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Aleksandr Matveyev (artist)

Aleksandr Borisovich Matveyev (Александр Борисович Матвеев; 26 January 1926 — 22 January 2008) was a Russian theater artist, painter, professor and a specialist in the field of architectural and theatrical lighting.

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Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian novelist, historian, and short story writer.

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Aleksey Belevsky-Zhukovsky

Count Alexei Alexeevich Belevsky-Zhukovsky (Алексей Алексеевич Белёвский-Жуковский; 26 November 1871, Salzburg – c. 1931 Caucasus) was the son of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia and Alexandra Vasilievna, Baroness Seggiano.

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Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov

Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov (p; &ndash) was a Russian Imperial general of the 19th century who commanded Russian troops in the Caucasian War.

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Alevism

Alevism (Alevîlik or Anadolu Alevîliği/Alevileri, also called Qizilbash, or Shī‘ah Imāmī-Tasawwufī Ṭarīqah, or Shīʿah-ī Bāṭen’īyyah) is a syncretic, heterodox, and local tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical (''bāṭenī'') teachings of Ali, the Twelve Imams, and a descendant—the 13th century Alevi saint Haji Bektash Veli.

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Alex Vatanka

Alex Vatanka (آلکس وطنخواه‎‎) is a Senior Fellow at the Middle East Institute and the Jamestown Foundation in Washington D.C. He specializes in Iranian domestic and regional policies.

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Alex Veadov

Alex Veadov is a Ukrainian-American film and television actor.

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Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim

Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim (6 March 1888 – 4 December 1948) was a Ukrainian botanist.

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Alexander Bagration of Mukhrani

Alexander Bagration of Mukhrani (ალექსანდრე ბაგრატიონ-მუხრანელი, Alek’sandre Bagration-Mukhraneli; Александр Ираклиевич Багратион-Мухранский, Aleksandr Iraklyevich Bagration-Mukhransky) (July 20, 1853 – October 30, 1918) was a Georgian nobleman, and head of the princely House of Mukhrani, a collateral branch of the former royal dynasty of Bagrationi and a descendant of Erekle II of Georgia, the penultimate king of Georgia.

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Alexander Bestuzhev

Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev (a;, was a Russian writer and Decembrist. After the Decembrist revolt he was sent into exile to Caucasus where Russian Empire was waging the war against the Circassians. There writing under the pseudonym Marlinsky (a) he became known as a romantic poet, short story writer and novelist. He was killed there in a skirmish.

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Alexander Bogomazov

Alexander Bogomazov or Oleksandr Bohomazov (Александр Константинович Богомазов, Олександр Костянтинович Богомазов; born April 7, 1880, in Yampol, Russian Empire - on June 3, 1930, in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) was a Ukrainian painter, known artist and modern art theoretician of the Russian Avant-garde (historically the term "Russian Avant-garde" refers to the art of all countries which were parts of Russia/USSR in the beginning of the 20th century).

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Alexander Chavchavadze

Prince Alexander Chavchavadze (ალექსანდრე ჭავჭავაძე; Александр Чавчавадзе) (1786 – November 6, 1846) was a notable Georgian poet, public benefactor and military figure.

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Alexander Fersman

Alexander Yevgenyevich Fersman (1883–1945) was a prominent Soviet Russian geochemist and mineralogist, and Academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1919).

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Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I (Александр Павлович, Aleksandr Pavlovich; –) reigned as Emperor of Russia between 1801 and 1825.

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Alexander II of Kakheti

Alexander II (ალექსანდრე II) (1527 – March 12, 1605) of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1574 to 1605.

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Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II (p; 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia from the 2nd March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.

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Alexander Javakhishvili

Alexander Nikolayevich Javakhishvili (ალექსანდრე ნიკოლოზის ძე ჯავახიშვილი) born 5 August 1875 (Old Style Julian Calendar), 17 August 1875 (New Style Gregorian Calendar) in Gori, Georgia – died January 22, 1973, Tbilisi, Georgia) was a Georgian geographer and anthropologist. Professor A. N. Javakhishvili was one of the oldest geographers and anthropologists in the Soviet Union. He was the founder of Soviet Georgian geography which, under him, developed into a school. His qualifications and awards include Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1937), recognition as an Academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (1944), a Merited Scientist, an honorary member of the USSR Geographic Society, and winner of a State Prize of the Georgian SSR.

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Alexander Kazbegi

Alexander Kazbegi (ალექსანდრე ყაზბეგი, Aleksandre Q’azbegi) (1848–1893) was a Georgian writer, famous for his 1883 novel The Patricide.

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Alexander Kibrik

Alexander Kibrik (Russian: Александр Евгеньевич Кибрик; March 26, 1939 – 31 October, 2012), written by Peter Arkadiev on Diversity Linguistics Comment.

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Alexander Kostetsky

Alexander Kostetsky (Russ. Александр Владимирович Костецкий, Ukr. Олександр Володимирович Костецький;, November 14, 1954 in Kiev – January 4, 2010 in Kiev) was a Ukrainian painter and sculptor.

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Alexander Kruber

Alexander Alexandrovich Kruber (Александр Александрович Крубер; – December 15, 1941) was a Soviet geographer, professor, the founder of the Russian and Soviet karstology.

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Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Baku

The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (Александро-Невский Собор; Azeri: Aleksandr Nevski Başkilsəsi, often referred to as Qızıllı kilsə – "The Gilt Church") was the main Russian Orthodox cathedral in Baku, Azerbaijan from when it was completed in 1898 until its destruction in 1937 during the Soviet era under Joseph Stalin.

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Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis

The St.

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Alexander Nikolsky

Alexander Mikhailovich Nikolsky (February 18, 1858 – December 8, 1942) was a Russian and Ukrainian zoologist born in Astrakhan.

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Alexander Nikuradse

Alexander Nikuradse (Aleksandre Nikuradze; ალექსანდრე ნიკურაძე), also known by his pseudonym Al.

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Alexander Novikov

Alexander Alexandrovich Novikov (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Но́виков; – December 3, 1976) was the Chief marshal of the aviation for the Soviet Air Force during Russia's involvement in the Second World War.

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Alexander Odoevsky

Alexander Ivanovich Odoevsky (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Одо́евский, November 26 (December 8), 1802, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – October 10 (22) or August 15 (27), 1839, Psezuape, now Lazarevskoe, Sochi, Russia) was a Russian poet and playwright, one of the leading figures of the 1825 Decembrist revolt.

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Alexander Orbeliani

Count Alexander Orbeliani (Jambakur-Orbeliani) (ალექსანდრე ორბელიანი) (May 24, 1802 – December 28, 1869) was a Georgian Romanticist poet, playwright, journalist and historian, of the noble House of Orbeliani.

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Alexander Ostrovsky

Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Остро́вский;, Moscow, Russian Empire, Shchelykovo, Kostroma Governorate, Russian Empire) was a Russian playwright, generally considered the greatest representative of the Russian realistic period.

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Alexander Polezhayev

Alexander Ivanovich Polezhayev (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Полежа́ев, 11 September 1804, v.Pokryshkino, Penza Governorate, Russian Empire – 28 January 1838, Moscow, Russian Empire), was a controversial Russian poet, best known for his satirical poem Sashka which in 1826 resulted in his being demoted to the Russian Army in the Caucasus, by a special decree of Nicolas I who saw this daring challenge as a continuation of the Decembrist revolt.

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Alexander Poskrebyshev

Alexander Nikolaevich Poskrebyshev (Александр Николаевич Поскрёбышев; 7 August 1891 – 3 January 1965) was a Soviet politician and a state and Communist Party functionary.

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Alexander Pushkin

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (a) was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic eraBasker, Michael.

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Alexander Roinashvili

Alexander Roinashvili (ალექსანდრე როინაშვილი; also known by his Russified name Alexander Solomonovich Roinov, Александр Соломонович Роинов) (1846 – 1898) was the first Georgian photographer.

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Alexander Rotinoff

Alexander Rotinoff (Ալեքսանդր Ռոտինյան; Александр Ротинов, 20 March 1875 – 26 April 1934) was an architect and engineer of late 19th and early 20th century throughout the Caucasus.

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Alexander Rzewuski

Alexander Rzewuski (1893-1983) was a Catholic clergyman of Polish-Russian aristocratic background, with a Russian Orthodox background.

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Alexander Samoylovich

Alexander Nikolaevich Samoylovich (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Самойло́вич, 1880–1938) was a Russian Orientalist-Turkologist who served as a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929), Rector of the Leningrad Oriental Institute (1922–1925), academic secretary of the Humanities Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929–1933), and director of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1934–1937).

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Alexander Serebrovsky

Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky (Александр Павлович Серебровский; -10 February 1938) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet petroleum and mining engineer nicknamed the "Soviet Rockefeller".

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Alexander Suvorov

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Суво́ров, r Aleksandr Vasil‘evich Suvorov; or 1730 –) was a Russian military leader, considered a national hero.

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Alexander the Great in the Quran

The story of Dhul-Qarnayn (in Arabic ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One", also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain), mentioned in the Quran, may be a reference to Alexander III of Macedon (356–323 BC), popularly known as Alexander the Great.

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Alexander Tormasov

Count Alexander Petrovich Tormasov (Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Торма́сов; 22 August 1752 – 25 November 1819) was a Russian cavalry general prominent during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Alexander Tsulukidze

Alexander "Sasha" Tsulukidze (ალექსანდრე “საშა” წულუკიძე; Александр Григорьевич Цулукидзе) (November 1, 1876 – June 8, 1905) was a Georgian social-democratic revolutionary and journalist.

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Alexander Wicksteed

Alexander Wicksteed was an English traveller and writer.

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Alexander Yakhontov

Alexander Alexandrovich Yakhontov (Александр Александрович Яхонтов; in Moscow, Russian Empire — 17 November 1973 in Moscow, U.S.S.R.) was a Russian entomologist who specialized in Lepidoptera.

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Alexandre Constantinovich Chnéour

Alexandre Constantinovich (or Konstantinovitsch) Chnéour (he signed Schneeur on some articles written in German) (August 30, 1884, Saint Petersburg -September 16, 1977, San Francisco) was a Russian entomologist and herpetologist.

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Alexandre Dumas

Alexandre Dumas (born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie; 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas, père ("father"), was a French writer.

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Alexandre Remi

Alexander Gavrilovich Remy Реми, Александр Гаврилович (30.08.1809-27.09.1871) was a Russian mayor-general, brother officer of Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov.

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Alexey Brodovitch

Alexey Vyacheslavovich Brodovitch (also Brodovich; Алексе́й Вячесла́вович Бродо́вич, Аляксей Брадовіч; 1898 – April 15, 1971) was a Russian-born photographer, designer and instructor who is most famous for his art direction of fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar from 1934 to 1958.

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Alexey Ivanov-Classic

Alexey Fyodorovich Ivanov (Алексей Фёдорович Иванов, 14 February 1841, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, — 15 January 1894, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian writer and poet, better known under his pen name Ivanov-Classic (Иванов-Классик).

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Alexey Rodin (general)

Alexey Grigoryevich Rodin (Russian: Алексей Григорьевич Родин; 17 February 1902 – 27 May 1955) was a Soviet Army colonel general and Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Alexis Nour

Alexis Nour (born Alexei Vasile Nour,Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, Necropola Capitalei, Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Bucharest, 1972, p.203 also known as Alexe Nour, Alexie Nour, As. Nr.;, National Library of Moldova, Chișinău, 2008, p.455 Алексе́й Ноур, Aleksey Nour; 1877–1940) was a Bessarabian-born Romanian journalist, activist and essayist, known for his advocacy of Romanian-Bessarabian union and his critique of the Russian Empire, but also for controversial political dealings.

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Alfred Fell

Alfred Nolan Fell (17 January 1878 – 20 April 1953) was a New Zealand-born international rugby union player for Scotland as a member of Edinburgh University RFC.

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Alfred Rosenberg

Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (12 January 1893 – 16 October 1946) was a German theorist and an influential ideologue of the Nazi Party.

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Alfredo Mantica

Alfredo Mantica (born July 17, 1943 in Rimini) is an Italian politician.

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Algimantas Bučys

Algimantas Anicetas Bučys (born September 19, 1939, Kaunas, Lithuania) is a poet, prose writer, translator, literary theorist, historian and critic of Lithuanian literature, doctor of Humanities.

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Ali Çetinkaya

Ali Çetinkaya, also known as "Kel" Ali Bey (1878 – 21 February 1949) was an Ottoman-born Turkish army officer and politician who served eight terms in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, including a period in 1939–40 as his country's first Minister of Transport.

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Ali Omarov

Ali Omarov (full name: Ali Omar oglu Omarov) (Əli Ömər oğlu Ömərov) - Prosecutor General of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1993-1994), Actual State Councillor of Justice.

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Aliheydar İbragimov

Aliheydar Aligulu oglu Ibragimov (24 December 1906 Bilgəh, Baku, Russian Empire - 6 November 1953 Bilgəh, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union) was a Soviet military officer, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, and a participant in the liberation struggle Brest Fortress of the war.

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Alimardan Topchubashov

Alimardan Alakbar oglu Topchubashov (Əlimərdan Topçubaşov; May 4, 1863, Tbilisi – November 8, 1934, Paris) was a prominent Azerbaijani politician, foreign minister and speaker of the Parliament of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

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Aliyev

Aliyev (sometimes spelled Aliev, from Əliyev, Алиев, Әлиев), Aliyeva for females, is a surname of Arabic origin in the Caucasus and Central Asia.

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Alla Ter-Sarkisiants

Alla Yervandovna "Yervandi" Ter-Sarkisiants (Ալլա Երվանդի Տեր-Սարգսյանց; Алла Ервандовна Тер-Саркисянц) is a preeminent historian and ethnographer of Armenia, doctor of historical sciences, leading specialist of the Caucasus department of N. N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.

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Allahshukur Pashazadeh

Haji Allahshükür Hummat Pashazade (Allahşükür Hümmət Paşazadə) Sheikh ul-Islam and Grand Mufti of the Caucasus which includes his native Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, and Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Karachay–Cherkessia, and Adygea in the Russian Federation.

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Allahverdi Khan

Allahverdi Khan (اللّه وردی خان, ალავერდი-ხანი) (ca. 1560 – June 3, 1613) was an Iranian general and statesman of Georgian origin who, initially a ghulām ("military slave"), rose to high office in the Safavid state.

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Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched during the Russian Civil War in 1918.

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Allied leaders of World War II

The Allied leaders of World War II listed below comprise the important political and military figures who fought for or supported the Allies during World War II.

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Allies of Iran

Many nations and organisations are considered to be allies of Iran.

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Allies of World War I

The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War.

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Allium atroviolaceum

Allium atroviolaceum, the broadleaf wild leek, is a plant species native to Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, southern European Russia and the Caucasus, but widely cultivated in other regions as a food source and for its ornamental value.

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Allium caspium

Allium caspium is a species of onions named for the Caspian Sea.

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Allium decipiens

Allium decipiens is a Eurasian species of garlic in the amaryllis family native to eastern Europe and western Asia.

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Allium dictyoprasum

Allium dictyoprasum is a Southwest Asian species of onion in the amaryllis family, found in Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan and Saudi Arabia.

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Allium flavum

Allium flavum, the small yellow onionEllen Spector Platt or yellow-flowered garlic, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Allium, which also includes the flowering and culinary onions and garlic.

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Allium oleraceum

Allium oleraceum (field garlic) is a Eurasian species of wild onion.

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Allium paradoxum

Allium paradoxum, the few-flowered garlic or few-flowered leek, is an Asian species of wild onion in the Amaryllis family.

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Allium saxatile

Allium saxatile is a Eurasian species of onion native to European Russia, Belarus, Caucasus, and the Altai Krai region in Siberia.

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Allium tripedale

Allium tripedale is a species of wild onion native to the Caucasus (North + South), Iraq, Turkey, and northern Iran.

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Allium ursinum

Allium ursinum – known as ramsons, buckrams, wild garlic, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek, or bear's garlic – is a wild relative of chives native to Europe and Asia.

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Allium victorialis

Allium victorialis, commonly known as victory onion, Alpine leek, and Alpine broad-leaf allium is a broad-leaved Eurasian species of wild onion.

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Allium zebdanense

Allium zebdanense is a Middle Eastern species of wild onion found in Israel, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Caucasus and Jordan.

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Alloclemensia devotella

Alloclemensia devotella is a moth of the family Incurvariidae.

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Almas (cryptozoology)

The Almas or Alma (Mongolian: Алмас/Almas, Chechen: Алмазы, Turkish: Albıs), Mongolian for "wild man", is a purported hominid cryptozoological species reputed to inhabit the Caucasus and Pamir Mountains of Central Asia, and the Altai Mountains of western Mongolia.

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Alnus incana

Alnus incana, the grey alder or speckled alder, is a species of alder with a wide range across the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

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Alnus subcordata

Alnus subcordata, Caucasian Alder, is a species in the family Betulaceae, native to temperate areas of Iran and the Caucasus.

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Alps

The Alps (Alpes; Alpen; Alpi; Alps; Alpe) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia.

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Alsophila aceraria

Alsophila aceraria is a species of moth in the Geometridae family.

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Altenia scriptella

Altenia scriptella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae.

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Alternative theories of the Hungarian language relations

Current linguistic theory suggests that the Hungarian language belongs to the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family.

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Alucita caucasica

Alucita caucasica is a moth of the family Alucitidae.

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Alucita synnephodactyla

Alucita synnephodactyla is a moth of the family Alucitidae.

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Amara communis

Amara communis is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the Carabidae family that can be found in Ireland, from Siberia to Kamchatka, and Caucasus.

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Amata caspia

Amata caspia is a species of moth of the family Arctiidae.

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Amberboa moschata

Amberboa moschata (common name sweetsultan) is a Southwest Asian species of plants in the sunflower family.

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Ambrolauri Municipality

The Ambrolauri Municipality (ამბროლაურის მუნიციპალიტეტი, ambrolauris munits'ipaliteti) is a self-governing community in western Georgia.

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Amirani

Amirani or Amiran (ამირანი) is the name of a culture hero of a Georgian epic who resembles the Classical Prometheus.

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Amirani (volcano)

Amirani is an active volcano on Jupiter's moon Io, the inner-most of the Galilean Moons.

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Amman

Amman (عمّان) is the capital and most populous city of Jordan, and the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

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Ammochloa

Ammochloa is a genus of Mediterranean plants in the grass family.

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Ammoconia senex

Ammoconia senex is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Amphoricarpos

Amphoricarpos is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family described as a genus in 1847.

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Anamur

Anamur is a town and district of the province of Mersin, on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey, between Antalya and the city of Mersin.

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Ananyino culture

The Ananyino culture is an archeological culture of the late 8th to 3rd centuries BCE in present-day Tatarstan, Russian Federation.

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Anaplectoides prasina

Anaplectoides prasina (green arches) is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Anastas Mikoyan

Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (25 November 1895 – 21 October 1978) was a Soviet Armenian revolutionary, Old Bolshevik and statesman during the mandates of Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev.

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Anastrangalia dubia

Anastrangalia dubia is a species of beetle from Cerambycidae family.

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Anastrangalia sanguinolenta

Anastrangalia sanguinolenta is a species of flower longhorn beetles belonging to the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lepturinae. This beetle is a common species present in most of Europe and in the Near Eastern countries such as Caucasus, Transcaucasia, and Turkey, where they mainly inhabit mountainous coniferous forests. Head, antennae and pronotum are black in both sexes, while elytra are reddish-brown in the female and yellowish-brown in the male. The adults grow up to and can be encountered from May through August, completing their life cycle in 2–3 years. The larvae develop at the expense of various species of conifers, mainly within dead wood of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies. The adults visit flowers for nectar and pollen.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.

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Anatolian languages

The Anatolian languages are an extinct family of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia), the best attested of them being the Hittite language.

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Anatolian peoples

Anatolians were Indo-European peoples of Anatolia identified by their use of the Anatolian languages.

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Anatoly Novoseltsev

Anatoly Petrovich Novoseltsev (Анатолий Петрович Новосельцев; 1933, Irkutsk – 1995) was a Russian orientalist who brought to light and translated into Russian a slew of obscure Persian and Arab documents relating to the early history of Kievan Rus'.

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Ancient Mesopotamian religion

Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 3500 BC and 400 AD, after which they largely gave way to Syriac Christianity.

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Ancient Near East

The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, northeastern Syria and Kuwait), ancient Egypt, ancient Iran (Elam, Media, Parthia and Persia), Anatolia/Asia Minor and Armenian Highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern Iran, southern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Jordan), Cyprus and the Arabian Peninsula.

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Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples

Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples were West Asian people who lived throughout the Ancient Near East, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, Arabian peninsula, and Horn of Africa from the third millennium BC until the end of antiquity.

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Ancylosis nubeculella

Ancylosis nubeculella is a species of snout moth in the genus Ancylosis.

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Andative and venitive

In linguistics, andative and venitive (abbreviated and) are a type of verbal deixis, verb forms which indicate 'going' or 'coming' motion in reference to a particular location or person, respectively.

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Andranik

Andranik Ozanian, commonly known as Andranik (Անդրանիկ; 25 February 186531 August 1927) was an Armenian military commander and statesman, the best known fedayi and a key figure of the Armenian national liberation movement.

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Andreev Bay nuclear accident

The Andreev Bay nuclear accident took place at Soviet naval base 569 in February 1982.

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Andrei Shkuro

Andrei Grigoriyevich Shkuro (Russian: Андрей Григорьевич Шкуро; Ukrainian: Андрій Григорович Шкуро) (19 January 1887 (O.S.: 7 January) – 17 January 1947) was a Lieutenant General (1919) of the White Army.

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Andrew Jennings

Andrew Jennings is a British investigative reporter.

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Andrey A. Fedorov

Andrey Aleksandrovich Fedorov (Андрей Александрович Фёдоров; 1908 – 5 March 1987) was a Soviet Russian biologist, botanist, taxonomist and phytogeographer, who was from 1970 a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

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Andrey Korolev (traveler)

Andrey (Yuryevich) Korolev (born June 2, 1976, Perm) — Honored Traveler of Russia, President of the Federation of Sports Tourism of Perm Krai, Master of Sports of Russia in Sports Tourism.

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Andrey Vlasov

Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov or Wlassow (Андрéй Андрéевич Влáсов, – August 1, 1946) was a Russian Red Army general.

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Andrey Yeryomenko

Andrey (Andrei) Ivanovich Yeryomenko (or Yeremenko, Eremenko; Андре́й Ива́нович Ерёменко; Андрій Іванович Єрьоменко; November 19, 1970) was a Soviet general during World War II and, subsequently, a Marshal of the Soviet Union.

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Andronikos I Komnenos

Andronikos I Komnenos (Ανδρόνικος Αʹ Κομνηνός, Andrónikos I Komnēnós; – 12 September 1185), usually Latinized as Andronicus I Comnenus, was Byzantine Emperor from 1183 to 1185.

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Andronovo culture

The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Bronze Age cultures that flourished c. 2000–900 BC in western Siberia and the central Eurasian Steppe.

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Angilas

Angilas (΄Αγγίλας) was a Byzantine taxiarch, active in the Lazic War (541-562).

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Anglo-French Supreme War Council

The Anglo-French Supreme War Council (SWC) was established to oversee joint military strategy at the start of the Second World War.

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Anglo-Iraqi War

The Anglo–Iraqi War (2–31 May 1941) was a British military campaign against the rebel government of Rashid Ali in the Kingdom of Iraq during the Second World War.

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Anglo-Kabarda

The Anglo-Kabarda or Anglo-Kabardin (also known as the Anglo-Kabardinskaya porodnaya gruppa) is a breed of horse that is a cross between the Kabarda and the Thoroughbred.

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Anguis fragilis

Anguis fragilis, the slowworm, is a legless lizard native to Eurasia.

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Anisoplia austriaca

Anisoplia austriaca is the binomial name of a species of scarab beetle, a harmful pest of cereal crops.

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Anna Dolidze

Anna Dolidze (born 26 October 1979) is a Georgian attorney, professor of international law at the University of Western Ontario and government official.

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Anna Mässrur

Anna Nyström-Mässrur (9 December 1849-December 1913) was a Swedish missionary.

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Anna Politkovskaya

Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (p; Га́нна Степа́нівна Політко́вська; née Mazepa; 30 August 1958 – 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist, writer, and human rights activist who reported on political events in Russia, in particular, the Second Chechen War (1999–2005).

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Anna Schchian

Anna Semenovna Schchian (Анна Семёновна Шхиян, 9 July 1905 – 15 May 1990) was a Soviet botanist, working in the Tbilisi Botanical Institute.

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Anrep family

Anrep is a family, belonging to Swedish and Russian nobility.

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ANS Radio

ANS Radio or ANS ChM (pronounced) is a private news and music radio station located in Baku, Azerbaijan, which broadcasts on the 102 frequency.

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Anthaxia quadripunctata

Anthaxia quadripunctata, the Metallic wood-boring beetle, is a species of jewel beetles belonging to the family Buprestidae, subfamily Buprestinae.

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Anthocharis gruneri

Anthocharis gruneri (Grüner's orange tip) is a butterfly found mainly in Turkey, Transcaucasian Mountains, Asia Minor and the Armenian highlands.

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Anti-Armenian sentiment

Anti-Armenian sentiment, also known as Anti-Armenianism and Armenophobia, is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, derision and/or prejudice towards Armenians, Armenia, and Armenian culture.

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Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan

Anti-Armenian sentiment is widespread in Azerbaijan, mainly due to the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh.

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Anticaucasus

Anticaucasus, Anti-Caucasus (Αντι-Καύκασος, Антикавка́з, Анти-Кавка́з) is the ancient name of the mountain system of Armenian highland, now called the Lesser Caucasus.

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Antin Holovaty

Antin Holovaty (Антiн Андрійович Головатий) or Anton Golovaty (Антон Андреевич Головатый); between 1732 and 1744 – January 28, 1797 was a prominent Zaporozhian Cossack leader who after the Zaporozhian Sich's destruction was a key figure in the formation of the Black Sea Cossack Host and their later resettlement to the Kuban Region of Russia.

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Antoine Meillet

Paul Jules Antoine Meillet (11 November 1866, Moulins, France – 21 September 1936, Châteaumeillant, France) was one of the most important French linguists of the early 20th century.

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Anton Rehmann

Antoni Rehman aka Anton Rehman (13 May 1840 Kraków – 13 January 1917 Lwow, Galicia) was a Polish geographer, geomorphologist, botanist and explorer.

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Antonina Pojarkova

Antonina Ivanovna Pojarkova (1897 – 1980) was a Russian expert on the flora of the Caucasus, with a particular interest in ferns and seed plants.

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Anush Babajanyan

Anush Babajanyan is an Armenian photojournalist and a founder of the women's photography collective, 4Plus.

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Apamea illyria

Apamea illyria is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Apamea lithoxylaea

Apamea lithoxylaea, the light arches, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Apamea sublustris

The Reddish Light Arches (Apamea sublustris) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Apera

Apera is a small genus of annual grasses, known commonly as silkybent grass or windgrass.

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Aphelia caucasica

Aphelia caucasica is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Aphelia ferrugana

Aphelia ferrugana is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Aphelia tshetverikovi

Aphelia tshetverikovi is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Aphidecta obliterata

Aphidecta obliterata (common name larch ladybird, or larch ladybug) is a species of Coccinellidae, a flying beetle.

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Apis mellifera iberiensis

Apis mellifera iberiensis, or the Spanish bee (commonly misspelled as iberica), is a Western honey bee subspecies native to the Iberian Peninsula.

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Apodia bifractella

Apodia bifractella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae.

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Apollinary Vasnetsov

Apollinary Mikhaylovich Vasnetsov (Аполлина́рий Миха́йлович Васнецо́в; July 25 (August 6 N.S.), 1856 in the village of Riabovo, Vyatka Governorate – January 23, 1933 in Moscow) was a Russian painter and graphic artist whose elder brother was the more famous Viktor Vasnetsov.

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Apollo Mussin-Pushkin

Count Apollos Apollosovich Musin-Pushkin (Аполло́с Аполло́сович Му́син-Пу́шкин; February 17, 1760 – April 18, 1805) was a Russian chemist and plant collector.

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Aporophyla lutulenta

The Deep Brown Dart (Aporophyla lutulenta) is a moth of the family Noctuoidea.

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Aporophyla nigra

The Black Rustic (Aporophyla nigra) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh

The Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh were nineteen eminent early followers of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith.

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Apricot

An apricot is a fruit, or the tree that bears the fruit, of several species in the genus Prunus (stone fruits).

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Apsilae

The Apsilae were an ancient tribe inhabiting the territory of Apsilia, in modern Abkhazia.

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Aqsaqal

Aqsaqal or aksakal (literally meaning "white beard" in Turkic languages) metaphorically refers to the male elders, the old and wise of the community in parts of Central Asia, the Caucasus and Bashkortostan.

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Aquiline nose

An aquiline nose (also called a Roman nose or, derogatorily, hook nose) is a human nose with a prominent bridge, giving it the appearance of being curved or slightly bent.

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Arab diaspora

Arab diaspora refers to descendants of the Arab immigrants who, voluntarily or as refugees, emigrated from their native lands to non-Arab countries, primarily in South America, Europe, North America, and parts of South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and West Africa.

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Arab–Khazar wars

The Arab–Khazar wars were a series of conflicts fought between the armies of the Khazar Khaganate and the Umayyad Caliphate (as well as its Abbasid successor) and their respective vassals.

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Arabic script

The Arabic script is the writing system used for writing Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa, such as Azerbaijani, Pashto, Persian, Kurdish, Lurish, Urdu, Mandinka, and others.

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Arabo

Arabo (Արաբօ, 1863–1893), born Arakel Avedisian, was a famed Armenian fedayi (freedom fighter) of the late 19th century, one of the first fedayis.

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Arabs

Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.

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Arabs in the Caucasus

Arabs first established themselves in the Caucasus in the eighth century, during the Islamic conquests of the Middle East.

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Aram (region)

Aram is a region mentioned in the Bible located in present-day central Syria, including where the city of Aleppo now stands.

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Aram Khachaturian

Aram Il'yich Khachaturian (Ара́м Ильи́ч Хачатуря́н; Արամ Խաչատրյան, Aram Xačatryan;; 1 May 1978) was a Soviet Armenian composer and conductor.

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Aram Yerganian

Aram Yerganian (Արամ Երկանեան; May 20, 1900 — August 2, 1934) was an Armenian revolutionary who was noted for his assassination of Behaeddin Sakir and Fatali Khan Khoyski as an act of vengeance for their alleged roles in the Armenian Genocide and the massacre of Armenians in Baku respectively.

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Aramaic language

Aramaic (אַרָמָיָא Arāmāyā, ܐܪܡܝܐ, آرامية) is a language or group of languages belonging to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic language family.

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Arameans

The Arameans, or Aramaeans (ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were an ancient Northwest Semitic Aramaic-speaking tribal confederation who emerged from the region known as Aram (in present-day Syria) in the Late Bronze Age (11th to 8th centuries BC).

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Araneus alsine

The strawberry spider or orange wheelweaving spider (Araneus alsine) is a species of the orb-weaving spider (Araneidae) family.

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Aras (river)

The Aras or Araxes is a river flowing through Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran.

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Arasbaran

Arasbaran (ارسباران Arasbârân) or Arasbar (ارسبار Arasbâr), also known as "Qaradagh" or "Karadagh" (Qaradağ / قره‌داغ, meaning "black mountain"), or "Qaraja dagh" or "Karaja dagh" (Qaracadağ / قراجه‌‌داغ, meaning "black mountain"), is a large mountainous area stretching from the Qūshā Dāgh massif, south of Ahar, to the Aras River in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran.

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Arboretum de Chèvreloup

The Arboretum de Chèvreloup (195 hectares) is a major arboretum located just north of the Palace of Versailles at 30, route de Versailles, Rocquencourt, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France.

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Arboretum du Val d'Ainan

The Arboretum du Val d'Ainan (10 hectares) is a private arboretum located in Saint-Geoire-en-Valdaine, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France.

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Arboretum Vilmorin

The Arboretum Vilmorin (4 hectares) is a private arboretum located at 2 rue d'Estienne d'Orves, Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, Île-de-France, France.

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Arcadi Gaydamak

Arcadi Aleksandrovich Gaydamak (ארקדי אלכסנדרוביץ' גאידמק; Аркадий Александрович Гайдамак; born 8 April 1952 in Moscow, USSR) is a Russian-born businessman philanthropist and President of the Congress of Jewish Religious Communities and Organizations of Russia (KEROOR).

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Archaeogenetics of the Near East

The archaeogenetics of the Near East is the study of the genetics of past human populations (archaeogenetics) in the Ancient Near East using DNA from ancient remains.

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Archaeology of Azerbaijan

Archeological sites in Azerbaijan first gained public interest in the mid-19th century and were reported by European travellers.

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Archaic human admixture with modern humans

There is evidence for interbreeding between archaic and modern humans during the Middle Paleolithic and early Upper Paleolithic.

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Archi people

The Archi people (Archi: аршишттиб, arshishttib, арчинцы, archincy) are an ethnic group who live in eight villages in Southern Dagestan, Russia.

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Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell

Field Marshal Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, (5 May 1883 – 24 May 1950) was a senior officer of the British Army.

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Archinemapogon bacurianus

Archinemapogon bacurianus is a moth of the Tineidae family.

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Archinemapogon schromicus

Archinemapogon schromicus is a moth of the Tineidae family.

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Architectural school of Nakhchivan

Architectural school of Nakhchivan (Naxçıvan memarlıq məktəbi) – is one of architectural schools developed in the territory of modern Azerbaijan in medieval ages.

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Architecture of Azerbaijan

Architecture of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan memarlığı) refers to the architecture development in Azerbaijan.

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Arctic-Alpine Garden of the Walter Meusel Foundation

The Arktisch-Alpiner Garten der Walter-Meusel-Stiftung (2,800 m²) is a nonprofit botanical garden specializing in arctic and alpine plants.

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Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is a plant species of the genus Arctostaphylos (manzanita).

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Ardabil

Ardabil (اردبیل., اردبیل, also Romanized as Ardabīl and Ardebīl) is an ancient city in Iranian Azerbaijan.

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Ardabil rug

Ardabil rugs originate from Ardabil located in the province of Ardabil Province in northwestern Iran, 639 kilometers from Tehran.

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Ardahan Province

Ardahan Province (Ardahan ili), is a province in the north-east of Turkey, at the very end of the country, where Turkey borders with Georgia and Armenia. The provincial capital is the city of Ardahan.

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Ardan

Ardan may refer to.

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Areni Church

Surb Astvatsatsin of Areni (Սուրբ Աստուածածին եկեղեցի; meaning the "Holy Mother of God Church"; also Areni Church Արենիի եկեղեցի) is a single-nave two-aisled domed church completed in the year 1321.

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Arge cyanocrocea

Arge cyanocrocea, the bramble sawfly, is a species of sawflies belonging to the family Argidae subfamily Arginae.

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Arge ochropus

Arge ochropus, the rose sawfly, is a species belonging to the family Argidae subfamily Arginae.

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Argentina–Azerbaijan relations

Argentina–Azerbaijan refers to the current and historical relations between Argentina and Azerbaijan.

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Argonautica

The Argonautica (translit) is a Greek epic poem written by Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BC.

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Argun River (Caucasus)

The Argun River (Аргу́н, Orga, არღუნი - arghuni) flows through the northern Caucasus, Georgia, and the Chechen Republic of Russia.

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Argyresthia curvella

Argyresthia curvella is a species of ermine moth (family Yponomeutidae).

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Arisarum

Arisarum is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family.

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Aristotelia subericinella

Aristotelia subericinella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Arjen de Wolff

Arjen de Wolff (born 1969 in the Netherlands) is the executive director of Radio Zamaneh in Amsterdam.

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Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu

Armand-Emmanuel Sophie Septimanie de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac (25 September 176617 May 1822), was a prominent French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration.

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Armazic language

Armazic is an extinct written Aramaic language used as a language of administration in the South Caucasus in the first centuries AD.

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Armed Forces of Armenia

The Armed Forces of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետության զինված ուժեր) comprise two services: the Army, and the Air Force and Air Defense (a unified branch).

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Armed Forces of South Russia

The Armed Forces of South Russia or AFSR were formed on 8 January 1919, it incorporated many of the smaller formations of the White Army in South of Russia (called "White South" in Soviet historiography), including the Volunteer Army (which was renamed the Caucasian Volunteer Army).

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Armen Takhtajan

Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian (Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced TAHK-tuh-jahn) (June 10, 1910 – November 13, 2009), was a Soviet-Armenian botanist, one of the most important figures in 20th century plant evolution and systematics and biogeography.

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Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia

Zakarid Armenia (Զաքարյան Հայաստան Zakaryan Hayastan), was an Armenian principality between 1201 and 1360, ruled by the Mkhargrdzeli-Zakarian dynasty.

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Armenia–Georgia relations

Armenian–Georgian relations refers to foreign relations between Armenia and Georgia.

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Armenia–Turkey relations

Armenia–Turkey relations are officially non-existent and have historically been hostile.

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Armenian American Wellness Center

The Armenian American Wellness Center, in Armenia, is a humanitarian project of the Armenian American Cultural Association (AACA), a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization incorporated in Arlington, Virginia in February 1995.

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Armenian cochineal

The Armenian cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii (Brandt)), also known as the Ararat cochineal or Ararat scale, is a scale insect indigenous to the Ararat plain and Aras (Araks) River valley in the Armenian Highlands.

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Armenian community of Dhaka

The Armenian community of Dhaka played a significant role in Bengali trade and commerce in the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Armenian diaspora

The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside Armenia and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population.

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Armenian folk music

Armenian folk music is a popular genre in Armenian music.

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Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide (Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire.

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Armenian Genocide in culture

Armenian Genocide in culture represents the ways in which people have represented the Armenian Genocide of 1915 in culture, including in art, literature, music and films.

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Armenian gull

The Armenian gull (Larus armenicus) is a large gull found in the Caucasus and Middle East.

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Armenian Highlands

The Armenian Highlands (Haykakan leṙnašxarh; also known as the Armenian Upland, Armenian plateau, Armenian tableland,Hewsen, Robert H. "The Geography of Armenia" in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, pp. 1-17 or simply Armenia) is the central-most and highest of three land-locked plateaus that together form the northern sector of the Middle East.

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Armenian national awakening

Armenian national awakening is similar to other non-Turkish ethnic groups during the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire in development of ideas of nationalism, salvation and independence in Armenia, as the Ottoman Empire tried to cover the social needs by creating the Tanzimat era, the development of Ottomanism and First Constitutional Era.

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Armenian National Congress (1917)

The Armenian National Congress (or Congress of Eastern ArmeniansTer-Minassian p.30) was a political congress established to provide representation for Armenians of the Russian Empire.

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Armenian national liberation movement

The Armenian national liberation movement (Հայ ազգային-ազատագրական շարժում Hay azgayin-azatagrakan sharzhum) aimed at the establishment of an Armenian state. It included social, cultural, but primarily political and military movements that reached their height during World War I and the following years. Influenced by the Age of Enlightenment and the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire, the Armenian national movement developed in the early 1860s. Its emergence was similar to that of movements in the Balkan nations, especially the Greek revolutionaries who fought the Greek War of Independence. The Armenian élite and various militant groups sought to defend the mostly rural Armenian population of the eastern Ottoman Empire from the Muslims, being Christian, but the ultimate goal was to push for reforms in the Six vilayets at first and after this failed, the creation of an Armenian state in the Armenian-populated areas controlled at the time by the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire. Since the late 1880s, the movement engaged in guerrilla warfare with the Ottoman government and the Kurdish irregulars in the eastern regions of the empire, led by the three Armenian political parties named the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, the Armenakan Party and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Armenians generally saw Russia as their natural ally in the fight against Turks although Russia maintained an oppressive policy in the Caucasus. Only after losing its presence in Europe after the Balkan Wars, the Ottoman government was forced to sign the Armenian reform package in early 1914, however it was disrupted by World War I. During World War I, the Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated by the government in the Armenian Genocide. According to some estimates, from 1894 to 1923, about 1,500,000—2,000,000 Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Empire. After the decision to exterminate the Armenians was taken by the Ottoman Ministry of Interior and first implemented with the Directive 8682 on February 25, 1915, tens of thousands of Russian Armenians joined the Russian army as Armenian volunteer units with a Russian promise for autonomy. By 1917, Russia controlled many Armenian-populated areas of the Ottoman Empire. After the October Revolution, however, the Russian troops retreated and left the Armenians irregulars one on one with the Turks. The Armenian National Council proclaimed the Republic of Armenia on May 28, 1918, thus establishing an Armenian state in the Armenian-populated parts of the Southern Caucasus. By 1920, the Bolshevik Government in Russia and Ankara Government had successfully came to power in their respective countries. The Turkish revolutionaries successfully occupied western half of Armenia, while the Red Army invaded and annexed the Republic of Armenia in December 1920. A friendship treaty was signed between Bolshevik Russia and Kemalist Turkey in 1921. The formerly Russian-controlled parts of Armenia were mostly annexed by the Soviet Union, in parts of which the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was established. Hundreds of thousands of genocide refugees found themselves in the Middle East, Greece, France and the US giving start to a new era of the Armenian diaspora. Soviet Armenia existed until 1991, when the Soviet Union disintegrated and the current (Third) Republic of Armenia was established.

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Armenian Oblast

The Armenian Oblast or Armenian Province (Հայկական մարզ, Армянская область) was an oblast (province) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire that existed from 1828 to 1840.

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Armenian Revolutionary Federation

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) (classical Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, ՀՅԴ), also known as Dashnaktsutyun (in a short form, Dashnak), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia) by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian.

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Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) (Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն Hay Heghapokhagan Tashnagtsutiun; فدراسیون انقلابی ارمنی, in short form "Dashnak"), has a long history in Iran, dating back to the earliest days of the party, in the 1890s.

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Armenian–Azerbaijani War

The Armenian–Azerbaijani War, which started after the Russian Revolution, was a series of brutal and hard-to-classify conflicts in 1918, then from 1920–22 that occurred during the brief independence of Armenia and Azerbaijan and afterwards.

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Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07

The Armenian–Tatar massacres (also known as the Armenian-Tartar war and the Armeno-Tartar war and more recently, the Azeri-Armenian war) refers to the bloody inter-ethnic confrontation between Armenians and Azerbaijanis (at the time commonly referred to as "Caucasian Tatars" or "Tatars of the Caucasus") throughout the Russian Caucasus in 1905–1907.

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Armenians in Bulgaria

Armenians (арменци, armentsi) are the fifth largest minority, after Russians, in Bulgaria, numbering 6,552 according to the 2011 census, down from 10,832 in 2001, while Armenian organizations estimate up to 22,000.

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Armenians in China

There are about 800-1000 Armenians currently living in Mainland China and Hong Kong.

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Armenians in Georgia

Armenians in Georgia (Virahayer) are Armenian people living within the country of Georgia.

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Armenians in Poland

Armenians in Poland have an important and historical presence going back to the 14th century.

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Armenians in Russia

Armenians in Russia or Russian Armenians are one of the country's largest ethnic minorities and the largest Armenian diaspora community outside Armenia.

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Armenians in Turkey

Armenians in Turkey (Türkiye Ermenileri; Թուրքահայեր, also Թրքահայեր, "Turkish Armenians"), one of the indigenous peoples of Turkey, have an estimated population of 50,000 to 70,000, down from more than 2 million in 1914.

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Armenische Legion

The 812th Armenian Battalion (Armenische Legion; Հայկական լեգիոն Haykakan legion), also known as the Armenian Legion, was a military unit in the German Army during World War II.

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Armenoid race

In the racial anthropology of the early 20th century, the Armenoid type is a subtype of the Caucasian race.

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Armianskiy Vestnik

Armianskiy Vestnik (Армянский Вестник) was an Armenian-Russian weekly published in Moscow from 1916 to 1918 by A. Jivelegov and I. Amirov.

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Arminiya

Arminiya, also known as the Ostikanate of Arminiya (Արմինիա ոստիկանություն, Arminia vostikanut'yun), Emirate of Armenia (إمارة أرمينيا, imārat Arminiya), was a political and geographic designation given by the Muslim Arabs to the lands of Greater Armenia, Caucasian Iberia, and Caucasian Albania, following their conquest of these regions in the 7th century.

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Armistice of Mudros

The Armistice of Mudros (Mondros Mütarekesi), concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. It was signed by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey and the British Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, on board HMS ''Agamemnon'' in Moudros harbor on the Greek island of Lemnos.

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Army Group A

Army Group A (Heeresgruppe A) was the name of several German Army Groups during World War II.

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Army Group Centre

Army Group Centre (Heeresgruppe Mitte) was the name of two distinct German strategic army groups that fought on the Eastern Front in World War II.

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Army of the Levant

The Army of the Levant (Armée du Levant) identifies the armed forces of France and then Vichy France which occupied, and were in part recruited from, a portion of the "Levant" during the interwar period and early World War II.

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Aroga velocella

Aroga velocella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Arran (Caucasus)

Arran (Middle Persian form), also known as Aran, Ardhan (in Parthian), Al-Ran (in Arabic), Aghvank and Alvank (in Armenian), (რანი-Ran-i) or Caucasian Albania (in Latin), was a geographical name used in ancient and medieval times to signify the territory which lies within the triangle of land, lowland in the east and mountainous in the west, formed by the junction of Kura and Aras rivers, including the highland and lowland Karabakh, Mil plain and parts of the Mughan plain, and in the pre-Islamic times, corresponded roughly to the territory of modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Arsacid dynasty of Iberia

The Iberian Arsacids or Arshakiani (არშაკიანი), a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, ruled the ancient Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from c. 189 until 284 AD.

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Arsenical bronze

Arsenical bronze is an alloy in which arsenic, as opposed to or in addition to tin or other constituent metals, is added to copper to make bronze.

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Arshak Fetvadjian

Arshak Abrahami Fetvadjian (Արշակ Աբրահամի Ֆեթվաճյան; October 1, 1866 – October 7, 1947) was an Armenian artist, painter and designer.

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Arshak Ter-Gukasov

Arshak Ter-Gukasov (Արշակ Տեր-Ղուկասով; 1819 – 8 January 1881) was a Lieutenant-General of the Russian Empire.

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Artabanus III of Parthia

Artabanus III of Parthia (اردوان سوم), flourished second half of 1st century BCAD 38, was a Prince of Iranian and Greek ancestry.

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Artaxata

Artashat (Արտաշատ); Hellenized as Artaxata (Ἀρτάξατα), was a large commercial city and the capital of ancient Armenia during the reign of king Artaxias I; the founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia.

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Artemisia absinthium

Artemisia absinthium (absinthe, absinthium, absinthe wormwood, grand wormwood, wormwood) is a species of Artemisia native to temperate regions of Eurasia and Northern Africa and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States.

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Artemisia chamaemelifolia

Artemisia chamaemelifolia is a European and Middle Eastern species of plant in the daisy family.

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Arthur Conolly

Arthur Conolly (2 July 1807, London – 17 June 1842, Bukhara) (sometimes misspelled Connolly) was a British intelligence officer, explorer and writer.

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Arthur Koestler

Arthur Koestler, (Kösztler Artúr; 5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983) was a Hungarian-British author and journalist.

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Arthur Leist

Arthur Leist (8 July 1852 – 22 March 1927) was a German writer, journalist and translator of Georgian and Armenian literature.

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Artoces of Iberia

Artoces was a king of Iberia (modern-day Georgia) from 78 to 63 BC.

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Arts of Caucasian Albania

Arts of Caucasian Albania – is the historical and regional type of arts related to Ancient East.

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Arts of Iran

The arts of Iran are one of the richest art heritages in world history and encompasses many traditional disciplines including architecture, painting, literature, music, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and stonemasonry.

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Artvin

Artvin (ართვინი,; Laz: ართვინი Artvini, Armenian: Արդվին Ardvin) is a city in northeastern Turkey about 30 km inland from the Black Sea.

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Arum italicum

Arum italicum is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the family Araceae, also known as Italian arum and Italian lords-and-ladies.

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Arved von Schultz

Arved Carl Ludwig von Schultz (14 November 1883 at Good Rinkuln in Talsen, now Latvia – 13 December 1967 in Hilden at Düsseldorf) was a German geographer.

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Aryan race

The Aryan race was a racial grouping used in the period of the late 19th century and mid-20th century to describe people of European and Western Asian heritage.

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Asar-i Şevket-class ironclad

The Asar-i Şevket class of ironclad warships consisted of two vessels, and, built for the Ottoman Navy in the 1860s.

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Ashik

An Ashik was traditionally a singer who accompanied his song— be it a dastan (traditional epic story, also known as hikaye) or a shorter original composition—with a long necked lute (bağlama) in Azerbaijani culture and related Turkic cultures.

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Ashiqs of Azerbaijan

The art of Azerbaijani Ashiqs combines poetry, storytelling, dance and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art.

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Ashish Shukla

Ashish Shukla is an Indian author on geopolitics and terrorism who runs a news website on international relations, Newsbred.

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Ashot I of Iberia

Ashot I the Great (აშოტ I დიდი) (died 826) was a presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia), first of the Bagratid family to have attained to this office c. 813.

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Ashraf Ghani

Mohammad Ashraf Ghanī Ahmadzai (Pashto/محمد اشرف غني احمدزی, born 19 May 1949) is the current President of Afghanistan, elected on 21 September 2014.

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Ashurbanipal

Ashurbanipal (Aššur-bāni-apli; ܐܫܘܪ ܒܢܐ ܐܦܠܐ; 'Ashur is the creator of an heir'), also spelled Assurbanipal or Ashshurbanipal, was King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 668 BC to c. 627 BC, the son of Esarhaddon and the last strong ruler of the empire, which is usually dated between 934 and 609 BC.

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Asia

Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres.

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Asian Americans

Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent.

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Asian black bear

The Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus, previously known as Selenarctos thibetanus), also known as the moon bear and the white-chested bear, is a medium-sized bear species native to Asia and largely adapted to arboreal life.

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Asiatic cheetah

The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), also known as Iranian cheetah, is a Critically Endangered cheetah subspecies surviving today only in Iran.

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Asiatic wildcat

The Asiatic wildcat (Felis lybica ornata) is a African wildcat subspecies that occurs from the eastern Caspian Sea north to Kazakhstan, into western India, western China and southern Mongolia.

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Aspacures I of Iberia

Aspagur I (ასფაგურ I, Latinized as Aspacures), of the Arsacid dynasty, was a king of Iberia (natively known as Kartli; ancient Georgia) from 265 to 284.

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Asperula orientalis

Asperula orientalis (known as Annual Woodruff or Oriental Woodruff) is a species of flowering plant in the Rubiaceae family.

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Asphodeline tenuior

Asphodeline tenuior, the thin asphodeline, is a species of plant in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae.

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Asplenium adiantum-nigrum

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum is a common species of fern known by the common name black spleenwort.

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Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe

AEGEE, stands for Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe, and it is known as European Students' Forum in English.

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Assyria

Assyria, also called the Assyrian Empire, was a major Semitic speaking Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant.

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Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism

In Anglo-Israelism and some currents of U.S. Christian fundamentalism, the idea has been advanced that modern Germans are partly descended from the ancient Assyrians.

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Assyrian Australians

Assyrian Australians are Australians of Assyrian descent or Assyrians who have Australian citizenship.

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Assyrian Church of the East

The Assyrian Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ ʻĒdtā d-Madenḥā d-Ātorāyē), officially the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (ʻEdtā Qaddīštā wa-Šlīḥāitā Qātolīqī d-Madenḥā d-Ātorāyē), is an Eastern Christian Church that follows the traditional christology and ecclesiology of the historical Church of the East.

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Assyrian conquest of Aram

The Assyrian conquest of Aram (c. 856-732 BC) concerns the series of conquests of largely Aramean, Phoenician, Sutean and Neo-Hittite states in The Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon and northern Jordan) during the Neo Assyrian Empire (911-605 BC).

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Assyrian nationalism

Assyrian nationalism or Assyrianism increased in popularity in the late 19th century in a climate of increasing ethnic and religious persecution of the indigenous Assyrians of what is today northern Iraq, south east Turkey and north west Iran (Upper Mesopotamia).

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Assyrian people

Assyrian people (ܐܫܘܪܝܐ), or Syriacs (see terms for Syriac Christians), are an ethnic group indigenous to the Middle East.

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Assyrians in Georgia

Assyrians in Georgia number over 3,000, and most arrived in the Southern Caucasus in early 20th century when their ancestors fled present-day Turkey and Iran during the Assyrian genocide.

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Assyrians in Iran

Assyrians in Iran (آشوریان ایران), are an ethnoreligious and linguistic minority in present-day Iran.

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Astara, Iran

Astara (آستارا, also Romanized as Āstārā) is a city and capital of Astara County, Gilan Province, Iran.

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Aster amellus

Aster amellus, the European Michaelmas-daisy, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Aster, belonging to the Asteraceae family.

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Asterodia

In Greek mythology, the name Asterodia, Asterodeia, or Asterodea (Ancient Greek: Ἀστεροδεία, Ἀστεροδία) refers to.

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Asteroscopus sphinx

The Sprawler (Asteroscopus sphinx) is a moth of the family Noctuoidea.

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Astra 31.5°E

Astra 31.5°E is the name for the group of Astra communications satellites co-located at the 31.5° east position in the Clarke Belt owned and operated by SES based in Betzdorf, Luxembourg.

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Astrakhan Cossacks

Astrakhan Cossack Host (Russian: Астраханское казачье войско) was a Cossack host of Imperial Russia drawn from the Cossacks of the Lower Volga region, who had been patrolling the banks of the Volga River from the time of Russia's annexation of Astrakhan Khanate in 1556.

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Astrantia

Astrantia is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae, endemic to Central, Eastern and Southern Europe and the Caucasus.

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Astrantia maxima

Astrantia maxima, (largest masterwort), is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae.

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Astrix

Avi Shmailov (Hebrew: אבי שמיילוב) under his stage name Astrix, is an Israeli Trance Music DJ and producer specializing in the subgenre of Full On psychedelic trance.

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Asud

The Asud (Mongolian Cyrillic: Асуд, IPA: //) were a military group of Alani origin.

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Athrips pruinosella

Athrips pruinosella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Atiyah Abd al-Rahman

Atiyah Abd al-Rahman (عطية عبد الرحمن, 1969 – August 22, 2011), born Jamal Ibrahim Ashtiwi al Misrati, was reported by the US State Department, Rewards for Justice Program, US Department of State to be a senior member of al-Qaeda and a member of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group and Ansar al-Sunna.

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Atlılar, Mersin

Atlılar (formerly Sadiye) is a village in Toroslar district of Mersin Province where the capital city of Toroslar district is actually a part of Greater Mersin.

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Atropa

Atropa is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae: tall, calcicole, herbaceous perennials (rhizomatous hemicryptophytes), bearing large leaves and glossy berries particularly dangerous to children, due to their combination of an attractive, cherry-like appearance with a high toxicity.

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Atropa belladonna

Atropa belladonna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, which includes tomatoes, potatoes, and aubergine.

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Aubrey Herbert

Colonel The Honourable Aubrey Nigel Henry Herbert (3 April 1880 – 26 September 1923) was a British diplomat, traveller, and intelligence officer associated with Albanian independence.

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August von Haxthausen

August Franz Ludwig Maria, Baron von Haxthausen-Abbenburg (February 3, 1792, in Bökendorf, Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn – December 31, 1866, in Hanover) was a German agricultural scientist, economist, lawyer, writer, and collector of folk songs, best known for his account of conditions in Russia as revealed by his 1843 visit.

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August von Werder

Karl Wilhelm Friedrich August Leopold Graf von Werder (12 September 1808 – 12 September 1887) was a Prussian general.

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Aul

An aul (oil, аул, Turkic: awıl) is a type of fortified village found throughout the Caucasus mountains.

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Aurochs

The aurochs (or; pl. aurochs, or rarely aurochsen, aurochses), also known as urus or ure (Bos primigenius), is an extinct species of large wild cattle that inhabited Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

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Austin Armoured Car

The Austin Armoured Car was a British armoured car produced during the First World War.

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Autographa aemula

Autographa aemula is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Autographa jota

The Plain Golden Y (Autographa jota) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Autographa pulchrina

The Beautiful Golden Y (Autographa pulchrina) is a moth of the family Noctuoidea.

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Autophila einsleri

Autophila einsleri is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Autumn leaf color

Autumn leaf color is a phenomenon that affects the normally green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs by which they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, various shades of red, yellow, purple, black, orange, pink, magenta, blue and brown.

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Avar Khaganate

The Avar Khaganate was a khanate established in Central Europe, specifically in the Pannonian Basin region, in 567 by the Avars, a nomadic people of uncertain origins and ethno-linguistic affiliation.

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Avaria

Avaria may refer to.

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Avars (Caucasus)

The Avars (аварал / магIарулал, awaral / maⱨarulal; "mountaineers" constitute a Caucasus native ethnic group, the most predominant of several ethnic groups living in the Russian republic of Dagestan. The Avars reside in a region known as the North Caucasus between the Black and Caspian Seas. Alongside other ethnic groups in the North Caucasus region, the Caucasian Avars live in ancient villages located approximately 2,000 m above sea level. The Avar language spoken by the Caucasian Avars belongs to the family of Northeast Caucasian languages and is also known as Nakh–Dagestanian. Sunni Islam has been the prevailing religion of the Avars since the 13th century.

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Avel Enukidze

Avel Safronovich Enukidze (აბელ ენუქიძე, Abel Enukiʒe,; А́вель Сафронович Енуки́дзе; —30 October 1937) was a prominent "Old Bolshevik" and, at one point, a member of the Soviet Central Committee in Moscow.

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Avestan geography

Avestan geography, is the geographical references in the Avesta, which are limited to the regions on the eastern Iranian plateau up to Indo-Iranian border.

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Avetik Isahakyan

Avetik Isahakyan (Ավետիք Իսահակյան; October 30, 1875 – October 17, 1957) was a prominent Armenian lyric poet, writer and public activist.

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Avetis Aharonian

Avetis Aharonian (1866 – 20 March 1948) was an Armenian politician, writer, public figure and revolutionary, also part of the Armenian national movement.

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Aviation in Moldova

Aviation has been a part of Moldovan society since the early 20th century.

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Aviation in Turkey

Turkey is an emerging aviation hub at the intersection of Europe with emerging markets in the Middle East, the Caucasus and Northern Africa.

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Avnillah-class ironclad

The Avnillah class was a group of two ironclad warships built for the Ottoman Navy in the 1860s.

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Aydin Balayev

Aydin Balayev Huseynaga oglu (Aydın Balayev Hüseynağa oğlu; born November 19, 1956) is an Azerbaijani historian, ethnologist and professor.

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Ayman al-Zawahiri

Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri (أيمن محمد ربيع الظواهري, born June 19, 1951) is the current leader of Al-Qaeda and a current or former member and senior official of Islamist organizations which have orchestrated and carried out attacks in North America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

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Ayrum

Ayrum (Այրում), is a town and urban municipal community in the Tavush Province of Armenia, located at a road distance of northeast of the capital Yerevan and north of the provincial capital Ijevan.

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Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; خانەدانی ئەیووبیان) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin founded by Saladin and centred in Egypt.

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Azerbaijan

No description.

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Azerbaijan (Iran)

Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan (آذربایجان Āzarbāijān; آذربایجان Azərbaycan), also known as Iranian Azerbaijan, is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq, Turkey, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Azerbaijan Airlines

Azerbaijan Airlines (Azərbaycan Hava Yolları), also known as AZAL, is the flag carrier and largest airline of the country of Azerbaijan.

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Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR; Azərbaycan Demokratik Respublikası), also known as Azerbaijan People's Republic (Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti) or Caucasus Azerbaijan in diplomatic documents, was the third democratic republic in the Turkic world and Muslim world, after the Crimean People's Republic and Idel-Ural Republic.

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Azerbaijan horse

The Azerbaijan horse (Azərbaycan atı) is a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse.

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Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest

Azerbaijan has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 11 times since making its debut in 2008, after İctimai Televiziya (İTV) became an active member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU).

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Azerbaijan in World War II

Azerbaijan, officially by its full name – the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, entered World War II alongside the Soviet Union, after the German declaration of war on June 22, 1941.

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Azerbaijan national futsal team

The Azerbaijan national futsal team is the national futsal team of Azerbaijan and is controlled by the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan.

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Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Azerbaijan (Азәрбајҹан; Azərbaycan), officially the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR; Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист Республикасы, Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası, Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Azerbajdžanskaja Sovetskaja Socialističeskaja Respublika) and the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası, Азәрбајҹан Республикасы), also referred to as Soviet Azerbaijan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991.

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Azerbaijan–Denmark relations

Azerbaijan–Denmark relations refer to bilateral relations of Azerbaijan and Denmark.

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Azerbaijan–European Union relations

The Republic of Azerbaijan and the European Union (EU) have maintained a positive relationship through the years and have become more closely linked.

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Azerbaijan–Iran relations

Azerbaijan–Iran relations are foreign relations between Azerbaijan and Iran.

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Azerbaijan–NATO relations

The relationship between Azerbaijan and NATO started in 1992 when Azerbaijan joined newly created North Atlantic Cooperation Council.

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Azerbaijani folklore

Azerbaijani folklore is the folk tradition of Azerbaijanis which has developed throughout the centuries.

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Azerbaijani language

Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language spoken primarily by the Azerbaijanis, who are concentrated mainly in Transcaucasia and Iranian Azerbaijan (historic Azerbaijan).

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Azerbaijani literature

Azerbaijani literature (Azərbaycan ədəbiyyatı) refers to the literature written in Azerbaijani, a Turkic language, which currently is the official state language of the Republic of Azerbaijan and is the first-language of most people in Iranian Azerbaijan.

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Azerbaijani musical instruments

Azerbaijani traditional musical instruments are designed for emotional color, rhythm, tempo and artistic features of Azerbaijani traditional music.

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Azerbaijani population

The Azerbaijani people are a Turkic ethnic group, whose origins are in the Caucasus and Middle East.

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Azerbaijanis

Azerbaijanis or Azeris (Azərbaycanlılar آذربایجانلیلار, Azərilər آذریلر), also known as Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan türkləri آذربایجان تورکلری), are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Iranian region of Azerbaijan and the sovereign (former Soviet) Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Azerbaijanis in Armenia

Azerbaijanis in Armenia (lit) were once the largest ethnic minority in the country, but have been virtually non-existent since 1988–1991 when most either fled the country or were pushed out as a result of the Nagorno-Karabakh War and the ongoing conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan.

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Azerbaijanis in Georgia

Azerbaijanis in Georgia or Georgian Azerbaijanis (Gürcüstan azərbaycanlıları, აზერბაიჯანელები საქართველოში) are Azerbaijani people in Georgia, and are Georgian citizens and permanent residents of ethnic Azerbaijani background.

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Azerbaijanis in Russia

Azerbaijanis in Russia or Russian Azerbaijanis (Rusiya azərbaycanlıları (Latin), Русија азәрбајҹанлылары (Cyrillic); Азербайджанцы в России, Azerbajdzhanchy v Rossii) are Azerbaijani people in the Russian Federation, and are Russian citizens or permanent residents of ethnic Azerbaijani background.

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Azercosmos

Azercosmos Open Joint Stock Company (Azərkosmos) is a satellite operator based in Azerbaijan, and the first satellite operator in the Caucasus region.

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Azov campaigns (1695–96)

The Azov campaigns of 1695–96 (Азо́вские похо́ды, Azovskiye Pokhody), were two Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700, led by Peter the Great and aimed at capturing the Turkish fortress of Azov (garrison - 7,000 men), which had been blocking Russia's access to the Azov Sea and the Black Sea.

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Azov Cossack Host

Azov Cossack Host (Азовське козацьке військо; Азовское Казачье Войско) was a Cossack host that existed on the northern shore of the Sea of Azov, between 1832 and 1862.

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Çatak, Silifke

Çatak is a village in Silifke district of Mersin Province, Turkey.

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Çayeli

Çayeli (Laz: მაფავრი/Mapavri) is a town and district of Rize Province on the Black Sea coast of eastern Turkey, 18 km east of the city of Rize.

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Çeştepe

Çeştepe is a town in the central district of Aydın Province, Turkey.

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Çeltikçi, Kızılcahamam

Çeltikçi is a small town in Kızılcahamam district of Ankara Province, Turkey.

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Çerkezköy

Çerkezköy is a town and district of Tekirdağ Province in the Marmara Region of Turkey.

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Çeteci Abdullah Pasha

Çeteci Abdullah Pasha ibn Ibrahim al-Husayni al-Jarmaki (also known as Abdullah Pasha al-Jatahji) was an Ottoman statesman.

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Èrsh language

The Èrsh language was the language of the Èr or Èrs people.

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Édouard Ménétries

Édouard Ménétries (Paris, France, 2 October 1802 – St. Petersburg, Imperial Russia, 10 April 1861) was a French entomologist, zoologist, and herpetologist.

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Ögedei Khan

Ögedei (also Ogodei; translit, Mongolian: Ögedei, Ögüdei;; c.1185– 11 December 1241), was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, succeeding his father.

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Ömer Diler

Ömer Diler (1945, Istanbul – 18 March 2005, Istanbul) was a Turkish numismatist specializing in Islamic coins.

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Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha

Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha ("Osman Pasha, the son of Özdemir"; 1526 – 29 October 1585) was an Ottoman statesman and military commander who also held the office of grand vizier for one year.

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Öztürk Yılmaz

Öztürk Yılmaz (born 1969) is a former Turkish diplomat and politician from the Republican People's Party (CHP) who currently serves as a Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Ardahan since the November 2015 general election.

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İsmailağa

İsmailağa Jamia or İsmail Ağa Jamia (İsmailağa Cemaati) is a branch of the Gümüşhanevî Dergâh of Nakşibendi-Khālidī Ṭarīqah (Sufi Order) in Turkey.

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İsmet İnönü

Mustafa İsmet İnönü (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish general and statesman, who served as the second President of Turkey from 10 November 1938 to 27 May 1950, when his Republican People's Party was defeated in Turkey's second free elections.

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İvanovka

İvanovka (Ивановка) is a village and municipality in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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İyi Party

The İyi Party (translated into English as the Good Party) is a nationalist, liberal conservative and secularist political party in Turkey.

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Şayan Kadın

Şayan Kadın (4 January 1853 – 15 March 1945, birth name Safiye Zan) was the third wife of Sultan Murad V.

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Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin

Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin (6 August 1861 – 29 April 1915) was the only son of Sultan Mehmed Murad V, 33rd Sovereign of the House of Osman, and his second wife Reftarıdil Kadın.

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Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin

Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin (26 August 1873 – 30 January 1938) was an Ottoman prince, son of Sultan Mehmed V and Empress Kamures Kadın.

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Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin

Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin (شہزادہ یوسف عزالدین; 29 September 1857 – 1 February 1916) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Sultan Abdülaziz and his wife Dürrünev Kadın.

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Şenyurt, Tokat

Şenyurt is a town in Turhal district of Tokat Province, Turkey.

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Şevkefza Kadın

Şevkefza Kadın (1825 – 17 September 1889; meaning "who cheers up") a consort of Sultan Abdülmecid I of the Ottoman Empire.

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Şevqiy Bektöre

Şevqiy Bektöre (Crimean Tatar Şevqiy Bektöre, Шевкъий Бектёре, Turkish Şevki Bektöre, sometimes anglicized as Shewkiy Bektore or Shevki Bektore) (1888-1961) was a Dobrujan-born Crimean Tatar leading poet, publisher, educator, academic, and activist for ethnic Tatar causes.

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Babak Khorramdin

Bābak Khorramdin (Formally known as "Pāpak" meaning "Young Father") (بابک خرمدین, alternative spelling: Pāpak Khorramdin; 795, according to some other sources 798— January 838) was one of the main PersianArthur Goldschmidt, Lawrence Davidson, "A concise history of the Middle East", Westview Press; Eighth Edition (July 21, 2005).

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Babylonia

Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).

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Background of the Russo-Georgian War

This article describes the background of the Russo-Georgian War.

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Bactra bactrana

Bactra bactrana is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Bacurius the Iberian

Bacurius (ბაკურ იბერიელი) was a Georgian general of the Byzantine Empire.

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Bagpipes

Bagpipes are a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag.

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Bagrat de Bagration y de Baviera

Prince Don Bagrat de Bagration y de Baviera, also Prince Bagrat Bagrationi-Mukhraneli and Prince Bagrat Bagration-Moukhransky (12 January 1949 – 20 March 2017) was a member of the Bagration dynasty which once ruled the Kingdom of Georgia in the Caucasus and a relative of the royal family of Spain.

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Bagrat I of Iberia

Bagrat I (ბაგრატ I) (died 876), of the Bagratid dynasty, was a presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia) from 830 until his death.

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Bagrat III of Georgia

Bagrat III (ბაგრატ III) (c. 960 – 7 May 1014), of the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty, was King of Abkhazia from 978 on (as Bagrat II) and King of Georgia from 1008 on.

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Bagrat IV of Georgia

Bagrat IV (ბაგრატ IV) (1018 – 24 November 1072), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the King of Georgia from 1027 to 1072.

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Bahá'í Faith in Armenia

The earliest contact documented to date, between Armenians and the Bábí-Bahá’í religion began on an unfortunate note in the banishments and execution of the Báb, the Founder of the Bábí Faith, viewed by Bahá'ís as a precursor religion, but ended courageously to the credit of the Armenian officer.

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Bahá'í Faith in Europe

The Bahá'í Faith is a diverse and widespread religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in the 19th century in Iran.

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Bahá'í Faith in Georgia (country)

The Bahá'í Faith in Georgia began with its arrival in the region in 1850 through its association with the precursor religion the Bábí Faith during the lifetime of Bahá'u'lláh.

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Bahá'í Faith in Kazakhstan

The Bahá'í Faith in Kazakhstan began during the policy of oppression of religion in the former Soviet Union.

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Bahá'í Faith in Russia

The history of the Bahá'í Faith (Вера Бахаи) in Russia began soon after the founding in 1844 of the Bábí religion, viewed by Bahá'ís as the direct predecessor of the Bahá'í Faith, with Russian diplomats to Qajar Persia observing, reacting to, and sending updates about the Bábís.

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Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan

The Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan begins before Russian advances into the region when the area was under the influence of Persia.

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Bahram Chobin

Bahrām Chōbīn (Middle Persian:; بهرام چوبین), also known by his epithet Mihrevandak ("servant of Mihr (Mithra)", was a famous spahbed (senior army commander) during late sixth-century Iran. He usurped the Sasanian throne from Khosrow II, ruling for a year as Bahram VI (590-591). However, he was later defeated by Khosrow II and was forced to flee.

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Baig

Baig, also commonly spelled Beg, or Begh (Persian: بیگ, Bay, Turkish: Bey) was a title of Turko-Mongol origin, which is today used as a name to identify lineage.

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Baklava

Baklava is a rich, sweet dessert pastry made of layers of filo filled with chopped nuts and sweetened and held together with syrup or honey.

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Baksan Neutrino Observatory

The Baksan Neutrino Observatory (BNO) is a scientific laboratory of INR RAS located in the Baksan River gorge in the Caucasus mountains in Russia.

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Baku

Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region, with a population of 2,374,000.

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Baku Initiative

The Baku Initiative is an international initiative of the European Union.

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Baku TV Tower

The Baku TV Tower (Televiziya Qülləsi), built in 1996, is a free standing concrete telecommunications tower in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Balalaika

The balalaika (балала́йка) is a Russian stringed musical instrument with a characteristic triangular wooden, hollow body and three strings.

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Balkars

The Balkars (Малкъарлыла, таулула Malqarlıla, tawlula) are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region, one of the titular populations of Kabardino-Balkaria.

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Banny venik

Bath broom (банный веник,; vasta or vihta) is a besom, or broom, used in Russian bathhouses, or banyas, and in Finnish saunas.

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Barakoni

Barakoni Church of the Mother of God (ბარაკონის ღვთისმშობლის ტაძარი), commonly known as Barakoni (ბარაკონი), is an Orthodox church in Georgia, near the town of Ambrolauri, in the village of Tsesi of mountainous western province of Racha (modern-day Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti).

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Baranjars

Baranjars (Balanjars, Belenjers) were a confederacy of Turkic tribes who flourished in the early Middle Ages.

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Barbarea vulgaris

Barbarea vulgaris, also called bittercress, herb barbara, rocketcress, yellow rocketcress, winter rocket, and wound rocket, is a biennial herb of the genus Barbarea, belonging to the mustard family.

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Barbary slave trade

The Barbary slave trade refers to the slave markets that were extremely lucrative and vast on the Barbary Coast of North Africa, which included the Ottoman provinces of Algeria, Tunisia and Tripolitania and the independent sultanate of Morocco, between the 16th and middle of the 18th century.

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Barda, Azerbaijan

Barda (Bərdə) is the capital city of the Barda Rayon in Azerbaijan, located south of Yevlax and on the left bank of the Tartar river.

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Barn swallow

The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) is the most widespread species of swallow in the world.

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Basil Nikitin

Basil Nikitin (1885 – 7 June 1960) was a Russian orientalist and diplomat.

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Basilica

A basilica is a type of building, usually a church, that is typically rectangular with a central nave and aisles, usually with a slightly raised platform and an apse at one or both ends.

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Basque language

Basque (euskara) is a language spoken in the Basque country and Navarre. Linguistically, Basque is unrelated to the other languages of Europe and, as a language isolate, to any other known living language. The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. The Basque language is spoken by 28.4% of Basques in all territories (751,500). Of these, 93.2% (700,300) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.8% (51,200) are in the French portion. Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the three "ancient provinces" in France. Gipuzkoa, most of Biscay, a few municipalities of Álava, and the northern area of Navarre formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen the language. By contrast, most of Álava, the western part of Biscay and central and southern areas of Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of Spanish, either because Basque was replaced by Spanish over the centuries, in some areas (most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it was possibly never spoken there, in other areas (Enkarterri and southeastern Navarre). Under Restorationist and Francoist Spain, public use of Basque was frowned upon, often regarded as a sign of separatism; this applied especially to those regions that did not support Franco's uprising (such as Biscay or Gipuzkoa). However, in those Basque-speaking regions that supported the uprising (such as Navarre or Álava) the Basque language was more than merely tolerated. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was developed by the Euskaltzaindia in the late 1960s. Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are Biscayan, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese in Spain, and Navarrese–Lapurdian and Souletin in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media, literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school. A language isolate, Basque is believed to be one of the few surviving pre-Indo-European languages in Europe, and the only one in Western Europe. The origin of the Basques and of their languages is not conclusively known, though the most accepted current theory is that early forms of Basque developed prior to the arrival of Indo-European languages in the area, including the Romance languages that geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Basque has adopted a good deal of its vocabulary from the Romance languages, and Basque speakers have in turn lent their own words to Romance speakers. The Basque alphabet uses the Latin script.

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Batonishvili

Batonishvili (ბატონიშვილი) (literally "a child of batoni (lord or sovereign)" in Georgian) is a title for royal princes and princesses who descend from the kings of Georgia from the Bagrationi dynasty and is suffixed to the names e.g. Alexandre Batonishvili, Ioane Batonishvili, Nino Batonishvili etc.

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Batrachedra pinicolella

Batrachedra parvulipunctella is a species of moth of the Batrachedridae family.

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Bats language

Bats (also Batsi, Batsbi, Batsb, Batsaw, Tsova-Tush) is the endangered language of the Bats people, a Caucasian minority group, and is part of the Nakh family of Caucasian languages.

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Battle of Abu Tellul

The Battle of Abu Tellul (called the Affair of Abu Tellul by the British Battles Nomenclature Committee) was fought on 14 July 1918 during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I after German and Ottoman Empire forces attacked the British Empire garrison in the Jordan Valley.

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Battle of Adrianople (1829)

The Battle of Adrianople was one of the final battles of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 and resulted in the Treaty of Adrianople (1829), which ended that conflict.

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Battle of Ain Jalut

The Battle of Ain Jalut (Ayn Jalut, in Arabic: عين جالوت, the "Spring of Goliath", or Harod Spring, in Hebrew: מעין חרוד) took place in September 1260 between Muslim Mamluks and the Mongols in the southeastern Galilee, in the Jezreel Valley, in the vicinity of Nazareth, not far from the site of Zir'in.

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Battle of Akroinon

The Battle of Akroinon was fought at Akroinon or Akroinos (near modern Afyon) in Phrygia, on the western edge of the Anatolian plateau, in 740 between an Umayyad Arab army and the Byzantine forces.

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Battle of Antioch (613)

The Battle of Antioch took place in 613 outside Antioch, Syria between a Byzantine army led by Heraclius and a Persian Sassanid army under Shahin and Shahrbaraz as part of the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628.

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Battle of Çıldır

The Battle of Çıldır was fought in 1578 during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590).

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Battle of Balanjar (650s)

The Battle of Balanjar was a battle that took place during the First Khazar-Arab War between the armies of the Khazar Khaganate and the Caliphate, whose commanding general was Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah.

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Battle of Blarathon

The Battle of Blarathon was fought in 591 near Ganzak between a combined Byzantine–Persian force and a Persian army led by the usurper Bahram Chobin.

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Battle of Didgori

The Battle of Didgori was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Great Seljuq Empire at the narrow place of Didgori, 40 km west of the Tbilisi, on August 12, 1121.

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Battle of Erzincan

The Battle of Erzincan (Эрзинджанское сражение, Erzincan Muharebesi) was a Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.

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Battle of Goychay

Battle of Goychay (Göyçay döyüşü, Геокчайский бой, Göyçay Savaşı), was a battle that took place from 27 June, 1918 to 1 July of the same year, between Ottoman–Azerbaijani coalition forces led by Nuri Pasha and Armenian branches of the Soviet 11th Army.

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Battle of Grozny (November 1994)

The November 1994 Battle of Grozny was an attempt to oust the separatist Chechen government of Dzhokhar Dudayev, sponsored and aided by the government of the Russian Federation, by seizing the Chechen capital of Grozny.

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Battle of Hormozdgan

The Battle of Hormozdgan was the climactic battle between the Parthian and the Sasanian Empires that took place on April 28, 224.

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Battle of Kalach

Unit locations on July 25, 1942The large reservoir in the southwest corner of the map did not exist in 1942 | label.

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Battle of Kars

The Battle of Kars was a decisive Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).

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Battle of Kiev (1941)

The First Battle of Kiev was the German name for the operation that resulted in a very large encirclement of Soviet troops in the vicinity of Kiev during World War II.

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Battle of Kinburn (1855)

The Battle of Kinburn was a combined land-naval engagement during the final stage of the Crimean War.

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Battle of Krtsanisi

The Battle of Krtsanisi (კრწანისის ბრძოლა, k'rts'anisis brdzola) was fought between the Qajars of Iran and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Qajar Emperor Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heraclius II of Georgia’s alliance with the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Kursk

The Battle of Kursk was a Second World War engagement between German and Soviet forces on the Eastern Front near Kursk (south-west of Moscow) in the Soviet Union, during July and August 1943.

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Battle of Nablus (1918)

The Battle of Nablus took place, together with the Battle of Sharon during the set piece Battle of Megiddo between 19 and 25 September 1918 in the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War.

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Battle of Navarino

The Battle of Navarino was a naval battle fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821–32), in Navarino Bay (modern Pylos), on the west coast of the Peloponnese peninsula, in the Ionian Sea.

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Battle of Nikolayevka

The Battle of Nikolayevka was the breakout of Italian forces in January 1943, as a small part of the larger Battle of Stalingrad.

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Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)

The Battle of Nineveh is conventionally dated between 613 and 611 BC, with 612 BC being the most supported date.

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Battle of Rostov (1941)

The Battle of Rostov (1941) was a battle of the Eastern Front of World War II, fought around Rostov-on-Don between the Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union.

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Battle of Satala (530)

The Battle of Satala was fought between the forces of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the Sassanid (Persian) Empire in summer 530, near Satala in Byzantine Armenia.

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Battle of Sharon

The Battle of Sharon fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, began the set piece Battle of Megiddo half a day before the Battle of Nablus, in which large formations engaged and responded to movements by the opposition, according to pre-existing plans, in the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. The fighting took place over a wide area from the Mediterranean Sea east to the Rafat salient in the Judean Hills.

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Battle of Smolensk (1941)

The First Battle of Smolensk (Kesselschlacht bei Smolensk ("Cauldron-battle) of Smolensk)";, Smolenskaya strategicheskaya oboronitelnaya operatsiya, "Smolensk strategic defensive operation") was a battle during the second phase of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, in World War II. It was fought around the city of Smolensk between 10 July and 10 September 1941, about west of Moscow. The Wehrmacht had advanced into the USSR in the 18 days after the invasion on 22 June 1941. During the battle the German Army encountered unexpected resistance, leading to a two-month delay in their advance on Moscow. Three Soviet armies (the 16th, 19th and the 20th army) were encircled and destroyed just to the south of Smolensk, though significant numbers from the 19th and 20th armies managed to escape the pocket. Some historians have asserted that the losses of men and materiel incurred by the Wehrmacht during this drawn-out battle and the delay in the drive towards Moscow led to the defeat of the Wehrmacht by the Red Army in the Battle of Moscow of December 1941.

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Battle of Sokhoista

The Battle of Sokhoista (სოხოისტის ბრძოლა, Sohoista Savaşı) was fought between the Ottoman and Georgian armies at the Sokhoista field in what is now northeastern Turkey in 1545.

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Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) was the largest confrontation of World War II, in which Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in Southern Russia.

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Battle of the Abas

The Battle of the Abas was fought in 65 BC between the forces of the Roman Republic under Pompey Magnus and those of the Albanian King Oroeses during the course of the Third Mithridatic War.

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Battle of the Caucasus

The Battle of the Caucasus is a name given to a series of Axis and Soviet operations in the Caucasus area on the Eastern Front of World War II.

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Battle of the Kalka River

The Battle of the Kalka River (Битва на річці Калка, Битва на реке Калке) was fought between the Mongol Empire, whose armies were led by Jebe and Subutai the Valiant, and a coalition of several Rus' principalities, including Kiev and Galich, and the Cumans.

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Battle of the Kerch Peninsula

The Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, which commenced with the Soviet Kerch-Feodosia landing operation (Керченско-Феодосийская десантная операция, Kerchensko-Feodosiyskaya desantnaya operatsiya) and ended with the German Operation Bustard Hunt (Unternehmen Trappenjagd), was a World War II battle between Erich von Manstein's German and Romanian 11th Army and Soviet Crimean Front forces in the Kerch Peninsula, in the eastern part of the Crimea.

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Battle of the River Thatis

The Battle of the River Thatis was part of a succession dispute in the Bosporan Kingdom that was fought out during 310/309 BC.

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Battle of Torches

The Battle of Torches (Meşaleler Savaşı) was fought in 1583 during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590).

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Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar

The Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, also known as the Third Battle of Homs, was a Mongol victory over the Mamluks in 1299.

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Battle of Yarmouk

The Battle of Yarmouk was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate.

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Battle of Yeghevārd

The Battle of Yeghevārd, also known as the Battle of Baghavard or Morad Tapeh, was the final major engagement of the Perso-Ottoman War of 1730–1735 where the principal Ottoman army in the Caucasus theatre under Koprulu Pasha's command was utterly destroyed by only the advance guard of Nader's army before the main Persian army could enter into the fray.

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Battlefield: Bad Company

Battlefield: Bad Company is a first-person shooter developed by EA DICE for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and part of the Battlefield series.

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Batu Khan

Batu Khan (Бат хаан, Bat haan, Бату хан, Bá dū, хан Баты́й, Μπατού; c. 1207–1255), also known as Sain Khan (Good Khan, Сайн хаан, Sayn hân) and Tsar Batu, was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire.

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Batumi

Batumi (ბათუმი) is the second-largest city of Georgia, located on the coast of the Black Sea in the country's southwest.

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Batumi Botanical Garden

The Batumi Botanical Garden (ბათუმის ბოტანიკური ბაღი) is a 108 hectare area of land 9 km north of the city of Batumi, capital of Autonomous Republic of Adjara, Georgia.

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Baysangur of Benoa

Baysangur of Beno (Chechen: Бенойн БойсгӀар)Ш.А. ГАПУРОВ, А.В. БАКАШОВ.

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Bazaleti (historical area)

Bazaleti (ბაზალეთი) is a historical area in eastern Georgia, located around the modern-day town of Dusheti (Mtskheta-Mtianeti region), where a village and a lake called Bazaleti can be found.

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Böri Shad

Böri Shad (c672) (Old Turkic:, böri šad,, "Wolf governor") was a Turkic prince or general who fought the Persians south of the Caucasus during the Third Perso-Turkic War.

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Büyükçekmece

Büyükçekmece is a district and municipality (belediye) in the suburbs of Istanbul, Turkey on the Sea of Marmara coast of the European side, west of the city.

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Bear hunting

Bear hunting is the act of hunting bears.

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Bearded vulture

The bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), also known as the Lämmergeier or ossifrage, is a bird of prey and the only member of the genus Gypaetus.

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Bedia Cathedral

Bedia Cathedral (ბედიის მონასტერი) is a medieval Georgian Orthodox cathedral located in Bedia, in the Tkvarcheli district of Abkhazia (or Ochamchire Municipality according to the Georgia's subdivision), a disputed region on the Black Sea coast.

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Bediani (title)

Bediani (ბედიანი) was a medieval title, or a territorial epithet, of the Dadiani, the ruling family of Mingrelia in western Georgia, derived from the canton of Bedia, in Abkhazia, and in use from the end of the 12th century into the 15th.

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Bedouin

The Bedouin (badawī) are a grouping of nomadic Arab peoples who have historically inhabited the desert regions in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and the Levant.

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Bedrifelek Kadın

Bedrifelek Kadın (4 January 1851 – 6 February 1930) was a principal consort of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

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Beech marten

The beech marten (Martes foina), also known as the stone marten, house marten or white breasted marten, is a species of marten native to much of Europe and Central Asia, though it has established a feral population in North America.

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Beer in Turkey

Beer is a very popular alcoholic beverage in Turkey.

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Beibulat Taimiev

Beibulat Taimin (1779-1831) was a Chechen military and political leader, who led rebellions against Russian expansion in the North Caucasus but also developed diplomatic relations with the Russians.

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Bekhan Tungaev

Bekhan Tungaev (Chechen: Бекхан Тунгаев) is a Chechen wrestler who was born in Kazakhstan.

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Belarusians in Russia

Belarusians are a major ethnic group in Russia.

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Belorussiya-class cruiseferry

The Belorussiya class cruiseferries (sometimes also referred to as the Gruziya class) were built by Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard, Finland in 1975–1976 for the Black Sea Shipping Company, Soviet Union.

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Bembecia ichneumoniformis

Bembecia ichneumoniformis, the six-belted clearwing, is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Bembecia lomatiaeformis

Bembecia lomatiaeformis is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Bembecia uroceriformis

Bembecia uroceriformis is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Bembidion adygorum

Bembidion adygorum is a species of ground beetle from the Trechinae subfamily that can be found in Armenia, Georgia and Caucasus.

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Ben Judah

Ben Judah (born 1988) is a British-French journalist and the author of This Is London and Fragile Empire.

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Benjamin Balansa

Benjamin Balansa Gaspard Joseph Benedict Balansa, also known as Benjamin Balansa or Benedict Balansa (25 March 1825 – 2 November 1891) was a French botanist.

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Bergmann Battalion

The Special Group Bergmann or the Bergmann Battalion (Sonderverband Bergmann) was a military unit of the German Abwehr during World War II, composed of five German-officered companies of the Caucasian volunteers.

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Berke

Berke Khan (died 1266) (also Birkai) was the ruler of the Golden Horde (division of the Mongol Empire) who effectively consolidated the power of the Blue Horde and White Horde from 1257 to 1266.

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Berke–Hulagu war

The Berke–Hulagu war was fought between two Mongol leaders, Berke Khan of the Golden Horde and Hulagu Khan of the Ilkhanate.

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Bert Vaux

Bert Vaux (born November 19, 1968, Houston, Texas) teaches phonology and morphology at the University of Cambridge.

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Besh Barmag Mountain

Besh Barmag (Beş Barmaq) literally translated as Five Finger, is in Siazan District of Azerbaijan, not far from the Caspian Sea.

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Beslan school siege

The Beslan school siege (also referred to as the Beslan school hostage crisis or Beslan massacre) started on 1 September 2004, lasted three days, involved the illegal imprisonment of over 1,100 people as hostages (including 777 children), and ended with the deaths of at least 334 people.

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Besleney

The Besleney (Circassian: Бэслъыный Besłynyj; Бесленеевцы Besleneevcy), also known as Beslenei or Baslaney, are one of the twelve tribes (sub-ethnic groups) of the Circassian (Adyghe) people.

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Bessarabian rugs and carpets

Bessarabian rugs and carpets are the commonly given name for rugs in pile and tapestry technique originating in Russian provinces as well as Ukraine and Moldova during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Bessas (general)

Bessas (Βέσσας, before 480 – after 554) was an East Roman (Byzantine) general of Gothic origin from Thrace, primarily known for his career in the wars of Justinian I (reigned 527–565).

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Betula pubescens

Betula pubescens (syn. Betula alba), commonly known as downy birch and also as moor birch, white birch, European white birch or hairy birch, is a species of deciduous tree, native and abundant throughout northern Europe and northern Asia, growing farther north than any other broadleaf tree.

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Beyköy, Düzce

Beyköy is a town the central district (Düzce) of Düzce Province, Turkey.

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Bezhin Meadow

Bezhin Meadow (italic-yes, Bezhin lug) is a 1937 Soviet film famous for having been suppressed and believed destroyed before its completion.

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Bezmiâlem Sultan

Bezmiâlem Sultan (fully Devletlu İsmetlu Bezmiâlem Valide Sultan Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri; 1807 – 2 May 1853) (Bezm-î Âlem or Bazim-î Âlam, meaning "feast of the world") was the second wife of Ottoman Sultan Mahmut II, and the mother of Sultan Abdülmecit I of the Ottoman Empire.

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Bidar Kadın

Bidar Kadın (5 May 1858 – 1 January 1918) was a principal consort of the Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

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Bijan Beg Saakadze

Bijan Beg, also known as Bijan Beg Gorji (Bezhan, Bizhan), was a Safavid courtier, official, and royal gholam from the Georgian Saakadze clan.

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Bilacunaria

Bilacunaria is a genus of flowering plant in the Apiaceae, with four species.

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Binagadi asphalt lake

The Binagadi asphalt lake (or Binagadi tar pits) are a cluster of tar pits located 1 km southeast from Binagadi settlement, near Hirda-Girrar hillock in urban Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Biodiversity hotspot

A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction.

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Bison

Bison are large, even-toed ungulates in the genus Bison within the subfamily Bovinae.

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Black francolin

The black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

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Black Garden

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War is a 2003 book by Thomas de Waal, based on the study of Armenia and Azerbaijan, two former Soviet republics, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

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Black hair

Black hair is the darkest and most common of all human hair colors globally, due to larger populations with this dominant trait.

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Black redstart

The black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) is a small passerine bird in the redstart genus Phoenicurus.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia.

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Black Sea Arena

Black Sea Arena is an indoor arena located on the coast of the Black Sea in Shekvetili, Guria, Georgia, some 45 km north of Batumi, the country's second largest city.

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Black Sea Fleet

The Black Sea Fleet (Черноморский Флот, Chernomorsky Flot) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Mediterranean Sea.

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Black Sea Governorate

The Black Sea Governorate (Черномо́рская губе́рния), also known as Chernomore or the Black Sea Government, was one of the guberniyas of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire.

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Black Sea hostage crisis

The Black Sea hostage crisis took place January 16–19, 1996 on the Black Sea during the First Chechen War.

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Blastobasis ponticella

Blastobasis ponticella is a moth in the Blastobasidae family.

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Blastodacna hellerella

Blastodacna hellerella is a moth in the Elachistidae family.

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Blitzkrieg

Blitzkrieg (German, "lightning war") is a method of warfare whereby an attacking force, spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorised or mechanised infantry formations with close air support, breaks through the opponent's line of defence by short, fast, powerful attacks and then dislocates the defenders, using speed and surprise to encircle them with the help of air superiority.

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Blood brother

Blood brother can refer to one of two things: a male related by birth, or two or more men not related by birth who have sworn loyalty to each other.

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Bodbe Monastery

The Monastery of St. Nino at Bodbe (ბოდბის წმინდა ნინოს მონასტერი, bodbis ts’minda Ninos monasteri) is a Georgian Orthodox monastic complex and the seat of the Bishops of Bodbe located 2 km from the town of Sighnaghi, Kakheti, Georgia.

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Boettgerilla pallens

Boettgerilla pallens, common name the worm slug, is a European species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Boettgerillidae.

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Bogdan Willewalde

Bogdan Pavlovich Willewalde (Gottfried Willewalde; January 12, 1819, Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg – March 24, 1903, Dresden) was a Russian artist, academic, emeritus professor of military art, and a fellow of the Imperial Academy of Arts.

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Boloria dia

Boloria dia, the Weaver's fritillary or violet fritillary, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae.

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Boloria pales

Boloria pales, the shepherd's fritillary, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae.

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Bombus argillaceus

Bombus argillaceus is a bumblebee species of the subgenus Megabombus, distributed from south and south-eastern Europe to western Asia.

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Bombus wurflenii

Bombus wurflenii is a species of bumblebee found in several parts of central and northern Europe to Turkey and the Crimea peninsula in the southeast.

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Book of Dede Korkut

The Book of Dede Korkut or Book of Korkut Ata (Dede Korkut or Korkut Ata; Dədə Qorqud, دده قورقود; Gorkut Ata) is the most famous among the epic stories of the Oghuz Turks.

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Borchaly Uyezd

The Borchaly Uyezd (Борчалинский уезд) was a county of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia with its administrative center in Shulaveri.

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Boreolestes likharevi

Boreolestes likharevi is a species of predatory air-breathing land slug, a shell-less pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Trigonochlamydidae.

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Boreolestes sylvestris

Boreolestes sylvestris is a species of predatory air-breathing land slug, a shell-less pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Trigonochlamydidae.

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Boris Balinsky

Boris Ivan Balinsky (23 September 1905 Kyiv, Russian Empire – 1 September 1997, Johannesburg, South Africa) was a Ukrainian and South African biologist, embryologist, entomologist, professor of Kiev University and University of the Witwatersrand.

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Boris Delaunay

Boris Nikolaevich Delaunay or Delone (Бори́с Никола́евич Делоне́; March 15, 1890 – July 17, 1980) was one of the first Russian mountain climbers and a Soviet/Russian mathematician, and the father of physicist Nikolai Borisovich Delone.

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Boris Fogel

Boris Alexandrovich Fogel (Борис Александрович Фогель) (January 18, 1872 in Buynaksk, Russian Empire – 1961 in Leningrad) was a Russian and Soviet painter and art educator who lived and worked in Leningrad, a member of the Leningrad Union of the Soviet Artists, and a professor of painting at the Repin Institute of Arts who played an important role in the formation of the Leningrad School of Painting.

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Boris Paichadze

Boris Paichadze (ბორის პაიჭაძე,; Борис Соломонович Пайчадзе; 3 February 1915 – 9 October 1990) was a Georgian footballer, who played for FC Dinamo Tbilisi.

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Boris Piotrovsky

Boris Borisovich Piotrovsky (Бори́с Бори́сович Пиотро́вский; also written Piotrovskii; – October 15, 1990) was a Soviet Russian academician, historian-orientalist and archaeologist who studied the ancient civilizations of Urartu, Scythia, and Nubia.

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Boris Stepanovich Petrov

Boris Stepanovich Petrov (Петров, Борис Степанович) (July 10, 1910, Oryol, Russian Empire – 1981, Leningrad) was a Russian and Soviet painter and mountain climber, who lived and worked in Leningrad.

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Boris Yampolsky

Boris Yampolsky (Борис Самойлович Ямпольский (1912–1972), was a Russian writer and editor, born in Ukraine, the influences of whose Jewish childhood who remain a theme throughout his work.

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Borjomi

Borjomi (ბორჯომი) is a resort town in south-central Georgia with a population of 10,546.

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Bosnalijek

Bosnalijek is the largest pharmaceutical company in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Botanical garden of Düsseldorf

The Botanischer Garten Düsseldorf, also known as the Botanischer Garten der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf and the Botanischer Garten der Universität Düsseldorf, is a botanical garden of 8 hectares maintained by the University of Düsseldorf.

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Botanical Garden of Goethe University Frankfurt

The Botanischer Garten der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main (7 hectares), also known as the Botanischer Garten Frankfurt am Main, is a botanical garden and arboretum maintained by the Goethe University.

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Botanischer Garten Grugapark

The Botanischer Garten Grugapark is a municipal botanical garden located in the Grugapark at Virchowstraße 167a, Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Botanischer Garten Schellerhau

The Botanischer Garten Schellerhau (1.4 hectares) is a botanical garden located near the hamlet of Schellerhau at Hauptstrasse 41, Altenberg, Saxony, Germany.

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Bothriochloa

Bothriochloa is a common and widespread genus of plants in the grass family native to many countries on all inhabited continents and many islands.

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Botlikhsky District

Botlikhsky District (Ботлихский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #16 and municipalLaw #6 district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia.

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Boundaries between the continents of Earth

The boundaries between the continents of Earth are generally a matter of geographical convention.

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Boxing in Armenia

Boxing (բռնցքամարտ břntsk'amart, literally "fist fight") in Armenia is a popular sport, that existed in the Armenian Highland since ancient times.

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Boza

Boza, also bosa (from boza), is a popular fermented beverage in Kazakhstan, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan, Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Azerbaijan and other parts of the Caucasus, Uzbekistan and Romania, Serbia.

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Brachypodium

Brachypodium is a genus of plants in the grass family, widespread across much of Africa, Eurasia, and Latin America.

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Bracken

Bracken (Pteridium) is a genus of large, coarse ferns in the family Dennstaedtiaceae.

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Braid

A braid (also referred to as a plait) is a complex structure or pattern formed by interlacing three or more strands of flexible material such as textile yarns, wire, or hair.

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Brandenburgers

The Brandenburgers (Brandenburger) were members of the Brandenburg German special forces unit during World War II.

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Brassica nigra

Brassica nigra, the black mustard, is an annual plant cultivated for its black or dark brown seeds, which are commonly used as a spice.

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Brassy ringlet

The brassy ringlets are a species group of ringlet butterflies in the genus Erebia.

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Brazilians

Brazilians (brasileiros in Portuguese) are citizens of Brazil.

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Brenda Shaffer

Brenda Shaffer is an American-Israeli scholar who currently holds positions as visiting researcher and adjunct professor at Georgetown University, fellow with the Atlantic Council and professor at University of Haifa (on sabbatical).

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Bride kidnapping

Bride kidnapping, also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a practice in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry.

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Brindled beauty

The brindled beauty (Lycia hirtaria) is a Palearctic moth belonging to the family Geometridae.

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Brintesia

Brintesia is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae and subfamily Satyrinae.

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British Museum

The British Museum, located in the Bloomsbury area of London, United Kingdom, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture.

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British Museum Department of the Middle East

The Department of the Middle East, numbering some 330,000 works, forms a significant part of the collections of the British Museum, and the world's largest collection of Mesopotamian antiquities outside Iraq.

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Bromus sterilis

Bromus sterilis is an annual or biennial species of bromegrass known as barren brome, poverty brome, and sterile brome.

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Brown (racial classification)

Brown or brown people is a racial and ethnic classification.

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Brown bear

The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a bear that is found across much of northern Eurasia and North America.

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Brown Caucasian cattle

The Brown Caucasian is a cattle breed from the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Dagestan (Russia)).

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Bruno Gesche

Bruno Gesche (5 November 1905 – 1980) rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel * in the SS in Nazi Germany.

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Bruno Müller

Obersturmbannführer Bruno Müller or Brunon Müller-Altenau (Strasbourg, September 13, 1905 – March 1, 1960, Oldenburg) served as Senior Storm Unit Leader during the Nazi German invasion of Poland.

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Budjak

Budjak or Budzhak (Russian, Ukrainian, and Bulgarian: Буджак; Bugeac; Bucak, historical Cyrillic: Буӂак; Bucak) is a historical region in Ukraine.

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Budukh

Budukh may refer to.

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Bulan (Khazar)

Bulan was a Khazar king who led the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism.

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Bulbuljan

Bulbuljan (Bülbülcan), born as Abdulbagi Ali oglu Zulalov (1841–1927), was an Azerbaijani singer of folk music and mugam (an original improvisational genre of classical folk music in Azerbaijan).

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Bulgar calendar

The Bulgar calendar was a calendar system used by the Bulgars, a seminomadic people, originally from Central Asia, who from the 2nd century onwards dwelt in the Eurasian steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga.

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Bulgar language

Bulgar (also spelled Bolğar, Bulghar) is an extinct language which was spoken by the Bulgars.

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Bulgarians

Bulgarians (българи, Bǎlgari) are a South Slavic ethnic group who are native to Bulgaria and its neighboring regions.

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Bulgars

The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century.

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Bulverket

The Bulverket is the remnants of a large wooden fortification or bulwark at Lake Tingstäde on the island of Gotland, Sweden.

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Burçak Özoğlu Poçan

Burçak Poçan, née Özoğlu, (1970) is a female mountaineer and one of the first Turkish women to climb over 8,000 m. Burçak was born on January 4, 1970 in Ankara.

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Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs

In the United States Government, the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (EUR) is part of the U.S. Department of State, charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy and promoting U.S. interests in Europe and Eurasia (which it defines as being Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, the Caucasus Region, and Russia), as well as advising the Under Secretary for Political Affairs.

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Burka (Caucasus)

A burka (ნაბადი, Svan: ღა̈რთ, ауапа, кӏакӏо, щӏакӏуэ, нымӕг, ферта, верта, буртина) is a coat made from felt or karakul (the short curly fur of young lambs of the breed of that name).

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Burma Campaign 1942–43

The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II took place over four years from 1942 to 1945.

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Burusho people

The Burusho or Brusho, also known as the Hunza people or Botraj, live in Hunza, Nagar, Chitral, and in valleys of Gilgit–Baltistan in northern Pakistan, as well as in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

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Bush Doctrine

The Bush Doctrine refers to various related foreign policy principles of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush.

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Bushnak

Bushnak (بشناق, meaning "Bosnian" or "Bosniak", also transliterated Bushnaq, Boshnak and Bouchnak) is a surname common among Palestinians who are of Bosnian origin.

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Buttermilk

Buttermilk refers to a number of dairy drinks.

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Butyrka prison

Butyrka prison (Бутырка, a colloquial term for the official Бутырская тюрьма, Butyrskaya tyurma) is a prison in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow, Russia.

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Buxus sempervirens

Buxus sempervirens, the common box, European box, or boxwood, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Buxus, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia, from southern England south to northern Morocco, and east through the northern Mediterranean region to Turkey.

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Byzantine army

The Byzantine army or Eastern Roman army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside the Byzantine navy.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

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Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty

The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the dynasty of Heraclius between 610 and 711.

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Byzantine navy

The Byzantine navy was the naval force of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire.

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Byzantine Revival architecture

The Byzantine Revival (also referred to as Neo-Byzantine) was an architectural revival movement, most frequently seen in religious, institutional and public buildings.

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Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591

The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 was a war fought between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire, termed by modern historians as the Byzantine Empire.

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Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and the Sasanian Empire of Iran.

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Byzantine–Sasanian wars

The Byzantine–Sassanid wars, also known as the Irano-Byzantine wars refers to a series of conflicts between the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the Sassanian Empire of Persia.

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Bzyb dialect

Bzyb (also spelled Bzyp) is a major dialect of Abkhaz, native to the Bzyb River region of Caucasus.

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Calathus distinguendus

Calathus distinguendus is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that can be found in Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Voivodina, southern part of Russia and European part of Turkey.

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Caliphate

A caliphate (خِلافة) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (خَليفة), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community).

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Callicephalus

Callicephalus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, containing the single species Callicephalus nitens.

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Calliergon cordifolium

Calliergon cordifolium is a species of moss in the Amblystegiaceae family commonly known as the calliergon moss (though this name refers to the genus Calliergon generally) or heart-leaved spearmoss.

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Calouste Gulbenkian

Calouste Gulbenkian (Western Գալուստ Կիւլպէնկեան; 23 March 1869 – 20 July 1955) was a businessman and philanthropist of British nationality and Armenian origin.

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Calycobathra variapenella

Calycobathra variapenella is a moth in the Cosmopterigidae family.

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Campaigns of Nader Shah

The campaigns of Nader Shah were a series of conflicts fought in the early to mid-eighteenth century throughout Central Eurasia primarily by the Persian conqueror Nader Shah.

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Campanula

Campanula is one of several genera in the family Campanulaceae with the common name bellflower.

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Campanula betulifolia

Campanula betulifolia, the birch-leaved bellflower, is a flowering plant of the family Campanulaceae, native to Turkey, where it grows in crevices in volcanic cliffs.

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Campanula collina

Campanula collina, common name blue dwarf bellflower, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Campanula of the family Campanulaceae, native to the Caucasus and north-eastern Turkey.

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Campanula glomerata

Campanula glomerata, known by the common names clustered bellflower or Dane's blood, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Campanula, belonging to the family Campanulaceae.

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Camponotus lateralis

Camponotus lateralis is a species of ant in the genus Camponotus.

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Capsula algae

Capsula algae (rush wainscot) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Capture of Rasht

The Capture of Rasht, also written as Capture of Resht, occurred between December 1722 and late March 1723 amidst the successful spree of campaigns of Peter the Great during the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723).

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Capture of Shusha

The Capture of Shusha, referred to by Armenians as the Liberation of Shushi (Shushii azatagrum) and by Azerbaijanis as the Occupation of Shusha (Şuşanın işğalı) was the first significant military victory by Armenian forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

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Carcharodus alceae

Carcharodus alceae, the mallow skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae.

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Carcharodus orientalis

Carcharodus orientalis, the Oriental skipper, or Oriental marbled skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae.

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Cardamine hirsuta

Cardamine hirsuta, commonly called hairy bittercress, is an annual or biennial member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), and is edible as a bitter herb.

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Carduus pycnocephalus

Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, is a species of thistle.

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Carex nigra

Carex nigra (L.) Reichard (syn. C. acuta auct. non L.) is a perennial species of plants in the family Cyperaceae native to wetlands of Europe, western Asia, NW Africa and E North America.

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Carl Diener

Carl Diener (11 December 1862 in Vienna – 6 January 1928, Vienna) was an Austrian geographer, geologist and paleontologist.

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Carl F. Brand

Carl Fremont Brand (October 8, 1892 – March 27, 1981) was an American historian.

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Carl Ferdinand Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt

Carl Ferdinand Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt (11 March 1861, Hamburg– 24 July 1938, Innsbruck) was a German orientalist and historian.

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Carpathonesticus ljovuschkini

Carpathonesticus ljovuschkini is a species of araneomorph spider of the family Nesticidae.

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Carpatolechia decorella

Carpatolechia decorella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Carpatolechia fugitivella

Carpatolechia fugitivella, the elm groundling, is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Carpatolechia proximella

Carpatolechia proximella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Carpinus orientalis

Carpinus orientalis, known as the Oriental hornbeam, is a hornbeam native to Hungary, the Balkans, Italy, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, and the Caucasus.

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Carrhotus xanthogramma

Carrhotus xanthogramma is a species of 'jumping spiders' belonging to the family Salticidae.

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Case Blue

Case Blue (Fall Blau), later named Operation Braunschweig, was the German Armed Forces' (Wehrmacht) name for its plan for the 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942, during World War II.

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Caspian Flotilla

The Caspian Flotilla (r) is the flotilla of the Russian Navy in the Caspian Sea.

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Caspian tiger

The Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is an extinct tiger population.

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Cassida canaliculata

Cassida canaliculata is a species of beetle in the leaf beetle family, that can be found in Central, West and Eastern Europe, as well as the Caucasus, Turkey, West Kazakhstan and North Italy.

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Casualties of the Syrian Civil War

Estimates of deaths in the Syrian Civil War, per opposition activist groups, vary between 353,593 and 498,593.

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Cataphract

A cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalry used in ancient warfare by a number of peoples in Europe, East Asia, Middle East and North africa.

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Catephia alchymista

Catephia alchymista, the alchymist, is a species of moth in the Erebidae family.

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Cathedral of Talin

The Cathedral of Talin (Թալինի Կաթողիկե եկեղեցի) is a seventh-century Armenian cathedral located in the cemetery of Talin, in the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; –), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader.

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Catholic Church by country

The Catholic Church is a "Communion of Churches, both Roman and Eastern, or Oriental, that are in full communion with the Bishop of Rome (the pope)." The Church is also known as the People of God, the Body of Christ, the Temple of the Holy Spirit, among other names." According to Vatican II's "Pastoral Constitution on the Church," the "church has but one sole purpose -- that the kingdom of God may come and the salvation of the human race may be accomplished." This Communion of Churches comprises the Latin Church (or the Roman or Western Church) as well as 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, canonically called sui juris churches, each led by either a Patriarch or a Major Archbishop in full communion with the Holy See.

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Catocala sponsa

Catocala sponsa, the dark crimson underwing, is a species of moth of the Erebidae family.

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Catoptria caucasicus

Catoptria caucasicus is a species of moth in the Crambidae family described by Sergei Alphéraky in 1876.

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Catoptria laevigatellus

Catoptria laevigatellus is a species of moth in the Crambidae family described by Julius Lederer.

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Catoptria languidellus

Catoptria languidellus is a species of moth in the Crambidae family described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1863.

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Catoptria mytilella

Catoptria mytilella is a species of moth in the Crambidae family described by Jacob Hübner in 1805.

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Catoptria profluxella

Catoptria profluxella is a moth in the Crambidae family.

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Caucas

Caucas or Kavkasos (კავკასოსი) was the purported ancestor of Caucasians.

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Caucasia

Caucasia may refer to.

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Caucasian

Caucasian may refer to.

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Caucasian Albania

Albania, usually referred to as Caucasian Albania for disambiguation with the modern state of Albania (the endonym is unknownRobert H. Hewsen. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians", in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Ed.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity. Chicago: 1982, pp. 27-40.Bosworth, Clifford E.. Encyclopædia Iranica.), is a name for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus, that existed on the territory of present-day republic of Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located) and partially southern Dagestan.

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Caucasian carpets and rugs

Caucasian rugs are primarily produced as village productions rather than city pieces.

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Caucasian dhol

Caucasian Dhol is a kind of dhol drums in the Caucasus.

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Caucasian goby

The Caucasian goby (Ponticola constructor) is a species of goby native to rivers of the Caucasus draining to the Black Sea in Europe and Asia.

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Caucasian honey bee

The Caucasian honey bee (Apis mellifera caucasia, commonly misspelled caucasica) is a subspecies of the Western honey bee.

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Caucasian Journey

Caucasian Journey is a travel book written by the American foreign correspondent Negley Farson, describing his journey in the mountains of the western Caucasus in 1929.

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Caucasian lynx

The Caucasian lynx (Lynx lynx dinniki), also known as Caucasus lynx or Eastern lynx, is a subspecies of Eurasian lynx native in the Caucasus.

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Caucasian neopaganism

Caucasian Neopaganism is a category including movements of modern revival of the autochthonous religions of the indigenous peoples of the Caucasus.

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Caucasian peoples

Caucasian peoples may refer to.

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Caucasian race

The Caucasian race (also Caucasoid or Europid) is a grouping of human beings historically regarded as a biological taxon, which, depending on which of the historical race classifications used, have usually included some or all of the ancient and modern populations of Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia, Central Asia and South Asia.

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Caucasian Review of International Affairs

Caucasian Review of International Affairs is a quarterly peer-reviewed online academic journal covering the countries of the Caucasus and the issues of contemporary international relations.

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Caucasian salamander

The Caucasian salamander (Mertensiella caucasica) is a species of stream-dwelling salamander in the Salamandridae family.

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Caucasian Shepherd Dog

The Caucasian Shepherd (translit, translit, translit, translit, Qafqaz çoban iti; translit, Kafkas Çoban Köpeği, translit, translit) is a large breed of dog that is popular in Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.

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Caucasian War

The Caucasian War (Кавказская война; Kavkazskaya vojna) of 1817–1864 was an invasion of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire which resulted in Russia's annexation of the areas of the North Caucasus, and the ethnic cleansing of Circassians.

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Caucasian wisent

The Caucasian wisent (Bison bonasus caucasicus) was a subspecies of European bison that inhabited the Caucasus Mountains of Eastern Europe.

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Caucasichthys

Caucasichthys is an extinct genus of perciform bony fish which existed in Russia during the middle Eocene epoch (Bartonian age).

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Caucasicum

caucasicum is a species name, "of the Caucasus." Some genera associated with this name are.

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Caucasology

Caucasology, or Caucasiology refers to the historical and geopolitical studies of Caucasus region.

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Caucasus (disambiguation)

Caucasus or Caucasia is a geographic region in Eurasia.

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Caucasus (Fabergé egg)

The Caucasus Egg is a jewelled enameled Easter egg made by Michael Perkhin under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1893.

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Caucasus Campaign

The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dictatorship and the British Empire as part of the Middle Eastern theatre during World War I. The Caucasus Campaign extended from the South Caucasus to the Armenian Highlands region, reaching as far as Trabzon, Bitlis, Mush and Van.

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Caucasus Campaign (1735)

The Caucasus Campaign of 1734-1735 was the last great campaign of the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35) which ended in a Persian victory allowing Nader to recast Persian hegemony over almost the entire Caucasus, region, reconconquering it for the Safavid state.

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Caucasus Emirate

The Caucasus Emirate (Имарат Кавказ Imarat Kavkaz (IK); Кавказский Эмират Kavkazskiy Emirat), also known as the Caucasian Emirate, was a militant Jihadist organisation active in the southwestern region of the Russian Federation.

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Caucasus Germans

Caucasus Germans (Kaukasiendeutsche) are part of the German minority in Russia and the Soviet Union.

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Caucasus Line Cossack Host

Caucasus Line Cossack Host (Кавказское линейное казачье войско) was a Cossack host created in 1832 for the purpose of conquest of the Northern Caucasus.

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Caucasus Mountains

The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in West Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region.

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Caucasus Russians

The terms Russians of the Caucasus; Caucasus Russians; Caucasian Russians; or Krasnodar Russians all refer to ethnic Russians living in the Caucasus.

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Caucasus University

Caucasus University is a privately held university in Georgia, Caucasus.

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Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)

The Caucasus Viceroyalty was the Imperial Russian administrative and political authority in the Caucasus region exercised through the offices of glavnoupravlyayushchiy (главноуправляющий) (1801–1844, 1882–1902) and namestnik (наместник) (1844–1882, 1904–1917).

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Caucasus-Anatolian-Hyrcanian temperate forest

The Caucasus-Anatolian-Hyrcanian temperate forests is a composite ecoregion of southern Europe and West Asia, designated by the World Wildlife Fund as one of their Global 200 ecoregions, a list of priority ecoregions for conservation.

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Caucauses

Caucauses is a misspelling and may refer to.

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Cavalry

Cavalry (from the French cavalerie, cf. cheval 'horse') or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback.

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Cave bear

The cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) was a species of bear that lived in Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene and became extinct about 24,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum.

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Cave survey

A cave survey is a map of all or part of a cave system, which may be produced to meet differing standards of accuracy depending on the cave conditions and equipment available underground.

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Cave wolf

The cave wolf (Canis lupus spelaeus) is an extinct type of wolf that lived during the Late Pleistocene Ice Age.

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Cécile Vogt-Mugnier

Cécile Vogt-Mugnier (27 March 1875 – 4 May 1962) was a French neurologist from Haute-Savoie.

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Cecilia Bobrovskaya

Cecilia Samoylovna Bobrovskaya (Цецилия Самойловна Бобровская, née Zelikson; 6 July 1960) was an early Bolshevik activist, revolutionary, and memoirist.

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Celtis tournefortii

Celtis tournefortii, commonly known as the oriental hackberry is a deciduous tree in the Celtis genus.

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Centaurea

Centaurea is a genus of between 350 and 600 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

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Centaurea macrocephala

Centaurea macrocephala is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae, and a member of the thistle tribe, Cynareae.

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Center for Economic and Social Development

Center for Economic and Social Development, or CESD; in Azeri, İqtisadi və Sosial İnkişaf Mərkəzi (İSİM) is an Azeri think tank, non-profit organization, NGO based in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Center for Strategic Studies under the President of Azerbaijan

The Center for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SAM) is Azerbaijan’s first governmental, non-profit think tank founded on November 12, 2007 by the Decree of the President, Ilham Aliyev.

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Central Asia-Caucasus Institute

The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute or CACI was founded in 1996 by S. Frederick Starr, a research professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies.

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Central Asian Survey

Central Asian Survey is an academic journal first published in 1982 concerning Caucasus and Central Asian studies.

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Centre for Eastern Studies

Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW, Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich) is a Warsaw-based think tank that undertakes independent research on the political, economic and social situation in Central and Eastern Europe, Balkans, Caucasus and Central Asia.

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Centre for Turkey Studies

The Centre for Turkey Studies (CEFTUS) is a UK-based thinktank which organises discussion events on issues relating to Turkey.

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Centre International de Formation Européenne

Established in 1954, the Centre international de formation européenne （Abbreviation: CIFE.

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Cephalaria

Cephalaria is a genus of about 65 species of flowering plants in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to southern Europe, western and central Asia, and northern and southern Africa.

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Ceratoxanthis externana

Ceratoxanthis externana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Cervus

Cervus is a genus of deer that primarily are native to Eurasia, although one species occurs in northern Africa and another in North America.

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Cetotherium

Cetotherium ("whale beast") is an extinct genus of Baleen Whale whales from the family Cetotheriidae.

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Ceyhan

Ceyhan is a city and a district in the Adana Province, in southern Turkey, east of Adana.

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Chaban

The name Chaban, as well as variants such as Chabán, is a common surname and place name in several different countries.

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Chaerophyllum temulum

Chaerophyllum temulum (syn. C. temulentum), rough chervil, is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae.

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Chaetocnema obesa

Chaetocnema obesa is a species of black-coloured beetle from the family Chrysomelidae.

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Chaetocnema orientalis

Chaetocnema orientalis is a species of beetle from Chrysomelidae family.

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Chaiturus

Chaiturus is a genus of plants in the Lamiaceae, first described in 1787.

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Chalcolithic

The Chalcolithic (The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998), p. 301: "Chalcolithic /,kælkəl'lɪθɪk/ adjective Archaeology of, relating to, or denoting a period in the 4th and 3rd millennium BCE, chiefly in the Near East and SE Europe, during which some weapons and tools were made of copper. This period was still largely Neolithic in character. Also called Eneolithic... Also called Copper Age - Origin early 20th cent.: from Greek khalkos 'copper' + lithos 'stone' + -ic". χαλκός khalkós, "copper" and λίθος líthos, "stone") period or Copper Age, in particular for eastern Europe often named Eneolithic or Æneolithic (from Latin aeneus "of copper"), was a period in the development of human technology, before it was discovered that adding tin to copper formed the harder bronze, leading to the Bronze Age.

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Chaldea

Chaldea or Chaldaea was a Semitic-speaking nation that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which it and its people were absorbed and assimilated into Babylonia.

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Chamaesciadium

Chamaesciadium flavescens is a species of flowering plant in the Apiaceae, the only species of the genus Chamaesciadium.

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Chamaesphecia annellata

Chamaesphecia annellata is a moth of the family Sesiidae.

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Chamaesphecia dumonti

Chamaesphecia dumonti is a moth of the family Sesiidae.

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Chamaesphecia euceraeformis

Chamaesphecia euceraeformis is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Chamaesphecia masariformis

Chamaesphecia masariformis is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Chamaesphecia oxybeliformis

Chamaesphecia oxybeliformis is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Chamaesphecia schmidtiiformis

Chamaesphecia schmidtiiformis is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Chamaesphecia turbida

Chamaesphecia turbida is a moth of the family Sesiidae.

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Chamois

The chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) is a species of goat-antelope native to mountains in Europe, including the European Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Tatra Mountains, the Balkans, parts of Turkey, the Caucasus, and the Apennines.

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Charanyca trigrammica

The Treble Lines (Charanyca trigrammica) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Charles King (professor of international affairs)

Charles King (born 1967) is Professor of International Affairs and Government at Georgetown University, where he previously served as Chairman of the Faculty of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service.

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Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg

Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg (Carl Michael Herzog zu Mecklenburg; (Михаил Георгиевич; – 6 December 1934) was an officer in the Imperial Russian Army, heir presumptive to the throne of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and from 1918 head of the Grand Ducal House.

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Charles Thomas Marvin

Charles Thomas Marvin (1854–1890), writer on Russia.

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Charlotte Keatley

Charlotte Keatley (born 5 January 1960, London) is an English playwright.

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Charon's obol

Charon's obol is an allusive term for the coin placed in or on the mouth of a dead person before burial.

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Chazara briseis

Chazara briseis, the hermit, is a butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae.

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Chazara persephone

Chazara persephone, the dark rockbrown, is a butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae.

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Chechen refugees

During the inter-ethnic strife in Chechnya and the two separatist First and Second Chechen Wars, hundreds of thousands of Chechen refugees have left their homes and left the republic for elsewhere in Russia and abroad.

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Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Nóxçiyn Paçẋalq Içkeri noχtʃʰiːn pʰɑtʃʜɑlq nɔχtʃɪtʃʰy̯ø, Cyrillic: Нохчийн Пачхьалкх Ичкери; Чеченская Республика Ичкерия; abbreviated as "ChRI" or "CRI") is the unrecognized secessionist government of the Chechen Republic.

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Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, or Chechen-Ingush ASSR was an autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR.

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Chechens

Chechens (Нохчий; Old Chechen: Нахчой Naxçoy) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples originating in the North Caucasus region of Eastern Europe.

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Chechnya

The Chechen Republic (tɕɪˈtɕɛnskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə; Нохчийн Республика, Noxçiyn Respublika), commonly referred to as Chechnya (p; Нохчийчоь, Noxçiyçö), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia.

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Cheget

Cheget (Чегет) is a "nuclear briefcase" (named after Mount Cheget in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia) and a part of the automatic system for the pinnacle command and control of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces (SNF) named Kazbek (Казбек, after Mount Kazbek).

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Cheilotoma erythrostoma

Cheilotoma erythrostoma is a species of leaf beetles from the subfamily Cryptocephalinae.

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Cheilotoma musciformis

Cheilotoma musciformis is a species of leaf beetles from the subfamily Cryptocephalinae.

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Chelidonium

Chelidonium majus, (commonly known as greater celandine or tetterwort, (although tetterwort also refers to Sanguinaria canadensis), nipplewort, or swallowwort) is a herbaceous perennial plant, one of two species in the genus Chelidonium.

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Chelis reticulata

Chelis reticulata is a moth in the family Erebidae.

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Chernov's skink

Chernov's skink (Ablepharus chernovi) is a species of skinks, a lizard in the family Scincidae.

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Chersotis cuprea

Chersotis cuprea is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Chersotis elegans

Chersotis elegans is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Chersotis laeta

Chersotis laeta is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Chersotis multangula

Chersotis multangula is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Chervil

Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium), sometimes called French parsley or garden chervil (to distinguish it from similar plants also called chervil), is a delicate annual herb related to parsley.

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Chicken tabaka

Chicken tabaka (წიწილა ტაბაკა tsitsila tabaka) or chicken tapaka (წიწილა ტაფაკა tsitsila tapaka) is a traditional GeorgianEncyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian, Smorodinskaya, Karen Evans-Romaine, Helena Goscilo, p. 380Goldstein, Darra.

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Chifir'

Chifir (Чифи́рь čifir' or alternatively, чифи́р čifir, without the soft sign) is a type of strong tea strongly associated with and brewed in Russian prisons.

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Chilades galba

Chilades galba is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

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Chingiz Mustafayev

Chingiz Mustafayev (Çingiz Fuad oğlu Mustafayev; August 29, 1960 – June 15, 1992) was one of the most notable independent Azerbaijani journalists, who was posthumously bestowed by state order as National Hero of Azerbaijan.

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Chionodes fumatella

Chionodes fumatella, the downland groundling, is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Chionodes holosericella

Chionodes holosericella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Chionodes lugubrella

Chionodes lugubrella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Chloantha hyperici

Chloantha hyperici, the pale-shouldered cloud, is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Chlorophorus varius

Chlorophorus varius, the grape wood borer, is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Choerades fimbriata

Choerades fimbriata is a fly in the genus of robber flies.

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Chokha

A chokha (ჩოხა or ტალავარი; akʷymzhʷy; tsiya; czugha; choukha; çuxa; ҫoqib; tsei; chukha; cuqqa; cherkeska; cherkeska) is a woolen coat with a high neck that is part of the traditional male dress of the peoples of the Caucasus.

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Chormaqan

Chormaqan (also Chormagan or Chormaqan Noyan) (died c. 1241) was one of the most famous generals of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan.

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Chortodes fluxa

The Mere Wainscot (Chortodes fluxa) is a species of moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Chosroid dynasty

The Khosroianni (ხოსროიანები; ხოსროიანნი), Latinized as Chosroids, also known as the Iberian Mihranids or Mihranids of Iberia, were a dynasty of the kings and later of the presiding princes of the early Georgian state of Iberia, natively known as Kartli, from the 4th to the 9th centuries.

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Chris Impey

Christopher David Impey (born 25 January 1956) is a British astronomer, educator, and author.

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Christian culture

Christian culture is the cultural practices common to Christianity.

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Christian influences in Islam

Christian influences in Islam could be traced back to the Eastern Christianity, which surrounded the origins of Islam.

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Christian von Steven

Christian von Steven (Христиан Христианович Стевен - Khristian Khristianovich Steven; 19 January 1781, in Fredrikshamn, Finland – 30 April 1863, in Simferopol, Crimea) was a Finnish-born Russian botanist and entomologist.

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Christianity in Iran

Christianity has a long history in Iran, dating back to the early years of the faith, and pre-dating Islam.

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Christianity in the United States

Christianity is the most adhered to religion in the United States, with 75% of polled American adults identifying themselves as Christian in 2015.

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Christianization of Iberia

The Christianization of Iberia (ქართლის გაქრისტიანება kartlis gakrist'ianeba) refers to the spread of Christianity in an early 4th century by the sermon of Saint Nino in an ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli, known as Iberia in Classical antiquity, which resulted in declaring it as a state religion by then-pagan King Mirian III of Iberia.

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Christina B. Rocca

Christina B. Rocca (born c. 1958) was United States Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs from 2001 to 2006.

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Christopher Lieven

Prince Christopher Henry von Lieven, Lord of Mesothen (Kristofers Heinrihs fon Līvens; Христофор Андреевич Ливен; Christoph Heinrich von Liewen; Christoffer Henrik von Liewen af Eksjö; Christophe de Lieven; 6 May 1774 – 10 January 1839) was a Livonian nobleman, Russian general, ambassador to London in 1812–1834, and educator of tsesarevich Alexander Nikolaievitch.

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Christophor Araratov

Christophor Araratov (Քրիստափոր Արարատեան; Kristap'or Araratian, Христофор Араратян (Араратов)) (18 June 1876 – 10 December 1937), also known as Khachatur Araratian and Kristapor Araratian, was a career officer of the Russian Imperial Army.

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Chrysochares asiaticus

Chrysochares asiaticus is a species of beetles belonging to the Chrysomelidae family, Eumolpinae, in the Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia.

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Chrysolina fastuosa

Chrysolina fastuosa, also known as the dead-nettle leaf beetle, is a species of beetle from a family of Chrysomelidae found in Europe, Caucasus and northern Turkey.

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Chrysolina herbacea

Chrysolina herbacea, also known as the Mint Leaf Beetle, or Green Mint Beetle (in the UK), is a species of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae.

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Church of Caucasian Albania

The Albanian Apostolic Church or the Church of Caucasian Albania was an ancient briefly independent autocephalous Igor Kuznetsov.

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Church of Saint George (Kldisubani)

The Qarapi Saint Gevorg church (კლდისუბნის წმ.- "Kldisubnis tsminda giorgis eklesia"; Քարափի Սուրբ Գևորգ եկեղեցի, or Karapi Surb Gevorg Yekeghetsi) is an 18th-century church at the foot of the Narikala citadel in Old Tbilisi, Georgia.

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Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War

Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War: How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World, is a book by Patrick J. Buchanan, published in May 2008.

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Chuvashia

The Chuvash Republic (Чува́шская Респу́блика — Чува́шия, Chuvashskaya Respublika — Chuvashiya; Чӑваш Республики, Čăvaš Respubliki), or Chuvashia (Чува́шия Chuvashiya; Чӑваш Ен, Čăvaš Jen), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic).

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Chymsydia

Chymsydia is a genus of flowering plant in the Apiaceae, native to the Caucasus.

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Cihangirzade İbrahim Bey

Cihangirzade İbrahim Bey (1874–1948), known as İbrahim Aydın after the 1934 Surname Law in Turkey, although he is more commonly called under the name he was known prior to the law) was a Turkish military officer, statesman, and administrator who served the Ottoman Empire and after its defeat in World War I, became the leader of the Turkish revolutionaries in his native Kars and in southwest Caucasia. After the Armistice of Mudros, he led the First Congress of Ardahan, establishing a local administration, and was later declared the head of the Southwest Caucasian National Resistance Government on 5 November 1918. This movement took control of the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Batum in late 1918. In the Second Congress of Ardahan, held between 7 and 9 January 1919, Cihangirzade Ibrahim Bey was elected as the First President of the Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus. Cihangirzade worked for the recognition of the republic and the independence of its territory. On 13 April 1919, the capital of the republic, Kars, was occupied by the British troops under the command of General William M. Thomson and after a period of local resistance he was arrested by the British forces and sent, through Batum and İstanbul, to a one-year exile in Malta (see Malta exiles) together with 11 members of his cabinet. After his return from Malta, he served as mayor of Kars between 1921-1927. He died in 1948. A cenotaph to his memory was erected in Kars in 2003 and a municipal park in the city carries his name.

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Cil, Azerbaijan

Cil (also, Kazımlı Cil and Dzhil’) is a village and municipality in the Lankaran Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Cimmerians

The Cimmerians (also Kimmerians; Greek: Κιμμέριοι, Kimmérioi) were an ancient people, who appeared about 1000 BC and are mentioned later in 8th century BC in Assyrian records.

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Cinereous vulture

The cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) is a large raptorial bird that is distributed through much of Eurasia.

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Circassia

Circassia (Адыгэ Хэку, Черке́сия, ჩერქეზეთი, شيركاسيا, Çerkesya) is a region in the and along the northeast shore of the Black Sea.

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Circassian Day of Mourning

The North Caucasus is the homeland of the Circassians.

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Circassian diaspora

The Circassian diaspora refers to the resettlement of the Circassian population, especially during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

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Circassian genocide

The Circassian genocide was the Russian Empire's ethnic cleansing, killing, forced migration, and expulsion of the majority of the Circassians from their historical homeland Circassia, which roughly encompassed the major part of the North Caucasus and the northeast shore of the Black Sea.

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Circassians

The Circassians (Черкесы Čerkesy), also known by their endonym Adyghe (Circassian: Адыгэхэр Adygekher, Ады́ги Adýgi), are a Northwest Caucasian nation native to Circassia, many of whom were displaced in the course of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the 19th century, especially after the Russian–Circassian War in 1864.

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Circassians in Iran

The Circassians in Iran (East Circassian and West Circassian: Адыгэхэр Къажэрей, Adyghexer Kŭazhéreĭ; چرکس های ایران) are an ethnic minority in Iran.

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Circassians in Israel

Circassians in Israel (Адыгэхэу Исраэл исыхэр; הצ'רקסים בישראל) refers to the Circassian people who live in Israel.

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Circumboreal Region

The Circumboreal Region in phytogeography is a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom in Eurasia and North America, as delineated by such geobotanists as Josias Braun-Blanquet and Armen Takhtajan.

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Ciscaucasian hamster

The Ciscaucasian hamster (Mesocricetus raddei) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.

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Civilitas Foundation

The Civilitas Foundation. The Civilitas Foundation (Սիվիլիթաս հիմնադրամ) is an Armenian non-profit organization based in Yerevan, Armenia, and established in October 2008 by Armenia's former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vartan Oskanian.

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Cladochaeta (plant)

Cladochaeta is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family.

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Claim of the biblical descent of the Bagrationi dynasty

A legend that the Georgian royal Bagrationi dynasty were of a Hebrew origin and descended from the David dates back to the family's appearance on the Georgian soil in the latter half of the eight century.

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Claire Mouradian

Claire Mouradian (Կլեր Մուրադյան, born in 1951) is a French historian of Armenian origin who specializes in the history and geopolitics of Caucasus and, more specifically, in the history of Armenia and Armenian diaspora.

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Clarence Ussher

Clarence Douglas Ussher (September 9, 1870 – September 20, 1955) was an American physician and missionary in the Van region during the Armenian Genocide, where he reported that 55,000 Armenians had been killed.

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Clash of Civilizations

The Clash of Civilizations is a hypothesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world.

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Class of the Titans

Class of the Titans is a Canadian animated television series created by Studio B Productions and Nelvana Limited.

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Classical Anatolia

Anatolia, also known by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is considered to be the westernmost extent of Asia.

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Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th or 6th century AD centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.

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Claude Aurelius Elliott

Sir Claude Aurelius Elliott OBE, MA, (27 July 1888 – 21 November 1973) was Head Master of Eton College at Windsor in Berkshire, and was later Provost at the same school.

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Cleistogenes

Cleistogenes is a genus of Eurasian flowering plants in the grass family.

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Cleonymia opposita

Cleonymia opposita is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Cleora cinctaria

Cleora cinctaria, the ringed carpet, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Clepsis altitudinarius

Clepsis altitudinarius is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Clifton Maloney

Clifton Harlan Wells Maloney (October 15, 1937 – September 25, 2009) was an American businessman.

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Climate of Azerbaijan

The climate of Azerbaijan is very diverse.

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Clinton Thomas Dent

Clinton Thomas Dent FRCS (7 December 1850 – 26 August 1912) was an English surgeon, author and mountaineer.

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Clive Phillipps-Wolley

Sir Clive Phillipps-Wolley (born Edward Clive Oldnall Long Phillipps, 3 April 1853 – 8 July 1918) was a British-Canadian official, author and big game hunter.

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Clusivity

In linguistics, clusivity is a grammatical distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive "we" and exclusive "we".

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Clytra nigrocincta

Clytra nigrocincta is a species of leaf beetles in the subfamily Cryptocephalinae, that can be found in eastern Turkey, Syria, Iraq, the Caucasus and in the northern part of Iran.

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Clytra novempunctata

Clytra novempunctata is a species of leaf beetles in the subfamily Cryptocephalinae.

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Cnidiocarpa

Cnidiocarpa is a genus of flowering plant in the Apiaceae, native to the Caucasus and Southwest Asia.

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Coal tit

The coal tit (Periparus ater) is a passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae.

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Coat of arms of Georgia (country)

The coat of arms of Georgia is one of the national symbols of the republic.

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Coat of arms of Ossetia

The coat of arms of Ossetia is a disk gules with a Persian leopard passant or with sable spots on a ground or with as background seven mountains argent (i.e. a red disk with a golden leopard with black spots standing on a golden ground and with seven white mountains in the background).

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Cochylimorpha nomadana

Cochylimorpha nomadana is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Cochylis similana

Cochylis similana is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Colchian culture

Colchian culture (კოლხური კულტურა; 8000 BC to 600 BC) is Neolithic - an early Bronze Age and Iron Age culture of the western Caucasus, mostly in western Georgia.

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Colchic nase

The Colchic nase or Transcaucasian nase (Chondrostoma colchicum) is a species of freshwater fish in the Cyprinidae family.

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Colchicum

Colchicum is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms.

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Colchicum bulbocodium

Colchicum bulbocodium, the spring meadow saffron, is a species of alpine bulbs native to mountain ranges across Europe from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus (Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Romania, the former Yugoslavia, Ukraine, southern European Russia).

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Colchicum laetum

Colchicum laetum is a species of Colchicum found in south east Russia through to the Caucasus.

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Colchicum speciosum

Colchicum speciosum is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae, native to mountainous areas of northern Turkey, the Caucasus and northern Iran.

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Colchicum trigynum

Colchicum trigynum is a species of plants native to Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus, often grown as an ornamental plant outside its native range.

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Cold War II

Cold War II (also called the New Cold War or Second Cold War) is a term used to describe an ongoing state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power-blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia and/or China, and the other led by the United States, European Union, and NATO.

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Coleophora kuehnella

Coleophora kuehnella is a moth of the Coleophoridae family.

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Coleophora squamosella

Coleophora squamosella is a moth of the Coleophoridae family.

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Coleophora sternipennella

Coleophora sternipennella is a moth of the Coleophoridae family.

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Coleophora subnivea

Coleophora subnivea is a moth of the Coleophoridae family.

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Coleophora virgaureae

Coleophora virgaureae is a moth of the Coleophoridae family.

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Colias aurorina

Colias aurorina, the Greek clouded butterfly or dawn clouded yellow, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae.

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Colias caucasica

Colias caucasica, the Balkan clouded yellow, is a butterfly in the Pieridae family.

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Colias thisoa

Colias thisoa is a butterfly in the family Pieridae.

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Collaboration with the Axis Powers

Within nations occupied by the Axis Powers in World War II, some citizens and organizations, prompted by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, antisemitism, opportunism, self-defense, or often a combination, knowingly collaborated with the Axis Powers.

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Collective punishment

Collective punishment is a form of retaliation whereby a suspected perpetrator's family members, friends, acquaintances, sect, neighbors or entire ethnic group is targeted.

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Color terminology for race

Identifying human races in terms of skin color, at least as one among several physiological characteristics, has been common since antiquity.

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Colostygia pectinataria

Colostygia pectinataria, the green carpet, is a moth of the genus Colostygia in the family Geometridae.

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Comando Truppe Alpine

The Comando Truppe Alpine (Alpine Troops Command) or COMTA (formerly also COMALP) commands the Mountain Troops of the Italian Army, called Alpini and various support and training units.

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Combined Bandurist Capella

The Combined Kiev Bandurist Capella, also known as the Ukrainian State Exemplary Bandurist Capella, was a Ukrainian bandurist ensemble in the Soviet Union which existed from 1935 to 1941, until it was disbanded due to World War II.

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Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Borderlands of Russia

The Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Borderlands of Russia (Комиссия по изучению племенного состава населения России и сопредельных стран, shortened to КИПС, KIPS) was set up in February 1917 by Sergey Oldenburg under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Committee of Independent Georgia

The Committee of Independent Georgia (დამოუკიდებელი საქართველოს კომიტეტი), also known as the Georgian Committee, was a political organization formed in 1914 by Georgian émigrés and students in Germany during World War I. It aimed at ending Imperial Russian rule in Georgia and reasserting the country’s independence under German protection.

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Committee of Union and Progress

The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti إتحاد و ترقى جمیعتی), later Party of Union and Progress (İttihad ve Terakki Fırkası, Birlik ve İlerleme Partisi) began as a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti) in Istanbul on February 6, 1889 by medical students Ibrahim Temo, Mehmed Reshid, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti, Ali Hüseyinzade, Kerim Sebatî, Mekkeli Sabri Bey, Nazım Bey, Şerafettin Mağmumi, Cevdet Osman and Giritli Şefik.

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Common bleak

The common bleak (Alburnus alburnus) is a small freshwater coarse fish of the cyprinid family.

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Common buzzard

The common buzzard (Buteo buteo) is a medium-to-large bird of prey whose range covers most of Europe and extends into Asia.

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Common chaffinch

The common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), usually known simply as the chaffinch, is a common and widespread small passerine bird in the finch family.

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Common chiffchaff

The common chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), or simply the chiffchaff, is a common and widespread leaf warbler which breeds in open woodlands throughout northern and temperate Europe and Asia.

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Common parsley frog

The common parsley frog (Pelodytes punctatus) is a very small and slender frog with long hindlegs, flat head and vertical pupils.

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Common pheasant

The common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is a bird in the pheasant family (Phasianidae).

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Common raven

The common raven (Corvus corax), also known as the northern raven, is a large all-black passerine bird.

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Common rosefinch

The common rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus) or scarlet rosefinch is the most widespread and common rosefinch of Asia and Europe.

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Common starling

The common starling (Sturnus vulgaris), also known as the European starling, or in the British Isles just the starling, is a medium-sized passerine bird in the starling family, Sturnidae.

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Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations

The Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations (Сообщество за демократию и права народов), also commonly known as Commonwealth of Unrecognized States, rarely as CIS-2 (Содружество непризнанных государств, СНГ-2), is an international organisation uniting several states in the former Soviet Union, all of which have limited recognition from the international community.

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Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism

A number of authors have carried out comparisons of Nazism and Stalinism, in which they have considered the similarities and differences of the two ideologies and political systems, what relationship existed between the two regimes, and why both of them came to prominence at the same time.

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Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics

There were many controversies and concerns affecting the 2014 Winter Olympics.

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Concubinage

Concubinage is an interpersonal and sexual relationship in which the couple are not or cannot be married.

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Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus

Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus (Конфедерация горских народов Кавказа) was a militarised political organisation in the Caucasus, active around the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, between 1991 and 1994.

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Conosyrphus

Conosyrphus is a genus of 2 species of Hoverfly, one (volucellinus) a unique endemic of the Caucasus region and the other characteristic of the Siberian arctic.

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Constantine I of Georgia

Constantine I (კონსტანტინე I, Konstantine I) (died 1412) was King of Georgia from 1405 or 1407 until his death in 1412.

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Corien Wortmann-Kool

C.M. (Corien) Wortmann-Kool (born 27 June 1959 in Oud-Alblas) is a Dutch politician for the Christian Democratic Appeal (Christen-Democratisch Appèl).

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Corsac fox

The corsac fox (Vulpes corsac), also known simply as a corsac, is a medium-sized fox found in steppes, semi-deserts and deserts in Central Asia, ranging into Mongolia and northeastern China.

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Corylus avellana

Corylus avellana, the common hazel, is a species of hazel native to Europe and western Asia, from the British Isles south to Iberia, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, north to central Scandinavia, and east to the central Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, and northwestern Iran.

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Corylus colchica

Corylus colchica is species of hazelnut endemic to Armenia and Georgia in the Caucasus region.

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Cosmia pyralina

The Lunar-spotted Pinion (Cosmia pyralina) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Cossack Lullaby

"The Cossack Lullaby"() is a cradle song that Russian writer Mikhail Lermontov wrote in 1838 during his exile in Caucasus.

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Cossacks

Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.

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Cotinus coggygria

Cotinus coggygria, syn. Rhus cotinus, the European smoketree, Eurasian smoketree, smoke tree, smoke bush, or dyer's sumach is a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae, native to a large area from southern Europe, east across central Asia and the Himalayas to northern China.

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Cotoneaster integerrimus

Cotoneaster integerrimus (Common Cotoneaster) is a species of Cotoneaster native to central and eastern Europe and southwest Asia, from southern Belgium and eastern France south to Italy, and east through Germany to the Balkans, northern Turkey, the Crimea, the Caucasus and northern Iran; plants in Spain may also belong in this species.

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Count Johann Nepomuk Wilczek

Count Johann (Hans) Nepomuk Wilczek (Hans Graf Wilczek; 7 December 1837 – 27 January 1922) was an Austrian arctic explorer and patron of the arts.

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Count Nikolay Adlerberg

Count Nikolay Vladimirovich Adlerberg (Николай Владимирович Адлерберг; 19 May 1819 – 25 December 1892), Councilor of State, Chamberlain, governor of Taganrog, Simferopol and Finland.

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Crambe cordifolia

Crambe cordifolia, syn. Crambe glabrata DC. (greater sea-kale, colewort, heartleaf crambe) is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the Caucasus.

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Craniophora ligustri

Craniophora ligustri, the coronet, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Crataegus heterophylla

Crataegus heterophylla, known as the various-leaved Hawthorn, is of uncertain origin.

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Crataegus monogyna

Crataegus monogyna, known as common hawthorn or single-seeded hawthorn, is a species of hawthorn native to Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia.

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Crataegus orientalis

Crataegus orientalis, known as oriental hawthorn, is a species of hawthorn native to the Mediterranean region, Turkey, Caucasia, Crimea, and western Iran, with fruits that are orange or various shades of red.

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Crepis paludosa

Crepis paludosa, the marsh hawk's-beard, is a European species of plants in the dandelion tribe within the sunflower family.

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Crepis pannonica

Crepis pannonica (pasture hawksbeard) is a European species of flowering plant in the daisy family.

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Crested lark

The crested lark (Galerida cristata) is a species of lark distinguished from the other 81 species of lark by the crest of feathers that rise up in territorial or courtship displays and when singing.

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Crime in Russia

Crime in Russia is combated by the Russian police and other agencies.

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Crimea

Crimea (Крым, Крим, Krym; Krym; translit;; translit) is a peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast.

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Crimea Railway

The Crimea Railway (Крымская железная дорога) is a railroad located in Crimea, providing passenger and freight services to Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea.

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Crimean People's Republic

The Crimean People's Republic (Qırım Halq Cumhuriyeti) (Крымская народная республика) existed from December 1917 to January 1918 in the Crimean Peninsula, a territory currently disputed between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

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Crimean Submediterranean forest complex

The Crimean Submediterranean forest complex ecoregion, in the temperate mixed forest biome of Ukraine and Russia.

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Crimean Tatars

Crimean Tatars or Crimeans (Crimean Tatar: Qırımtatarlar, qırımlar, Kırım Tatarları, Крымские Татары, крымцы, Кримськi Татари, кримцi) are a Turkic ethnic group that formed in the Crimean Peninsula during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily from the Turkic tribes that moved to the land now known as Crimea in Eastern Europe from the Asian steppes beginning in the 10th century, with contributions from the pre-Cuman population of Crimea.

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Crimean War

The Crimean War (or translation) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia.

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Crocallis tusciaria

Crocallis tusciaria, the smoky scalloped oak, is a species of moth of the Geometridae family.

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Crocus biflorus

Crocus biflorus, the silvery crocus, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae, native to southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, including Italy, the Balkans, Ukraine, Turkey, Caucasus, Iraq, and Iran.

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Crocus speciosus

Crocus speciosus, with common name Bieberstein's crocus, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae.

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Cruciada împotriva comunismului

The Cruciada împotriva comunismului ("Crusade Against Communism", in reference to Operation Barbarossa) was a Romanian World War II medal, instituted on April 1, 1942 by the Royal Decree No.

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Cruciata laevipes

Cruciata laevipes is a species of flowering plant in the Rubiaceae family.

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Crypsis (genus)

Crypsis is an African and Eurasian plant in the grass samily sometimes referred to as pricklegrass.

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Cryptocephalus flavipes

Cryptocephalus flavipes is a beetle belonging to the family Cryptocephalus.

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Cucullia absinthii

Cucullia absinthii, the wormwood, is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Cucullia argentina

Cucullia argentina is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Cucullia improba

Cucullia improba is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Cucullia lactucae

The Lettuce Shark (Cucullia lactucae) is a species of moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Cucullia santolinae

Cucullia santolinae is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Culture of Abkhazia

Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny, Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti, Abkhazia) is a de facto independent, partially recognised country lying on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, its southern border.

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Culture of Artsakh

Culture of Artsakh (formerly known as Nagorno-Karabakh) includes artifacts of tangible and intangible culture that has been historically associated with Artsakh and Nagorno-Karabakh—a historical province in the Southern Caucasus most of which is controlled by the Republic of Artsakh.

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Culture of Iran

The culture of Iran (Farhang-e Irān), also known as culture of Persia, is one of the oldest in the world.

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Culture of Romania

The culture of Romania is the product of its geography and its distinct historical evolution.

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Culture of the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman culture evolved over several centuries as the ruling administration of the Turks absorbed, adapted and modified the cultures of conquered lands and their peoples.

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Cumans

The Cumans (Polovtsi) were a Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation.

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Cutandia

Cutandia is a genus of Asian and Mediterranean plants in the grass family.

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Cyber-nationalism

Cyber-nationalism (internet-nationalism, online-nationalism) is nationalism which bases its activity on the internet.

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Cychrus aeneus

Cychrus aeneus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily of Carabinae.

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Cyclamen coum

Cyclamen coum, the eastern sowbread, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Cyclamen (subgenus Gyrophoebe series Pubipedia).

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Cyclophora albipunctata

Cyclophora albipunctata, the birch mocha, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Cyclophora puppillaria

The Blair's mocha (Cyclophora puppillaria) is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Cyclophora quercimontaria

Cyclophora quercimontaria is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Cyclops

A cyclops (Κύκλωψ, Kyklōps; plural cyclopes; Κύκλωπες, Kyklōpes), in Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, is a member of a primordial race of giants, each with a single eye in the center of his forehead.

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Cyminology

Cyminology is a jazz band based in Berlin with culturally and ethnically diverse influences.

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Cynological Federation of Georgia

Cynology refers to the study of dogs, usually by enthusiasts and breeders.

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Cynosurus

Cynosurus is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the grass family.

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Cyprinus carpio carpio

Cyprinus carpio carpio is a subspecies of the common carp is commonly found in Europe.

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Cyril Toumanoff

Cyril Leo Heraclius, Prince Toumanoff (Кирилл Львович Туманов; 13 October 1913 – 4 February 1997) was a Russian-born American historian and genealogist who mostly specialized in the history and genealogies of medieval Georgia, Armenia, Iran and the Byzantine Empire.

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Cyrillic alphabets

Numerous Cyrillic alphabets are based on the Cyrillic script.

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Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script is a writing system used for various alphabets across Eurasia (particularity in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and North Asia).

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Cyrus the Great

Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš; New Persian: کوروش Kuruš;; c. 600 – 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great  and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.

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Cyrus the Great in the Quran

Cyrus the Great in the Quran is a theory that holds that the character of Dhul-Qarnayn, mentioned in the Quran, should be identified with Cyrus the Great, or at least he is a better fit than the other proposed figures.

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Czech Hiking Markers System

The Czech Hiking Markers Standard is an international system of hiking markers for tourist trails, used in more countries than any competing standard.

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Daedalea quercina

Daedalea quercina is a species of mushroom in the order Polyporales, and the type species of the genus Daedalea.

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Dagestan Oblast

The Dagestan Oblast (Дагестанская область) was an oblast (province) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire.

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Dagestan uprising

The Dagestan uprising of 1920-1921 was an event during the Russian Civil War (the Murid War of 1830-1859 took place in the same area).

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Dagomys River

Dagomys is a river in the Caucasus that flows into the Black Sea.

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Dala'il al-Khayrat

Dala'il al-Khayrat or Dalaail u'l Khayraat Wa Shawaariq u'l Anwaar Fee Zikri's Salaat Alan Nabiyyi'l Mukhtaar (meaning the Waymarks of Benefits and the Brilliant Burst of Lights in the Remembrance of Blessings on the Chosen Prophet) is a famous collection of prayers for the Islamic prophet Muhammad, which was written by the Moroccan Shadhili Sufi and Islamic scholar Muhammad Sulaiman al-Jazuli ash Shadhili (died 1465).

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Dali (goddess)

Dali (also Daal or Dæl; Georgian: დალი) is a goddess who appears in the Georgian mythology of the Caucasus region.

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Damal

Damal, formerly Petereke, is a town and district of Ardahan Province of Turkey, on the road from Kars to Posof.

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Damnazes

Damnazes (დამნაზე; Δαμνάζης; died 522.) was a 6th-century king of Lazica (western Georgia), a contemporary of the Sassanid king of Iran Kavadh I. Damnazes, like other kings of Late Antique Lazica, are mentioned by the contemporary chronicles in the context of the rivalry between the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and Sassanid Iran in the Caucasus.

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Danthonia

Danthonia is a genus of Eurasian, North African, and American plants in the grass family.

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Danthoniastrum

Danthoniastrum is a genus of Balkan and Caucasian plants in the grass family.

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Daphne caucasica

Daphne caucasica is a shrub, of the family Thymelaeaceae.

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Daphne glomerata

Daphne glomerata is a shrub, of the family Thymelaeaceae.

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Dariel

Dariel: a romance of Surrey is a novel by R. D. Blackmore published in 1897.

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Darius I

Darius I (Old Persian: Dārayava(h)uš, New Persian: rtl Dāryuš;; c. 550–486 BCE) was the fourth king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

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Dark bush-cricket

The dark bush-cricket (Pholidoptera griseoaptera) is a flightless species of bush-cricket.

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Dasypyrum

Dasypyrum is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the grass family, native to the basins of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas.

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Dasypyrum villosum

Dasypyrum villosum is a species of annual grass in the Poaceae family, found in It is native to eastern and southern Europe and Western Asia from the Balearic Islands to Turkmenistan, including in the Mediterranean and the Caucasus regions.

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David Avanesyan

David Gavrushevich Avanesyan (Давид Гаврушевич Аванесян; born 15 August 1988) is a Russian professional boxer.

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David Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia

The David Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia is a principal museum of the Jewish history and culture in Tbilisi, Georgia.

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David Gareja monastery complex

David Gareja (tr) is a rock-hewn Georgian Orthodox monastery complex located in the Kakheti region of Eastern Georgia, on the half-desert slopes of Mount Gareja, some 60–70 km southeast of Georgia's capital Tbilisi.

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David Grimm (architect)

David Ivanovich Grimm (Дави́д Ива́нович Гримм; April 4, 1823 in Saint Petersburg – 1898) was a Russian architect, educator and historian of art of Byzantine Empire, Georgia and Armenia.

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David Icke

David Vaughan Icke (born 29 April 1952) is an English writer and public speaker.

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David III of Tao

David III Kuropalates (Davit’ III Kuropalati) or David III the Great (დავით III დიდი, Davit’ III Didi), also known as David II, (c. 930s – 1001) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid family of Tao, a historic region in the Georgian–Armenian marchlands, from 966 until his murder in 1001.

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David IV of Georgia

David IV, also known as David the Builder (დავით აღმაშენებელი) (1073– 24 January 1125), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king of Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125.

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David Marshall Lang

David Marshall Lang (6 May 1924 – 20 March 1991), was a Professor of Caucasian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

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David Rigert

David Adamovich Rigert (Давид Ада́мович Ри́герт; born 12 March 1947 in the village of Nagornoye, Kokchetav Oblast, Kazakh SSR) was an Olympic weightlifter for the Soviet Union.

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David Soslan

David Soslan (დავით სოსლანი) (died 1207) was a prince from Alania and second husband of Queen Tamar, whom he married in c. 1189.

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Davutlar

Davutlar is a town in Aydın Province, Turkey.

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Dayereh

A dayereh (or doyra, dojra, dajre, doira, dajreja, daire) is a medium-sized frame drum with jingles, used to accompany both popular and classical music in Bukharan Jews, Iran (Persia), Azerbaijan (known as qaval), the Caucasus, the Balkans, and many Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

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Death of the Poet

"Death of the Poet" (Смерть Поэта) is an 1837 poem by Mikhail Lermontov, written in reaction to the death of Alexander Pushkin.

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Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire

Beginning from the late eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation.

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Deep operation

Deep operation (glubokaya operatsiya), also known as Soviet Deep Battle, was a military theory developed by the Soviet Union for its armed forces during the 1920s and 1930s.

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Demna of Georgia

Demna (a hypocorism for Demetrius, დემეტრე) (born before 1155 - died c. 1178) was a Georgian royal prince and pretender to the throne proclaimed as king during the failed nobles’ revolt of 1177/8.

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Democracy and Totalitarianism

Democracy and Totalitarianism is a book by French philosopher and political scientist Raymond Aron.

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Democratic Republic of Georgia

The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა) existed from May 1918 to February 1921 and was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia. The DRG was created after the collapse of the Russian Empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917. Its established borders were with the Kuban People's Republic and the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus in the north, the Ottoman Empire and the First Republic of Armenia in the south, and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in the southeast. It had a total land area of roughly 107,600 km2 (by comparison, the total area of today's Georgia is 69,700 km2), and a population of 2.5 million. The republic's capital was Tbilisi, and its state language was Georgian. Proclaimed on May 26, 1918, on the break-up of the Transcaucasian Federation, it was led by the Georgian Social Democratic Party (also known as the Georgian Menshevik Party). Facing permanent internal and external problems, the young state was unable to withstand invasion by the Russian SFSR Red Armies, and collapsed between February and March 1921 to become a Soviet republic.

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Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans

Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans have been derived by either the compilation of registered dead and missing persons or by a comparison of pre-war and post-war population data.

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Demographics of Europe

Figures for the population of Europe vary according to how one defines the boundaries of Europe.

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Demographics of Iran

Iran's population increased dramatically during the later half of the 20th century, reaching about 80 million by 2016.

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Demographics of Russia

The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status and other aspects.

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Demographics of the Ottoman Empire

This article is about the demographics of the Ottoman Empire, including population density, ethnicity, education level, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Demon (poem)

Demon (italic) is a poem by Mikhail Lermontov, written in several versions in the years 1829 to 1839.

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Denisovan

The Denisovans or Denisova hominins) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo.

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Denticucullus pygmina

Denticucullus pygmina, the small wainscot, is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Deportation of the Balkars

The Deportation of the Balkars was the expulsion by the Soviet government of the entire Balkar population of the North Caucasus to Central Asia on March8, 1944, during World War II.

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Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush

The Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, also known as Aardakh (Aardax), Operation Lentil (Чечевица, Chechevitsa; Вайнах махкахбахар Vaynax Maxkaxbaxar) was the Soviet forced transfer of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia on February 23, 1944, during World War II.

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Deportation of the Crimean Tatars

The deportation of the Crimean Tatars (Crimean Tatar Qırımtatar sürgünligi; Ukrainian Депортація кримських татар; Russian Депортация крымских татар) was the ethnic cleansing of at least 191,044 Tatars from Crimea in May 1944.

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Depressaria badiella

Depressaria badiella is a moth of the Depressariidae family.

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Depressaria chaerophylli

Depressaria chaerophylli is a moth of the Depressariidae family.

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Depressaria depressana

Blunt’s flat-body or purple carrot-seed moth (Depressaria depressana) is a moth of the Depressariidae family.

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Depression (economics)

In economics, a depression is a sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies.

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Derbent

Derbent (Дербе́нт; دربند; Dərbənd; Кьвевар; Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea, north of the Azerbaijani border.

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Derbent Khanate

The Derbent Khanate (خانات دربند — Khānāt-e Darband, Dərbənd xanlığı) was a Caucasian khanate that was established in Afsharid Iran.

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Deroceras bakurianum

Deroceras bakurianum is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Agriolimacidae.

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Dervish

A dervish or darvesh (from درویش, Darvīsh) is someone guiding a Sufi Muslim ascetic down a path or "tariqah", known for their extreme poverty and austerity.

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Deschampsia

Deschampsia is a genus of plants in the grass family, commonly known as hair grass or tussock grass.

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Deserticossus volgensis

Deserticossus volgensis is a species of moth of the Cossidae family.

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Developing country

A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

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Dhole

The dhole (Cuon alpinus) is a canid native to Central, South and Southeast Asia.

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Diachrysia chrysitis

Diachrysia chrysitis, the burnished brass, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Diachrysia stenochrysis

Diachrysia stenochrysis is a species of moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Dianthus armeria

Dianthus armeria (Deptford Pink or Grass PinkDickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004) ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p. 234.) is a species of Dianthus ("pink") native to most of Europe, from Portugal north to southern Scotland and southern Finland, and east to Ukraine and the Caucasus.

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Diarsia brunnea

Diarsia brunnea, the purple clay, is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Diaspora

A diaspora (/daɪˈæspərə/) is a scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale.

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Dichagyris flammatra

The Black Collar (Dichagyris flammatra) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Dichagyris forcipula

Dichagyris forcipula is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Dichagyris melanura

Dichagyris melanura is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Dichagyris musiva

Dichagyris musiva is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Dichagyris orientis

Dichagyris orientis is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Dichagyris renigera

Dichagyris renigera is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Dichomeris ustalella

Dichomeris ustalella is a moth in the Gelechiidae family.

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Dichonia aprilina

Griposia aprilina, the merveille du jour, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Dicranolasmatidae

The Dicranolasmatidae are a family of harvestmen with 18 described species in a single genus.

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Dicycla oo

The Heart Moth (Dicycla oo) is a species of moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Didnauri

Didnauri (დიდნაური) is a Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age archaeological site in Georgia, located in the steppes of the Shiraki Plain in the country's southeasternmost municipality of Dedoplistsqaro.

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Diesel locomotive

A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine.

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Digby Shuttleworth

Major-General Sir Digby Inglis Shuttleworth KCIE CB CBE DSO (1876-1948) was a senior British Indian Army officer.

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Digitalis ciliata

Digitalis ciliata, the ciliate foxglove or hairy foxglove, is a member of the genus Digitalis, which is well known both for its beautiful bell-shaped flowers and use of the chemicals found mainly in the leaves and the seeds for treatment of heart conditions and potential anti-proliferative use in cancer.

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Dimitri Alexandrovich Obolensky

Prince Dimitri Alexandrovich Obolensky (19 March (old style) 1882 – 27 April 1964) was a Russian nobleman, landowner and marshal of the nobility who after the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War became a night watchman and a taxi driver in Paris.

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Dimitri Bakradze

Dimitri Bakradze (დიმიტრი ბაქრაძე) (26 October 1826 – 10 February 1890) was a Georgian scholar who authored several influential works in the history, archaeology and ethnography of Georgia and the Caucasus.

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Dimitri Kipiani

Prince Dimitri Ivanes dze Kipiani (დიმიტრი ყიფიანი alternatively spelled as Qipiani) (April 14, 1814 – October 24, 1887) was a Georgian statesman, publicist, writer and translator.

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Dimitri Nalivkin

Dimitri Vasilievich Nalivkin (1889–1982) was a geologist from the Soviet Union.

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Diocese of Rostov

The Diocese of Rostov and Novocherkassk (Ростовская и Новочеркасская епархия) is an eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Diplotaxis muralis

Diplotaxis muralis (annual wall-rocket) is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family.

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Dmitri Ivanovich Yermakov

Dmitri Ivanovich Yermakov (Дмитрий Иванович Ермаков) (1846 – November 10, 1916) was a Russian photographer known for his series of the Caucasian photographs.

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Dmitri Rudolf Peacock

Dmitri Rudolf Peacock (26 September 1842 – 23 May 1892), born in Russia, was a philologist, diplomat and explorer of the Caucasus.

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Dmitry Petrovich Dokhturov

Dmitry Petrovich Dokhturov (May 25, 1838 – March 25, 1905) was an Imperial Russian brigade, division and corps commander.

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Dmitry Staroselsky

Dmitry Semyonovich Staroselsky (Дмитрий Семенович Старосельский) (1832 – 1884) was a Russian general and bureaucrat who served as a Governor of Baku from 1872 to 1875 and Chief of the Administration of the Viceroy of the Caucasus from 1878 to 1884.

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Dmitry Zhloba

Dmitry Petrovich Zhloba (Дмитрий Петрович Жлоба; June 3, 1887 – June 10, 1938) was a Soviet military commander who participated in the Russian Civil War.

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Dobruja

Dobruja or Dobrudja (Добруджа, transliterated: Dobrudzha or Dobrudža; Dobrogea or; Dobruca) is a historical region in Eastern Europe that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania.

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Dog

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the gray wolf or Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus Canis (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore.

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Dokka Umarov

Doku Khamatovich Umarov (Ӏумар КӀант Доккa, 'Umar K'ant Dokka; Доку Хаматович Умаров, Doku Khamatovich Umarov); also known as Dokka Umarov as well as by his Arabized name of Dokka Abu Umar; (13 April 1964 – 7 September 2013) was a Chechen Islamic extremist militant in Russia.

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Doli (musical instrument)

The doli is played across Georgia in the Caucasus.

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Dolichophis schmidti

Dolichophis schmidti, the red-bellied racer, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae.

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Dom people

The Dom (also called "Doma" and "Domi"; دومي / ALA-LC:, دومري /; هناجره), of the Middle East, North Africa, Caucasus, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, are a Dravidian ethnic group.

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Domari language

Domari is an endangered Indo-Aryan language, spoken by older Dom people scattered across the Middle East and North Africa.

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Dombay-Ulgen

Dombai-Ulgen or Dombay-Ulgen (დომბაი-ულგენი; Домбай-Ульген, Доммай ёлген) is a mountain of the Greater Caucasus and the highest point of Abkhazia, a state with limited international recognition otherwise seen to be part of Georgia.

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Domestication of the horse

A number of hypotheses exist on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse.

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Don Army

The Don Army (Донская армия, Donskaya Armiya) was the military of the short lived Don Republic and a part of the White movement in the Russian Civil War.

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Donald Mackenzie Wallace

Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace (11 November 1841 – 10 January 1919) was a Scottish public servant, writer, editor and foreign correspondent of The Times (London).

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Dondukov

Dondukov is a Russian princely family descending from Donduk-Ombo, the sixth khan of the Kalmucks (reigned 1737–41).

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Donetsk Railway

Donetsk Railway (Донецька залізниця) is a railways operator in eastern Ukraine, particularly Donbas area.

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Doppa

The Doppa, a square or round skullcap originating in the Caucasus and worn by Kazan Tatars, Uyghurs, Tajiks, Uzbeks.

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Dorcadion bistriatum

Dorcadion bistriatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorcadion cineriferum

Dorcadion cineriferum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorcadion ciscaucasicum

Dorcadion ciscaucasicum is a species of longhorn beetle in the Lamiinae subfamily.

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Dorcadion czegodaevi

Dorcadion czegodaevi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorcadion demokidovi

Dorcadion demokidovi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorcadion dokhtouroffi

Dorcadion dokhtouroffi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorcadion frustrator

Dorcadion frustrator is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorcadion maljushenkoi

Dorcadion maljushenkoi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorcadion reitteri

Dorcadion reitteri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorcadion sevliczi

Dorcadion sevliczi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorcadion shestopalovi

Dorcadion shestopalovi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Dorothy Rogers

Dorothy Rogers (1882–1952) was a famed creator of miniature needlework carpets exhibited during her lifetime and avidly collected after her death.

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Dot moth

Melanchra persicariae, the dot moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Double summit

A double summit, double peak, twin summit or twin peak refers to a mountain or hill that has two summits, separated by a col or saddle.

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Douglas Freshfield

Douglas William Freshfield (27 April 1845 – 9 February 1934) was a British lawyer, mountaineer and author, who edited the Alpine Journal from 1872 to 1880.

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Douglas Gracey

General Sir Douglas David Gracey & Bar (3 September 1894 – 5 June 1964) was a British Indian Army officer who fought in both the First and Second World Wars.

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Doukhobors

The Doukhobors or Dukhobors (Духоборы, Dukhobory, also Dukhobortsy, Духоборцы; literally "Spirit-Warriors / Wrestlers") are a Spiritual Christian religious group of Russian origin.

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Drastamat Kanayan

Drastamat Kanayan (31 May 1884 8 March 1956), better known as Dro (Դրօ), was an Armenian military commander and politician, a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

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Drasteria pictoides

Drasteria pictoides is a moth of the Erebidae family.

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Dreadlocks

Dreadlocks, also locs, dreads, or in Sanskrit, Jaṭā, are ropelike strands of hair formed by matting or braiding hair.

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Drilolestes retowskii

Drilolestes retowskii is a species of predatory air-breathing land slug.

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Drosera rotundifolia

Drosera rotundifolia — the round-leaved sundew or common sundew — is a species of sundew, a carnivorous plant often found in bogs, marshes and fens.

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Droseridites

Droseridites is a genus of extinct plants of possible droseracean or nepenthacean affinity.

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Dry meatballs

Dry meatballs (Kuru köfte), is a Turkish breaded meatball, usually minced lamb or mixed with sheep, beef or chicken meat, mixed with eggs, with garlic, herbs (parsley, dill, thyme), spices and salt homogenized to form some balls, rolled on bread crumbs or flour and fry in hot oil.

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Drymonia dodonaea

Drymonia dodonaea, the marbled brown, is a moth of the family Notodontidae.

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Drymus brunneus

Drymus brunneus is a species of insect in the family Lygaeidae.

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Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (later Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, known as "Miechen" or "Maria Pavlovna the Elder"; 14 May 1854 – 6 September 1920) was born Marie Alexandrine Elisabeth Eleonore of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, daughter of Grand Duke Frederick Francis II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Princess Augusta Reuss of Köstritz.

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Dudley Russell

Lieutenant General Sir Dudley Russell KBE, CB, DSO, MC (1 December 18964 February 1978) was a senior officer of both the British Army and the British Indian Army, and served during World War I and World War II, where he commanded the 8th Indian Infantry Division during the Italian Campaign from late 1943 until the end of the war.

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Duduk

The duduk (doo-DOOK) (Armenian: դուդուկ) is an ancient double reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood.

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Dumanlı

Dumanlı (Σάντα, Santa) was formerly a mid-size community in Gümüşhane Province of Turkey, close to its border with Trabzon Province.

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Dumpling

Dumpling is a broad classification for a dish that consists of pieces of dough (made from a variety of starch sources) wrapped around a filling or of dough with no filling.

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Dun-bar

The dun-bar (Cosmia trapezina) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Dune (novel)

Dune is a 1965 science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert, originally published as two separate serials in Analog magazine.

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Dunnock

The dunnock (Prunella modularis) is a small passerine, or perching bird, found throughout temperate Europe and into Asia.

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Dunsterforce

Established in December 1917, Dunsterforce was an Allied military force named after its commander, General Lionel Dunsterville.

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Dvals

The Dvals (დვალები, Dvalebi; Туалтæ, Twaltæ) were an old people in the Caucasus, their lands lying on both sides of the central Greater Caucasus mountains, somewhere between the Darial and Mamison gorges.

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DVD region code

DVD (digital versatile disc) region codes are a digital rights management technique designed to allow rights holders to control the international distribution of a DVD release, including its content, release date, and price, all according to the appropriate region.

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Dysauxes ancilla

Dysauxes ancilla (the handmaid) is a species of moth of the family Erebidae.

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Dysauxes famula

Dysauxes famula is a moth of the family Erebidae.

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Dyspessa pallidata

Dyspessa pallidata is a species of moth of the Cossidae family.

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Dzalisi

Dzalisi (ძალისი) is a historic village in Georgia, located in the Mukhrani valley, 50 km northwest of Tbilisi, and 20 km northwest of Mtskheta.

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Dzau (volcano)

Dzau is a volcanic centre in South Ossetia.

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Dzhambulat Khatokhov

Dzhambulat "Dzhambik" Khatokhov (born 24 September 1999) is the world's heaviest child since 2003, according to the Guinness Book of Records.

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Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross

Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross present it always as composed of two wooden pieces, in spite of the variations in which the Romans applied capital punishment.

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Early life of Joseph Stalin

The early life of Joseph Stalin covers the life of Stalin from his birth on 6 December (18 December, New Style) 1878 until the October Revolution on 25 October 1917 (7 November).

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, typically regarded as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history.

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Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests (الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Arab conquests and early Islamic conquests began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.

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East European Plain

The East European Plain (also called the Russian Plain, "Extending from eastern Poland to the Urals, the East European Plain encompasses all of the Baltic states and Belarus, nearly all of Ukraine, and much of the European portion of Russia and reaches north into Finland." — Britannica. predominantly by Russian scientists, or historically the Sarmatic Plain) is a vast interior plain extending east of the North/Central European Plain, and comprising several plateaus stretching roughly from 25 degrees longitude eastward.

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East Slavic languages

The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of Slavic languages, currently spoken throughout Eastern Europe, Northern Asia, and the Caucasus.

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East Slavs

The East Slavs are Slavic peoples speaking the East Slavic languages.

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Eastern Christianity

Eastern Christianity consists of four main church families: the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox churches, the Eastern Catholic churches (that are in communion with Rome but still maintain Eastern liturgies), and the denominations descended from the Church of the East.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.

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Eastern European Group

The Eastern European Group (EEG), also known as Countries with Economies in Transition (CEIT), is one of the five unofficial Regional Groups in the United Nations that act as voting blocs and negotiation forums.

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Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.

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Eastern Georgia (country)

Eastern Georgia (აღმოსავლეთ საქართველო, aghmosavlet' sak'art'velo) is a geographic area encompassing the territory of the Caucasian nation of Georgia to the east and south of the Likhi and Meskheti Ranges, but excluding the Black Sea region of Adjara.

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Eastern Iranian languages

The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times (from c. the 4th century BC).

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Eastern Orphean warbler

The eastern Orphean warbler (Sylvia crassirostris) is a typical warbler of the genus Sylvia.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

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Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe

The Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe constitutes the second largest Christian denomination.

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Echium amoenum

Echium amoenum is a biennial or perennial herb indigenous to the narrow zone of northern part of Iran and Caucasus, where it grows at an altitude ranging from 60 to 2200 m. It is one of the important medicinal herbs in traditional Iranian medicine.

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Ecliptopera silaceata

Ecliptopera silaceata, the small phoenix, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Economy of Baku

Economy of Baku covers the issues related to the economy of the city of Baku, capital of Azerbaijan.

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Economy of Europe

The economy of Europe comprises more than 740 million people in 50 different countries.

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Economy of Urartu

The economy of Urartu refers to the principles of management of Urartu, the ancient state of Western Asia which existed from the thirteenth to the sixth century BC.

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Ecoregions in Poland

Poland is part of two global ecoregions as defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), which is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) with a branch in Poland; working on issues regarding the conservation, research and protection of the environment.

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Ectoedemia spinosella

Ectoedemia spinosella is a moth of the Nepticulidae family.

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Edadil Kadın

Edadil Kadın (1845 – 1875) was the second wife of 32nd Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz.

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Edible dormouse

The edible dormouse or fat dormouse (Glis glis) is a large dormouse and the only living species in the genus Glis, found in most of western Europe.

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Edmund Charaszkiewicz

Edmund Kalikst Eugeniusz Charaszkiewicz (Poniec, 14 October 1895 – 22 December 1975, London) was a Polish military intelligence officer who specialized in clandestine warfare.

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Edmund Herzig

Edmund Martin Herzig (born February 1958) is a British professor, historian, and author.

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Eduard Shevardnadze

Eduard Ambrosiyevich Shevardnadze (ედუარდ ამბროსის ძე შევარდნაძე, Eduard Ambrosis dze Šewardnadze; 25 January 1928 – 7 July 2014) was a Georgian politician and diplomat.

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Eduard Totleben

Eduard Ivanovich Totleben (Эдуа́рд Ива́нович Тотле́бен, sometimes transliterated as Todleben; &ndash) was a Baltic German military engineer and Imperial Russian Army general.

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Eduard von der Ropp

Eduard Michael Johann Maria Baron von der Ropp (1851–1939) was a German-Polish nobleman and Russian Roman Catholic metropolitan archbishop.

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Education for Democracy Foundation

Education for Democracy Foundation (Fundacja Edukacja dla Demokracji) is a Polish foundation, launched in 1989, which operates as a public benefit organization.

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Eggplant

Eggplant (Solanum melongena) or aubergine is a species of nightshade grown for its edible fruit.

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Einkorn wheat

Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "single grain") can refer either to the wild species of wheat, Triticum boeoticum, or to the domesticated form, Triticum monococcum.

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Ejective consonant

In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream.

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Ekaterina Kalinina

Ekaterina Ivanovna Kalinina (Екатерина Ивановна Калинина; Lorberg; 2 July 1882 in Paide – 22 December 1960 in Moscow) was the wife of Soviet politician Mikhail Kalinin (1875–1946).

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Ekrem Alican

Ekrem Alican (1916, Adapazarı-June 18, 2000 İstanbul) was a Turkish politician, government minister and party leader.

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Ekvtime Takaishvili

Ekvtime Takaishvili (also spelled Taqaishvili) (January 3, 1863 – February 21, 1953) was a Georgian historian, archaeologist and public benefactor.

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Elachista adelpha

Elachista adelpha is a moth of the Elachistidae family.

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Elachista jubarella

Elachista jubarella is a moth species in the Elachistidae family.

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Elam

Elam (Elamite: haltamti, Sumerian: NIM.MAki) was an ancient Pre-Iranian civilization centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.

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Electricity sector in Armenia

The electricity sector of Armenia includes several companies engaged in electricity generation and distribution.

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Elevated entrance

An elevated entrance is a type of entrance, common in the design of medieval castles, that is not accessible from ground level, but lies at the level of an upper storey.

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Eleventh constituency for French residents overseas

The Eleventh constituency for French residents overseas (onzième circonscription des Français établis hors de France) is one of eleven constituencies each electing one representative of French citizens overseas to the French National Assembly.

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Elisabethpol Governorate

Elisabethpol Governorate or Elizavetpol Governorate or Elizavetapol Governorate (Елизаветпольская губерния; in pre-1918 Russian spelling: Елисаветпольская губернія) was one of the guberniyas of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its centre in Elisabethpol (official name for Ganja in 1805–1918).

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Eliso

Eliso is a 1928 Soviet silent adventure film directed by Nikoloz Shengelaia.

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Elkhan Nuriyev

Elkhan Nuriyev (Russian: Эльхан Эльдарович Нуриев) (Azerbaijani: Elxan Eldar oğlu Nuriyev; born 15 May 1969, Baku, Azerbaijan) is a political scientist and a scholar of Russian and post-Soviet studies, including the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Greater Middle East.

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Emblem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

The coat of arms of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted on February 28, 1922 by the government of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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Emilija Vileišienė

Emilija Vileišienė née Jasmantaitė (1861–1935) was a Lithuanian activist.

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Eminem

Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), known professionally as Eminem (often stylized as EMINƎM), is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, record executive, and actor.

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Eminler, Karaman

Eminler is a village in the central district (Karaman) of Karaman Province, Turkey.

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Emirate

An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Arabic or Islamic monarch styled emir.

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Emirate of Tbilisi

The Emirs of Tbilisi (თბილისის საამირო, إمارة تفليسي) ruled over the parts of today’s eastern Georgia from their base in the city of Tbilisi, from 736 to 1080 (nominally to 1122).

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Encyclopædia Iranica

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.

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Endotricha flammealis

Endotricha flammealis, the rose-flounced tabby, is a species of snout moth, family Pyralidae.

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Energy security

Energy security is the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption.

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Engelhardia spicata

Engelhardia spicata is a species of plant in the Juglandaceae family.

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Engrailed (moth)

The engrailed and small engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia) are moths of the family Geometridae found from the British Isles through Central and Eastern Europe to the Russian Far East and Kazakhstan.

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Enguri River

The Enguri (ენგური, Егры, Egry Ингури, Inguri) is a river in western Georgia.

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Ennomos alniaria

Ennomos alniaria, the canary-shouldered thorn, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Ennomos erosaria

Ennomos erosaria, the September thorn, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Ensenada, Baja California

Ensenada is a coastal city in Mexico, the third-largest in Baja California.

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Entephria caesiata

Entephria caesiata, the grey mountain carpet, is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Enver Pasha

Ismail Enver Pasha (اسماعیل انور پاشا; İsmail Enver Paşa; 22 November 1881 – 4 August 1922) was an Ottoman military officer and a leader of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.

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Environment of Azerbaijan

The environment of Azerbaijan includes a wide diversity of climates, animals, plants, and habitats.

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Epermenia ochreomaculellus

Epermenia ochreomaculellus is a moth of the Epermeniidae family.

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Ephrussi family

The Ephrussi family were a Russian Jewish banking and oil dynasty.

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Epiblema foenella

Epiblema foenella, the white-foot bell, is a moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Epilecta linogrisea

Epilecta linogrisea is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Epione repandaria

Epione repandaria, the bordered beauty, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Epipactis atrorubens

Epipactis atrorubens, the Dark-red Helleborine or Royal Helleborine, is an herbaceous plant from the family Orchidaceae.

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Epipactis palustris

Epipactis palustris (marsh helleborine) is an orchid native to Europe, Turkey, north Iraq, the Caucasus, north Iran, West and East Siberia and Central Asia.

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Epipsilia latens

Epipsilia latens is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Epirrhoe hastulata

Epirrhoe hastulata is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Epirrhoe molluginata

Epirrhoe molluginata is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Epirrhoe tristata

Epirrhoe tristata, the small argent and sable, is a moth of the genus Epirrhoe in the family Geometridae.

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Epoch of Extreme Inundations

The Epoch of Extreme Inundations (EEI) is a hypothetical epoch during which four landforms in the Pontic–Caspian steppe—marine lowlands (marine transgressions), river valleys (outburst floods), marine transgressions (thermocarst lakes) and slopes (solifluction flows)—were widely inundated.

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Equinor

Equinor ASA (formerly Statoil and StatoilHydro) is a Norwegian multinational energy company headquartered in Stavanger, Norway.

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Equisetum fluviatile

Equisetum fluviatile, the water horsetail or swamp horsetail, is a vascular plant that commonly grows in dense colonies along freshwater shorelines or in shallow water in ponds, swamps, ditches, and other sluggish or still waters with mud bottoms.

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Eremopoa

Eremopoa is a genus of Eurasian and Egyptian plants in the grass family.

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Ergative–absolutive language

Ergative–absolutive languages, or ergative languages are languages that share a certain distinctive pattern relating to the subjects (technically, arguments) of verbs.

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Eric Hilgendorf

Eric Andreas Hilgendorf (born 3 December 1960 in Stuttgart) is a German professor of law and legal philosopher.

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Eriophorum angustifolium

Eriophorum angustifolium, commonly known as common cottongrass or common cottonsedge, is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family Cyperaceae.

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Eriophorum scheuchzeri

Eriophorum scheuchzeri is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names Scheuchzer's cottongrass and white cottongrass.

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Eristalinus taeniops

Eristalinus taeniops is a species of hoverfly, also known as the band-eyed drone fly.

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Erivan Governorate

Erivan Governorate (Old Russian: Эриванская губернія; Երևանի նահանգ) was one of the guberniyas of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its centre in Erivan (present-day Yerevan).

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Erivan Khanate

The Erivan Khanate (خانات ایروان – Xānāt-e Iravān; Երևանի խանություն – Yerevani khanut’yun; İrəvan xanlığı – ایروان خانلیغی), also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd, was a khanate (i.e. province) that was established in Afsharid Iran in the eighteenth century.

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Erivan Province (Safavid Empire)

The Erivan Province (translit), also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd (چخور سعد), was a velayat (province) of the Safavid Empire, centered on the territory of the present-day Armenia.

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Ernest Chantre

Ernest Chantre (13 January 1843, Lyon – 24 November 1924, Écully) was a prominent French archaeologist and anthropologist.

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Ernest Stackelberg

Count Ernst Johann von Stackelberg (Эрнест Густавович Штакельберг) (1813, Estonia - August 30, 1870, Paris) was a Baltic German military figure and diplomat.

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Ernest Yarrow

Ernest Alfred Yarrow (21 February 1876 – 26 October 1939) was a Christian missionary and a witness to the Armenian Genocide.

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Ernestine Evans

Ernestine Evans (August 9, 1889 – July 3, 1967) was an American journalist, editor, author and literary agent.

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Ernst August Köstring

Ernst-August Köstring (20 June 1876 – 20 November 1953) was a German diplomat and officer who served in World War II.

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Ernst Herman van Rappard

Ernst Herman ridder van Rappard (born 30 October 1899 in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Dutch East Indies – died 11 January 1953 in Vught) was a Dutch National Socialist and anti-Semite.

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Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter

Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter (20 February 1809, Jelgava – 24 January 1889, St. Petersburg), was a Baltic German botanist, specialising in the flora of the Caucasus and central Asia.

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Erwin Jaenecke

Erwin Jaenecke (22 April 1890 – 3 July 1960), was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded the 17th Army.

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Erwin Rommel

Erwin Rommel (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) was a German general and military theorist.

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Erythronium

Erythronium (fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet, adder's tongue) is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family.

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Eryx (genus)

Eryx is a genus of nonvenomous boas found in southeastern Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East, and southwestern Asia.

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Eryx jaculus

Eryx jaculus, known commonly as the javelin sand boa, is a species of snake in the Boidae family.

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Eskişehir Province

Eskişehir Province (Eskişehir ili) Eskişehir's province population is 844, 842. Eskişehir's urban population is 734,837.Eskişehir is a province in northwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Bilecik to the northwest, Kütahya to the west, Afyon to the southwest, Konya to the south, Ankara to the east, and Bolu to the north. The provincial capital is Eskişehir. Most of the province is laid down in Central Anatolia Region. Northern parts of Mihalıççık district and ones of Mihalgazi and Sarıcakaya of her remained in Black Sea Region and Han one of her remained in Aegean Region. Eskişehir is an old, culturally developed province of Turkey. It has a population of 764,584 Eskişehir has 2 universities, Eskişehir Osmangazi University ESOGU, and Anadolu Üniversitesi, which is the largest university in Turkey and which has some branch offices in Europe.

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Eteobalea intermediella

Eteobalea intermediella is a moth of the Cosmopterigidae family.

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Eteobalea sumptuosella

Eteobalea sumptuosella is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae.

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Ethem Servet Boral

Ethem Servet Boral (1876, in Caucasus – September 21, 1956?) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army.

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Ethmia chrysopyga

Ethmia chrysopyga is a moth of the family Depressariidae.

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Ethmia cirrhocnemia

Ethmia cirrhocnemia is a moth in the family Depressariidae.

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Ethmia euphoria

Ethmia euphoria is a moth in the Depressariidae family.

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Ethmia haemorrhoidella

Ethmia haemorrhoidella is a moth in the family Depressariidae.

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Ethnic flag

An ethnic flag is a flag that symbolizes a certain ethnic group.

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Ethnic groups in Europe

The Indigenous peoples of Europe are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various indigenous groups that reside in the nations of Europe.

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Ethnic groups in Moscow

Moscow is the second most populous city of Europe, which hosts a minor population of ethnic minorities.

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Ethnic groups in Russia

Russia is a multi-national state with over 186 ethnic groups designated as nationalities; the populations of these groups vary enormously, from millions (e.g., Russians and Tatars) to under 10,000 (e.g., Samis and Kets).

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Ethnic groups in the Middle East

The ethnic groups in the Middle East refers to the various peoples that reside in West Asia and Egypt in North Africa.

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Ethnic minorities in Armenia

The Ethnic groups in Armenia is about the ethnic groups features of the population of Armenia.

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Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)

The main ethnic minorities in Georgia are Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Ukrainians, Russians, Greeks, Abkhazians, Ossetians, Kists, and Yazidi.

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Etruscan origins

There are two main hypotheses as to the origins of the Etruscan civilization in the Early Iron Age: autochthonous development in situ out of the Villanovan culture, or colonization of Italy from the Near East.

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Etudes Sans Frontières International

Etudes Sans Frontières International (commonly known as ESFI and Studies Without Borders International) is the international federation of existing chapters and members that adhere to the values, objectives, methods, statute and internal rules of the Etudes Sans Frontières movement (ESF), in order to be able to carry the name Etudes Sans Frontières.

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Euclides Kourtidis

Euclides Kourtidis was a Greek freedom fighter.

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Eucosma conterminana

Eucosma conterminana, the lettuce tortricid, is a moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Eugenia Gertsyk

Eugenia Gertsyk (Евгения Казимировна Герцык, 30 September 1878 O.S./12 October 1878 (N. S.)–20 January 1944) was a noted Russian translator and literary figure from the Silver Age.

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Eugnorisma depuncta

The Plain Clay (Eugnorisma depuncta) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Eugnosta lathoniana

Eugnosta lathoniana is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Eugraphe

Eugraphe is a genus of noctuid moths (family Noctuidae).

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Eulamprotes superbella

Eulamprotes superbella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Eulamprotes wilkella

Eulamprotes wilkella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Eulithis populata

Eulithis populata, the northern spinach, is a moth of the genus Eulithis in the family Geometridae.

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Eulithis prunata

Eulithis prunata, the phoenix, is a moth of the genus Eulithis in the family Geometridae.

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Eunuch

The term eunuch (εὐνοῦχος) generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences.

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Eupithecia albidulata

Eupithecia albidulata is a moth in the family Geometridae.

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Eupithecia conterminata

Eupithecia conterminata is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Eupithecia haworthiata

Eupithecia haworthiata, the Haworth’s pug, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Eupithecia marginata

Eupithecia marginata is a moth in the family Geometridae.

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Eupithecia plumbeolata

Eupithecia plumbeolata, the lead-coloured pug, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Eupithecia selinata

Eupithecia selinata is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Eupithecia semigraphata

Eupithecia semigraphata is a moth in the family Geometridae.

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Eupithecia silenata

Eupithecia silenata is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Eupithecia silenicolata

Eupithecia silenicolata is a moth in the family Geometridae.

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Eupithecia tantillaria

Eupithecia tantillaria, the dwarf pug, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Euplagia quadripunctaria

Euplagia quadripunctaria, the Jersey tiger, is a day-flying moth of the family Erebidae.

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Eupnoi

The Eupnoi are a suborder of harvestmen, with more than 200 genera, and about 1,700 described species.

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Eurasian (mixed ancestry)

A Eurasian is a person of mixed Asian and European ancestry.

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Eurasian blackcap

The Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) usually known simply as the blackcap, is a common and widespread typical warbler.

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Eurasian eagle-owl

The Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) is a species of eagle-owl that resides in much of Eurasia.

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Eurasian Economic Union

The Eurasian Economic Union (officially EAEU, but sometimes called EEU or EAU)The acronym is used in the.

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Eurasian Land Bridge

The Eurasian Land Bridge (Yevraziyskiy sukhoputniy most), sometimes called the New Silk Road (Новый шёлковый путь, Noviy shyolkoviy put'), or Belt and Road Initiative is the rail transport route for moving freight and passengers overland between Pacific seaports in the Russian Far East and China and seaports in Europe.

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Eurasian lynx

The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized wild cat native to Siberia, Central, Eastern, and Southern Asia, Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.

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Eurasian stone-curlew

The Eurasian stone curlew, Eurasian thick-knee, or simply stone-curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) is a northern species of the Burhinidae (stone-curlew) bird family.

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Eurasian teal

The Eurasian teal or common teal (Anas crecca) is a common and widespread duck which breeds in temperate Eurasia and migrates south in winter.

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Eurasian tree sparrow

The Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) is a passerine bird in the sparrow family with a rich chestnut crown and nape, and a black patch on each pure white cheek.

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Eurasian treecreeper

The Eurasian treecreeper or common treecreeper (Certhia familiaris) is a small passerine bird also known in the British Isles, where it is the only living member of its genus, simply as treecreeper.

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EurasiaNet

EurasiaNet is a website providing news, information and analysis focused on countries in Central Asia, the Caucasus region, Russia and Southwest Asia.

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Eurolinguistics

Eurolinguistics is a neologistic term for the study of the languages of Europe.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European badger

The European badger (Meles meles) also known as the Eurasian badger or simply badger, is a species of badger in the family Mustelidae and is native to almost all of Europe and some parts of West Asia.

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European bison

The European bison (Bison bonasus), also known as wisent or the European wood bison, is a Eurasian species of bison.

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European cat snake

The European cat snake (Telescopus fallax), also known as the Soosan snake, is a venomous colubrid snake endemic to the Mediterranean and Caucasus regions.

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European influence in Afghanistan

The European influence in Afghanistan refers to political, social, and mostly imperialistic influence several European nations and colonial powers have had on the historical development of Afghanistan.

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European integration

European integration is the process of industrial, political, legal, economic, social and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe.

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European jackal

The European jackal (Canis aureus moreoticus), also known as the Caucasian jackal or reed wolf is a subspecies of golden jackal native to Southeast Europe, Asia Minor and the Caucasus.

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European mink

The European mink (Mustela lutreola), also known as the Russian mink, and Eurasian mink is a semiaquatic species of mustelid native to Europe.

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European ratsnake

The European ratsnake or leopard snake (Zamenis situla), is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake endemic to Europe, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus.

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European robin

The European robin (Erithacus rubecula), known simply as the robin or robin redbreast in the British Isles, is a small insectivorous passerine bird, specifically a chat, that was formerly classified as a member of the thrush family (Turdidae) but is now considered to be an Old World flycatcher.

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European Russia

European Russia is the western part of Russia that is a part of Eastern Europe.

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European Shooting Confederation

The European Shooting Confederation (ESC) is an association of the International Shooting Sport Federation's member federations from Europe, including the Caucasus, Cyprus, Israel and Turkey.

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European snow vole

The European snow vole or snow vole (Chionomys nivalis, previously Arvicola nivalis and Microtus nivalis) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.

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European theatre of World War II

The European theatre of World War II, also known as the Second European War, was a huge area of heavy fighting across Europe, from Germany's and the Soviet Union's joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the war with the Soviet Union conquering most of Eastern Europe along with the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 (Victory in Europe Day).

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European Union–Turkey relations

Relations between the European Union (EU) and Turkey were established in 1959 and the institutional framework is shaped formally since 1963 Ankara Agreement.

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European wildcat

The European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) is the nominate subspecies of the wildcat that inhabits forests of Western, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe up to the Caucasus Mountains.

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Europeans in Medieval China

Given textual and archaeological evidence, it is thought that thousands of Europeans lived in Imperial China during the period of Mongol rule.

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Eurovision Song Contest 2012

The Eurovision Song Contest 2012 was the 57th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest.

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Eurovision Song Contest 2018

The Eurovision Song Contest 2018 was the 63rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest.

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Eusphecia pimplaeformis

Eusphecia pimplaeformis is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Euura proxima

Euura proxima is a species of sawfly belonging to the family Tenthredinidae (common sawflies).

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Euxoa birivia

Euxoa birivia is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Euxoa decora

Euxoa decora is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Euxoa hilaris

Euxoa hilaris is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Euxoa temera

Euxoa temera is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Evacuation of Polish civilians from the USSR in World War II

Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired over half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about inhabited by over 13,200,000 people.

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Evarcha falcata

Evarcha falcata is a species of 'jumping spiders' belonging to the family Salticidae.

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Evliya Çelebi

Mehmed Zilli (25 March 1611 – 1682), known as Evliya Çelebi (اوليا چلبى), was an Ottoman explorer who travelled through the territory of the Ottoman Empire and neighboring lands over a period of forty years, recording his commentary in a travelogue called the Seyahatname ("Book of Travel").

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Exarch

The term exarch comes from the Ancient Greek ἔξαρχος, exarchos, and designates holders of various historical offices, some of them being political or military and others being ecclesiastical.

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Exocentrus adspersus

Exocentrus adspersus is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

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Exocentrus punctipennis

Exocentrus punctipennis is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

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Expansionism

In general, expansionism consists of policies of governments and states that involve territorial, military or economic expansion.

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Extreme points of Europe

This is a list of the extreme points of Europe: the geographical points that are higher or farther north, south, east or west than any other location in Europe.

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Eyüp

Eyüp or Eyüpsultan is a municipality (belediye) and district of the city of Istanbul, Turkey.

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F.E. Williams

Francis Edgar Williams (Malvern, 9 February 1893—Owen Stanley Range 12 May 1943) was an Australian anthropologist who worked for the government of the Territory of Papua from 1922 to 1942.

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Fadl ibn Muhammad

Al-Fadhl ibn Muhammad al-Shaddadi (also al-Fadl ibn Muhammad, Fadl ibn Muhammad, Fadlun ibn Muhammad, Fadhlun ibn Muhammad, or Fadl I was the Shaddadid emir of Arran from 985 to 1031. Of Kurdish origin, al-Fadhl was called "Fadhlun the Kurd" by ibn al-Athir and other Arabic historians. Al-Fadhl was the first Shaddadid emir to issue coinage, locating his mint first at Partav (Barda'a) and was later transferred to Ganja. Built a bridge across the Araxes with the intent to raid the Rawadids.C.E. Bosworth, "Shaddadids", The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.IX, Ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G.Lecomte, (Brill, 1997), 169. According to ibn al-Athir, al-Fadhl led an expedition against the Khazars around 1030. The Khazars reportedly killed 10,000 of his soldiers. Since the Khazar Khaganate had been destroyed in 969, it is unclear whether these Khazars were from a successor state or kingdom located in the Caucasus, were subjects of a Kipchak or Pecheneg ruler, or whether ibn al-Athir was mistaken or was using "Khazars" as a generic term for steppe people. Al-Fadhl died in 1031 and was succeeded by his son Abu'l-Fath Musa.

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Family in the Soviet Union

The view of the Soviet family as the basic social unit in society evolved from revolutionary to conservative; the government of the Soviet Union first attempted to weaken the family and then to strengthen it.

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Family of David IV of Georgia

The family of David IV the Builder (დავით IV აღმაშენებელი), King of Georgia (r. 1089–1125), was part of the Bagrationi dynasty.

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Fancy Bear

Fancy Bear (also known as APT28, Pawn Storm, Sofacy Group, Sednit and STRONTIUM) is a cyber espionage group.

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Farahabad, Mazandaran

Farahabad (English: "abode of joy") was a palace and city built by Shah Abbas I in Mazandaran, Iran.

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Fariburz I

Fariburz ibn Sallar (فریبرز بن سالار), better simply known as Fariburz I (فریبرز), was the sixteenth Shah of Shirvan, ruling from 1063 to 1096.

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Farrukh Gayibov

Farrukh-agha Mammad Kerim-agha oglu Gayibov Fərrux ağa Məmmədkərim ağa oğlu Qayıbov (2 October 1891 — 12 September 1916) was a Russian pilot of Azerbaijani ancestry, and participant in World War I. He is considered to be the first Azerbaijani pilot.

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Fatali Khan Khoyski

Fatali Khan Isgender oglu Khoyski (Fətəli-xan İsgəndər oğlu Xoyski; – 19 June 1920) was an attorney, a member of the Second State Duma of the Russian Empire, Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Defense and, later the first Prime Minister of the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

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Fath-Ali Shah Qajar

Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (فتح‌على شاه قاجار; var. Fathalishah, Fathali Shah, Fath Ali Shah; 25 September 1772 – 23 October 1834) was the second Shah (Qajar emperor) of Iran.

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Fatherland (novel)

Fatherland is a 1992 alternate history detective novel by English writer and journalist Robert Harris.

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Fauna of Armenia

Fauna in Armenia is diverse given the country's relatively small geographic size, owing to the varied habitats created by the area's mountainous terrain.

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Fauna of Asia

All the animals living in Asia and its surrounding seas and islands are considered the fauna of Asia.

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Fazil Iravani

Fazil Iravani (Fazil İrəvani) — Second Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus.

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Fazil Iskander

Fazil Abdulovich Iskander (Фази́ль Абду́лович Исканде́р; Фазиль Абдул-иҧа Искандер; 6 March 1929 – 31 July 2016) was a Soviet and Russian"There's no doubt I'm a Russian writer who praised Abkhazia a lot.

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FC Kuban Krasnodar

FC Kuban (Футбольный клуб "Кубань" Краснодар) was a Russian football club based in Krasnodar playing in the Russian Professional Football League.

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February 1918

The following events occurred in February 1918.

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Felis chaus chaus

Felis chaus chaus is the nominate subspecies of the jungle cat.

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Feofil Egorovich Meyendorff

Feofil Egorovich Meyendorff (August 4, 1838 – October 18, 1919) was an Imperial Russian corps commander.

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Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski

Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski (27 May 1876 – 3 January 1945) was a Polish writer, explorer, university professor, and anti-Communist political activist.

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Ferdynand Goetel

Ferdynand Goetel (15 May 1890 – 24 November 1960) was a Polish novelist, playwright, essayist, screen writer, and political activist; member of the prestigious Polish Academy of Literature from 1935; president of the Polish PEN Club as well as the Union of Polish Writers in interwar Poland.

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Fermentation in food processing

Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic conditions.

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Fermented milk products

Fermented milk products, also known as cultured dairy foods, cultured dairy products, or cultured milk products, are dairy foods that have been fermented with lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc.

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Feth-i Bülend-class ironclad

The Feth-i Bülend class was a class of two ironclad warships built for the Ottoman Navy in the 1860s and 1870s.

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Feud

A feud, referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud, vendetta, faida, beef, clan war, gang war, or private war, is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans.

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Ficaria verna

Ficaria verna, (formerly Ranunculus ficaria L.) commonly known as lesser celandine or pilewort, is a low-growing, hairless perennial flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae native to Europe and west Asia.

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Filmjölk

Filmjölk, also known as fil, is a traditional fermented milk product from Sweden, and a common dairy product within the Nordic countries.

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Filon Ktenidis

Filon Ktenidis (Φίλων Κτενίδης) (1889 – 13 July 1963) was a Pontic Greek playwright, an accountant, a journalist, a doctor and the founder of Panagia Soumela in Kastania, Vermiou in Greece.

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Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion

Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion (Henkikaartin 3., Livgardets 3:e finska skarpskyttebataljon, Leib-gvardii 3-j strelkovyi Finski bataljon), colloquially known as Guard of Finland (Suomen kaarti, Finska gardet) was a Finnish military unit during 1829-1905 based in Helsinki.

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Finsbury Rifles

The Finsbury Rifles was a unit of Britain's Volunteer Force and later Territorial Army from 1860 to 1961.

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First Battle of Kharkov

The 1st Battle of Kharkov, so named by Wilhelm Keitel, was the 1941 battle for the city of Kharkov (KharkivKharkov is the Russian language name of the city (Kharkiv the Ukrainian one); both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union (Source: & by Routledge)) (Ukrainian SSR) during the final phase of Operation Barbarossa between the German 6th Army of Army Group South and the Soviet Southwestern Front.

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First Bulgarian Empire

The First Bulgarian Empire (Old Bulgarian: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское, ts'rstvo bl'garskoe) was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed in southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD.

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First Mongol invasion of Hungary

The first Mongol invasion of Hungary started in March 1241 and started to withdraw in late March 1242.

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Flatsnout goby

The flatsnout goby (Ponticola platyrostris) is a species of goby endemic to the Black Sea where it is mostly known from inshore waters amongst rocks and boulders.

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Flora of Azerbaijan

Flora of Azerbaijan or Vegetation of Azerbaijan refers to the plants, trees, flowers which can be found in Azerbaijan.

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Fondation Université Française en Arménie

Fondation Université Française en Arménie (UFAR, Հայաստանում ֆրանսիական համալսարան) is a French language higher education institution in Armenia.

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Football in Iran

Football is the most popular sport in Iran, with wrestling and volleyball as close contenders.

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Forced marriage

Forced marriage is a marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without his or her consent or against his or her will.

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Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War refers to political, military and operational support to parties involved in the ongoing conflict in Syria that began in March 2011, as well as active foreign involvement.

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Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government

The foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government concerns the policy initiatives made by Turkey towards other states under Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

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Foreign policy of the Russian Empire

The Foreign policy of the Russian Empire covers Russian foreign relations down to 1917.

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Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin

The foreign policy of Vladimir Putin concerns the policies of Russia's president Vladimir Putin with respect to other nations.

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Foreign relations of Georgia

Georgia's location, nestled between the Black Sea, Russia, and Turkey, renders it strategically important.

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Foreign relations of Greece

As one of the oldest Euro-Atlantic member states in the region of Southeast Europe, Greece enjoys a prominent geopolitical role as a middle power, due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

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Foreign relations of Iran

Foreign relations of Iran refers to inter-governmental relationships between the Islamic Republic of Iran and other countries.

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Foreign relations of Russia

The foreign relations of the Russian Federation is the policy of the government of Russia by which it guides the interactions with other nations, their citizens and foreign organizations.

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Foreign relations of the Axis powers

Foreign relations of the Axis powers includes states which were not officially members of the Axis but had relations with one or more Axis members.

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Foreign relations of Turkey

Foreign relations of the Republic of Turkey are the Turkish government's policies in its external relations with the international community.

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Forestry Botanical Garden and Arboretum

The Forstbotanischer Garten und Pflanzengeographisches Arboretum der Universität Göttingen (Forestry Botanical Garden and Phytogeographical Arboretum of the University of Göttingen), often called the Forstbotanischer Garten und Arboretum, is a arboretum and botanical garden maintained by the University of Göttingen.

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Forum on Early Warning and Early Response

The Forum on Early Warning and Early Response (FEWER) was established in 1997 as a non-profit organization in response to the Rwandan genocide in 1994.

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Fosterage

Fosterage, the practice of a family bringing up a child not their own, differs from adoption in that the child's parents, not the foster-parents, remain the acknowledged parents.

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Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)

The Fourth Army of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Dördüncü Ordu) was one of the field armies of the Ottoman Army.

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Fourth Way

The Fourth Way is an approach to self-development described by George Gurdjieff which he developed over years of travel in the East (c. 1890 - 1912).

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Fox Tales

Fox Tales is a 1976 anthology of 16 animal-centered fairy tales from around the world that have been collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders.

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François Devouassoud

François Devouassoud (September 1831 – 1905) was a French mountain guide who made many first ascents in the Alps, notably as guide to Douglas William Freshfield, who claimed that Devouassoud "was the first Alpine guide to carry his ice-axe to the snows of a distant range".

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France–Asia relations

France–Asia relations span a period of more than two millennia, starting in the 6th century BCE with the establishment of Marseille by Greeks from Asia Minor, and continuing in the 3rd century BCE with Gaulish invasions of Asia Minor to form the kingdom of Galatia and Frankish Crusaders forming the Crusader States.

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France–Iran relations

French–Iranian relations are the international relations between France and Iran.

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Francis Esmond Reynolds

Dr Francis Esmond Reynolds FRSE (1882–1967) was a 20th century British pathologist and medical author.

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Franco-Persian alliance

A Franco-Persian alliance or Franco-Iranian alliance was formed for a short period between the French Empire of Napoleon I and Fath Ali Shah against Russia and Great Britain between 1807 and 1809.

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Frank Benton

Frank Benton (July 5, 1852 – February 28, 1919) was an American entomologist, researcher, beekeeping innovator and author.

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Frankenstein

Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley (1797–1851) that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a grotesque but sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment.

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Frankfurt

Frankfurt, officially the City of Frankfurt am Main ("Frankfurt on the Main"), is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany.

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Franz Anton Schiefner

Franz Anton Schiefner (June 18, 1817 – November 16, 1879) was a Baltic German linguist and tibetologist.

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Franz Eisenhut

Franz Eisenhut (Hungarian: Eisenhut Ferencz; Serbian Cyrillic: Франц Ајзенхут; 25 January 1857 – 2 June 1903) was a prominent Danube Swabian Realist and Orientalist painter.

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Fraxinus excelsior

Fraxinus excelsior, known as the ash, or European ash or common ash to distinguish it from other types of ash, is a flowering plant species in the olive family Oleaceae.

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Frederick Heiden

Count Frederick Maurice van Heiden (Фёдор Ло́гинович/Логгинович Ге́йден; 15 September 1821 – 18 January 1900) was a general of infantry in the Imperial Russian Army.

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Frederick Selous

Frederick Courteney Selous DSO (31 December 1851 – 4 January 1917) was a British explorer, officer, hunter, and conservationist, famous for his exploits in Southeast Africa.

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Free Arabian Legion

Free Arabian Legion (Arabic: جيش بلاد العرب الحرة Jaysh bilād al-ʿarab al-ḥurraẗ; German: Legion Freies Arabien) was a Nazi German military unit formed from Arab volunteers from the Middle East and North Africa during World War II.

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Free Russian Press

The Free Russian Press (Вольная русская типография, also: Вольная русская книгопечатня) was a printing company and a publishing house launched in 1853 in London by Alexander Hertzen with a view to becoming the 'uncensored voice of free Russia'.

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Free Svaneti

Free Svaneti (თავისუფალი სვანეთი, t'avisup'ali svanet'i; Вольная Сванетия, vol'naya svanetiya) was a name applied to the self-governing communities of Svan highlanders, originally coined by the Imperial Russian officials and explorers of the Caucasus.

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French campaign in Egypt and Syria

The French Campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, proclaimed to defend French trade interests, weaken Britain's access to British India, and to establish scientific enterprise in the region.

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Fridtjof Nansen

Fridtjof Nansen (10 October 1861 – 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

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Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein

Baron Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein (30 July 1768 in Stuttgart – 28 June 1826 in Merefa) was an early explorer of the flora and archaeology of the southern portion of Imperial Russia, including the Caucasus and Novorossiya.

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Friedrich August Rudolph Kolenati

Friedrich August Rudolph Kolenati (12 September 1812 – 17 July 1864) was a Czech-German botanist and zoologist active primarily in Prague and Brno.

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Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen

Friedrich Karl Richard Paul August Freiherr Koenig von und zu Warthausen (2 April 1906–15 December 1986) was a German aviator who made the first solo flight around the world in 1928-29.

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Friedrich Parrot

Johann Jacob Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot (25 October 179115 January 1841) was a Baltic German naturalist, explorer, and mountaineer, who lived and worked in Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia) in what was then the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire.

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Fritillaria kurdica

Fritillaria kurdica is a Middle Eastern species of bulb-forming plants in the lily family, native to Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Caucasus.

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Fritillaria orientalis

Fritillaria orientalis is a Eurasian species of monocotyledon plant of the lily family.

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Fulvoclysia albertii

Fulvoclysia albertii is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Fulvoclysia dictyodana

Fulvoclysia dictyodana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Fulvoclysia pallorana

Fulvoclysia pallorana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Fulvoclysia subdolana

Fulvoclysia subdolana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Fumaria officinalis

Fumaria officinalis, the common fumitory, drug fumitory or earth smoke, is a herbaceous annual flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae It is the most common species of the genus Fumaria in Western and Central Europe.

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Fundación Cultural Patagonia String Quartet

The Fundación Cultural Patagonia String Quartet (FCP String Quartet) is a musical group from Patagonia.

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Fuzûlî

Fużūlī (Füzuli فضولی, c. 1494 – 1556) was the pen name of the Azerbaijani of the Bayat tribes of Oghuz poet, writer and thinker Muhammad bin Suleyman (Məhəmməd Ben Süleyman محمد بن سليمان).

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Fyodor Engelhardt

Fyodor Engelhardt (Федор-Христофор Антонович Энгельгардт) (March 18, 1762, Riga, Russian Empire - June 29, 1831, Riga) was a Russian brigadier general and a hero of the storming of Izmail during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792.

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Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy

Count Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy (Фёдор Ива́нович Толсто́й), also known as the "American" (Американец) (17 February 1782 – 5 November 1846) was a Russian nobleman from the well-known Tolstoy family.

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Fyodor Palen

Count Fyodor Petrovich Pahlen (Фёдор Петрович Пален; September 2, 1780 in Mitau – January 8, 1863 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian diplomat and administrator.

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Gabriel Bonvalot

Pierre Gabriel Édouard Bonvalot (13 July 1853 – 10 December 1933) was a French explorer of Central Asia and Tibet.

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Gadzhimurat Kamalov

Gadzhimurat Magomedovich Kamalov, (Хаджимурад Магомедович Камалов, also spelled Gadjimurat, Gadzhimurad, Khadzhimurat, or Khadzhimurad Kamalov; 11 February 1965 – 15 December 2011) was a Russian investigative journalist and the owner of Svoboda Slova (translated as "Freedom of Speech"), the media company that published the newspaper Chernovik.

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Gagea minima

No description.

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Gagea ramulosa

Gagea ramulosa is a Eurasian and North African plant species in the lily family.

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Gagea spathacea

Gagea spathacea, the Belgian Gagea, is a European species of small bulbous perennial plants lily family.

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Galanthophile

A galanthophile is an enthusiastic collector of snowdrops (Galanthus species and cultivars).

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Galanthus

Galanthus (snowdrop; Greek gála "milk", ánthos "flower") is a small genus of about 20 species of bulbous perennial herbaceous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae.

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Galanthus elwesii

Galanthus elwesii (Elwes's snowdrop, greater snowdrop) is one of a number of species of the genus Galanthus, herbaceous, perennial, bulbous plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae.

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Galanthus plicatus

Galanthus plicatus is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae, native from Romania, Ukraine and Crimea in eastern Europe to north Turkey and the north-west Caucasus in Asia.

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Galanthus woronowii

Galanthus woronowii, the green snowdrop or Woronow's snowdrop, is a bulbous plant native to north-east Turkey and the west and central Caucasus.

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Galashki ambush

Galashki ambush took place of May 11, 2000, when the separatist militants from the group of Shamil Basayev, led by a Galashki native Ruslan Khuchbarov, attacked and destroyed a convoy of the Russian Interior Ministry paramilitary forces in the Republic of Ingushetia.

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Galega orientalis

Galega orientalis is a species of flowering plant in the Fabaceae, the legume family.

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Galerina marginata

Galerina marginata is a species of poisonous fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae of the order Agaricales.

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Galium album

Galium album, the white bedstraw or hedge bedstraw, is a herbaceous annual plant of the family Rubiaceae.

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Galium humifusum

Galium humifusum (spreading bedstraw) is a plant species in the Rubiaceae.

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Galium mollugo

Galium mollugo, common name hedge bedstraw or false baby's breath, is a herbaceous annual plant of the family Rubiaceae.

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Galium murale

Galium murale is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common names small goosegrass, yellow wall bedstraw and tiny bedstraw.

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Galium odoratum

Galium odoratum, the sweetscented bedstraw, is a flowering perennial plant in the family Rubiaceae, native to much of Europe from Spain and Ireland to Russia, as well as Western Siberia, Turkey, Iran, the Caucasus, China and Japan.

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Galium rotundifolium

Galium rotundifolium (round-leaved bedstraw) is a plant species of the Rubiaceae.

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Galium rubioides

Galium rubioides (European bedstraw) is a species of plants in the Rubiaceae, native to Europe and Asia.

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Ganj Par

Ganj Par (گنج پر) is a Lower Paleolithic site located in the Gilan province in northern Iran.

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Ganja Fortress

Fortress of Ganja – is a fortress in Ganja.

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Ganja rugs

Ganja rugs or Geunge rugs are a category of Caucasian rug from the town of Gəncə, Azerbaijan, also written Geunge, Gendje or Ganja.

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Ganja, Azerbaijan

Ganja (Gəncə) is Azerbaijan's second largest city, with a population of around 331,400.

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Garegin Apresov

Garegin Abramovich Apresov (Гарегин Абрамович Апресов; 6 January 1890 – 11 September 1941) was a Soviet diplomat, most notable for his tenure in Xinjiang.

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Garegin Nzhdeh

Garegin Ter-Harutyunyan (Գարեգին Տէր-Յարութիւնեան) better known by his nom de guerre Garegin Nzhdeh (Գարեգին Նժդեհ) (1 January 1886 – 21 December 1955) was an Armenian statesman and military strategist.

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Garhadiolus

Garhadiolus is a genus of Asian plants in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family.

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Garid

Garid (Mongolian: гарьд) is a Mongolian word corresponding to the Sanskrit Garuda with several connotations related Mongolian culture.

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Garlic

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, Allium.

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Garmon

The garmon (p, from garmonika (p), which means "harmonicа") is a kind of Russian button accordion, a free-reed wind instrument.

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Garsevanishvili

The Garsevanishvili (გარსევანიშვილი), also known as Gersevanov (Герсеванов), is a Georgian noble Baronial family (aznauri) active in both Georgia and Russia.

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Gary Berkovich

Gary Berkovich, AIA, NCARB (born May 26, 1935 in Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) is an American and Soviet architect, and the first Soviet architect of 1960s – 1980s immigration wave, who had opened his office (Gary A. Berkovich Associates, 1987) in the United States.

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Gasim bey Zakir

Gasim bey Zakir (Qasım bəy Zakir) was an Azerbaijani poet of the 19th century and one of the founders of the critical realism and satirical genre in Azerbaijani literature.

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Gasimushaghi carpets

Gasimushaghi carpets are Azerbaijani pile carpets of Karabakh school of Jabrayil group.

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Gastridium

Gastridium is a small but widespread genus of African and Eurasian plants in the grass family.

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Gastrodes grossipes

Gastrodes grossipes, the pine cone bug, is a true bug found in most of Europe except in the far North.

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Gates of Alexander

The Gates of Alexander was a legendary barrier supposedly built by Alexander the Great in the Caucasus to keep the uncivilized barbarians of the north (typically associated with Gog and Magog) from invading the land to the south.

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Gayane (ballet)

Gayane (Gayaneh or Gayne (the e is pronounced); Գայանե); is a four-act ballet with music by Aram Khachaturian.

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Gazikumukh Khanate

Gazikumukh Khanate was a Lak entity that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Gazikumukh Shamkhalate in 1642.

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Gazikumukh Shamkhalate

"Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" is a term introduced in Russian historiography starting from the 1950s–60s to denote the Kumyk-Lak state that presumably existed on the territory of present-day Dagestan in the period of the 8th to 17th centuries.

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Göring's Green Folder

In the Nuremberg Trials there was a document referred to as the "Green Folder" of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring.

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Göytəpə, Jalilabad

Göytəpə (also, Geytepe, Göytäpä, Prišib, Prishib, Prishibinsk, Prishibinskoe, and Prishibinskoye) — is a city and the most populous municipality, except for the capital Cəlilabad, in the Jalilabad Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Ge (Cyrillic)

Ghe or Ge (Г г; italics: Г г) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

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Gebi, Georgia

Mountains surrounding Gebi Gebi (Georgian: ღები) is an old village in the northern part of Georgian republic, in the region of Racha.

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Gegham mountains

Gegham mountains (or Ghegam Ridge, ISO 9985: Geġam), Գեղամա լեռնաշղթա (Geghama lernasheghta) are a range of mountains in Armenia.

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Gelati Monastery

Gelati (გელათის მონასტერი) is a medieval monastic complex near Kutaisi, in the Imereti region of western Georgia.

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Gelechia muscosella

Gelechia muscosella, the grey sallow groundling, is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Gelechia rhombella

Gelechia rhombella, the apple groundling, is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Gelechia turpella

Gelechia turpella, the grand groundling, is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Gender roles in agriculture

Gender roles in agriculture are a frequent subject of study by sociologists and farm economists.

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General der Nachrichtenaufklärung

The GdNA (Oberkommando des Heeres/General der Nachrichtenaufklärung) was the signals intelligence agency of the Wehrmacht, before and during World War II.

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Genetic genealogy

Genetic genealogy is the use of DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogical methods to infer relationships between individuals and find ancestors.

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Genetic history of Europe

The genetic history of Europe since the Upper Paleolithic is inseparable from that of wider Western Eurasia.

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Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

The genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focuses on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups.

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Genetic history of Italy

The genetic history of the Italians is greatly influenced by geography and history.

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Genetic studies on Arabs

The Centre for Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS) oversees genetic analyses on the populations of the Arab world.

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Genetic studies on Gujarati people

The study of the genetics and archaeogenetics of the Gujarati people of India aims at uncovering these people's genetic history.

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Genetic studies on Jews

Genetic studies on Jews are part of the population genetics discipline and are used to better understand the chronology of migration provided by research in other fields, such as history, archaeology, linguistics, and paleontology.

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Genetic studies on Moroccans

Moroccan genetics encompasses the genetic history of the people of Morocco, and the genetic influence of this ancestry on world populations.

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Genetic studies on Serbs

Genetic studies on Serbs show close affinity to other neighboring South Slavs.

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Genetic studies on Turkish people

In population genetics, research has been made to study the genetic origins of the modern Turkish people(Not to be confused with Turkic peoples) in Turkey.

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Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

The study of the genetics and archaeogenetics of the ethnic groups of South Asia aims at uncovering these groups' genetic history.

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Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan or Temüjin Borjigin (Чингис хаан, Çingis hán) (also transliterated as Chinggis Khaan; born Temüjin, c. 1162 August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.

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Genrikh Graftio

Genrikh Osipovich Graftio (Генрих Осипович Графтио, 26 December 1869 in Dünaburg – 30 April 1949 in Leningrad) was a Russian/Soviet engineer credited as a pioneer of the hydroelectric station construction, as one of the founders of the GOELRO plan, and notable for the construction of the first hydroelectric stations in the Soviet Union, the Volkhov Hydroelectric Station in Volkhov and the Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station in Svirstroy.

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Geocell

Geocell (ჯეოსელი) is the mobile communication provider in Georgia, subdivision of Silknet, largest telecomunication company of Caucasus region.

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Geography of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is situated in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Geography of Europe

Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents.

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Geography of Georgia (country)

The geography of Georgia describes the geographic features of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus region.

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Geography of Russia

The geography of Russia describes the geographic features of Russia, a country extending over much of northern Eurasia.

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Geography of the Soviet Union

The geography of the Soviet Union includes the geographic features of the countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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Geology of Azerbaijan

The Geology of Azerbaijan forms a constituent geological part of the Alpine fold belt.

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Geology of India

The geology of India is diverse.

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Geology of Iran

The main points that are discussed in the geology of Iran include the study of the geological and structural units or zones; stratigraphy; magmatism and igneous rocks; ophiolite series and ultramafic rocks; and orogenic events in Iran.

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Geopolitics

Geopolitics (from Greek γῆ gê "earth, land" and πολιτική politikḗ "politics") is the study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.

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Georg Andreas von Rosen

Georg von Rosen (Григорий Владимирович Розен; 1782–1841) was a German military officer, a general of the Russian Imperial Army.

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Georg Klebs

Georg Albrecht Klebs (23 October 1857 – 15 October 1918) was a German botanist from Neidenburg (Nidzica), Prussia.

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Georg Leibbrandt

Georg Leibbrandt (6 September 1899 – 16 June 1982) was a Nazi German bureaucrat and diplomat.

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Georg von und zu Franckenstein

Georg Freiherr von und zu Franckenstein (later Sir George Franckenstein) (1878 - 15 October 1953) was the eldest son of Karl Baron von und zu Franckenstein (1831–1898) and his wife, Elma née Countess von Schönborn-Wiesentheid (1841–1884) and a member of the Franckenstein family.

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George Gurdjieff

George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (31 March 1866/ 14 January 1872/ 28 November 1877 – 29 October 1949) commonly known as G. I. Gurdjieff, was a mystic, philosopher, spiritual teacher, and composer of Armenian and Greek descent, born in Alexandrapol (now Gyumri), Armenia.

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George II of Georgia

George II (გიორგი II, Giorgi II) (1054 – 1112), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Georgia from 1072 to 1089.

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George Kennan (explorer)

George Kennan (February 16, 1845 – May 10, 1924) was an American explorer noted for his travels in the Kamchatka and Caucasus regions of the Russian Empire.

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George Khutsishvili

George Khutsishvili Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (15November 19484October 2013), was a prominent Georgian public figure, one of the founders of conflictology in Georgia and the Caucasian region and a scientist in the field of peace and conflict studies.

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George Reid (Scottish politician)

Sir George Newlands Reid (born 4 June 1939) is a Scottish politician.

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Georges Charachidzé

Georges Charachidzé (Giorgi Sharashidze; გიორგი შარაშიძე) (February 11, 1930 – February 20, 2010) was a French-Georgian scholar of the Caucasian cultures.

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Georgi Atarbekov

Georgiy Aleksandrovich Atarbekov (Георгий Александрович Атарбеков), born Atarbekyan (December 2, 1892 – March 22, 1925) was an Armenian Bolshevik and Soviet security police official.

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Georgi Derluguian

Georgi M. Derluguian (Гео́ргий Матве́евич Дерлугья́н; Գեորգի Դերլուգյան; born 25 October 1961), also tr. Georgy Derlugyan, is a sociologist and historian of Armenian, Russian and Ukrainian descent.

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Georgi Emmanuel

Count Georgi Arsenijevič Emmanuel (Russian: Георгий Арсеньевич Эммануэль; Banat of Temeswar, 13 April 1775 - Kirovohrad, 26 January 1837) was a Russian general of the Napoleonic Wars of Serbian origin.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Georgia in the Roman era

The modern state of Georgia was under Roman control between the 1st century BC and the 7th century AD.

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Georgia-Imeretia Governorate

The Georgia-Imeretia Governorate (Грузино-Имеретинская губерния) was a short-lived governorate (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, administered from Tiflis (Tbilisi).

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Georgia–Persia relations

Persia and Georgia have had relations for thousands of years.

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Georgia–Russia relations

The relations between Georgia and Russia date back hundreds of years and remain complicated despite certain religious and historical ties that exist between the two countries and their people.

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Georgian Accordion

The Georgian Accordion or Georgian Garmoni (Georgian:ქართული გარმონი) is a traditional musical instrument of Georgia.

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Georgian cuisine

Georgian cuisine (kartuli samzareulo) refers to the cooking styles and dishes created by Georgian people.

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Georgian Industrial Group

The Georgian Industrial Group (GIG, საქართველოს ინდუსტრიული ჯგუფი, sak'art'velos industriuli jgup'i) is the largest holding company in Georgia, with business interests ranging from energy to real estate, headquartered in the country's capital of Tbilisi.

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Georgian Military Road

The Georgian Military Road (Арвыкомы фæндаг) is the historic name for a major route through the Caucasus from Georgia to Russia.

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Georgian Mountain cattle

The Georgian Mountain (Georgian: საქართველოს მთის პირუტყვი) is a local cattle breed from The Republic of Georgia.They can be black, black and white or red and white in colour.

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Georgian National Center of Manuscripts

The Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts (საქართველოს ხელნაწერთა ეროვნული ცენტრი; formerly the Institute of Manuscripts), located in Tbilisi, Georgia, is a repository of ancient manuscripts, of historical documents and of the private archives of eminent public figures.

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Georgian shemaya

The Georgian shemaya (Alburnus derjugini) is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus Alburnus.

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Georgian Shepherd

The Georgian Shepherd (ქართული ნაგაზი qartuli nagazi) is a molosser-type livestock guardian breed of dog with ancient working origins in the Georgia Caucasus.

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Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

Georgia, formally the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR; tr; Gruzinskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991.

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Georgian–Armenian War

The Georgian–Armenian War was a short border dispute fought in December 1918 between the newly-independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia, largely over the control of former districts of Tiflis Governorate, in Borchaly (Lori) and Akhalkalaki.

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Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–20)

The Georgian–Ossetian conflict of 1918–1920 comprised a series of uprisings, which took place in the Ossetian-inhabited areas of what is now South Ossetia, a breakaway republic in Georgia, against the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic and then the Menshevik-dominated Democratic Republic of Georgia which claimed several thousand lives and left painful memories among the Georgian and Ossetian communities of the region.

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Georgian–Seljuk wars

A number of wars between the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuk Empire were fought from 1075 until 1203 when the last Seljuk invasion of Georgian territory was defeated.

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Georgians

The Georgians or Kartvelians (tr) are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to Georgia.

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Georgische Legion (1941–45)

The Georgian Legion (Georgische Legion, ქართული ლეგიონი, kartuli legioni) was a military formation of Nazi Germany during World War II, composed of ethnic Georgians.

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Geostrategy in Central Asia

Central Asia has long been a geostrategic location because of its proximity to the interests of several great powers and regional powers.

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Geranium ibericum

Geranium ibericum, commonly called Caucasian crane's-bill or (in North America) Iberian geranium or Caucasus geranium, is a herbaceous plant species in the Geraniaceae family.

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Geranium renardii

Geranium renardii is a species of hardy flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus Geranium, in the family Geraniaceae.

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Gerhard von Mende

Gerhard von Mende (December 25, 1904 – December 16, 1963) was a Baltic German who was head of the Caucasus division at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territory, or Ostministerium, in Nazi Germany.

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German diaspora

German diaspora (Deutschstämmige; also, under National Socialism: Volksdeutsche) are ethnic Germans and their descendants living outside Germany.

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German Radio Intelligence Operations during World War II

German Radio Intelligence Operation during World War II were signals intelligence operations that were undertaken by German Axis forces in Europe during World War II.

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Gertrude (code name)

The Gertrude or Gertrud was the code name of the invasion plan for Turkey by Nazi Germany, the idea began forming in the beginning of the summer of 1942.

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Gevheri Kadın

Gevheri Kadın (8 July 1856 – 6 September 1884) was the fifth wife of 32nd Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz.

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Gevherriz Kalfa

Gevherriz Kalfa (کوھریز قالفہ; 1863 – 1940) was a lady-in-waiting to Sultan Murad V of the Ottoman Empire.

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Gevorg Bashinjaghian

Gevorg Bashinjaghian (Գևորգ Բաշինջաղյան; – 4 October 1925) was an Armenian painter who had significant influence on Armenian landscape painting.

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Ghadam of Iberia

Ghadam (ღადამი) or Adam (ადამი) was a king of Iberia (Kartli, modern eastern Georgia) whose three years of reign are scarcely recorded in the medieval Georgian chronicles.

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Ghazan

Mahmud Ghazan (1271– 11 May 1304) (sometimes referred to as Casanus by Westerners) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304.

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Ghazanchetsots Cathedral

Holy Savior Cathedral (Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ մայր տաճար, Surb Amenap′rkich mayr tachar), commonly referred to as Ghazanchetsots (Ղազանչեցոց), is an Armenian Apostolic cathedral in Shusha (Shushi), in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh).

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Ghazaros Aghayan

Ghazaros Stepani Aghayan (Ղազարոս Ստեփանի Աղայան, April 5, 1840 - June 20, 1911) was an Armenian writer, educator, folklorist, historian, linguist and public figure.

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Ghazi (warrior)

Ghazi (غازي) is an Arabic term originally referring to an individual who participates in ghazw (غزو), meaning military expeditions or raiding; after the emergence of Islam, it took on new connotations of religious warfare.

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Ghazi Mohammed Daghistani

Major general Ghazi Mohammed Daghistani was born in Baghdad in 1912, the youngest son of Field marshal Fazil Daghistani Pasha.

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Ghazi Muhammad

Qazi Mullah (Russian: Кази-Мулла, Kazi-Mulla, early 1790s–1832) was an Islamic scholar and ascetic, who was the first Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (from 1828 to 1832).

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Ghilman

Ghilman (singular غُلاَم,Other standardized transliterations: /.. plural غِلْمَان)Other standardized transliterations: /..

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Giardino Botanico Alpinia

The Giardino Botanico Alpinia (4 hectares) is a botanical garden specializing in alpine plants, located at 800 m altitude above Stresa on Lake Maggiore, Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Piedmont, Italy.

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Giardino Botanico Alpino "Rezia"

The Giardino Botanico Alpino "Rezia" (1.5 hectares) is a botanical garden specializing in alpine plants, located in the Stelvio National Park at Bormio, Province of Sondrio, Lombardy, northern Italy.

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Gigo Gabashvili

Giorgi "Gigo" Ivanes dze Gabashvili (გიორგი ივანეს ძე გაბაშვილი) (November 9, 1862 – October 28, 1936) was a Georgian painter and educator.

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Gilaki language

The Gilaki language (گیلکی Giləki) is a Caspian language, and a member of the northwestern Iranian language branch, spoken in Iran's Gīlān Province.

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Gilaks

The Gilaki people or Gilaks (Gilaki: گیلک Gilək) are an Iranian people native to the northern Iran province of Gilan and are one of the main ethnic groups residing in the northern parts of Iran.

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Gilan Province

Gilan Province (اُستان گیلان, Ostān-e Gīlān, also Latinized as Guilan) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

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Gimry

Gimry (Гимры) is a rural locality (a selo) in Untsukulsky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located in the mountain where Imam Shamil, the third Imam of Dagestan, was born.

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Giorgi Baramidze

Giorgi Baramidze (გიორგი ბარამიძე, born January 5, 1968) is a Georgian politician who served as Vice-Prime Minister of Georgia and State Minister for Euro-Atlantic Integration from 2004 to 2012.

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Giorgi II Gurieli

Giorgi II Gurieli (გიორგი II გურიელი; died 1600), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1564 to 1583 and again from 1587 to 1600.

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Giorgi Kazbegi

Giorgi Kazbegi (გიორგი ყაზბეგი; Георгий Николаевич Казбек, Georgy Nikolayevich Kazbek) (November 3, 1840 – April 14, 1921) was a Georgian nobleman and general in the Imperial Russian service.

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Giorgi Kvinitadze

Giorgi Kvinitadze (გიორგი კვინიტაძე; Георгий Иванович Квинитадзе, Georgy Ivanovich Kvinitadze; his real surname was Chikovani, ჩიქოვანი) (August 21, 1874 —August 7, 1970) was a Georgian military commander who rose from an officer in the Imperial Russian army to commander-in-chief of the Democratic Republic of Georgia.

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Giorgi Melikishvili

Giorgi Melikishvili (გიორგი მელიქიშვილი; Гео́ргий Алекса́ндрович Меликишви́ли; December 30, 1918 – March 27, 2002) was a Georgian historian known for his fundamental works in the history of Georgia, Caucasia and the Middle East.

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Giorgio Buccellati

Giorgio Buccellati is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures and the Department of History at UCLA.

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Girayr

Girayr, or Zhirair, born Harutiun-Mardiros Boyadjian (Ժիրայր, Հարություն-Մարտիրոս Պոյաճյան; 1856 - 24 March 1894) was an Armenian fedayee leader, the senior brother of Medzn Mourad.

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Girl

A girl is a young female human, usually a child or an adolescent.

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Giuli Alasania

Giuli Givis asuli Alasania (Georgian: გიული გივის ასული ალასანია) (born November 11, 1946 in Tbilisi), a Georgian historian and public figure, Doctor of Sciences (1987), Professor (1991), Vice-Rector of the International Black Sea University (IBSU) in Tbilisi, Head of the Stewardship Council and Professor of the (UG), former Georgian University of Social Sciences (GUSS), Fellow of the World Academy of Art & Science (WAAS, USA) since 2009.

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Give Me Your Everything

"Give Me Your Everything" is a song recorded by Romanian recording artist Alexandra Stan for her second studio album, Unlocked (2014).

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Givi Amilakhvari

Archil II and Givi Amilakhvari Givi Amilakhvari (გივი ამილახვარი) (1689–1754) was a Georgian nobleman (tavadi) with a prominent role in the politics of eastern Georgia in the first half of the 18th century.

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Gladiolus communis

Gladiolus communis, (the eastern gladiolus, or common corn-flag) is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae, native to temperate northern Africa, western Asia and southern Europe, from the Mediterranean to the Caucasus, and widely naturalised in frost-free locations elsewhere – such as coastal parts of the southwestern British Isles.

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Glaucopsyche alexis

Glaucopsyche alexis, the green-underside blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Gleditsia caspica

Gleditsia caspica (Caspian locust or Persian honeylocust) is a species of Gleditsia native to western Asia, in the Caucasus region of Azerbaijan and northern Iran, close to the Caspian Sea.

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Glottalic consonant

A glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some important contribution (a movement, a closure) of the glottis (the opening that leads from the nose and mouth cavities into the larynx and the lungs).

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Glyceria

Glyceria is a widespread genus of grass family common across Eurasia, Australia, North Africa, and the Americas. Glyceria is known commonly as mannagrass in the United States, or, in the UK, sweet-grass. These are perennial rhizomatous grasses found in wet areas in temperate regions worldwide. The base of the grass grows along the ground and may root at several places. Then it grows erect and bears leaf blades which may be flat or folded. The panicle inflorescences nod when heavy. Some mannagrasses are considered weeds while others are endangered in their native habitats.Whipple, I. G. et al. (2007). American Journal of Botany 94(4) 551-57.Rodionov, A. V., et al. (2013). Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research 3(2) 83-90.;Species.

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Glyphipterix gianelliella

Glyphipterix gianelliella is a moth of the family Glyphipterigidae.

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Gnorimoschema valesiella

Gnorimoschema valesiella is a moth in the Gelechiidae family.

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Gobustan National Park

Gobustan State Reserve located west of the settlement of Gobustan, about 40 miles southwest of the centre of Baku was established in 1966 when the region was declared as a national historical landmark of Azerbaijan in an attempt to preserve the ancient carvings, mud volcanoes and gas-stones in the region.

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Godoberi

Godoberi or Ghodoberi may refer to.

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GOELRO plan

GOELRO plan (план ГОЭЛРО) was the first-ever Soviet plan for national economic recovery and development.

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Gog and Magog

Gog and Magog (גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג Gog u-Magog) in the Hebrew Bible may be individuals, peoples, or lands; a prophesied enemy nation of God's people according to the Book of Ezekiel, and according to Genesis, one of the nations descended from Japheth, son of Noah.

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Golan Heights

The Golan Heights (هضبة الجولان or مرتفعات الجولان, רמת הגולן), or simply the Golan, is a region in the Levant, spanning about.

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Gold Medal (RGS)

The Gold Medal presented by the Royal Geographical Society consists of two separate awards: the Founder's Medal 1830 and the Patron's Medal 1838.

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Gold spangle

The gold spangle (Autographa bractea) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Golden Age

The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology, particularly the Works and Days of Hesiod, and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five Ages, Gold being the first and the one during which the Golden Race of humanity (chrýseon génos) lived.

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Golden eagle

The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best-known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Golden Horde

The Golden Horde (Алтан Орд, Altan Ord; Золотая Орда, Zolotaya Orda; Алтын Урда, Altın Urda) was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.

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Golden jackal

The golden jackal (Canis aureus) is a wolf-like canid that is native to Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and regions of Southeast Asia.

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Gonia capitata

Gonia capitata is a Palaearctic species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

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Gonia picea

Gonia picea is a Palaearctic species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

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Gonioctena fornicata

Gonioctena fornicata is a species of broad-shouldered leaf beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Chrysomelinae.

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Gooseberry

The gooseberry (or (American and northern British) or (southern British)), with scientific names Ribes uva-crispa (and syn. Ribes grossularia), is a species of Ribes (which also includes the currants).

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Gorchakov

Gorchakov, or Gortchakoff (Горчако́в), is a Russian princely family of Rurikid stock, descended from the Rurikid sovereigns of Peremyshl, Russia.

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Gordon Gollob

Gordon Max "Mac" Gollob (16 June 1912 – 7 September 1987) was a German fighter pilot during World War II.

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Gori State Teaching University

Gori State Teaching University is a center for education and science in Shida Kartli in the Gori Municipality of Georgia, it was established as a result of merging of two high education institutions: Gori State University and Tskhinvali State University.

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Gostan Zarian

Gostan, Constant, or Kostan Zarian (Կոստան Զարեան, Shamakhi,February 2, 1885 – Yerevan, December 11, 1969) was an Armenian writer who produced short lyric poems, long narrative poems of an epic cast, manifestos, essays, travel impressions, criticism, and fiction.

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Gothic (moth)

The Gothic (Naenia typica) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Gourgen Yanikian

Gourgen Mkrtich Yanikian or in Western Armenian Kourken Mgrditch Yanigian (Գուրգէն Մկրտիչ Եանիկեան, December 24, 1895 – February 27, 1984) was an Armenian American engineer, Armenian Genocide survivor, best known for the assassination of two Turkish consular officials, Los Angeles Consul General Mehmet Baydar and Consul Bahadır Demir, in California in 1973.

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Grace Knapp

Grace H. Knapp (21 November 1870 – 14 March 1953) was an American Christian missionary and teacher who served in the Ottoman Empire.

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Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia (О́льга Алекса́ндровна; – 24 November 1960) was the youngest child of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and younger sister of Emperor Nicholas II.

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Grand Duchy of Moscow

The Grand Duchy or Grand Principality of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское, Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye), also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Moscovia, was a late medieval Russian principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.

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Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia (Александр Михайлович Aleksandr Mikhailovich; 13 April 1866 – 26 February 1933) was a dynast of the Russian Empire, a naval officer, an author, explorer, the brother-in-law of Emperor Nicholas II and advisor to him.

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Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia

Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia,(Russian: Алексей Александрович; 14 January 1850 (2 January O.S.) in St. Petersburg – 14 November 1908 in Paris) was the fifth child and the fourth son of Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse).

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Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia

Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia (Андрей Владимирович; (14 May 1879 – 30 October 1956) was a son of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, a grandson of Emperor Alexander II and a first cousin of Nicholas II, Russia’s last Tsar. In 1900, he began an affair with the famous ballerina Mathilde Kschessinska, becoming the third grand duke to fall for her. Grand Duke Andrei followed a military career and graduated from the Alexandrovskaya Military Law academy in 1905. He occupied different military positions during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II, but with no particular distinction. He became senator in 1911 and was appointed Major General in the Russian Army in 1915. He took part in World War I, but was away from real combat spending most of the conflict at Russia's headquarters or in idle time in Saint Petersburg. In February 1917, shortly before the fall of the Russian monarchy, Grand Duke Andrei left Saint Petersburg to join his mother in Kislovodsk. He remained in the Caucasus for the next three years. After the October Revolution he was briefly arrested along with his brother, Grand Duke Boris, but they escaped. He departed revolutionary Russia in March 1920, being the last grand duke to leave for exile. In 1921, he married his longtime mistress Mathilde Kschessinska and recognized her son as his. The couple lived in the South of France until 1929 when they moved permanently to Paris, where Kschessinska opened a ballet school. After World War II, Grand Duke Andrei lived under reduced circumstances. Until his death at age 77, he was the last surviving Russian grand duke born in Imperial Russia.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia

Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia (a; 22 August 1858 in Strelna – 15 June 1915 in Pavlovsk) was a grandson of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, and a poet and playwright of some renown.

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Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia

Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (r; 13 June 1918) was the youngest son and fifth child of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and youngest brother of Nicholas II.

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Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia (Russian: Михаил Михайлович; 16 October 1861 – 26 April 1929) was a son of Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia and a grandson of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.

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Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia (Великий князь Никола́й Миха́йлович, 26 April 1859 – 28 January 1919) was the eldest son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia and a first cousin of Alexander III.

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Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia (Серге́й Миха́йлович; 7 October 1869 – 18 July 1918) was the fifth son and sixth child of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaievich of Russia and a first cousin of Alexander III of Russia.

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Grand Lodge of Russia

The Grand Lodge of Russia (GLoR) (Великая ложа России) is the Regular Masonic jurisdiction for Russia.

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Grand Mufti

The Grand Mufti (مفتي عام, "general expounder" or كبير المفتين, "the great of expounders") is the highest official of religious law in a Sunni or Ibadi Muslim country.

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Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations

The Grande Médaille d’Or des Explorations et Voyages de Découverte (Great Gold Medal of Exploration and Journeys of Discovery) has been awarded since 1829 by the Société de Géographie of France for journeys whose outcomes have enhanced geographical knowledge.

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Grass emerald

The grass emerald (Pseudoterpna pruinata) is a moth species.

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Grayanotoxin

Grayanotoxins are a group of closely related neurotoxins named after Leucothoe grayana, a plant native to Japan originally named for 19th century American botanist Asa Gray.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

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Great Eastern Crisis

The Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–78 began in the Ottoman Empire's territories on the Balkan peninsula in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the meddling of international powers, and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin in July 1878.

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Great Turkish Invasion

The Great Turkish Invasion, also translated as the Great Turkish Troubles (დიდი თურქობა, didi turkoba) is the term by which the Georgian historiography refers to continuous attacks and settlement of the Seljuq-led Turkic tribes in the Georgian lands during the reign of George II in the 1080s.

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Greater Iran

Greater Iran (ایران بزرگ) is a term used to refer to the regions of the Caucasus, West Asia, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia that have significant Iranian cultural influence due to having been either long historically ruled by the various imperial dynasties of Persian Empire (such as those of the Medes, Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanians, Samanids, Safavids, and Afsharids and the Qajars), having considerable aspects of Persian culture due to extensive contact with the various imperial dynasties of Iran (e.g., those regions and peoples in the North Caucasus that were not under direct Iranian rule), or are simply nowadays still inhabited by a significant amount of Iranic peoples who patronize their respective cultures (as it goes for the western parts of South Asia, Bahrain and Tajikistan).

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Greben Cossacks

The Greben or Skoi Cossack host was a group of Cossacks formed in the 16th century from Don Cossacks who left the Don area and settled in the northern foothills of the Caucasus.

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Greek folk music

Greek folk music (Greek: παραδοσιακή μουσική) includes a variety of Greek styles played by ethnic Greeks in Greece, Cyprus, Australia, the United States and elsewhere.

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Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch

The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, also known as the Antiochian Orthodox Church (Πατριαρχεῖον Ἀντιοχείας, Patriarcheîon Antiocheías; بطريركية أنطاكية وسائر المشرق للروم الأرثوذكس, Baṭriyarkiyya Anṭākiya wa-Sāʾir al-Mashriq li'l-Rūm al-Urthūdhuks), is an autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church within the wider communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

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Greeks in Azerbaijan

Historically, Greeks in Azerbaijan have not formed a large community in comparison to those in neighbouring Georgia and Armenia.

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Greeks in Kazakhstan

The Greeks of Kazakhstan are mainly the descendants of Pontic Greek who were deported there by Joseph Stalin, from southern Russia and the Caucasus region, at first the Crimean Greeks on 1944, under the resolution 5984 of June 2, 1944.

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Greenhill's Alternate Decisions

Greenhill's Alternate Decisions is a series of books published by Greenhill Books.

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Gregory Shvedov

Grigory Sergeyevich Shvedov (Григорий Сергеевич Шведов, born 14 October 1976) is a Russian human rights activist and journalist, known for his efforts in promoting human rights in Russia, most notably in the Caucasus region.

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Gregory the Commander

Gregory the Commander was a Sasanian military leader from the House of Mihran, who denounced Zoroastrianism and converted to Christianity, but was later as a result executed between 555-562.

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Gremi

Gremi (გრემი) is a 16th-century architectural monument – the royal citadel and the Church of the Archangels – in Kakheti, Georgia.

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Grey partridge

The grey partridge (Perdix perdix), also known as the English partridge, Hungarian partridge, or hun, is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

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Grigol of Kakheti

Grigol (გრიგოლი) (died 827) was a prince of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 786 to 827.

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Grigol Orbeliani

Prince Grigol Orbeliani or Jambakur-Orbeliani (გრიგოლ ორბელიანი; ჯამბაკურ-ორბელიანი) (October 2, 1804 – March 21, 1883) was a Georgian Romanticist poet and general in Imperial Russian service.

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Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky

Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky (1920—2003) was a Russian academician, writer, historian, Indologist and a Professor at the Diplomatic Academy of the erstwhile Soviet Union.

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Grigory Gagarin

Prince Grigory Grigorievich Gagarin (Григорий Григорьевич Гагарин, -) was a Russian painter, Major General and administrator.

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Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov

Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, or Semenov (Григо́рий Миха́йлович Семёнов; September 13 (25), 1890 – August 30, 1946), was a Japanese-supported leader of the White movement in Transbaikal and beyond from December 1917 to November 1920, Lieutenant General and Ataman of Baikal Cossacks (1919).

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Grigory Potemkin

Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavricheski (Григо́рий Алекса́ндрович Потёмкин-Таври́ческий; r Grigoriy Aleksandrovich Potyomkin-Tavricheskiy; A number of dates as late as 1742 have been found on record; the veracity of any one is unlikely to be proved. This is his "official" birth-date as given on his tombstone. –) was a Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman and favourite of Catherine the Great.

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GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

The GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (Организация за демократию и экономическое развитие — ГУАМ) is a regional organization of four post-Soviet states: '''G'''eorgia, '''U'''kraine, '''A'''zerbaijan, and '''M'''oldova.

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Guaram II of Iberia

Guaram II (გუარამ II), of the Guaramid dynasty, was a presiding prince of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from 684/5 to c. 693.

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Guaram III of Iberia

Guaram III (გუარამ III), of the Guaramid dynasty, was a presiding prince of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from before 693 to c. 748.

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Gubazes II of Lazica

Gubazes II (გუბაზ II, Γουβάζης) was king of Lazica (modern western Georgia) from circa 541 until his assassination in 555.

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Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2007)

No description.

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Guido Guerrini

Guido Guerrini (born 12 January 1976 in Arezzo, Italy) is an Italian rally driver and co-driver.

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Gurban Pirimov

Gurban Bakhshali oglu Primov (Qurban Primov) (4 October 1880 in Abdal Gulabli near Shusha, Karabakh, Azerbaijan – 29 August 1965 in Baku, Azerbaijan) was an Azerbaijani folk musician and tar-player.

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Gustav Radde

Gustav Ferdinand Richard Radde (27 November 1831 – 2 March 1903) was a German naturalist and explorer.

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Gustav Sobottka Jr.

Gustav Sobottka Jr. (10 April 1915 – 22 September 1940) was a German communist and the son of Communist Party functionary and trade unionist Gustav Sobottka.

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Gustav Steinmann

Johann Heinrich Conrad Gottfried Gustav Steinmann (9 April 1856 – 7 October 1929) was a German geologist and paleontologist.

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Gypaetinae

The Gypaetinae is one of two subfamilies of Old World vultures the other being the Aegypiinae.

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Gypsophila muralis

Gypsophila muralis (annual gypsophila, cushion baby's-breath, low baby's-breath) is an annual plant of the Caryophyllaceae family, principally native to Europe except the British Isles.

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Hablitzia

Hablitzia tamnoides, the sole species in the genus Hablitzia, is a herbaceous perennial plant, native to the Caucasus region.

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Hacıköy, Biga

Hacıköy is a village in Biga district in Çanakkale province.

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Hadena clara

Hadena clara is a species of moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Hadena drenowskii

Hadena drenowskii is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Hadhabani

Hadhabani (also: Hadhbani) (ھەزەبانی) was a large medieval Sunni Muslim Kurdish tribe divided into several groups, centered at Arbil, Ushnu and Urmia in central and north-eastern Kurdistan.

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Hafsa Sultan (wife of Selim I)

Hafsa Sultan (حفصه سلطان‎; died 19 March 1534) was the wife of Selim I and the first valide sultan of the Ottoman Empire as the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent.

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Haghpat Monastery

Haghpat Monastery, also known as Haghpatavank (Հաղպատավանք), is a medieval monastery complex in Haghpat, Armenia.

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Haim Ariav

Haim Ariav (חיים אריאב, born Haim Krupski: 1895 – 16 June 1957) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the General Zionists between 1951 and 1957.

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Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh

Haji Mirza Hassan Tabrizi (میرزا حسن تبریزی; July 4, 1851, Tabriz – December 12, 1944, Qom), famously known as Hassan Roshdieh (حسن رشدیه), was an Iranian cleric, teacher, politician, and journalist.

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Halide Edib Adıvar

Halide Edib Adıvar (خالده اديب; sometimes spelled Halidé Edib in English) (11 June 1884 – 9 January 1964) was a Turkish novelist, nationalist, and political leader for women's rights.

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Halocnemum

Halocnemum is a genus of halophytic shrubs in the Amaranthaceae family.

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Halostachys

Halostachys is a genus of flowering plants in the plant family Amaranthaceae, containing a single species, Halostachys belangeriana.

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Halva

Halva (halawa, alva, haleweh, halava, helava, helva, halwa, halua, aluva, chalva, chałwa) is any of various dense, sweet confections served across the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Balkans, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Malta and the Jewish diaspora.

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Hamlet Isakhanli

No description.

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Hanafi

The Hanafi (حنفي) school is one of the four religious Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence (fiqh).

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Hans Endres

Hans Endres (born 26 February 1911 in Stuttgart – died 11 June 2004 in Heidelberg) was a German religious philosopher and author.

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Hans Fleischhacker

Hans Fleischhacker (10 March 1912 – 30 January 1992) was a German anthropologist with the Ahnenerbe and a commander in the SS of Nazi Germany.

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Hans Kniep

Karl Johannes Kniep (3 April 1881 – 17 November 1930) was a German botanist who was a native of Jena.

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Hans-Hermann Hupfeld

Gustav Theodor Hans Hermann Hupfeld (November 28, 1905 – November 11, 1942) was a German physicist known for his work on the scattering of gamma rays.

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Haplogroup CT

Haplogroup CT is a human Y chromosome haplogroup, defining one of the major paternal lineages of humanity.

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Haplogroup F-M89

Haplogroup F, also known as F-M89 and previously as Haplogroup FT is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup.

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Haplogroup G-M201

Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup.

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Haplogroup G-P303

In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 (G2a2b2a, formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

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Haplogroup GHIJK

Haplogroup GHIJK, defined by the SNPs M3658, F1329, PF2622, and YSC0001299, (8 September 2015).

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Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)

Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup I-M170

Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplogroup IJ

Haplogroup IJ (M429/P125) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, an immediate descendant of Haplogroup IJK (formerly known as Haplogroup F-L15).

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Haplogroup IJK

Haplogroup IJK is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplogroup J (mtDNA)

Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J, (2 February 2016).

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Haplogroup J-M172

In human genetics, Haplogroup J-M172 or J2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subclade (branch) of haplogroup J-P209.

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Haplogroup J-M267

In Genetic genealogy and human genetics, Y DNA haplogroup J-M267, also commonly known as Haplogroup J1 is a subclade (branch) of Y-DNA haplogroup J-P209, (commonly known as Haplogroup J) along with its sibling clade Y DNA haplogroup J-M172 (commonly known as Haplogroup J2).

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Haplogroup L-M20

Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185.

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Haplogroup M (mtDNA)

Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup Q-M242

Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It has one primary subclade, Haplogroup Q1 (L232/S432), which includes numerous subclades that have been sampled and identified in males among modern populations. Q-M242 is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Native Americans and several peoples of Central Asia and Northern Siberia. It is also the predominant Y-DNA of the Akha tribe in northern Thailand and the Dayak people of Indonesia.

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Haplogroup R (mtDNA)

Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup R or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplogroup R-M124

Haplogroup R2a, or haplogroup R-M124, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic markers M124, P249, P267, L266, and is mainly found in South Asia as well as in Central Asia, Caucasus, Southwest Asia, and the Arab countries with low frequencies.

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Haplogroup R1

Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplogroup R1a

Haplogroup R1a, or haplogroup R-M420, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to southern Siberia and South Asia.

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Haplogroup R2

Haplogroup R2, or R-M479, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker M479.

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Haplogroup X (mtDNA)

Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Hara Berezaiti

Harā Bərəzaitī, literally meaning "High Watchpost", is the name given in the Avestan language to a legendary mountain around which the stars and planets revolve.

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Harald von Loudon

Harald Georg Gideon von Loudon (30 April 1876–1 January 1959) was a Baltic German ornithologist.

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Harmozica ravergiensis

Harmozica ravergiensis is a species of an air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Hygromiidae, the hairy snails and their allies.

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Harold Raeburn

Harold Andrew Raeburn (21 July 1865 – 21 December 1926) was a Scottish mountaineer.

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Harold Rawdon Briggs

Lieutenant-General Sir Harold Rawdon Briggs, (24 July 1894 – 27 October 1952) was a senior British Indian Army officer, active during World War I and World War II and the post-war era.

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Harpalus laevipes

Harpalus laevipes is a species of black coloured phytophagous ground beetle in the Harpalinae subfamily that is absent in the following European and African countries and islands: Andorra, Azores, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, the Channel Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyclades Cyprus, Dodecanese, Faroe Islands, Franz Josef Land, Gibraltar, Greece, Iceland, Madeira, Malta, Moldova Monaco, North Aegean islands, Novaya Zemlya, Portugal, San Marino, Sardinia, Selvagens Islands, Sicily, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and Vatican City.

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Hasan bey Zardabi

Hasan bey Zardabi (Həsən bəy Zərdabi), born Hasan bey Salim bey oglu Malikov (Həsən bəy Səlim bəy oğlu Məlikov,; 28 June 1837 or 1842 — 15 November 1907), was an Azerbaijani journalist and intellectual, founder of the first Azeri-language newspaper Akinchi ("The Ploughman") in 1875.

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Hassan Taqizadeh

Sayyed Hasan Taqizādeh (سید حسن تقی‌زاده; September 27, 1878 in Tabriz, Iran – January 28, 1970 in Tehran, Iran) was an influential Iranian politician and diplomat, of Azeri origin, during the Qajar dynasty under the reign of Mohammad Ali Shah, as well as the Pahlavi dynasty under the reign of Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah.

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Hattic language

Hattic (Hattian) was a non-Indo-European agglutinative language spoken by the Hattians in Asia Minor between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC.

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Hatuqwai people

The Hatuqwai (self-designation: translit; حتوقاي; Хатукай, Xatykaj, Гатюкай, Gatjukaj, Hatukay) are a tribe of the Adyghe people.

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Hazel

The hazel (Corylus) is a genus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

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Hüseyin Özkan

Hüseyin Özkan, née Huseyn Bisultanov (born January 20, 1972), is a Turkish judoka.

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Headgear

Headgear, headwear or headdress is the name given to any element of clothing which is worn on one's head.

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Heidi Tagliavini

Heidi Tagliavini (born 1950 in Basel) is a Swiss diplomat noted for her service with international aid and peacekeeping missions; a 2003 profile in the monthly magazine of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung called her "Switzerland's outstanding diplomat".

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Heikki Talvitie

Heikki Talvitie (born 5 September 1939) is a Finnish diplomat.

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Heinkel He 111

The Heinkel He 111 was a German aircraft designed by Siegfried and Walter Günter at Heinkel Flugzeugwerke in 1934.

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Helcystogramma triannulella

Helcystogramma triannulella is a moth in the Gelechiidae family.

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Heliothela wulfeniana

Heliothela wulfeniana is a species of moth in the Crambidae family.

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Hellenoturkism

Hellenoturkism is a political concept that encompasses two things: a) a fact of civilization i.e. the co-habitation and interdependence, since the 11th century A.D., of the Greek and Turkish peoples and cultures, and b) a political ideology based on the above civilizational phenomenon, which aims at establishing a Greek-Turkish political ensemble.

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Helmut Reinisch

Helmut Reinisch (born 1953 in Graz) is an Austrian gallery owner and collector of contemporary art as well as an author and expert in the field of old and antique carpets and textiles.

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Hemaris croatica

Hemaris croatica is a moth of the family Sphingidae.

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Hemarthria

Hemarthria is a genus of herbaceous plants in the grass family.

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Hemerocallis fulva

Hemerocallis fulva, the orange day-lily, tawny daylily, tiger daylily, fulvous daylily or ditch lily (also railroad daylily, roadside daylily, outhouse lily, and wash-house lily), is a species of daylily native to Asia.

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Hemicoelus fulvicornis

Hemicoelus fulvicornis is a species of beetle in the family Anobiidae.

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Hemorrhois ravergieri

Hemorrhois ravergieri, commonly called the spotted whip snake, is a species of snake found in Western Asia, Central Asia, and South-Central Asia.

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Hemshin peoples

The Hemshin people (Համշենցիներ, Hamshentsiner; Hemşinliler), also known as Hemshinli or Hamshenis or Homshetsi, are a diverse group of peoples who in the past or present have been affiliated with the Hemşin district in the province of Rize, Turkey.

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Henna

Henna (حِنَّاء) is a dye prepared from the plant Lawsonia inermis, also known as hina, the henna tree, the mignonette tree, and the Egyptian privet, the sole species of the genus Lawsonia.

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Henry Cadell

Dr Henry Moubray Cadell of Grange, DL FRSE LLD (1860 – 1934) was a Scottish geologist and geographer, noted for his work on the Moine Thrust, the oil-shale fields of West Lothian, and his experiments in mountain building published in 1888.

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Heracleum (plant)

Heracleum is a genus of about 60 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of biennial and perennial herbs in the carrot family Apiaceae.

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Heracleum mantegazzianum

Heracleum mantegazzianum, commonly known as giant hogweed, cartwheel-flower, giant cow parsnip, hogsbane or giant cow parsley, is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae.

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Heracleum sosnowskyi

Sosnowsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, originally native to Caucasus.

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Heraclius

Heraclius (Flavius Heracles Augustus; Flavios Iraklios; c. 575 – February 11, 641) was the Emperor of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire from 610 to 641.

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Heraclius II of Georgia

Heraclius II (ერეკლე II), also known as Erekle II and The Little Kakhetian (პატარა კახი) (7 November 1720 or 7 October 1721 – 11 January 1798), was a Georgian monarch of the Bagrationi dynasty, reigning as the king of Kakheti from 1744 to 1762, and of Kartli and Kakheti from 1762 until 1798.

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Heraclius the Elder

Heraclius the Elder (Heraclius; Ἡράκλειος; died 610) was an East Roman (Byzantine) general and the father of Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641).

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Herbert Jankuhn

Herbert Jankuhn (born 8 August 1905 in Angerburg, East Prussia – 30 April 1990 in Göttingen) was a German archaeologist and supporter of the Nazi Party.

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Hereti

The Kingdom of Hereti (ჰერეთის სამეფო), was a medieval monarchy which emerged in Caucasus on the Iberian-Albanian frontier.

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Hermann Dingler

Hermann Dingler (23 May 1846, Zweibrücken – 30 December 1935, Aschaffenburg) was a German physician and botanist.

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Hermann Göring

Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German political and military leader as well as one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.

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Hermann Graf

Hermann Graf (24 October 1912 – 4 November 1988) was a German Luftwaffe World War II fighter ace.

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Hermitage Museum

The State Hermitage Museum (p) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Heteracia

Heteracia is a genus of flowering plants in the dandelion family.

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Heteranthelium

Heteranthelium is a genus of Asian plants in the grass family.

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Heydar Aliyev International Airport

Baku Heydar Aliyev International Airport (Heydər Əliyev Beynəlxalq hava limanı) is one of the six international airports serving Azerbaijan.

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Heydar Huseynov

Dr.

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Hidden Armenians

Hidden Armenians (Gizli Ermeniler) or crypto-Armenians (ծպտեալ հայեր tsptyal hayer; Kripto Ermeniler) is an "umbrella term to describe Turkish people of full or partial ethnic Armenian origin who generally conceal their Armenian identity from wider Turkish society." They are mostly descendants of Ottoman Armenians who, at least outwardly, were Islamized (and turkified or kurdified) "under the threat of physical extermination" during the Armenian Genocide.

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Himacerus major

Himacerus major is a species damsel bug in the family Nabidae.

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Hinanit

Hinanit (חִנָּנִית, lit. Daisy) is an Israeli settlement in the northern West Bank.

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Hinduism in Azerbaijan

Hinduism in Azerbaijan has been tied to cultural diffusion on the Silk Road.

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Hipparchia (genus)

Hipparchia is a genus of butterflies within the family Nymphalidae.

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Hipparchia alcyone

Hipparchia alcyone, Hipparchia hermione, the rock grayling, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae.

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Hipparchia statilinus

Hipparchia statilinus, the tree grayling, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae.

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Hipparchia syriaca

Hipparchia syriaca is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

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His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery

His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancery or H.I.M. Own Chancery began as personal chancery of Pavel I and grew into a kind of regent's office, run by Count Arakcheyev from 1815 and until the death of Alexander I of Russia.

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Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (691 – 6 February 743) (هشام بن عبد الملك) was the 10th Umayyad caliph who ruled from 724 until his death in 743.

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Historic Cork Gardens

Historic Cork Gardens of County Cork, Ireland.

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Historical Jewish population comparisons

Jewish population centers have shifted tremendously over time, due to the constant streams of Jewish refugees created by expulsions, persecution, and officially sanctioned killing of Jews in various places at various times.

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Historiography in the Soviet Union

Soviet historiography is the methodology of history studies by historians in the Soviet Union (USSR).

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History Museum of Armenia

The History Museum of Armenia is a museum in Armenia with departments of Archaeology, Numismatics, Ethnography, Modern History and Restoration.

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History of Abkhazia

This article refers to the history of Abkhazia from its pre-historic settlement by the lower-paleolithic hunter-gathers during the mesolithic and neolithic periods to the post-1992-1993 war situation.

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History of Amman

Amman (عمّان) is the capital and most populous city of Jordan, and the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

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History of Armenia

Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat.

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History of Artsakh

Artsakh is located in the southern part of the Lesser Caucasus range, at the eastern edge of the Armenian Highlands, encompassing the highland part of the wider geographical region known as Karabakh.

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History of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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History of Azerbaijani press

The story of the press in Azerbaijan began with Akinchi, the first Azerbaijani-language newspaper, published by Hasan bey Zardabi in Baku between 1875 and 1877.

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History of Batumi

Batumi (ბათუმი) is the capital city of Adjara, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia, located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.

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History of Bulgaria

The history of Bulgaria can be traced from the first settlements on the lands of modern Bulgaria to its formation as a nation-state and includes the history of the Bulgarian people and their origin.

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History of Buzău

According to Romanian archaeologist Vasile Pârvan, the river Mousaios (Μουσαίος) mentioned in a letter from Ioannis Soranus, governor of Scythia Minor, to the archbishop of Caesarea Mazaca (about 400 AD) should be identified with the modern Buzău River.

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History of Chechnya

The history of Chechnya may refer to the history of the Chechens, of their land Chechnya, or of the land of Ichkeria.

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History of Chuvashia

The history of Chuvashia spans from the region's earliest habitation by Finno-Ugric peoples to its incorporation into the Russian Empire and its successor states.

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History of Eurasia

The history of Eurasia is the collective history of a continental area with several distinct peripheral coastal regions: the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe, linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe of Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

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History of Europe

The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present.

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History of Georgia (country)

The nation of Georgia (საქართველო sakartvelo) was first unified as a kingdom under the Bagrationi dynasty by the King Bagrat III of Georgia in the 8th to 9th century, arising from a number of predecessor states of the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia.

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History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe

The presence of German-speaking populations in Central and Eastern Europe is rooted in centuries of history, with the settling in northeastern Europe of Germanic peoples predating even the founding of the Roman Empire.

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History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union

The German minority in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union was created from several sources and in several waves.

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History of Gilan

Gīlān is an Iranian province at the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea.

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History of Iran

The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.

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History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages

The history of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages is generally one of decline; beginning as a major city in the Byzantine Empire, Jerusalem prospered during the early centuries of Muslim control (640–969), but under the rule of the Fatimid caliphate (late 10th to 11th centuries) its population declined from about 200,000 to less than half that number by the time of the Christian conquest in 1099.

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History of Kabardino-Balkaria

The Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in the Caucasus region.

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History of Lakia

Lakia is an ancient ethnic region within the state of Dagestan.

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History of lions in Europe

The history of lions in Europe is based on fossils of Pleistocene and Holocene lions excavated in Europe since the early 19th century.

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History of Mesopotamia

The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Lower Paleolithic period up to the Late antiquity.

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History of Middle Eastern newspaper publishing

The history of Middle Eastern newspaper publishing goes back to the 19th century.

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History of Mongolia

Various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu (3rd century BCE to 1st century CE), the Xianbei state (93 to 234 CE), the Rouran Khaganate (330-555), the Turkic Khaganate (552-744) and others, ruled the area of present-day Mongolia.

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History of North Ossetia-Alania

The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in the Caucasus region.

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History of Poland (1939–1945)

The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany to the end of World War II.

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History of prostitution

Prostitution has been practiced throughout ancient and modern culture.

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History of rail transport in Turkey

The history of rail transport in Turkey began with the start of the placement in 1856 of a railway line between Izmir and Aydın.

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History of Roman and Byzantine domes

The History of Roman and Byzantine domes traces the architecture of domes throughout the ancient Roman Empire and its medieval continuation, today called the Byzantine Empire.

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History of Russia

The History of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs.

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History of Russia (1796–1855)

In Russian history, the period from 1796 to 1855 (covering the reigns of Paul I, Alexander I and Nicholas I) saw the Napoleonic wars, Government reform, political reorganization and economic growth.

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History of Russia (1855–92)

In 1855 Alexander II began his reign as Tsar of Russia, and presided over a period of political and social reform, notably the emancipation of serfs in 1861 and the lifting of censorship.

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History of slavery

The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day.

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History of slavery in Asia

Slavery has existed all throughout Asia, and forms of slavery still exist today.

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History of Sudan

The history of Sudan includes that of both the territory that composes Republic of the Sudan as well as that of a larger region known by the term "Sudan".

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History of Tbilisi

The history of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, dates back to at least the 5th century AD.

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History of the ancient Levant

The Levant is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east.

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History of the Caucasus

The history of the Caucasus region may be divided into the history of the Northern Caucasus (Ciscaucasia), historically in the sphere of influence of Scythia and of Southern Russia (Eastern Europe), and that of the Southern Caucasus (Transcaucasia; Caucasian Albania, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) in the sphere of influence of Persia, Anatolia and for a very brief time Assyria.

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History of the Cossacks

The history of the Cossacks spans several centuries.

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History of the Jews in Azerbaijan

Today, Jews in Azerbaijan mainly consist of three distinct groups: Mountain Jews, the most sizable and most ancient group; Ashkenazi Jews, who settled in the area during the late 19th-early 20th centuries, and during World War II; and Georgian Jews who settled mainly in Baku during the early part of the 20th century.

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History of the Jews in Europe

Jews, originally Judaean Israelite tribes from the Levant in Western Asia, Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.

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History of the Jews in Poland

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years.

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History of the Jews in the Soviet Union

The history of the Jews in the Soviet Union is inextricably linked to much earlier expansionist policies of the Tsarist Russia conquering and ruling the eastern half of the European continent already before the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

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History of the Middle East

Home to the Cradle of Civilization, the Middle East (usually interchangeable with the Near East) has seen many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations.

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History of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I. As sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (today named Istanbul) in 1453, the state grew into a mighty empire.

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History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I

The Ottoman Empire participated in World War I as one of the Central Powers.

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History of the Russo-Turkish wars

The Russo–Turkish wars (or Ottoman–Russian wars) were a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries.

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History of Ukraine

Prehistoric Ukraine, as part of the Pontic steppe, has played an important role in Eurasian cultural contacts, including the spread of the Chalcolithic, the Bronze Age, Indo-European expansion and the domestication of the horse.

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History of Ukrainian nationality

The history of Ukrainian nationality can be traced back to the Kiev-based kingdom of Kievan Rus' (Kиïвсьκa Pуcь) of the 9th to 12th centuries.

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History of Uzbekistan

In the first millennium BC, Iranian nomads established irrigation systems along the rivers of Central Asia and built towns at Bukhara and Samarqand.

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History of Western civilization

Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.

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History of Xinjiang

The recorded history of the area now known as Xinjiang dates to the 2nd millennium BC.

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Hitler Stalingrad Speech

The Hitler Stalingrad Speech was an address made by Adolf Hitler to senior members of the Nazi Party on November 8, 1942.

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Hittites

The Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC.

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Hizb ut-Tahrir

Hizb ut-Tahrir (حزب التحرير Ḥizb at-Taḥrīr; Party of Liberation) is an international, pan-Islamist political organization, which describes its ideology as Islam, and its aim as the re-establishment of the Islamic Khilafah (Caliphate) or Islamic state to resume the Islamic way of life.

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HMS Ajax (1912)

HMS Ajax was the third of four dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the early 1910s.

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Home front during World War II

The home front covers the activities of the civilians in a nation at war.

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Homo

Homo (Latin homō "human being") is the genus that encompasses the extant species Homo sapiens (modern humans), plus several extinct species classified as either ancestral to or closely related to modern humans (depending on a species), most notably Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis.

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Hooded crow

The hooded crow (Corvus cornix) (also called hoodie) is a Eurasian bird species in the ''Corvus'' genus.

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Hopa

Hopa (ხოფა, ხუფათი) is a city and district of Artvin Province in northeast Turkey.

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Horace Walker

Horace Walker (1838–1908) was an English mountaineer who made many notable first ascents, including Mount Elbrus and the Grandes Jorasses.

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Horatio Pettus Mackintosh Berney-Ficklin

Major General Horatio Pettus Mackintosh Berney-Ficklin CB MC (13 June 1892 – 17 February 1961) was a British Army officer who served in both World War I and World War II.

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Hordelymus

Hordelymus is a genus of European, north African, and southwest Asian plants in the grass family.

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Horisme corticata

Horisme corticata is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Horned lark

The horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), called the shore lark in Europe, is a species of lark in the Alaudidae family found across the northern hemisphere.

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House of Hasan-Jalalyan

The House of Hasan-Jalalyan (Հասան-Ջալալյաններ) was an Armenian dynasty that ruled the region of Khachen (Greater Artsakh) from 1214 onwards in what are now the regions of lower Karabakh, Nagorno-Karabakh and small part of Syunik. Ulubabyan, Bagrat. "Հասան-Ջալալյաններ". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1980, vol. 6, p. 246. It was named after Hasan-Jalal Dawla (Հասան-Ջալալ Դոլա), an Armenian feudal prince from Khachen. The Hasan-Jalalyan family was able to maintain its autonomy throughout several centuries of foreign domination of the region by Seljuk Turks, Persians and Mongols as they, as well as the other Armenian princes and meliks of Khachen, saw themselves of holding the last bastion of Armenian independence in the region. Through their many patronages of churches and other monuments, the Hasan-Jalalyans helped cultivate Armenian culture throughout the region. By the late 16th century, the Hasan-Jalalyan family had branched out to establish melikdoms in Gulistan and Jraberd, making them, along with Khachen, Varanda and Dizak, a part of what was then known as the "Melikdoms of Khamsa.".

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House of Mihran

The House of Mihrān or House of Mehrān was a leading Iranian noble family (šahrdārān), one of the Seven Great Houses of the Sassanid Persian Empire which claimed descent from the earlier Arsacid dynasty.

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House of Romanov

The House of Romanov (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. also Romanoff; Рома́новы, Románovy) was the second dynasty to rule Russia, after the House of Rurik, reigning from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.

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House of Siberia

Sibirsky (Russian:Сибирский, pl. Сибирские) was the foremost of many Genghisid (Shaybanid) families formerly living in Russia.

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House-Museum of Ivan Krylov

The House-Museum of Ivan Krylov (r) opened in 1979 in Novocherkassk, Rostov oblast, Russia and is devoted to the exhibition of the Russian and Soviet theatre painter's pieces of art, as well as to the research and study of Cossacks households.

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Hranush Kharatyan

Hranush Kharatyan (Հրանուշ Խառատյան; born February 18, 1952) is an Armenian ethnographer.

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Hrayr Dzhoghk

Hrayr Dzhoghk (Hrayr The Hell; 1864–13 April 1904), born (Armenak Ghazarian Արմենակ Ղազարյան), also known as Hrair, Hrayr, Tjokhk, Djohkh, Dzhokhk, was an Armenian military leader and strategist, fedayee, statesman and teacher, part of the Armenian national liberation movement.

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Hryhory Bazhul

Hryhory Ivanovych Bazhul (Григорій Іванович Бажул transcribed as Georg Baschul) Note: Name was transcribed via German on Australian Government documents.

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Hubert Lanz

Karl Hubert Lanz (22 May 1896 – 15 August 1982) was a German general (General der Gebirgstruppe) in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War, in which he led units in the Eastern Front and in the Balkans.

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Hulagu Khan

Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu (ᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ|translit.

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Human rights in Belarus

Human rights in Belarus have been described as "poor".

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Human rights in Europe

Human rights in Europe are generally upheld.

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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y-chromosome (called Y-DNA).

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Humid subtropical climate

A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and mild to cool winters.

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Hummingbird

Hummingbirds are birds from the Americas that constitute the family Trochilidae.

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Hummingbird hawk-moth

The hummingbird hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum) is a species of moth.

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Huns

The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, between the 4th and 6th century AD.

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Hunzib

Hunzib may refer to.

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Hyacinth Graf Strachwitz

Hyacinth Graf Strachwitz von Groß-Zauche und Camminetz (30 July 1893 – 25 April 1968) was a German Army officer of aristocratic descent.

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Hyalopoa

Hyalopoa is a genus of Asian plants in the grass family.

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Hydrelia percandidata

Hydrelia percandidata is a moth in the family Geometridae.

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Hydriomena furcata

Hydriomena furcata, the July highflyer, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Hydro-slotted perforation

Hydro-slotting perforation technology is the process of opening the productive formation through the casing and cement sheath to produce the oil or gas product flow (intensification, stimulation).

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Hydrocharis

Hydrocharis is a genus of aquatic plants in the family Hydrocharitaceae described as a genus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

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Hylaea fasciaria

Hylaea fasciaria, the barred red, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Hyles vespertilio

Hyles vespertilio is a moth of the family Sphingidae.

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Hypena munitalis

Hypena munitalis is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Hypenodes orientalis

Hypenodes orientalis is a species of moth in the Erebidae family.

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Hypolagus

Hypolagus is an extinct genus of Lagomorpha, first recorded in the Hemingfordian (early to middle Miocene) of North America.

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Hypsicratea

Hypsicratea or Hipsicratea (flourished 63 BC), was a Caucasian woman who became Queen of Pontus.

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Iakob Gogebashvili

Iakob Gogebashvili (იაკობ გოგებაშვილი) (October 15, 1840 – June 1, 1912) was a Georgian educator, children’s writer and journalist, considered to be the founder of the scientific pedagogy in Georgia.

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Iaroslav Lebedynsky

Iaroslav Lebedynsky, born in Paris in 1960, is a French historian of Ukrainian origin, a specialist in ancient warrior cultures of the steppe and the Caucasus, and a prolific author in that field.

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Iberians

The Iberians (Hibērī, from Ίβηρες, Iberes) were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others, Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodotus and Strabo) identified with that name in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula, at least from the 6th century BC.

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Iberina montana

Iberina montana, the common combtailed spider, which was formerly better known as Hahnia montana, is a species of dwarf sheet spider, family Hahniidae, which is found mainly in Europe.

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Ibero-Caucasian languages

The term Ibero-Caucasian (or Iberian-Caucasian) was proposed by Georgian linguist Arnold Chikobava for the union of the three language families that are specific to the Caucasus, namely.

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Ibn Hawqal

Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal (محمد أبو القاسم بن حوقل, born in Nisibis, Upper Mesopotamia; travelled 943-969 CE) was a 10th-century Arab Muslim writer, geographer, and chronicler.

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Ibn-i-Abhar

Ḥájí Mírzá Muḥammad-Taqí (died 1917), known as Ibn-i-Abhar (ابن ابهر), was an eminent follower of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith.

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Ibrahim I of Shirvan

Ibrahim I (ابراهیم) was the 33rd Shirvanshah (ruler of Shirvan, r. 1382-1418).

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Ibrahim Khalil Khan

Ibrahim Khalil khan Javanshir (1732–1806) was the Azeri Turkic khan of Karabakh from the Javanshir family, who succeeded his father Panah-Ali khan Javanshir as the ruler of Karabakh khanate.

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Ice cap climate

An ice cap climate is a polar climate where the temperature never exceeds.

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Idaea dimidiata

Idaea dimidiata, the single-dotted wave, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Idaea fuscovenosa

Idaea fuscovenosa, the dwarf cream wave, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Idaea muricata

Idaea muricata, the purple-bordered gold, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Idaea pallidata

Idaea pallidata is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Idar of Kabardia

Prince Idar (Circassian:Идар, Yidar) (ca. 1470 - 1571) (Turkish:Mirza Haydar Temruk Bey, Haydar Abdullah, Abdulmennan Tamrok, Çerkes Haydar Bey, Temrukzade Mirza Haydar, Haydar Abdullah, Bosfor Temrok, Haydar Mirza, Mirza Abdullah Idar Bey) (میرزا عبداللہ ادار (حیدر) بیگ) was a Circassian ruler of the Caucasus.

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Idia calvaria

Idia calvaria is a species of litter moth of the family Erebidae.

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IHH (Turkish NGO)

IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation (Turkish: İHH İnsani Yardım Vakfı; full Turkish name: İnsan Hak ve Hürriyetleri ve İnsani Yardım Vakfı, in English: The Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief) or İHH is a conservative Turkish NGO, whose members are predominantly Turkish Muslims, active in more than 100 countries.

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III Army Corps (Wehrmacht)

III Army Corps was a corps level formation of the German Army during World War II.

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Ijevan

Ijevan (Իջևան), is a town and urban municipal community in Armenia serving as the administrative centre of Tavush Province.

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Ilex colchica

Ilex colchica, commonly known as Colchic- or Black Sea holly, is a species of holly native to Bulgaria, Turkey and the Caucasus.

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Ilkhanate

The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate (ایلخانان, Ilxānān; Хүлэгийн улс, Hu’legīn Uls), was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.

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Ilori Church

The Church of St.

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Ilsfeld

Ilsfeld is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, on the outer edge of the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region.

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Ilya Darevsky

Ilya Sergeyevich Darevsky (Илья Сергеевич Даревский, 18 December 1924 – 8 August 2009) was a Soviet Russian zoologist-herpetologist and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Ilyas Shurpayev

Ilyas Imranovich Shurpayev (Ильяс Имранович Шурпаев; 25 July 1975, Makhachkala – 21 March 2008, Moscow) was a Russian television journalist and Channel One (Russia) correspondent.

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Imamate

Imamate (إمامة imāmah) is a word derived from imam and meaning "leadership".

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Immanuel Winkler

Immanuel Winkler (June 3, 1886 in Sarata – June 18, 1932 in Winnipeg), born Adolf Immanuel Mathaeus Winkler, was a pastor in Hoffnungstal (today Tsebrykove, Ukraine) and author.

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Immigration to Chile

Immigration to Chile has contributed to the demographics and the history of this South American nation.

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Immigration to Turkey

Since the 19th century, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples (who are termed "Muhacir" under a general definition) from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, 'Circassians', Chechens), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), Crete (Cretan Turks), took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features.

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Imperator torosus

Imperator torosus, commonly known as the brawny bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae.

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Imperial Roman army

The Imperial Roman army are the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the Roman Empire from about 30 BC to 476 AD.

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Imperial Russian Army

The Imperial Russian Army (Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия) was the land armed force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

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Imperialism

Imperialism is a policy that involves a nation extending its power by the acquisition of lands by purchase, diplomacy or military force.

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In the Steppes of Central Asia

In the Steppes of Central Asia (Russian: В средней Азии, V srednyeĭ Azii, literally In Central Asia) is the common English title for a "musical tableau" (or symphonic poem) by Alexander Borodin, composed in 1880.

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Index of Azerbaijan-related articles

Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to the Azerbaijan Republic include.

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Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses that constitute the Americas.

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Indo-European migrations

Indo-European migrations were the migrations of pastoral peoples speaking the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), who departed from the Yamnaya and related cultures in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, starting at.

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Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-Iranian languages or Indo-Iranic languages, or Aryan languages, constitute the largest and easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family.

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Indo-Iranians

Indo-Iranian peoples, also known as Indo-Iranic peoples by scholars, and sometimes as Arya or Aryans from their self-designation, were an ethno-linguistic group who brought the Indo-Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, to major parts of Eurasia.

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Inessa Armand

Inessa Fyodorovna Armand (born Elisabeth-Inès Stéphane d'Herbenville; May 8, 1874 – September 24, 1920) was a French-Russian communist politician, member of the Bolsheviks and feminist who spent most of her life in Russia.

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Ingrailed clay

The ingrailed clay (Diarsia mendica) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Ingush language

Ingush (ГӀалгӀай,, pronounced) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 500,000 people, known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya.

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Ingushetia

The Republic of Ingushetia (rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ɪnɡʊˈʂetʲɪjə; Гӏалгӏай Мохк), also referred to as simply Ingushetia, is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in the North Caucasus region.

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INOGATE

INOGATE was an international energy co-operation programme between the European Union (EU), the littoral states of the Black and Caspian seas and their neighbouring countries.

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Institute for Security and Development Policy

The Institute for Security and Development Policy is a Stockholm-based independent and non-profit research and policy institute.

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Institute of Folklore (Azerbaijan)

The Institute of Folklore in Azerbaijan is an independent institute, which started its activity in 1994 on the base of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS).

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Institute of the Caucasus Studies

Institute of the Caucasus Studies of ANAS (Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences) - is a scientific research Institute in the structure of ANAS.

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Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion

The instrument of Jesus' crucifixion (known in Latin as crux, in Greek as stauros) is generally taken to have been composed of an upright wooden beam to which was added a transom, thus forming a "cruciform" or T-shaped structure.

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Inter Glass

Inter Glass ASC is an Azerbaijani glass manufacturing company created in December 2008.

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Intermarium

Międzymorze, known in English as Intermarium, was a plan pursued after World War I by Polish leader Józef Piłsudski for a federation of Central and Eastern European countries.

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Internal Troops of Ukraine

The Internal Troops of Ukraine (Внутрішні війська України, Vnutrishni Viys'ka Ukrayiny - Interior forces of Ukraine; abbreviated ВВ, VV) were an uniformed gendarmerie in Ukraine which merged with the National Guard of Ukraine on March 13, 2014.

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International E-road network

The international E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

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International Finance Corporation

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development in developing countries.

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International organisations in Europe

The following table lists the independent European states, and their memberships in selected organisations and treaties.

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International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Abkhazia and South Ossetia are partially recognised republics in the Caucasus, claiming independence from Georgia.

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International Strategic Research Organization

The International Strategic Research Organization (USAK) is an independent think-tank established in 2004.

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Internet in Azerbaijan

Access to the Internet in Azerbaijan is growing, supported by a national strategy to develop the country into an information and communication technology (ICT) hub for the Caucasus region.

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Inula magnifica

Inula magnifica, the giant fleabane, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family, native to the eastern Caucasus.

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Invasion of Tabriz, World War I

Invasion of Tabriz during World War I was multiple occupations and re-occupations of the city of Tabriz in Iranian Azerbaijan by forces of the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire during World War I.

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Investment in Azerbaijan

The overall investment climate in Azerbaijan continues to grow despite of significant challenges remain.

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Io (mythology)

Io (Ἰώ) was, in Greek mythology, one of the mortal lovers of Zeus.

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Ioannis Passalidis

Ioannis Passalidis (Ιωάννης Πασαλίδης; 1886–1968) was a prominent member of the Greek Left and founder of the United Democratic Left party.

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Ion Antonescu

Ion Antonescu (– June 1, 1946) was a Romanian soldier and authoritarian politician who, as the Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II, presided over two successive wartime dictatorships.

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Iosif Berman

Iosif Berman (January 17, 1892 – September 17, 1941) was a Romanian photographer and journalist during the interwar period.

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Iran

Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).

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Iran (word)

The modern Persian name of Iran (ایران) derives immediately from 3rd-century Sassanian Middle Persian (Pahlavi spelling: ʼyrʼn), where it initially meant "of the Iranians", but soon also acquired a geographical connotation in the sense of "(lands inhabited by) Iranians".

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Iran–Russia relations

Relations between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Persian Empire (Iran), officially commenced in 1521, with the Safavids in power.

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Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

The Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (sometimes referred to as the Iran–Saudi Arabia Cold War or the Middle East Cold War) is the ongoing struggle for influence in the Middle East and surrounding regions between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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Iranecio

Iranecio is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, native to the eastern Mediterranean east to the Caucasus.

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Iranian architecture

Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (Persian:مهرازى ایرانی) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia.

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Iranian Azerbaijanis

Iranian Azerbaijanis (ایران آذربایجانلیلاری – İran azərbaycanlıları), also known as Iranian Azeris, Iranian Turks, Persian Turks, Azeri Turks, Azerbaijani Turks or Persian Azerbaijanis, are Iranians of Azerbaijani ethnicity who speak the Azerbaijani language as their first language.

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Iranian cuisine

Iranian cuisine comprises the cooking traditions of Iran.

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Iranian diaspora

Iranians abroad or Iranian diaspora are Iranian people living outside Iran and their children born abroad.

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Iranian folk music

Iranian folk music refers to the folk music transmitted through generations among the people of Iran, often consisting of tunes that exist in numerous variants.

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Iranian Georgians

Iranian Georgians (ირანის ქართველები; گرجی‌های ایران) are Iranian citizens who are ethnically Georgian, and are an ethnic group living in Iran.

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Iranian languages

The Iranian or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.

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Iranian musical instruments

Iranian musical instruments can be broadly classified into three categories: classical, Western and folk.

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Iranian nationalism

Iranian nationalism refers to nationalism among the people of Iran and individuals whose national identity is Iranian.

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Iranian peoples

The Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples, are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of the Iranian languages.

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Iranian Studies Series

The Iranian Studies Series was founded in 2007 and is co-published by Rozenberg Publishers in Amsterdam and Purdue University Press in West Lafayette, Indiana.

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Iranians in Russia

Iranians in Russia (ایرانیان روسیه; Иранцы в России) are Iranians in the Russian Federation, and are Russian citizens or permanent residents of (partial) Iranian national background.

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Iraq

Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.

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Iraqforce

Iraqforce was a British and Commonwealth formation that came together in the Kingdom of Iraq.

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Iraqi diaspora

The Iraqi diaspora refers to native Iraqis who have left for other countries as emigrants or refugees, and is now one of the largest in modern times, being described by the UN as a "humanitarian crisis" caused by the 2003 invasion of Iraq and by the ensuing war.

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Iraqi diaspora in Europe

There have been many waves of refugees and emigrants from Iraq since the late 1970s until the present.

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Iravani (surname)

Iravani (lit. "from Iravan", aka, Yerevan) is a common surname in Iran, Azerbaijan and to a much lesser extent in the rest of the Caucasus.

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Iris acutiloba

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and Oncocyclus Section.

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Iris atropurpurea

Iris atropurpurea, the coastal iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section.

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Iris caucasica

Iris caucasica (also known as Caucasean Iris)Robert Sweet, Edwin Dalton Smith (1904) is a species of plant in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Scorpiris.

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Iris glaucescens

Iris glaucescens is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris.

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Iris graminea

Iris graminea, is a species in the genus Iris belonging to the subgenus Limniris, in particular the series Spuriae.

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Iris halophila

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in series Spuriae.

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Iris humilis

Iris humilis is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section.

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Iris loczyi

Iris loczyi is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the Tenuifoliae series of the species.

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Iris notha

Iris notha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae.

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Iris orjenii

Iris orjenii, (the Orjen Iris), is a rare species of iris found in Montenegro and Herzegovina on the karst landscape of Mount Orjen.

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Iris polystictica

Iris polystictica is a species of praying mantis found in Central Asia, Caucasus, southeastern Ukraine, southern Siberia, China, and Mongolia.

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Iris pontica

Iris pontica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in Series Spuriae.

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Iris pseudonotha

Iris pseudonotha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in the Series Spuriae.

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Iris sibirica

Iris sibirica (commonly known as Siberian iris or Siberian flag), is a species in the genus Iris.

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Iris spuria

Iris spuria is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Limniris and in the Series Spuriae.

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Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae

Iris spuria subsp.

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Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica

Iris spuria subsp.

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Iris taochia

Iris taochia is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris.

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Iris timofejewii

Iris timofejewii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, and also in the subgenus ''Iris''.

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Iris winogradowii

Iris winogradowii is a species in the genus Iris, also in the subgenus of Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age system, preceded by the Stone Age (Neolithic) and the Bronze Age.

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Iron Age Europe

In Europe, the Iron Age may be defined as including the last stages of the prehistoric period and the first of the proto-historic periods.

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Iron Ossetian

Iron (Ossetic: Ирон, Iron or Ирон æвзаг, Iron ævzag) is one of the two main dialects of the Ossetic language along with DigorThordarson, Fridrik.

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Irredentism

Irredentism is any political or popular movement that seeks to reclaim and reoccupy a land that the movement's members consider to be a "lost" (or "unredeemed") territory from their nation's past.

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Isaak Lalayants

Isaak Khristoforovich Lalayants (pseudonyms: Columbus, Izarov, Insarov et al.;, Kizlyar, Russian Empire – 14 July 1933, Moscow, Soviet Union) was a Russian revolutionary, Marxist, Bolshevik and comrade-in-arms of Vladimir Lenin.

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Isatis tinctoria

Isatis tinctoria, also called woad, dyer's woad, or glastum, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae.

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Ischnodemus sabuleti

Ischnodemus sabuleti, also known as the European chinch bug, is a species of swarming true bug from the family Blissidae, which family also includes the American Chinch Bug Blissus leucopterus.

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Isfahan

Isfahan (Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan, Esfahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about south of Tehran.

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ISIL territorial claims

The core of the territory of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was from 2014 until November 2017 in Iraq and Syria, where the organization controlled significant swathes of urban, rural, and desert territory.

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Islam and war

From the time of the Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam, many Muslim states and empires have been involved in warfare.

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Islam by country

Adherents of Islam constitute the world's second largest religious group.

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Islam in Azerbaijan

Over 96.9% of the population of Azerbaijan is nominally Muslim.

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Islam in Europe

Islam is the second largest religious belief in Europe after Christianity.

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Islam in Georgia (country)

Islam in Georgia was introduced in 654 when an army sent by the Third Caliph of Islam, Uthman, conquered Eastern Georgia and established Muslim rule in Tbilisi.

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Islam in Israel

Islam is a major religion in Israel.

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Islam in Romania

Islam in Romania is followed by only 0.3 percent of population, but has 700 years of tradition in Northern Dobruja, a region on the Black Sea coast which was part of the Ottoman Empire for almost five centuries (ca. 1420-1878).

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Islam in Russia

Islam is the second most widely professed religion in Russia, encompassing somewhere between 7% and 15% of all Russians.

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Islam in the Czech Republic

According to the 2017 census, there are around 20 000 Muslims in the Czech Republic (less than 0.2% of country's population), compared to 3400 in 2010 and 495 in 1991.

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Islam in the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union (USSR) was a federation made up of 15 socialist republics, and existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991.

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Islamey

Islamey: Oriental Fantasy (Исламей: Восточная фантасия), Op.

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Islamic Army of the Caucasus

The Islamic Army of the Caucasus (Qafqaz İslam Ordusu; Turkish: Kafkas İslâm Ordusu) (also translated as Caucasian Army of Islam) was a military unit of the Ottoman Empire formed on July 10, 1918.

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Islamic culture

Islamic culture is a term primarily used in secular academia to describe the cultural practices common to historically Islamic people -- i.e., the culture of the Islamicate.

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Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan

The Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan, known in Russia as the Kadar zone (Кадарская зона), was an Islamist political entity in the Buynaksky District of Dagestan consisting of the fortified villages of Kadar, Karamakhi and Chabanmakhi.

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Islamic Republic of Iran Railways

The Islamic Republic of Iran Railways (abbreviated IRIR or sometimes RAI) (Persian: Rāhāhane Jomhuriye Eslamiye Irān) is the national state-owned railway system of Iran.

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Islamic sexual jurisprudence

Islamic sexual jurisprudence concerns the Islamic laws of sexuality in Islam, as largely predicated on the Qur'an, the sayings of Muhammad (hadith) and the rulings of religious leaders' (fatwa) confining sexual activity to marital relationships between men and women.

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Islamophobic incidents

The following is a list of a number of recent incidents characterized as inspired by Islamophobia by commentators.

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Ismail II

Ismail Mirza (اسماعیل میرزا) later known by his first dynastic name of Ismail II (شاه اسماعیل دوم) (31 May 1537– 24 November 1577) was the third Safavid Shah of Iran, ruling from 1576 to 1577.

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Isophrictis anthemidella

Isophrictis anthemidella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Ispahsalar

Ispahsālār (اسپهسالار) or sipahsālār (سپهسالار; "army commander"), in Arabic rendered as isfahsalār (إسفهسلار) or iṣbahsalār (إصبهسلار), was a title used in much of the Islamic world during the 10th–15th centuries, to denote the senior-most military commanders but also as a generic general officer rank.

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Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn

Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn (ישראל פרידמן מרוז'ין) (5 October 1796 – 9 October 1850Assaf, The Regal Way, p. 170.), also called Israel Ruzhin, was a Hasidic rebbe in 19th-century Ukraine and Austria.

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Istanbul Military Museum

Istanbul Military Museum (Askerî Müze) is dedicated to one thousand years of Turkish military history.

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Istiglal Order

Istiglal Order (Istiqlal ordeni), is the highest supreme order of the Republic of Azerbaijan, along with Heydar Aliyev Order.

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Istituto Affari Internazionali

The Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) (English: Institute of International Affairs) is an Italian non-profit organization founded in 1965 by Altiero Spinelli, its first director, thanks to joint contributions from the Fondazione Olivetti, the cultural and political association Il Mulino and the Nord e Sud Research Center, as well as to substantial support from the Ford Foundation.

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Isturgia disputaria

Isturgia disputaria, the Maltese bloom, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Isuwa

Isuwa (transcribed Išuwa and sometimes rendered Ishuwa) was the ancient Hittite name for one of its neighboring Anatolian kingdoms to the east, in an area which later became the Luwian Neo-Hittite state of Kammanu.

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ITE Group

ITE Group plc is an international organiser of exhibitions and conferences.

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Ivan Aivazovsky

Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Ива́н Константи́нович Айвазо́вский; 29 July 18172 May 1900) was an Armenian-Russian Romantic painter who is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art.

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Ivan Bagramyan

Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan (Հովհաննես Քրիստափորի Բաղրամյան; Ива́н Христофо́рович Баграмя́н), also known as Hovhannes Khachaturi Baghramyan (Հովհաննես Խաչատուրի (alternatively, Քրիստափորի, Kristapori) Բաղրամյան; Оване́с Хачату́рович Баграмя́н) (– 21 September 1982), was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union of Armenian origin.

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Ivan Bartolomei

Ivan Alekseyevich Bartolomei (Иван Алексеевич Бартоломей, 28 November 1813 – 5 October 1870) was an Imperial Russian military officer, antiquarian, and writer.

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Ivan Ganetsky

Ivan Ganetsky (October 8, 1810 – 1887) was an Imperial Russian division commander.

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Ivan III of Russia

Ivan III Vasilyevich (Иван III Васильевич; 22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow), also known as Ivan the Great, was a Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'.

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Ivan IV (opera)

Ivan IV is an opera in five acts by Georges Bizet, with a libretto by Francois-Hippolyte Leroy and Henri Trianon.

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Ivan Ivanovich Shamshev

Ivan Ivanovich Shamshev (May 4, 1819 – April 21, 1892) was an Imperial Russian lieutenant general, adjutant general and division commander.

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Ivan Krasnov

Ivan Ivanovich Krasnov Краснов, Иван Иванович (1802–1871) was a Russian general and author.

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Ivan Kristoff

Ivan Kristoff (born Ivan Hristov; June 6, 1968) is an aviator and rescue worker.

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Ivan Ksenofontov

Ivan Ksenofontovich Ksenofontov (August 29, 1884 – March 23, 1926) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and one of the founding fathers and leaders of the Soviet secret police and state security agency (Cheka, GPU and OGPU).

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Ivan Makarovich Orbeliani

Prince Ivan Makarovich Dzhambakurian-Orbeliani (ივანე მამუკას ძე ორბელიანი Ivane Mamukas dze Orbeliani. Ива́н Мака́рович Орбелиа́ни) (9 September 1844 – 13 November 1919) was a Russian imperial general, governor of Kutaisi and Georgian prince.

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Ivan Maslennikov

Ivan Ivanovich Maslennikov (Иван Иванович Масленников; September 16, 1900 – April 16, 1954), General of the Army, was a Soviet military and NKVD commander of Army and Front level during World War II.

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Ivan Mushketov

Ivan Vasilʹevich Mushketov (Иван Васильевич Мушкетов) (1850–1902) was a famous Russian geologist, tectonist, explorer, and geographer who was born in the Don region and entered Saint Petersburg University in 1867, but soon transferred to the Mining InstituteP.

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Ivan Paskevich

Prince (1831) Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich (Ива́н Фёдорович Паске́вич; &ndash) was an imperial Russian military leader.

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Ivan Sidorenko

Ivan Mikhaylovich Sidorenko (Ива́н Миха́йлович Сидоре́нко; September 12 1919 – February 19 1994) was a Red Army officer and a Hero of the Soviet Union, who served during World War II.

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Ivan Volobuiev

Ivan Nikolayevich Volobuiev (Иван Николаевич Волобуев; born 5 January 1991) is a Russian ice dancer who competed with partner Valeria Starygina.

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Ivane Andronikashvili

Prince Ivane Andronikashvili (ივანე ანდრონიკაშვილი), also known as Knyaz Ivan Malkhazovich Andronnikov (Иван Малхазович Андронников) (1798 – November 19, 1868) was a Georgian nobleman and general in the Imperial Russian service.

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Ivane Javakhishvili

Prince Ivane Javakhishvili (ივანე ჯავახიშვილი, 11 April 1876 – 18 November 1940) was a Georgian historian and a linguist whose voluminous works heavily influenced the modern scholarship of the history and culture of Georgia.

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Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze

Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze (born 5 July 1972) – Ukrainian politician and journalist, Vice-Prime-Minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Ukraine.

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Ixodes kaiseri

Ixodes kaiseri is an Old World species of ixodid tick that parasitizes badgers, foxes, steppe polecats, raccoon dogs, and common hedgehogs in forest habitats and along heavily overgrown riverbanks and depressions in steppe habitats; they have also been collected from domestic dogs visiting these habitats.

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Izaly Zemtsovsky

Izaly Iosifovich Zemtsovsky (Изалий Иосифович Земцовский; born February 22, 1936 in St Petersburg, Russia) is a Russian-born American ethnomusicologist.

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Izhevsk

Izhevsk (p; Иж, Iž, or Ижкар, Ižkar) is the capital city of the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located along the Izh River in the Western Ural Mountains.

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Izidor Kovárik

Izidor Kovárik was a fighter pilot in the Czechoslovak Air Force (1938–39) and Slovak Air Force (1939–44) who became a flying ace on the Eastern Front in the Second World War.

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J. Norman Collie

Prof John Norman Collie FRSE FRS (10 September 1859 – 1 November 1942), commonly referred to as J. Norman Collie, was a British scientist, mountaineer and explorer.

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Ja'far Pishevari

Sayyed Ja'far Pishevari (1893 – 11 June 1947) (Seyid Cəfər Pişəvəri, سید جعفر پیشه وری, سید جعفر پیشه‌وری) was the founder and chairman of separatist and communist Azerbaijan People's Government (November 1945 – November 1946), created and supported by Soviet occupational forces in north-western Iran.

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Jack Turner (writer)

Jack Charles Turner (born 1968) is an Australian non-fiction writer and television documentary host.

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Jacques Bordiot

Jean Costes (15 August 1900 – 3 April 1983), better known by his pen name Jacques Bordiot, was a French journalist and writer who focused mainly on anti-masonic conspiracy theories.

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Jacques de Morgan

Jean-Jacques de Morgan (3 June 1857, Huisseau-sur-Cosson, Loir-et-Cher – 14 June 1924) was a French mining engineer, geologist, and archaeologist.

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Jacques Guerlain

Jacques Edouard Guerlain (7 October 1874 – 2 May 1963) was a French perfumer, the third and most famous of the Guerlain family.

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Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski

Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski (Cəfərqulu xan Naxçıvanski, Джафаркули-хан Нахичеванский; 5 February 1859, Nakhchivan – 1929, Shusha) was a Russian Imperial officer and later an Azerbaijani statesman.

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Jagdgeschwader 52

Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52) was a German World War II fighter-wing that exclusively used variants of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 throughout the war.

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Jagdgeschwader 53

Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53) was a Luftwaffe fighter-wing of World War II.

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Jalil Mammadguluzadeh

Jalil Huseyngulu oglu Mammadguluzadeh, also spelled as Jalil Mohammad Qolizadeh (Cəlil Məmmədquluzadə.; 22 February 1869 – 4 January 1932), was an Azerbaijani satirist and writer.

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James Allen (nurseryman)

James Allen (1830 – 1906), known as the "Snowdrop King," was a nurseryman and galanthophile of Shepton Mallet, Somerset, United Kingdom, known principally for his hybridizations of snowdrops and anemones.

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James Bond in film

The James Bond film series is a British series of spy films based on the fictional character of MI6 agent James Bond, "007", who originally appeared in a series of books by Ian Fleming.

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Jamshid Nakhchivanski

Jamshid Jafargulu oglu Nakhchivanski (Cəmşid Cəfərqulu oğlu Naxçıvanski; August 23, 1895 – August 26, 1938), also known as Jamshid Khan Nakhichevanski, was a Russian Imperial, Azerbaijani and Soviet military commander.

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Jan Długosz (mountaineer)

Jan Długosz (July 12, 1929, Warsaw, Poland - July 2, 1962 in High Tatras) was a Polish mountaineer and writer.

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Jan Potocki

Count Jan Potocki (8 March 1761 – 23 December 1815) was a Polish nobleman, Polish Army Captain of Engineers, ethnologist, Egyptologist, linguist, traveler, adventurer, and popular author of the Enlightenment period, whose life and exploits made him a legendary figure in his homeland.

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Jane Dieulafoy

Jane Dieulafoy (29 June 1851 – 25 May 1916) was a French archaeologist, explorer, novelist and journalist.

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January Uprising

The January Uprising (Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m. sukilimas, Belarusian: Паўстанне 1863-1864 гадоў, Польське повстання) was an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire.

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Japanese wine

Although viticulture and the cultivation of grapes for table consumption has a long history in Japan, domestic wine production using locally produced grapes only really began with the adoption of Western culture during the Meiji restoration in the second half of the 19th century.

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Japhetic theory

In linguistics, the Japhetic theory of Soviet linguist Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr (1864–1934) postulated that the Kartvelian languages of the Caucasus area are related to the Semitic languages of the Middle East.

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Jaques Bagratuni

Prince Jaques Bagratuni (25 August 1879 – 23 December 1943) was an Armenian prince and military commander.

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Jardin botanique de la Presle

The Jardin botanique de la Presle (2 hectares), also known as the Centre botanique de la Presle, is a botanical garden located in La Presle, Nanteuil-la-Forêt, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France.

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Jardin d'altitude du Haut Chitelet

The Jardin d'altitude du Haut Chitelet (1.5 hectares) is a botanical garden specializing in high-altitude plants, maintained by the Jardin botanique du Montet and the Conservatoire et Jardins Botaniques de Nancy.

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Jasminum officinale

Jasminum officinale, known as the common jasmine or simply jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae.

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Javad Malik-Yeganov

Javad Irzabey oglu Malik-Yeganov (Cavad Məlik-Yeqanov) (1878, Tuğ – 1942, Karelia) was an Azerbaijani politician and Governor-General of Lankaran during Azerbaijan's independence in 1918–1920.

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Javanshir clan

The Javanshirs--> (Cavanşirlər; جوانشیران – Javānširān) were a Turkic clan in Karabakh, who belonged to the Afshar tribe and were in turn a branch of the Oghuz Turks.

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Javer Hurshiti

Javer Hurshiti was an Albanian military and political figure.

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Józef Łobodowski

Józef Stanisław Łobodowski was a Polish poet and political thinker.

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Józef Gosławski (architect)

Józef Gosławski, also known as Iosif Vikentievich Goslavsky (Иосиф Викентьевич Гославский; 1865 – 30 January 1904) was a Polish architect.

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Jāzeps Grosvalds

Jazeps Grosvalds (Latvian: Jāzeps Grosvalds) (24 April 1891 – 1 February 1920) was a Latvian painter from Riga.

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Jean-Marie Chopin

Jean-Marie Chopin (Иван Шопен; born in 1796 in Saint Petersburg, died February 15, 1871 in Paris) was a French-Russian explorer of the Caucasus.

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Jean-Pierre Mahé

Jean-Pierre Mahé (21 March 1944, Paris) is a French orientalist, philologist and historian of Caucasus, specialist of Armenian studies.

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Jebal Barez

The Jebal Barez is a mountain chain in the Kerman Province of Iran.

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Jebe

Jebe (or Jebei, Зэв, Zev; birth name: Jirqo'adai (Modern Mongolian: Zurgadai), Зургаадай, Simplified Chinese: 哲别) (death: May 23, 1223) was one of the most prominent Noyans (generals) of Genghis Khan.

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Jelka Rosen

Jelka Rosen (30 December 186828 May 1935) was a German painter, best known as the wife of the English composer Frederick Delius.

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Jeremy Barnes

Jeremy Barnes (born September 18, 1976) is an American musician.

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Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)

This article is about a party in Russia.

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Jewish culture

Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel.

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Jewish diaspora

The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tfutza, תְּפוּצָה) or exile (Hebrew: Galut, גָּלוּת; Yiddish: Golus) is the dispersion of Israelites, Judahites and later Jews out of their ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe.

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Jewish ethnic divisions

Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinctive communities within the world's ethnically Jewish population.

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Jews

Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.

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Jeyhun Hajibeyli

Jeyhun Hajibeyli (Hajibeyov, Gadjibekoff) (1891–1962) was an Azerbaijani publicist, journalist and ethnographer.

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Jigit

Jigit, in some Turkic languages also spelled as yigit or zhigit, is a word of Turkic originGreat Soviet Encyclopedia.

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Joachim von Ribbentrop

Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946), more commonly known as Joachim von Ribbentrop, was Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany from 1938 until 1945.

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Johann Andreas Schnabl

Johann Andreas Schnabl (1838 – 1912) was born a Pole of German descent, and an entomologist specializing in Diptera.

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Johann Anton Güldenstädt

Johann Anton Güldenstädt (26 April 1745 in Riga, Latvia – 23 March 1781 in St. Petersburg, Russia) was a Baltic German naturalist and explorer in Russian service.

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Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (11 May 1752 – 22 January 1840) was a German physician, naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist.

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Johann Schiltberger

Johann (Hans) Schiltberger (1380) was a German traveller and writer.

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Johann Zacherl

Johann Zacherl (1814 – 30 June 1888) was an Austrian inventor, industrialist and manufacturer.

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Johanna Nichols

Johanna Nichols (born 1945, Iowa City, Iowa) is a professor emerita Linguist in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Berkeley.

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John Chrysostom

John Chrysostom (Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος; c. 349 – 14 September 407), Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father.

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John Colarusso

John Colarusso is a linguist specializing in Caucasian languages.

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John Everett-Heath

John Everett-Heath is a British author, former civil servant, and a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

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John F. Baddeley

John Frederick Baddeley (July 1854 – Oxford, 16 February 1940) was a British traveller, scholar and journalist, best known by his works on Russia and the Caucasus region.

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Johnnie Dodge

Major John 'Johnnie' Bigelow Dodge (15 May 1894 – 2 November 1960) also known as 'the Artful Dodger' was an American-born British Army officer who fought in both world wars and became a notable prisoner of war during the Second World War and survived The Great Escape.

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Jolfa, Iran (city)

Jolfa (جلفا; also Romanized as Jolfā, Julfa, and Dzhulfi) is a city and capital of Jolfa County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran.

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Jonathan Littell

Jonathan Littell (born 10 October 1967) is a writer living in Barcelona.

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Jonathan Shepard

Jonathan Shepard is a British historian specializing in early medieval Russia, the Caucasus, and the Byzantine Empire.

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Jordanita budensis

Jordanita budensis is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.

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Jordanita chloros

Jordanita chloros is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.

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Jordanita notata

Jordanita notata is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.

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Josef Scheungraber

Josef Eduard Scheungraber (8 September 1918 – 22 July 2015) German Trade Register of Munich Magistrate Court, Page HRA 40079, Scheungraber's entry as limited partner of Josef Scheungraber KG.

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Joseph Deniker

Joseph Deniker (6 March 1852 in Astrakhan – 18 March 1918 in Paris) was a French naturalist and anthropologist, known primarily for his attempts to develop highly detailed maps of race in Europe.

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Joseph Judah Chorny

Joseph Judah Chorny was a Russian traveller, born at Minsk on 20 April 1835.

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Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and Polish–Soviet War

Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953.

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Joseph Yacoub

Honorary (Emeritus) Professor of Political Science at Catholic University of Lyon (France), Joseph Yacoub was born in Syria, in the North-East of the country (Hassaké or Al-Hasakah) in 1944, belonging to Assyrian community.

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Journal of Administrative Sciences

The Journal of Administrative Sciences is an academic journal published by the Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University).

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Journey to Karabakh

Journey to Karabakh is a 1992 novel by Georgian writer Aka Morchiladze.

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Judaeo-Georgian

Judaeo-Georgian (ყივრული ენა) (also known as Kivruli and Gruzinic) is the traditional Georgian dialect spoken by the Georgian Jews, the ancient Jewish community of the Caucasus nation of Georgia.

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Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)

Julfa (Culfa, Ҹулфа, جولفا), formerly Jugha (Ջուղա, sometimes transliterated as Djugha) and also rendered as Djulfa, Dzhul’fa, Jolfa, Dzhulfa, Džulfa, Jolfā, Jolfā-ye Nakhjavān (جلفای نخجوان), is the administrative capital of the Julfa Rayon administrative region of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan.

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Julian Simashko

Julian Ivanovich Simashko (Юлиан Иванович Симашко; 1821–1893) was a Russian zoologist and entomologist.

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Julien Bryan

Julien Hequembourg Bryan (23 May 1899 in Titusville, Pennsylvania – 20 October 1974) was an American photographer, filmmaker, and documentarian.

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Julija Pranaitytė

Julija "Julė" Pranaitytė (26 June 1881 – 29 January 1944) was a Lithuanian newspaper editor, book publisher, and one of the first Lithuanian women travelers.

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Julius Brutzkus

Julius Davidovich Brutzkus or Judah Loeb Brutzkus or Joselis Bruckus (יהודה ליבּ בֶּן־דָּוִד ברוצקוס, Yehuda Loeb ben David Brutzkus, Юлий Давидович Бруцкус; 1870, Palanga, Courland Governorate – January 27, 1951 in Tel Aviv) was a Lithuanian Jewish historian, scholar, and politician.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known by his cognomen Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician and military general who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

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Julius Klaproth

Julius Heinrich Klaproth (11 October 1783 – 28 August 1835) was a German linguist, historian, ethnographer, author, orientalist and explorer.

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Juma Mosque, Shamakhi

Juma Mosque of Shamakhi or Friday Mosque of Shamakhi (Şamaxı Cümə Məscidi) is a mosque in the city of Shamakhi, Azerbaijan.

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June 1918

The following events occurred in June 1918.

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Jungle cat

The jungle cat (Felis chaus), also called reed cat and swamp cat, is a medium-sized cat native to the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia and southern China.

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Juniperus excelsa

Juniperus excelsa, commonly called the Greek juniper, is a juniper found throughout the eastern Mediterranean, from northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria across Turkey to Syria and Lebanon, and the Caucasus mountains.

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Juniperus foetidissima

Juniperus foetidissima, with common names foetid juniper or stinking juniper, is a juniper tree species in the Cupressaceae family.

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Justinian I

Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Augustus; Flávios Pétros Sabbátios Ioustinianós; 482 14 November 565), traditionally known as Justinian the Great and also Saint Justinian the Great in the Eastern Orthodox Church, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.

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Jvari (monastery)

Jvari Monastery is a sixth century Georgian Orthodox monastery near Mtskheta, eastern Georgia.

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Kabarda horse

The Kabarda or Kabardin horse is a breed from the Caucasus, currently part of the Kabardino-Balkaria region of Russia.

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Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, in the former Soviet Union, and was originally a part of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

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Kabardino-Balkaria

The Kabardino-Balkar Republic (Кабарди́но-Балка́рская Респу́блика, Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika; Kabardian: Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ, Ķêbêrdej-Baĺķêr Respublikê; Karachay-Balkar: Къабарты-Малкъар Республика, Qabartı-Malqar Respublika), or Kabardino-Balkaria (Кабарди́но-Балка́рия, Kabardino-Balkariya), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in the North Caucasus.

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Kadıköy, Yalova

Kadıköy is a belde (town) in the central district of Yalova Province, Turkey.

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Kafkas University

Kafkas University (Kafkas Üniversitesi) is a public higher educational institution established on July 11, 1992, in Kars, Eastern Anatolia in Turkey.

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Kalidium

Kalidium is a genus of flowering plants in the plant family Amaranthaceae.

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Kallithea

Kallithea (Greek: Καλλιθέα, meaning "the best view") is the 8th largest municipality in Greece (100,641 inhabitants, 2011 census) and the 4th biggest in the Athens urban area (following municipalities of Athens, Piraeus and Peristeri).

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Kalmykia

The Republic of Kalmykia (p; Хальмг Таңһч, Xaľmg Tañhç) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic).

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Kalpak

Calpack, calpac, kalpac, kalpak, or qalpaq (from kalpak; қалпақ, калпак, both; калпак; καλπάκι; kołpak; ковпак) is a high-crowned cap (usually made of felt or sheepskin) worn by men in Turkey, Ukraine, the Balkans and throughout Central Asia and the Caucasus.

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Kampfgeschwader 1

Kampfgeschwader 1 (KG 1) (Battle Wing 1) was a German medium bomber wing that operated in the Luftwaffe during World War II.

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Kampfgeschwader 54

Kampfgeschwader 54 "Totenkopf"() (KG 54) was a Luftwaffe bomber wing during World War II.

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Kampfgeschwader 55

Kampfgeschwader 55 "Greif" (KG 55 or Battle Wing 55) was a ''Luftwaffe'' bomber unit during World War II.

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Kampfgeschwader 6

Kampfgeschwader 6 (KG 6) (Bomber Wing 6) was a Luftwaffe bomber unit during the Second World War.

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Kampfgeschwader 76

Kampfgeschwader 76 (KG 76) (Battle Wing) was a Luftwaffe bomber Group during World War II.

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Kamrouz

Kamrouz is a name that comes from the Caucasus region and it translates to "Sun shine" in English.

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Kanafeh

Kanafah (كُنافة,, dialectal) is a traditional Palestinian dessert made with cheese pastry soaked in sweet, sugar-based syrup.

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Kara (British band)

Kara are a folk music group from Hertfordshire, England, whose music has been called "spirited acoustic folk with a Russian twist".

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Karachay horse

The Karachay (Karach.-Balk. Къарачай ат) is a horse breed developed in the Northern Caucasus.

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Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast

Karachay-Cherkessia Autonomous Oblast (translit; translit; Къарча-Черкес автоном область, Q̇arća-Ćerkes avtonom oblast’) was an autonomous oblast of the Soviet Union that was created on 12 January 1922, and was the predecessor of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.

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Karachay-Cherkessia

The Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Карача́ево-Черке́сская Респу́блика, Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika; Karachay-Balkar: Къарачай-Черкес Республика, Qaraçay-Çerkes Respublika; Kabardian: Къэрэшей-Шэрджэс Республикэ, Ķêrêšei-Šêrdžês Respublikê, Nogai: Карашай-Шеркеш Республикасы, Qaraşay-Şerkeş Respublikası) or Karachay-Cherkessia (Карача́ево-Черке́сия) is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia.

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Karachays

The Karachays (Къарачайлыла, таулула Qaraçaylıla, tawlula) are a Turkic people of the North Caucasus, mostly situated in the Russian Karachay–Cherkess Republic.

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Karamürsel

Karamürsel is a town and district located in northwestern Turkey, in the province of Kocaeli.

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Karekin Khajag

Karekin Khajag (Գարեգին Խաժակ; 6 October 1867–1915) was an Armenian journalist, writer, political activist and educator.

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Karim Khan Zand

Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (Mohammad Karīm Khān-e Zand), better known as Karim Khan Zand (کریم خان زند), was the founder of the Zand Dynasty and the Shah of Iran, ruling from 1751 to 1779.

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Karl Heinrich Menges

Karl Heinrich Menges (April 22, 1908 – September 20, 1999) was a German linguist specializing in Altaic languages.

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Karl Johannes Neumann

Karl Johannes Neumann (9 September 1857 in Glogau near Krotoschin – 12 October 1917 in Munich) was a German classical historian.

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Karl Koch (botanist)

Karl Heinrich Emil Koch (6 June 1809 – 25 May 1879) was a German botanist.

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Karl Rost

Karl Rost (active 1880–1919) was a German entomologist and insect dealer.

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Kartli

Kartli (ქართლი) is a historical region in central-to-eastern Georgia traversed by the river Mtkvari (Kura), on which Georgia's capital, Tbilisi, is situated.

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Kartlos

Kartlos is the eponymous ancestor of the Georgians (Kartvelians) in Georgian mythology, more specifically of the nation of Kartli (Caucasian Iberia).

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Kaskians

The Kaska (also Kaška, later Tabalian Kasku and Gasga) were a loosely affiliated Bronze Age non-Indo-European tribal people, who spoke the unclassified Kaskian language and lived in mountainous East Pontic Anatolia, known from Hittite sources.

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Kasranids

The Kasranids were a branch of the Shirvanshahs, who ruled the Shirvan region of the Caucasus for 387 years.

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Katskhi Monastery

The Katskhi Monastery of Nativity of the Savior (კაცხის მაცხოვრის შობის სახელობის მონასტერი), more commonly known as the Katskhi Monastery (კაცხის მონასტერი) is a medieval monastery in Georgia, located in the village of Katskhi near the town of Chiatura.

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Katskhi pillar

The Katskhi pillar (კაცხის სვეტი, kac'xis svet'i) is a natural limestone monolith located at the village of Katskhi in western Georgian region of Imereti, near the town of Chiatura.

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Kaukasische Post

The Kaukasische Post is a bi-monthly German language newspaper in Georgia in the Caucasus.

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Kavadh I

Kavadh I (kwʾt' Kawād, قباد Qobād) (c. 449 473 – September 13, 531) was the Sasanian king of Persia from 488 to 531.

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Kaval

The kaval is a chromatic end-blown flute traditionally played throughout Armenia, the Balkans and Turkey.

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Kavbiuro

Kavbiuro was an organisation set up by the Bolsheviks in April 1920 to supervise the subordination of Caucasia to the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).

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Kavkaz

Kavkaz (Кавказ) may refer to.

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Kavkaz Center

The Kavkaz Center (Кавказ-центр) (KC, literally Caucasus center) is a privately run website/portal which aims to be "a Chechen internet agency which is independent, international and Islamic".

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Kavminvodyavia

Kavminvodyavia (KMV Avia) was an airline based in Mineralnye Vody in the Caucasus, Russia.

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Kayı tribe

frame The Kayı tribe or Kai tribe (Kayı boyu) was an Oghuz Turkic people and a sub-branch of the Bozok tribal federation.

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Kâzım Karabekir

Musa Kâzım Karabekir (also spelled Kiazim Karabekir in English; 23 July 1882 – 26 January 1948) was a Turkish general and politician.

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Kâzım Orbay

Mehmet Kâzım Orbay (11 March 1887 – 3 June 1964) was a Turkish general and senator.

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Köprülü Abdullah Pasha

Köprülü Abdullah Pasha (Abdullah pashë Kypriljoti; 1684 – 1735)Michael Nizri: Ottoman High Politics and the Ulema Household, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

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Külüs

Külüs (also, Kulus and Kyulyus) is a village and municipality in the Shahbuz District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan.

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Kebab

Kebabs (also kabobs or kababs) are various cooked meat dishes, with their origins in Middle Eastern cuisine.

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Kegham Vanigian

Kegham Vanigian, also known as "Vanig," (1889 – 1915) was an Armenian political activist and newspaper editor.

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Keke Geladze

Ekaterine Giorgis asuli Jughashvili (née Geladze) (5 February 1858 - 4 June 1937) was the mother of Joseph Stalin.

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Kengyilia

Kengyilia is a genus of Asian plants in the grass family.

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Kerch

Kerch (Керчь, Керч, Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ, Ancient Greek: Παντικάπαιον Pantikapaion, Keriç, Kerç) is a city of regional significance on the Kerch Peninsula in the east of the Crimea.

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Kessleria alternans

Kessleria alternans is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae.

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Keteleeria

Keteleeria is a genus of three species of coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae first described as a genus in 1866.

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Kfar Baruch

Kfar Barukh (כְּפַר בָּרוּךְ, lit. Baruch Village) is a moshav in northern Israel.

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Kfar Kama

Kfar Kama (כְּפַר כַּמָא, كفر كما) is a town located in the Lower Galilee, Israel.

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Khachapuri

Khachapuri (ხაჭაპური from ხაჭო xach'o "curds" + პური p'uri "bread") is a traditional Georgian dish of cheese-filled bread.

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Khaimov

Khaimov, Chaimov, Haimov (Хаимов, Хаймовvery extremely rarely "Хайимов", חַיִּימוֹב, Ҳаимов Ḥaimov) is a Russianized Hebrew last name which means "life" (Hebrew: חיים), primarily used by the Jews of Kavkaz, also known as Mountain Jews, Bukharan Jews, and other Central Asian Jews (mostly Tajikistan and Uzbekistan).

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Khananda

A khananda (Azeri: xanəndə / خواننده, pronounced; خواننده.; alternative spellings in English: khanende, khanande, khanandeh) is a name generally given to singers of mugham, an Azeri folk music genre.

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Khanate of Kazan

The Khanate of Kazan (Казан ханлыгы; Russian: Казанское ханство, Romanization: Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552.

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Khanates of the Caucasus

The Khanates of the Caucasus, or Azerbaijani khanates or Persian khanates, or Iranian khanates, were various provinces and principalities established by Persia (Iran) on their territories in the Caucasus (modern-day Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia and Dagestan) from the late Safavid to the Qajar dynasty.

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Khanjali

A khanjali (Къамэ or Сэ., ხანჯალი, or kinzhal when transliterating the Russian Кинжал) is a double-edged dagger often with a single off-set groove on each face of the blade.

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Khazar University

Khazar University Xəzər Universiteti, which directly translates as Caspian University, is a private university located in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Khazar University Library Information Center

The Khazar University Library and Information Center (KULIC) is the library of Khazar University in Baku.

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Khazars

The Khazars (خزر, Xəzərlər; Hazarlar; Хазарлар; Хәзәрләр, Xäzärlär; כוזרים, Kuzarim;, Xazar; Хоза́ри, Chozáry; Хаза́ры, Hazáry; Kazárok; Xazar; Χάζαροι, Cházaroi; p./Gasani) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people, who created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Khaganate.

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Kheshig

Kheshig (Khishig, Keshik, Keshichan) (Mongolian for favored or blessed) were the imperial guard for Mongol royalty in the Mongol Empire, particularly for rulers like Genghis Khan and his wife Börte.

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Khetcho

Khetcho (Խէչո; 1872 – July 1915) was a renowned Armenian activist and combatant.

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Khimshiashvili

Khimshiashvili (ხიმშიაშვილი) was a surname of the Georgian noble families, with their bases in the regions of Kakheti and Adjara.

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Khinalug

Khinalug, Khinalugh, or Khinalig (Xınalıq; Khinalug: Kətş; also rendered as Khanaluka, Khanalyk, Khinalykh, or Khynalyk), is an ancient Caucasian village going back to the Caucasian Albanian period.

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Khinkali

Khinkali (ხინკალი) is a Georgian dumpling, which originated in the Georgian mountain regions of Pshavi, Mtiuleti and Khevsureti.

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Khlysts

Khlysts or Khlysty (Хлысты) was an underground sect from late 17th to early 20th century that split off the Russian Orthodox Church and belonged to the Spiritual Christians (духовные христиане) tendency.

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Khmeli suneli

Khmeli suneli (ხმელი სუნელი, literally "dried spices") is a traditional Georgian spice mix.

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Khosrov Forest State Reserve

Khosrov Forest State Reserve (Խոսրովի անտառ պետական արգելոց), is a '''nature reserve''' in Ararat Province of Armenia. The reserve is one of the oldest protected areas in the world having a history of about 1700 years.

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Khosrow I

Khosrow I (also known as Chosroes I and Kisrā in classical sources; 501–579, most commonly known in Persian as Anushiruwān (انوشيروان, "the immortal soul"; also known as Anushiruwan the Just (انوشيروان دادگر, Anushiruwān-e Dādgar), was the King of Kings (Shahanshah) of the Sasanian Empire from 531 to 579. He was the successor of his father Kavadh I (488–531). Khosrow I was the twenty-second Sasanian Emperor of Persia, and one of its most celebrated emperors. He laid the foundations of many cities and opulent palaces, and oversaw the repair of trade roads as well as the building of numerous bridges and dams. His reign is furthermore marked by the numerous wars fought against the Sassanid's neighboring archrivals, the Roman-Byzantine Empire, as part of the already centuries-long lasting Roman-Persian Wars. The most important wars under his reign were the Lazic War which was fought over Colchis (western Georgia-Abkhazia) and the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591. During Khosrow's ambitious reign, art and science flourished in Persia and the Sasanian Empire reached its peak of glory and prosperity. His rule was preceded by his father's and succeeded by Hormizd IV. Khosrow Anushiruwan is one of the most popular emperors in Iranian culture and literature and, outside of Iran, his name became, like that of Caesar in the history of Rome, a designation of the Sasanian kings. He also introduced a rational system of taxation, based upon a survey of landed possessions, which his father had begun, and tried in every way to increase the welfare and the revenues of his empire. His army was in discipline decidedly superior to the Byzantines, and apparently was well paid. He was also interested in literature and philosophical discussions. Under his reign chess was introduced from India, and the famous book of Kalilah and Dimnah was translated. He thus became renowned as a wise king.

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Khosrow II

Khosrow II (Chosroes II in classical sources; Middle Persian: Husrō(y)), entitled "Aparvēz" ("The Victorious"), also Khusraw Parvēz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز), was the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, reigning from 590 to 628.

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Khostalestes kochetkovi

Khostalestes kochetkovi is a species of predatory air-breathing land slug.

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Khumar

Khumarinskoye gorodishche (Russian: Хумаринское городище) or Khumar is a ruined medieval fortress on the top of Mount Kalezh above the Kuban Gorge in the Greater Caucasus, Karachay–Cherkessia, Russia.

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Khums

In Islamic tradition, khums (خمس, literally 'one fifth') refers to the historically required religious obligation of any Muslim army to pay one-fifth of the spoils of war, the money collected from non-believers after a military campaign; this tax was paid to the caliph or sultan, representing the state of Islam.

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Khvalynsk culture

The Khvalynsk culture was a Middle Copper Age (for Eastern Europe named "Eneolithic") culture of the first half of the 5th millennium BC, discovered at Khvalynsk on the Volga in Saratov Oblast, Russia.

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Khvilisha Church

Khvilisha Church is an 8th- or, more likely, 9th-century Georgian Orthodox church located along the southern outskirts and side of the main road through the village of Aspindza in the Aspindza Municipality and Samtskhe-Javakheti province of Georgia.

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Khwarazmian dynasty

The Khwarazmian dynasty (also known as the Khwarezmid dynasty, the Anushtegin dynasty, the dynasty of Khwarazm Shahs, and other spelling variants; from ("Kings of Khwarezmia") was a PersianateC. E. Bosworth:. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian." Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin. The dynasty ruled large parts of Central Asia and Iran during the High Middle Ages, in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuqs and Qara-Khitan, and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia in the 13th century. The dynasty was founded by commander Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkish slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor of Khwarezm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarezm.Encyclopædia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty",.

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Khwarshi

Khwarshi may refer to.

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Kiş, Shaki

Kiş (also, Kish and Kish-Kishlak) is a village and municipality in the Shaki Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Kidnapping, Caucasian Style

Kidnapping, Caucasian Style (Кавказская пленница) is a 1967 Soviet comedy film dealing with a humorous plot revolving around bride kidnapping, an old tradition that used to exist in certain regions of the Northern Caucasus.

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Kingdom of Abkhazia

The Kingdom of Abkhazia (აფხაზთა სამეფო) was a medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which lasted from the 780s until being united, through dynastic succession, with the Kingdom of Georgia in 1008.

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Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

The Kingdom of Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior), was a monarchy in the Ancient Near East which existed from 321 BC to 428 AD.

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Kingdom of Georgia

The Kingdom of Georgia (საქართველოს სამეფო), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy which emerged circa 1008 AD.

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Kingdom of Iberia

In Greco-Roman geography, Iberia (Ancient Greek: Ἰβηρία; Hiberia) was an exonym (foreign name) for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli (ქართლი), known after its core province, which during Classical Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages was a significant monarchy in the Caucasus, either as an independent state or as a dependent of larger empires, notably the Sassanid and Roman empires.

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Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti

The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (ქართლ-კახეთის სამეფო) (1762–1801) was created in 1762 by the unification of two eastern Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti.

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Kingdom of Khotan

The Kingdom of Khotan was an ancient Iranic Saka Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin (modern Xinjiang, China).

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Kingdom of Kush

The Kingdom of Kush or Kush was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, located at the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and the Atbarah River in what are now Sudan and South Sudan.

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Kipchak language

The Kipchak language (also spelled Qypchaq) is an extinct Turkic language of the Kipchak group.

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Kipchaks in Georgia

The Cumans-Kipchaks in Georgia are of an ancient nomadic Turkic people who inhabited large territories from Central Asia to Eastern Europe.

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Kirakos Gandzaketsi

Kirakos Gandzaketsi (translit) (c. 1200/1202–1271) was an Armenian historian of the 13th century and author of the History of Armenia, a summary of events from the 4th to the 12th century and a detailed description of the events of his own days.

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Kiszombor

Kiszombor is a more than 800 years old village in Csongrád County, in the Southern Great Plain region of southern Hungary.

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Kite shield

A kite shield is a large, almond-shaped shield rounded at the top and curving down to a point or rounded point at the bottom.

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Kizlar Agha

The Kizlar Agha or Aga (قيزلر اغاسی, Kızlar Ağası, "Agha of the Girls"), formally the Agha of the House of Felicity (Arabic: Aghat Dar al-Sa'ada, Turkish: Darüssaade ağa), was the head of the eunuchs who guarded the Imperial Harem of the Ottoman Sultans in Constantinople.

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Kizlyar

Kizlyar (Кизля́р) is a town in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the border with the Chechen Republic in the delta of the Terek River northwest of Makhachkala, the capital of the republic.

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Klarjeti

The Klarjeti (კლარჯეთი) was a province of ancient and medieval Georgia, which is now part of the Turkey's Artvin Province.

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Klim Churyumov

Klim Ivanovich Churyumov (Клим Іва́нович Чурю́мов, Клим Ива́нович Чурю́мов) (19 February 1937 – 14 October 2016) was a Soviet and Ukrainian astronomer.

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Koban culture

The Koban culture (c. 1100 to 400 BC) is a late Bronze Age and Iron Age culture of the northern and central Caucasus.

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Koeleria

Koeleria is a common and widespread genus of plants in the grass family, found on all continents except Antarctica and on various oceanic islands.

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KOI character encodings

KOI (КОИ) is a family of several code pages for the Cyrillic script.

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Kokkai Futoshi

Kokkai Futoshi (born March 10, 1981 as Levan Tsaguria, ლევან ცაგურია) is a former professional sumo wrestler from Georgia.

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Komuz

The komuz or qomuz (Kyrgyz: комуз), Azeri Qopuz, Turkish Kopuz, is an ancient fretless string instrument used in Central Asian music, related to certain other Turkic string instruments and the lute.

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Konstanti Kakhi

Konstanti Kakhay or Konstanti Kakhi (კონსტანტი კახაჲ; კონსტანტი კახი) (768 – November 10, 853) was a Christian Georgian nobleman from Kartli, who was seized captive by the Abbasid general Bugha al-Kabir during his 853 expedition into the Caucasus.

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Konstantin Avksentevsky

Konstantin Alekseyevich Avksentevsky (October 12, 1890 – November 2, 1941) was a Soviet army commander.

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Konstantin Chkheidze

Konstantin Alexandrovich Chkheidze (Konstantin Alexandrovič Čcheidze, კონსტანტინე ჩხეიძე, Константин Александрович Чхеидзе) (1897–1974) was a Czech-Georgian-Russian writer, philosopher, and White émigré.

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Konstantin Danzas

Konstantin Karlovich Danzas (Константи́н Ка́рлович Данза́с) (1801 – February 3, 1870) was a Russian Major General, a friend of Alexander Pushkin, and his second in a duel with d'Anthès.

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Konstantin Korovin

Konstantin Alekseyevich Korovin (Константи́н Алексе́евич Коро́вин, first name often spelled Constantin; 11 September 1939) was a leading Russian Impressionist painter.

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Konstantin Rokossovsky

Konstantin Konstantinovich (Xaverevich) Rokossovsky (December 21, 1896 – August 3, 1968) was a Soviet officer of Polish origin who became Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland and served as Poland's Defence Minister from 1949 until his removal in 1956 during the Polish October.

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Konstantin Satunin

Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin (1863–1915) was a Russian zoologist who studied and described many mammals found in Russia and Central Asia.

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Konstantin von Kaufman

Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann (Константи́н Петро́вич фон-Ка́уфман; 2 March 1818 – 16 May 1882) was the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan.

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Konstantine Gamsakhurdia

Konstantine Gamsakhurdia (კონსტანტინე გამსახურდია) (May 3, 1893 – July 17, 1975) was a Georgian writer and public figure, who, along with Mikheil Javakhishvili, is considered to be one of the most influential Georgian novelists of the 20th century.

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Koryo-saram

Koryo-saram (Корё сарам; 고려사람) or Koryoin (고려인) is the name which ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves.

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Koshu (grape)

Koshu (甲州 kōshū) is a white wine grape variety that has been grown primarily in Yamanashi Prefecture of Japan.

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Kosta Khetagurov

Konstantin (Kosta) Khetagkati (Ossetian: Хетӕгкаты Леуаны фырт Къоста, Georgian: კოსტა ხეთაგუროვი; &ndash) was a national poet of the Ossetian people who is generally regarded as the founder of Ossetian literature.

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Kotavank

Kotavank (Կոթավանք or Կոթի Սուրբ Աստվածածին եկեղեցին; also Surb Astvatsatsin meaning "Holy Mother of God") is a church located on a hill overlooking the Argitchi River and village of Nerkin Getashen, south of Lake Sevan in the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia.

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Kouropalates

Kouropalatēs, Latinized as curopalates or curopalata (κουροπαλάτης, from cura palatii " charge of the palace").

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Krasnodar Krai

Krasnodar Krai (p) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia and administratively a part of the Southern Federal District.

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Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River.

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Kronstadt Naval Cathedral

The Naval cathedral of Saint Nicholas in Kronstadt (Морской Никольский собор, Morskoj Nikol'skij sobor) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral built in 1903–1913 as the main church of the Russian Navy and dedicated to all fallen seamen.

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Krubera Cave

Krubera Cave (კრუბერის გამოქვაბული or კრუბერის ღრმული; Also known as Voronya Cave, sometimes spelled Voronja Cave) is the second deepest known cave on Earth after the Veryovkina Cave.

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Krymchak language

The Krymchak language (кърымчах тыльы, Qrımçah tılyı) (also called Judeo-Crimean Tatar, Krimchak, Chagatai, Dzhagatay) is a moribund Turkic language spoken in Crimea by the Krymchak people.

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Kryts

Kryts may refer to.

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Krzysztof Skubiszewski

Krzysztof Skubiszewski (8 October 1926 – 8 February 2010) was a Polish politician, a former Minister of Foreign Affairs (1989–1993) and an established scholar in the field of international law.

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Kubachi ware

Kubachi ware is the name given to a style of Persian pottery.

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Kuban

Kuban (Кубань; Пшызэ; Кубань) is a geographic region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe, the Volga Delta and the Caucasus, and separated from the Crimean Peninsula to the west by the Kerch Strait.

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Kuban Cossacks

Kuban Cossacks (Кубанские кaзаки, Kubanskiye Kаzaki; Кубанські козаки, Kubans'ki Kozaky) or Kubanians (кубанцы, кубанці) are Cossacks who live in the Kuban region of Russia.

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Kublai Khan

Kublai (Хубилай, Hubilai; Simplified Chinese: 忽必烈) was the fifth Khagan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls), reigning from 1260 to 1294 (although due to the division of the empire this was a nominal position).

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Kuchi dog

The Kuchi or Afghan Shepherd dog is an Afghan livestock guardian dog, taking its name from the Kuchi people of Afghanistan.

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Kuguzade Suleyman Pasha

Kuguzade Suleyman Pasha was appointed by Sultan Selim III as the governor of Trabzon state in 1791.

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Kuma River (Russia)

The Kuma (Кума́) is an long river on the Black Sea-Caspian Steppe of southern Russia.

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Kumuz

The kumuz or agach-kumuz used by the Kumyks of Dagestan, in the Russian Caucasus.

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Kumyks

Kumyks (къумукълар, qumuqlar, кумыки) are a Turkic people living in the Kumyk plateau (in northern Dagestan to the south of the Terek river), the lands bordering the Caspian Sea, Northern Ossetia, Chechnya and the banks of the Terek river.

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Kupati

Kupati (კუპატი) is a type of Georgian sausage that is made from pork.

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Kura–Araxes culture

The Kura–Araxes culture or the early trans-Caucasian culture was a civilization that existed from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC, which has traditionally been regarded as the date of its end; in some locations it may have disappeared as early as 2600 or 2700 BC.

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Kurdish Institute of Brussels

The Kurdish Institute of Brussels (Kurdish: Enstîtuya Kurdî Ya Brukselê) is a non-profit organization, based in Brussels, Belgium, which aims for the integration of the Kurds and other minorities into the Belgian society, as well as to promote the Kurdish culture both in and out of Kurdistan.

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Kurdish rugs

Kurdish rugs (قالی کوردی) are rugs woven by the Kurdish people in the Middle East, predominantly the larger Kurdistan region including the Eastern part of Turkey near the Taurus Mountains, Iraq, southernmost Caucasus, Soviet Armenia and North-Western Iran.

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Kurdish women in warfare

The history of Kurds in the Mesopotamia actually began during ancient times.

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Kurds

The Kurds (rtl, Kurd) or the Kurdish people (rtl, Gelî kurd), are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan).

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Kurds in Kazakhstan

Kurds in Kazakhstan refers to the people born in or residing in Kazakhstan who are of Kurdish origin.

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Kurds in Russia

Kurds in Russia form a historically significant part of the Kurdish diaspora, with close ties to the Kurdish communities in the Caucasus and Central Asia.

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Kurds in Turkmenistan

Kurds in Turkmenistan refers to people born in or residing in Turkmenistan who are of Kurdish origin.

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Kurgan

In English, the archaeological term kurgan is a loanword from East Slavic languages (and, indirectly, from Turkic languages), equivalent to the archaic English term barrow, also known by the Latin loanword tumulus and terms such as burial mound.

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Kurgan hypothesis

The Kurgan hypothesis (also known as the Kurgan theory or Kurgan model) or steppe theory is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and parts of Asia.

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Kutais Governorate

The Kutais Governorate (Кутаисская губерния; ქუთაისის გუბერნია) was one of the guberniyas of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire.

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Kutaisi Technological University

Kutaisi Technological University or Kutaisi University City (ქუთაისის ტექნოლოგიური უნივერსიტეტი) is a research university under construction in Kutaisi, Georgia.

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Kutrigurs

Kutrigurs were nomadic equestrians who flourished on the Pontic-Caspian steppe in the 6th century AD.

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Kvabebihyrax

Kvabebihyrax kachethicus is an extinct hyrax from the Pliocene of the Caucasus.

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Kvetera Church

Kvetera Church (კვეტერის ეკლესია) is a Georgian Orthodox church in a historic fortified town of Kvetera in Kakheti.

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Kvirike IV of Kakheti

Kvirike IV (კვირიკე IV) (died 1102) was a King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1084 to 1102.

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Labdia semicoccinea

Labdia semicoccinea is a moth of the Cosmopterigidae family.

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Lacerta (genus)

Lacerta is a genus of lizards of the family Lacertidae.

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Lacertidae

The Lacertidae are the family of the wall lizards, true lizards, or sometimes simply lacertas, which are native to Europe, Africa, and Asia.

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Lacon punctatus

Lacon punctatus is a species of click beetle belonging to the family Elateridae subfamily Agrypninae.

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Ladies' Scottish Climbing Club

The Ladies' Scottish Climbing Club was founded by Jane Inglis Clark, her daughter Mabel, and Lucy Smith at a boulder near Lix Toll, Perthshire in 1908.

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Lado Gudiashvili

Lado Gudiashvili (ლადო გუდიაშვილი) (March 30, 1896 – July 20, 1980) was a 20th-century Georgian painter.

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Lagodekhi Protected Areas

Lagodekhi Protected Areas, also known as Lagodekhi National Park, is a pair of protected areas in the Kakheti district of Georgia: Lagodekhi Strict Nature Reserve and Lagodekhi Managed Nature Reserve (divided in 2003).

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Lak language

The Lak language (лакку маз, lakːu maz) is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family.

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Lake Kezenoyam

Lake Kezenoy-am (Lake Goluboye) is the deepest lake in the Caucasus Mountains, mostly in Chechnya but partly in Dagestan in the Russian Federation.

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Lake Sevan

Lake Sevan (Սևանա լիճ, Sevana lič̣) is the largest body of water in Armenia and the Caucasus region.

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Lakia

Lakia, Lakistan (Lak: Lak, Lakral kanu, Lakku bilayat, Lakkuy) is the name of the ethnic territory of the Laks in Dagestan in the North Caucasus.

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Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign

Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign was a military expedition launched in 1578 by Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha, a grand-vizier of the expanding Ottoman Empire.

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Lamoria melanophlebia

Lamoria melanophlebia is a species of snout moth.

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Lampronia argillella

Lampronia argillella is a moth of the Prodoxidae family.

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Lampronia morosa

Lampronia morosa is a moth of the Prodoxidae family.

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Lanchester 4×2 Armoured Car

The Lanchester Armoured Car was a British armoured car derived from the Lanchester Sporting Forty touring produced during the First World War.

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Land and Liberty (Russia)

Land and Liberty was a Russian clandestine revolutionary organization of Narodniki (middle- or upper-class revolutionaries attempting to spread socialism in rural areas) in the 1870s.

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Landscape painting

Landscape painting, also known as landscape art, is the depiction of landscapes in art – natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, especially where the main subject is a wide view – with its elements arranged into a coherent composition.

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Language isolate

A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language.

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Languages of Asia

There is a wide variety of languages spoken throughout Asia, comprising different language families and some unrelated isolates.

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Languages of Europe

Most languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family.

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Languages of the Caucasus

The Caucasian languages are a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

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Lankaran District

Lankaran (Lenkoran, Lənkəran) is a rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Lapis lazuli

Lapis lazuli, or lapis for short, is a deep blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color.

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Larentia clavaria

Larentia clavaria, the mallow, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Large blue

The large blue (Phengaris arion) is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

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Large copper

The large copper (Lycaena dispar) is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Large yellow underwing

The large yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba) is a moth, the type species for the family Noctuidae.

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Large-headed water snake

The large-headed water snake (Natrix megalocephala) is a species of snake in the family Colubridae.

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Lasiommata maera

Lasiommata maera, the large wall brown, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

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Lasiommata megera

Lasiommata megera, the wall or wall brown, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae (subfamily Satyrinae).

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Lasionycta proxima

Lasionycta proxima is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Lasius alienus

Lasius alienus, or cornfield ant, is a species of ant in the subfamily Formicinae (family Formicidae).

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Lasius emarginatus

Lasius emarginatus is a species of boreal formicine ants.

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Last glacial period

The last glacial period occurred from the end of the Eemian interglacial to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period years ago.

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Late Bronze Age collapse

The Late Bronze Age collapse involved a dark-age transition period in the Near East, Asia Minor, Aegean region, North Africa, Caucasus, Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, a transition which historians believe was violent, sudden, and culturally disruptive.

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Late Glacial

The Late Glacial climate warming (c. 13,000–10,000 years ago), or Tardiglacial ("Late Glacial"), is defined primarily by the beginning of the modern warm period, in which temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere rose substantially, causing a process of accelerated deglaciation following the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 25,000–13,000 years ago).

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Late Roman army

In modern scholarship, the "late" period of the Roman army begins with the accession of the Emperor Diocletian in AD 284, and ends in 476 with the deposition of Romulus Augustulus, being roughly coterminous with the Dominate.

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Lathyrus nissolia

Lathyrus nissolia or grass vetchling is a plant species of the genus Lathyrus.

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Latvian diaspora

The Latvian diaspora refers to Latvians and people of Latvian descent residing outside Latvia.

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Laudakia caucasia

The Caucasian agama (Paralaudakia caucasia) is a species of agamid lizard found in the Caucasus, E/S Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Dagestan (Russia), E Turkey, Iraq, N Iran, Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, and parts of Kashmir.

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Laura Boldrini

Laura Boldrini, (born 28 April 1961) is an Italian journalist and politician, former President of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy.

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Lavandevil Wildlife Refuge

The Lavandevil Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife habitat conservation area located in northwestern Iran, along the Caspian Sea coast just north of the city of Lavandevil.

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Lavrentiy Beria

Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (p; tr,; 29 March 1899 – 23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and promoted to deputy premier under Stalin from 1941.

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Laz people

The Laz people or Lazi (ლაზი, lazi; or ჭანი, ch'ani; Laz) are an indigenous Kartvelian-speaking ethnic group inhabiting the Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia.

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Lazar Kaganovich

Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Ла́зарь Моисе́евич Кагано́вич; – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin.

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Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages

The Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages, (Արևելյան լեզուների Լազարյան ինստիտուտ) established in 1815, was a Moscow school specializing in orientalism, particularly that of Armenia, and the cultural center of the Armenian diaspora in Russia.

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Lazic War

The Lazic War, also known as the Colchidian War or in Georgian historiography as the Great War of Egrisi (Georgian: ეგრისის დიდი ომი, Egrisis Didi Omi), was fought between the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the Sasanian Empire for control of the ancient Georgian region of Lazica.

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Le Monde diplomatique

Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed Le Diplo by its French readers) is a monthly newspaper offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs.

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Leader Development and Assessment Course

The Leadership Development and Assessment Course (LDAC) is the centerpiece of the US Army's Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program.

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Lebensraum

The German concept of Lebensraum ("living space") comprises policies and practices of settler colonialism which proliferated in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s.

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Legio XII Fulminata

The Legio duodecima Fulminata ("Thunderbolt Twelfth Legion"), also known as Paterna, Victrix, Antiqua, Certa Constans, and Galliena, was a legion of the Imperial Roman army.

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Leila Aboulela

Leila Aboulela (born 1964), Arabic 'ليلى ابوالعلا' is a Sudanese writer who writes in English.

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Leiopus femoratus

Leiopus femoratus is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

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Leiopus nebulosus

Leiopus nebulosus is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

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Lekianoba

. Lekianoba (ლეკიანობა) was the name given to sporadic forays and marauds by Dagestani people into Georgia from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

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Lenzites warnieri

Lenzites warnieri is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae found in parts of Europe, Asia, and northern Africa.

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Leo Sheljuzhko

Leo Andreyevich Sheljuzhko (Лев Андрійович Шелюжко, Leo Andrejewitsch Sheljuzhko; 14 September 1890, Kiev – 22 August 1969, Munich) was a Ukrainian-German entomologist who specialized in Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera.

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Leo Tolstoy

Count Lyov (also Lev) Nikolayevich Tolstoy (also Лев) Николаевич ТолстойIn Tolstoy's day, his name was written Левъ Николаевичъ Толстой.

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Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky (born Lev Davidovich Bronstein; – 21 August 1940) was a Russian revolutionary, theorist, and Soviet politician.

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Leonid Brezhnev

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (a; Леоні́д Іллі́ч Бре́жнєв, 19 December 1906 (O.S. 6 December) – 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982 as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country until his death and funeral in 1982.

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Leonid of Georgia

Leonid (Leonidas) (ლეონიდე, Leonide) (1860–June 11, 1921) was a Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia from 1918 to 1921.

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Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani

Leonida Georgievna Romanova, Grand Duchess of Russia (Russian: Леонида Георгиевна Романова; née Princess Leonida Georgievna Bagration-Mukhraneli (Georgian: ლეონიდა გიორგის ასული ბაგრატიონი-მუხრანელი); – 23 May 2010) was the consort of Vladimir Kirillovich, Grand Duke of Russia, a pretender to the Russian throne.

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Leonidas Iasonidis

Leonidas Iasonidis (1884–1959) was a Pontic Greek political activist born in Poulantzaki in Pontus, Turkey.

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Leonti Nikolai Pavlovich

Leonti Nikolai Pavlovich (7 January 1820 in Copenhagen, Denmark – 2 February 1891 in the Grande Chartreuse, France) was a Baron, Russian general, member of the Caucasian War and a Catholic convert, taking a name Jean-Louis in the monastic life of the Carthusians.

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Leopard

The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five species in the genus Panthera, a member of the Felidae.

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Leopard attack

The frequency of leopard attacks on humans varies by geographical region and historical period.

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Leptidea sinapis

Leptidea sinapis, or the wood white butterfly of the Pieridae family, is a small white butterfly that is mainly found in England, Ireland, and Northern Europe.

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Leptopus

Leptopus, the maidenbushes, are a group of plants in the flowering plant family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1836.

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Leselidze (town)

Leselidze (ლესელიძე, Leselidze; Гьачрыҧшь, G'achryphsh; Леселидзе, Гечрипш) is a town in Abkhazia.

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Lesley Blanch

Lesley Blanch, MBE, FRSL (6 June 1904, London – 7 May 2007, Garavan near Menton, France) was an English writer, historian and traveller.

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Leslie Davis

Leslie A. Davis (April 29, 1876–1960) was an American diplomat and wartime US consul to Harput, Ottoman Empire from 1914 to 1917, who witnessed the Armenian Genocide.

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Lesser spotted woodpecker

The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dryobates minor) is a member of the woodpecker family Picidae.

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Lesser yellow underwing

The lesser yellow underwing (Noctua comes) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Lessons of October

Lessons of October (Russian: Уроки Октября) is a polemical essay of about 60 printed pages in length by Leon Trotsky, first published in Moscow in October 1924 as the preface to the third volume of his Collected Works. The essay was harshly critical of the purported revolutionary failings of Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, two key members of the collective leadership which briefly ruled Soviet Russia in the months after the death of V.I. Lenin.

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Lesya Ukrainka

Lesya Ukrainka (Леся Українка) (born Larysa Petrivna Kosach-Kvitka (Лариса Петрівна Косач-Квітка) (–) is one of Ukrainian literature's foremost writers, best known for her poems and plays. She also was an active political, civil, and feminist activist. Among her most well-known works are the collections of poems On the wings of songs (1893), Thoughts and Dreams (1899), Echos (1902), the epic poem Ancient fairy tale (1893), One word (1903), plays Princess (1913), Cassandra (1903—1907), In the Catacombs (1905), and Forest song (1911).

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Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! (anthem)

"Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!" (Grom pobedy, razdavaysya!) was an unofficial Russian national anthem in the late 18th and early 19th century.

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Leucaspius delineatus

Leucaspius delineatus, known as the sunbleak, belica or moderlieschen is a species of freshwater fish in the Cyprinidae family.

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Leucojum

Leucojum is a small genus of bulbous plants native to Eurasia belonging to the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.

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Leucojum aestivum

Leucojum aestivum, commonly called summer snowflake or Loddon lily, is a plant species widely cultivated as an ornamental.

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Lev Lagorio

Lev Feliksovich Lagorio (Russian: Лев Феликсович Лагорио; 9 December 1826, Feodosia - 17 November 1905, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian painter and watercolorist, known primarily for his seascapes and maritime scenes.

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Levan Maruashvili

Levan Iosifovich Maruashvili (ლევან იოსების ძე მარუაშვილი; born 25 October 1912, Novocherkassk, Russian Empire, — 5 December 1992, Tbilisi, Georgia) was a prominent Georgian geographer.

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Levan of Kartli

Levan (ლევანი), also known by his Muslim name Shah-Qoli Khan (born c. 1653 – 30 May 1709) was a Georgian royal prince (batonishvili) and the fourth son of the king of Kartli Shahnawaz (Vakhtang V).

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Levantine pottery

Pottery and ceramics have been produced in the Levant since prehistoric times.

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Leventochori, Kilkis

Leventochori (Λεβεντοχώρι, before 1927: Ασικλάρ - Asiklar) is a village in the municipality of Kilkis, Kilkis regional unit, Greece.

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Lewis Lyne

Major-General Lewis Owen Lyne CB DSO (21 August 1899 – 4 November 1970) was a British Army officer who served before and during the Second World War.

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Leyla Mammadbeyova

Leyla Alasgar qizi Mammadbeyova, née ZeynalovaConquering the Skies.

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Lezgian language

Lezgian, also called Lezgi or Lezgin, (Azerbaijani: Ləzgi dili), is a language that belongs to the Lezgic languages.

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LGBT rights protests surrounding the 2014 Winter Olympics

During the lead-up to the 2014 Winter Olympics, protests and campaigns arose surrounding the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Russia.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism.

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Lidia Veselitskaya

Lidia Ivanovna Veselitskaya (Ли́дия Ива́новна Весели́тская), March 17, 1857 – February 23, 1936) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, memoirist, and translator who used the pseudonyms V. Mikulich (В.) and L. Chernavina (Л.).

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Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch

The Light Tank Mk VII (A17), also known as the Tetrarch, was a British light tank produced by Vickers-Armstrongs in the late 1930s and deployed during the Second World War.

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Ligidium

Ligidium is a genus of woodlice.

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Lilia Shevtsova

Lilia Fyodorovna Shevtsova (Ли́лия Фёдоровна Шевцо́ва, born 7 October 1949 in Lviv, Ukrainian SSR) is a Kremlinology expert.

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Liliana Lubińska

Liliana Lubińska (14 October 1904 – 19 November 1990) was a Polish neuroscientist known for her research on the peripheral nervous system and her discovery of bidirectional axoplasmic transport.

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Lilium pyrenaicum

Lilium pyrenaicum (Pyrenean Lily, Yellow Turk's-cap Lily, Yellow Martagon Lily) is native to montane regions, mainly the Pyrenees, from Spain and eastwards, with the range extending into the Caucasus.

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Limanköy, Çayeli

Limanköy is a township in Çayeli district of Rize province on the Black Sea coast of eastern Turkey, 6 km west of the town of Çayeli.

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Limenitis reducta

Limenitis reducta, the southern white admiral, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae.

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Linear A

Linear A is one of two currently undeciphered writing systems used in ancient Greece (Cretan hieroglyphic is the other).

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Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time

Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time is a 1992 book by linguist Johanna Nichols.

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Lion

The lion (Panthera leo) is a species in the cat family (Felidae).

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List of 21st-century earthquakes

The following is a list of significant earthquakes during the 21st century, listing earthquakes of magnitude 7 and above, or which caused fatalities.

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List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions

The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions.

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List of airports in Azerbaijan

This is a list of airports in Azerbaijan, grouped by type and sorted by location.

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List of airports in Georgia (country)

This is a list of airports in Georgia, grouped by type and sorted by location.

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List of amphibians of Europe

This is a list of amphibians of Europe.

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List of ancient great powers

In an European context, recognized great powers came about first in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era.

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List of ancient Iranian peoples

This list of ancient Iranian peoples or ancient Iranic peoples includes names of Indo-European peoples speaking Iranian languages or otherwise considered Iranian in sources from the late 1st millennium BC to the early 2nd millennium AD.

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List of Araceae genera

This is a list of genera in the plant family Araceae.

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List of Asian Jews

As an indigenous West Asian people, Jews have been present in Asia since the beginning of their history.

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List of Assyrian settlements

The following is a list of Assyrian settlements in the Middle East subsequent to the Assyrian genocide in 1914.

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List of Assyrian tribes

This page features a list of Assyrian clans or tribes historically centered in the Hakkari, Sirnak and Mardin provinces in Turkey and Urmia in Iran, prior to 1915, or before Seyfo, when they were purely Assyrian settlements starting from around 3rd-4th century AD, before early 20th century resettlement in Northern Iraq (which simultaneously had Catholic-Assyrian tribes since the 1st millennium) and northwestern Syria (namely in Al-Hasakah) after they were displaced, slaughtered and driven out by Ottoman Turks in 1915 and in the early 1930s, respectively, during the Simele massacre where they endured a similar anguish and predicament.

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List of awards and nominations received by Sơn Tùng M-TP

Vietnamese singer-songwriter Sơn Tùng M-TP began his career as an independent artist online before finding success with "Cơn mưa ngang qua", his debut single released in 2012.

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List of awards of independent services of the Russian Federation

This article features the awards of non-ministerial and independent services of the Russian Federation.

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List of Axis operational codenames in the European Theatre

The list of Axis named operations in the European Theatre represents those military operations that received a codename, predominantly from the Wehrmacht commands.

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List of Azerbaijanis

Azerbaijanis or Azeris (Azərbaycanlılar آذربایجانلیلار, Azərilər آذری لر) are a Turkic-Slavic people.

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List of battles 1301–1600

No description.

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List of biblical places

This is an incomplete list of places, lands, and countries mentioned in the Bible.

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List of big-game hunters

This is a list of famous big-game hunters who gained fame largely or solely because of their big-game hunting exploits.

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List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2010

This is a List of clashes in the North Caucasus - 2010.

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List of climbers and mountaineers

This list of climbers and mountaineers is a list of people notable for the activities of mountaineering, rock climbing (including bouldering) and ice climbing.

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List of codes used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions

The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) is a biogeographical system developed by the international Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) organization, formerly the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases.

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List of companies of Abkhazia

Abkhazia is a partially recognised state on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus, south of Russia and northwest of Georgia proper.

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List of companies of Georgia (country)

Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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List of conflicts in the Near East

The area known as the "Near East" is usually referred to as Middle East in modern contexts.

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List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans

This is a list of Consorts of the Ottoman sultans, the wives and concubines of the monarchs of the Ottoman Empire who ruled over the transcontinental empire from its inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.

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List of cooking techniques

Cooking is the art of preparing food for ingestion, commonly with the application of heat.

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List of countries and dependencies by area

This is a list of the world's countries and their dependent territories by area, ranked by total area.

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List of countries where Arabic is an official language

Arabic and its different dialects are spoken by around 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world as well as in the Arab diaspora making it one of the five most spoken languages in the world.

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List of countries with McDonald's restaurants

This is a listing of countries with McDonald's restaurants.

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List of cryptids

This is a list of cryptids (from the Greek κρύπτω, krypto, meaning "hide" or "hidden") notable within cryptozoology, a pseudoscience that presumes the existence of animals and plants that have been derived from anecdotal or other evidence considered insufficient by mainstream science.

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List of dairy products

This is a list of dairy products.

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List of dances

This is the main list of dances.

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List of diplomatic missions in Artsakh

The Republic of Artsakh is an unrecognized state situated between Armenia and Azerbaijan in the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe.

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List of diplomatic visits to the United States

International trips made by the heads of state and heads of government to the United States have become a valuable part of American diplomacy and international relations since such trips were first made in the mid-19th century.

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List of dishes from the Caucasus

The cuisine of the Caucasus includes the traditional cuisines of Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and parts of Russia such as Chechnya, Circassian, Tatar, etc.

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List of Dolmens

Korean dolmens exhibit a morphology distinct from the Atlantic European dolmen.

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List of Einsatzgruppen

Einsatzgruppen (German for "task forces", "deployment groups"; singular Einsatzgruppe; official full name Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD) were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass killings, primarily by shooting, during World War II.

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List of endemic bird areas of the world

The following is a list of endemic bird areas of the world, as defined by Birdlife International - see main article (Endemic Bird Area).

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List of ethnic cleansing campaigns

This article lists incidents that have been termed ethnic cleansing by some academic or legal experts.

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List of ethnic slurs

The following is a list of ethnic slurs (ethnophaulisms) that are, or have been, used as insinuations or allegations about members of a given ethnicity, or to refer to them in a derogatory (that is, critical or disrespectful), pejorative (disapproving or contemptuous), or otherwise insulting manner.

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List of etymologies of country subdivision names

This article provides a collection of the etymology of the names of country subdivisions.

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List of European cuisines

This is a list of European cuisines.

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List of explorers

The following is a list of explorers.

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List of extinct animals of Caucasus

This is a list of extinct animals of Caucasus.

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List of fermented foods

This is a list of fermented foods, which are foods produced or preserved by the action of microorganisms.

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List of fictional United States presidencies of historical figures (S–U)

The following is a list of real or historical people who have been portrayed as President of the United States in fiction, although they did not hold the office in real life.

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List of first ascents

The following list summarizes notable first ascents of mountains and peaks around the world, in chronological order.

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List of Fritillaria species

This List of Fritillaria species shows the accepted species names within the genus Fritillaria, of which there are about 100 to 130.

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List of gardens of Alsace

The gardens of Alsace listed and described below are the most outstanding among those gardens in Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin in the French region of Alsace that are classified as ''Jardins Remarquables'', "Remarkable Gardens of France", by the French Ministry of Culture and the Comité des Parcs et Jardins de France.

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List of genocides by death toll

This list of genocides by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by genocide.

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List of geographic names of Iranian origin

This is a list of geographic names of Iranian origin.

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List of glaciers in Russia

This is a list of glaciers in Russia.

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List of government animal eradication programs

Historically, there have been cases where the extermination of animal species has been politically endorsed because the animals have been considered harmful.

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List of Greek place names

This is a list of Greek place names as they exist in the Greek language.

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List of hat styles

This is a list of various kinds of hat, contemporary or traditional.

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List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence

This list includes high-ranking commanders who took part in Turkish War of Independence.

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List of historians

This is a list of historians.

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List of homonymous states and regions

The following is a list of homonymous states and regions.

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List of hors d'oeuvre

This is a list of notable hors d'oeuvre, also referred to as appetisers or starters, which may be served either hot or cold.

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List of Indian inventions and discoveries

This list of Indian inventions and discoveries details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of ancient and modern India, including both the ancient and medieval nations in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state.

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List of indigenous peoples

This is a partial list of the world's indigenous / aboriginal / native people.

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List of ironclad warships of the Ottoman Empire

In the 1860s and 1870s, the Ottoman Navy ordered or acquired a series of ironclad warships, built almost entirely in foreign shipyards.

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List of irredentist claims or disputes

Not all territorial disputes are irredentist, although they are often couched in irredentist rhetoric to justify and legitimise such claims both internationally and within the country.

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List of isthmuses

This list of isthmuses is an appendix to the article isthmus.

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List of Khazar rulers

The following is a list of Khazar rulers.

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List of lakes of Georgia (country)

The following is the list of lakes in Georgia, the country in the Caucasus.

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List of lakes of South Ossetia

On the territory of South Ossetia is part of Kelskoe plateau, which is the second by the number of lakes in the Caucasus.

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List of languages by time of extinction

This is a list of extinct languages sorted by their time of extinction.

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List of largest optical telescopes historically

Telescope have grown in size since they first appeared around 1608.

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List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century

The following is a list of the largest optical telescopes in the 20th century, paying special attention to the diameter of the mirror or lens of the telescope's objective, or aperture.

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List of Latin names of mountains

Users of Neo-Latin have taken the Latin language to places the Romans never went; hence a need arose to make Latin names of mountains that did not exist when Latin was a living language.

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List of Latin names of regions

Here is a list of principalities and regions written in the Latin language and English and other names on the right.

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List of leaders of Middle Eastern and North African states

This is a list of leaders of Middle Eastern and North African states.

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List of Lilium species

List of Lilium species.

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List of Manning-Sanders tales by region

A region-by-region list of fairy and folk tales collected and retold by Ruth Manning-Sanders (1886–1988).

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List of military occupations

This article presents a list of military occupations.

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List of military operations on the Eastern Front of World War II

This is a list of military operations in Europe on the "Eastern Front".

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List of modern great powers

A great power is a nation or state that, through its great economic, political and military strength, is able to exert power and influence over not only its own region of the world, but beyond to others.

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List of mountains on Io

More than 135 mountains have been identified on the surface of Jupiter's moon Io.

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List of music styles that incorporate the accordion

This is a list of articles describing traditional music styles that incorporate the accordion, alphabetized by assumed region of origin.

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List of non-marine molluscs of Georgia

The non-marine molluscs of the country of Georgia are a part of the molluscan fauna of Georgia.

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List of nontraditional bagpipe usage

This is a list of nontraditional bagpipe usage.

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List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited.

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List of people from Nottingham

This is a list of notable people with a Wikipedia page, who have been or are associated with Nottingham and district (postcodes NG1–NG16), arranged by category and date of birth.

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List of political parties in South Ossetia

This article lists political parties in South Ossetia, a partially recognized Caucasian republic, considered by most countries to be a part of Georgia.

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List of ports in Georgia (country)

Georgia is a country in the Caucasus, with an access to the Black Sea.

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List of premodern combat weapons

This is a list of historical pre-modern weapons grouped according to their uses, with rough classes set aside for very similar weapons.

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List of pro-Axis leaders and governments or direct control in occupied territories

This is a list of Native Pro-Axis Leaders and Governments or Direct Control in Occupied Territories, including.

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List of rivers of Georgia (country)

The rivers of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus, include.

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List of Roman legions

This is a list of Roman legions, including key facts about each legion, primarily focusing on the Principate (early Empire, 27 BC – 284 AD) legions, for which there exists substantial literary, epigraphic and archaeological evidence.

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List of Romanian explorers

A list of Romanian explorers.

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List of Russian explorers

The history of exploration by citizens or subjects of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the history of Russia as well as the history of the world.

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List of Russian linguists and philologists

This list of Russian linguists and philologists includes the famous linguists from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian saints (until 15th century)

Saints in the Russian Orthodox Church are confirmed by canonization which lists the decedent into the Community of Saints.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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List of sauces

The following is a list of notable culinary and prepared sauces used in cooking and food service.

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List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire

The Shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire (Middle Persian: Šāhān šāh ī Ērān ud Anērān, "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians") ruled over a vast territory.

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List of Shia Muslims

The following is a list of notable Shia Muslims.

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List of snack foods from the Indian subcontinent

This is a list of Indian snack foods.

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List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent

This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respective national flags and capitals, including the following entities.

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List of Soviet Air Force bases

This List of Soviet Air Force bases shows the state of the Soviet Air Force and Russian Air Force during the last decade of the Cold War to the mid-1990s.

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List of SS and police commands

SS and police commands were senior level commands of the SS that existed under the authority of the SS and police leaders.

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List of state leaders in 1001

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1002

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1003

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1004

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1005

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1006

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1007

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1008

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1009

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1011

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1012

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1013

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1014

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1015

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1016

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1017

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1018

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1019

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1021

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1022

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1023

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1024

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1025

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1026

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1027

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1028

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1029

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1031

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1032

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1033

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1034

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1035

No description.

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List of state leaders in 955

No description.

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List of stratovolcanoes

A list of stratovolcanoes active in geologically recent (Holocene) times follows below.

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List of tectonic plate interactions

Tectonic plate interactions are of three different basic types.

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List of terrorist incidents in 2006

This is a timeline of incidents in 2006 that have been labelled as terrorism and are not believed to have been carried out by a government or its forces (see state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism).

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List of terrorist incidents in April 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in April 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of the oldest mosques

The designation of the oldest mosque in the world requires careful use of definitions, and must be divided into two parts, the oldest in the sense of oldest surviving building, and the oldest in the sense of oldest mosque congregation.

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List of town tramway systems in Europe

This is a list of cities and towns in Europe that have (or once had) town tramway (e.g. urban tramway) systems as part of their public transport system.

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List of transcontinental canals

The following is a list of transcontinental canals and waterways, that is, canals or canal proposals, which allows waterway traffic to span across a continent or subcontinent.

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List of transcontinental countries

This is a list of countries located on more than one continent, known as transcontinental states or intercontinental states.

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List of treaties

This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.

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List of Ultras of West Asia

This is a list of all 102 of the ultra-prominent peaks (with topographic prominence greater than 1,500 metres) in West Asia.

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List of volcanic features on Io

This is a list of named volcanic surface features on Jupiter's moon Io.

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List of wars involving Iran

The following is an historical overview of the list of wars and conflicts involving Iran (Persia).

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List of wars involving Russia

The following is an incomplete list of armed conflicts and wars fought by Russia, by Russian people, from antiquity to the present day.

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List of websites blocked in Russia

This is a list of notable websites that have been blocked or censored in Russia, including current and past blocks.

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List of whitewater rivers

A whitewater river is any river where its gradient and/or flow create rapids or whitewater turbulence.

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List of wine-producing regions

This list of wine-producing regions catalogues significant growing regions where vineyards are planted.

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List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe

The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) has designated 77 World Heritage Sites in nine countries (also called "state parties") of Eastern Europe; defined here to mean the former Eastern Bloc countries not including the Baltic Countries (which are in Northern Europe) or former Yugoslavia and Albania (which are in Southern Europe) or the parts of Germany that once comprised East Germany (which are included in Western Europe): Russia, Belarus, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria.

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List of World War II evacuations

Several instances of evacuations (including both emergency evacuations and forced migrations) occurred during and after World War II.

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Lists of deities

This is an index to deities of the different religions, cultures and mythologies of the world, listed by type and by region.

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Lithophane furcifera

Lithophane furcifera, the conformist, is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Lithostege farinata

Lithostege farinata is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Liudmila Gatagova

Liudmila Sultanovna Gatagova (Людмила Султановна Гатагова) is a Russian historian, essayist, and the Research Fellow at the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Palgrave Macmillan – partner of CrossRef and COUNTER, 2010 specializing in international relations and history of the Russian Empire and the Caucasus until the Revolution of 1917, including the crystallization of the Russian national identity and the accompanied ethnic conflicts within the state.

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Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.

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Lobesia botrana

Lobesia botrana, the European grapevine moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Lomographa bimaculata

Lomographa bimaculata, the white-pinion spotted, is a species of geometer moth (family Geometridae).

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Longitarsus linnaei

Longitarsus linnaei is a species of beetle of the Chrysomelidae family and the subfamily Galerucinae.

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Longitarsus obliteratus

Longitarsus obliteratus is a species of beetle from Chrysomelidae family.

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Longitarsus ochroleucus

Longitarsus obliteratus is a species of beetle from Chrysomelidae family.

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Longitarsus quadriguttatus

Longitarsus quadriguttatus is a species of beetle in the subfamily Galerucinae.

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Lopota incident

In the Lopota incident, known in Georgia as the special operation against an illegal armed group in Lopota (Georgian: შეიარაღებული დაჯგუფების დევნის ოპერაცია ლაფანყურში), Georgian special forces engaged an unidentified paramilitary group of about 17 persons which had allegedly taken several people hostage in a remote Caucasus gorge of Lopota near the border between Georgia and the Russia's Republic of Dagestan.

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Lord Henry Percy

General Lord Henry Hugh Manvers Percy, (22 August 1817 – 3 December 1877) was a British Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

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Lorenz Saladin

Lorenz Saladin (28 October 1896 – 17 September 1936), was a Swiss mountain-climber, journalist, photographer and traveler.

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Lorestan Province

Lorestan Province (استان لرستان, also written Luristan, Lurestan, or Loristan), is a province of western Iran in the Zagros Mountains.

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Lost in Karastan

Lost in Karastan is a black comedy film directed by Ben Hopkins.

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Louis Bonaparte (1864–1932)

Napoleon Louis Josef Jérôme Bonaparte (16 July 1864 – 14 October 1932) was a member of the Bonaparte family, a lieutenant-general in the Russian Army and Governor of the province of Yerevan in 1905.

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Louis O'Neill

Louis F. O’Neill is an American diplomat and attorney.

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Louis-Victor-Léon de Rochechouart

Louis-Victor-Léon de Rochechouart (14 September 1788, in Paris – 1858, in Jumilhac-le-Grand) was a French general of the House of Rochechouart fighting in the Royalist, Imperial Russian and Bourbon armies of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Loxostege leucalis

Loxostege leucalis is a moth in the Crambidae family.

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Lozotaenia djakonovi

Lozotaenia djakonovi is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Lucanus cervus

Lucanus cervus is the best-known species of stag beetle (family Lucanidae) in Western Europe, and is the eponymous example of the genus.

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Lucy spy ring

In World War II espionage, the Lucy spy ring was an anti-Nazi operation that was headquartered in Switzerland.

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Ludmila's Broken English

Ludmila's Broken English is the second novel by Booker Prize winner DBC Pierre.

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Ludwig Vörg

Ludwig 'Wiggerl' Vörg (19 October 1911 – 22 June 1941) was a notable German mountaineer.

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Lugela Valley

The Lugela valley is a valley in the country of Georgia formed by the Khobis Tskali river.

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Luigi Premazzi

Luigi Premazzi (Milan, 1814 – Istanbul, Turkey, 1891) was an Italian painter, mainly of watercolor vedute.

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Luzula campestris

Luzula campestris, commonly known as field wood-rush, Good Friday grass or sweep's brush is a flowering plant in the rush family Juncaceae.

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Luzula pilosa

Luzula pilosa is a species of flowering plant in the rush family Juncaceae with the common name hairy wood-rush.

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Lycaena phlaeas

Lycaena phlaeas, the small copper, American copper, or common copper, is a butterfly of the Lycaenids or gossamer-winged butterfly family.

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Lygephila lusoria

Lygephila lusoria is a moth of the family Erebidae.

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Lyube

Lyube (p, also romanized Ljube or Lube) is a Russian rock band from Lyubertsy, a city in Moscow Oblast.

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Lyulya kebab

Lyulya kebab or Lule kebab (lülə kabab) is a type of kebab cooked on steel skewers.

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Macaria alternata

Macaria alternata, the sharp-angled peacock, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Macaria liturata

Macaria liturata, the tawny-barred angle, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Macaria signaria

Macaria signaria, known by the common names dusky peacock, pale-marked angle or spruce-fir looper, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Macrovipera

Macrovipera is a genus of venomous vipers that inhabit the semideserts and steppes of North Africa, the Near and Middle East, and the Milos Archipelago in the Aegean Sea.

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Macrovipera lebetina

Macrovipera lebetina is a venomous viper species found in North Africa, much of the Middle East, and as far east as Kashmir.

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Macrovipera lebetina obtusa

Macrovipera lebetina obtusa is a venomous viper subspecies endemic to Asia, from central Turkey to northern Pakistan (Kashmir).

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Madonna Oriente

Madonna Oriente or Signora Oriente (Lady of the East), also known as La Signora del Gioco (The Lady of the Game), are names of an alleged religious figure, as described by two Italian women who were executed by the Inquisition in 1390 as witches.

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Magnum Foundation

Magnum Foundation is a non-profit, photographic foundation located in New York City with a mission to expand diversity and creativity in documentary photography.

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Mahadeva Subramania Mani

Mahadeva Subramania Mani (மகாதேவா சுப்ரமணிய கரங்கள்; March 2, 1908 in Tanjore, Tamil Nadu - January 8, 2003 in Bangalore) was an Indian entomologist especially famous for his studies on high altitude entomology.

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Mahammad Hasan Movlazadeh Shakavi

Movlazadeh Mahammad Hasan Ismayil oglu Shakavi (Mövlazadə Məhəmməd Həsən Ismayıl oğlu Şəkəvi, محمد مولازاده.) is considered a noble Azerbaijani religious leader, alim and scholar who was the sixth Sheikh ul-Islam (Islamic Leader) of the Caucasus and the first scholar who translated Quran into the Azerbaijani language and provided detailed commentary and interpretation.

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Mahammad Pishnamazzadeh

Akhund Mahammadali Farajulla oglu Pishnamazzadeh (Axund Məhəmmədəli Fərəculla oğlu Pişnamazzadə) — seventh Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus.

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Mahammadali Huseinzadeh

Akhund Mahammadali Huseinzadeh — first shia Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus from 1823 to 1852.

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Mahmud Pasha Jaff

Mahmud Pasha Jaff was born in 1845, a Kurdish King and supreme chief of the Jaff tribe.

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Mahmut Atalay

Mahmut Atalay (March 30, 1934 – December 4, 2004) was a Turkish freestyle wrestler and coach.

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Mahmut Nedim Hendek

Mahmut Nedim (1880; Caucasus - April 21, 1920; Hendek) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army.

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Majar

Majar or Macar was a medieval city of Golden Horde in 13th-14th centuries.

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Major's pine vole

Major's pine vole (Microtus majori) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae found in Caucasus region and its vicinities (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, Iran).

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Majority minority

A majority–minority or minority–majority area is a term used in the United States to refer to a jurisdiction in which one or more racial and/or ethnic minorities (relative to the whole country's population) make up a majority of the local population.

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Makhinjauri

Makhinjauri (მახინჯაური) is a small town (daba) in Adjara, Georgia, with the population of 735 according to the 2014 census.

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Maksim Kovalevsky

Maksim Maksimovich Kovalevsky (8 September 1851 – 5 April 1916) was the main authority on sociology in the Russian Empire.

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Malcolm Muggeridge

Thomas Malcolm Muggeridge (24 March 1903 – 14 November 1990) was an English journalist and satirist.

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Malik-Shah I

Jalāl al-Dawla Mu'izz al-Dunyā Wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fatḥ ibn Alp Arslān (8 August 1053 – 19 November 1092, full name: معزالدنیا و الدین ملکشاه بن محمد الب ارسلان قسیم امیرالمومنین), better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I (ملکشاه) (Melikşah), was Sultan of the Seljuq Empire from 1072 to 1092.

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Malkhaz Abdushelishvili

Malkhaz Abdushelishvili (November 28, 1926 – February 23, 1998) was a famous Georgian scientist, one of the founders of the Georgian scientific school of Anthropology, Academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Meritorious Scholar of Georgia, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor.

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Mamikonian

Mamikonian or Mamikonean (Classical reformed orthography: Մամիկոնյան; Western Armenian pronunciation: Mamigonian) was an aristocratic dynasty which dominated Armenian politics between the 4th and 8th century.

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Mamluk

Mamluk (Arabic: مملوك mamlūk (singular), مماليك mamālīk (plural), meaning "property", also transliterated as mamlouk, mamluq, mamluke, mameluk, mameluke, mamaluke or marmeluke) is an Arabic designation for slaves.

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Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski

Mammad agha Mammad Taghi Soltan oglu Shahtakhtinski (Məmməd ağa Şahtaxtinski) (1846, Erivan – 1931, Baku) was an Azerbaijani linguist and public figure.

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Mammad Hasan Hajinski

Mammad Hasan Jafargulu oglu Hajinski (Məmməd Həsən Cəfərqulu oğlu Hacınski; March 3, 1875 – February 9, 1931) was an Azerbaijani architect and statesman.

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Mammed Said Ordubadi

Mammad Said Ordubadi (Məmməd Səid Ordubadi; 24 March 1872, Ordubad - 1 May 1950, Baku) was Azerbaijani writer, poet, playwright and journalist.

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Mamuka Kikalishvili

Mamuka Kikalishvili (born November 15, 1971) is a Georgian fashion photographer.

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Mamuka, Prince of Mukhrani

Mamuka (მამუკა მუხრანბატონი; Mamuka Mukhranbatoni; died 1751) was a Georgian prince and the head of the Mukhrani branch of the royal Bagrationi dynasty of Kartli.

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Mandarin orange

The mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata;; 桔, jyutping: gat1), also known as the mandarin or mandarine, is a small citrus tree with fruit resembling other oranges, usually eaten plain or in fruit salads.

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Mandarin orange (fruit)

The mandarin orange, also known as the mandarin, is the fruit of the mandarin tree (or bush).

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Manghud

The Mangghud, Manghud (Mongolian: Мангуд, Mangud) were a Mongol tribe of the Urud-Manghud federation.

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Manuchihr I of Shirvan

Manuchehr I was the eleventh Shah of Shirvan.

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March of Ukrainian Nationalists

The March of Ukrainian Nationalists is a Ukrainian patriotic song that was originally the official anthem of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.

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Mardakan Arboretum

Mardakan arboretum is located in the Mardakan township on the semi-arid Absheron peninsula, 40 km away from Baku.It was a personal garden of Murtuza Mukhtarov, a tycoon and oil millionaire of his time around 1895-1920s.

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Marek Halter

Marek Halter is a French-Jewish writer and activist, known best for his historical novels, which have been translated into English, Polish, Hebrew, and many other languages.

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Margot Forde

Margot Bernice Forde (née Ashwin; 1935–1995, Palmerston North) was a botanist, curator, and New Zealand taxonomist.

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Maria Bochkareva

Maria Leontievna Bochkareva (1889–1920) (Maria Leontievna Bochkaryova, born Frolkova (Фролко́ва), nicknamed Yashka) was a Russian soldier who fought in World War I and formed the Women's Battalion of Death.

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Maria of Mangup

Maria Asanina Palaiologina (Μαρία Ασανίνα Παλαιολογίνα, died 19 December 1477), better known as Maria of Mangup or Maria of Doros, was the second wife of Prince Stephen the Great (reigned 1457–1504) and as such Princess consort of Moldavia from September 1472 to 1475 or 1477.

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Maria Polinsky

Maria “Masha” Polinsky is an American linguist.

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Maria V. Pospelova-Shtrom

Maria Vladimirovna Pospelova-Shtrom was a 20th Century parasitologist best known for her work delineating the biology and public health importance of ticks in western Asia and eastern Europe, contributing to the reduction of the incidence of tick-borne diseases, especially tick-borne relapsing fever.

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Mariam, daughter of Bagrat IV of Georgia

Mariam (მარიამი) was a daughter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia (r. 1027–1072) by his Alan wife Borena.

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Mariana Gheorghe

Mariana Gheorghe (born 1956) is the first woman general manager of Petrom.

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Marie Bennigsen-Broxup

Marie Bennigsen-Broxup (1944 – 7 December 2012) was a leading European expert on the Caucasus and Central Asia, with particular emphasis on Muslim communities within these regions.

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Marie-Félicité Brosset

Marie-Félicité Brosset (January 24, 1802 – September 3, 1880) was a French orientalist who specialized in Georgian and Armenian studies.

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Marina Ladynina

Marina Alekseyevna Ladynina (Мари́на Алексе́евна Лады́нина, June 24, 1908 in Skotinino, Smolensk, Russian Empire – March 10, 2003 in Moscow, Russian Federation) was a popular Soviet film and theatre actress, best remembered for her leading roles in Tractor Drivers (1939), The Swine Girl and the Shepherd (1941), Six O'Clock after the War is Over (1944), Ballad of Siberia (1947) and Cossacks of the Kuban (1949), all directed by her husband Ivan Pyryev.

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Marj al-Sultan

Marj al-Sultan (مرج السلطان, also spelled Marj Sultan) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located 15 kilometers east of Damascus city.

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Mark Saroyan

Mark Andrew Saroyan (April 6, 1960 – July 21, 1994) was a professor of Islamic and Soviet studies, focusing on religion and ethnicity in Central Asia and the Caucasus.

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Marko Attila Hoare

Marko Attila Hoare (born 1972) is a British historian of the former Yugoslavia who also writes about the current affairs of Southeast Europe, especially Southeast Europe, including Turkey and the Caucasus.

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Marriage

Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a socially or ritually recognised union between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between those spouses, as well as between them and any resulting biological or adopted children and affinity (in-laws and other family through marriage).

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Marsh tit

The marsh tit (Poecile palustris) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae and genus Poecile, closely related to the willow, Père David's and Songar tits.

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Martvili Monastery

Martvili Monastery (მარტვილის მონასტერი) is a Georgian monastic complex located in the village of Martvili in the Martvili District of the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Province (Mkhare) of Georgia.

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Marwan ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia

Marwan ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia took place from 735 to 737.

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Marzban

Marzbān, or Marzpān (Middle Persian transliteration: mrzwpn, derived from marz "border, boundary" and the suffix -pān "guardian"; Modern Persian: مرزبان Marzbān) were a class of margraves, warden of the marches, and by extension military commanders, in charge of border provinces of the Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) and mostly Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD) of Iran.

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Marzuban ibn Muhammad

Marzuban ibn Muhammad (died 957) was the Sallarid ruler of Azerbaijan (941/2–957).

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Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik

Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik (in Greek sources Μασαλμᾶς, Masalmas) was an Umayyad prince and one of the most prominent Arab generals of the early decades of the 8th century, leading several campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and the Khazar Khaganate.

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Masud ibn Namdar

Masud ibn Namdar was a Kurdish collector of local documents who wrote some forty years after the fall of Shaddadids of Ganja.

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Mato Dukovac

Mato Dukovac (23 September 1918 – 6 June 1990) was the leading Croatian fighter ace of World War II, credited with between 40 and 44 confirmed victories.

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Matthew Bryza

Matthew James Bryza (born February 16, 1964) is a former United States diplomat.

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Matthias Theodor Vogt

Matthias Theodor Vogt (born 5 May 1959) is a German academic with a focus on cultural policy and an author of studies on cultural conditions that might serve to strengthen the democratic potential in diverse European countries.

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Mattias Olsson

Mattias Olsson (born 9 January 1975) started his career as a classical percussionist playing in orchestras and big bands on Ekerö outside of Stockholm.

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Matvey Skobelev

Matvey Ivanovich Skobelev (Матве́й Ива́нович Ско́белев; November 9, 1885, Baku – July 29, 1938, Moscow) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and politician.

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Maurice (emperor)

Maurice (Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Augustus;; 539 – 27 November 602) was Byzantine Emperor from 582 to 602.

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Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I

The Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I (آرامگاه شاه عباس بزرگ) is the burial place of Abbas I, the Safavid king of Persia.

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Max Liedtke

Max Liedtke (25 December 1894 – 1955) was a German journalist and army officer.

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Maxim Martsinkevich

Maxim Sergeyevich Martsinkevich (Макси́м Серге́евич Марцинке́вич, born 8 May 1984), better known as Tesak (Cleaver, Hatchet, Hand Axe, Machete), is a Russian neo-Nazi activist, media personality, vlogger, the leader and one of the founders of the Restruct movement that has existed on the territory of post-Soviet countries.

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Maykop culture

The Maykop culture (scientific transliteration: Majkop), c. 3700 BC–3000 BC, was a major Bronze Age archaeological culture in the western Caucasus region of southern Russia.

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Mazanderani language

Mazanderani (مازندرانی), also Tabari (تبری), is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch, spoken mainly in Iran's Mazandaran, Tehran, Alborz, Semnan and Golestan provinces.

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Mazanderani people

The Mazanderani people (مازرون; مردم مازندرانی) or Tabari people (تپورون; مردم تبری) are an Iranian peopleAcademic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated, page 294 whose homeland is the North of Iran (Tabaristan).

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Möngke Khan

Möngke (valign / Мөнх;; January 11, 1209 – August 11, 1259) was the fourth khagan of the Mongol Empire, ruling from July 1, 1251, to August 11, 1259.

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Müşfika Kadın

Müşfika Kadın (مشفقه قادين; born Ayşe Ağırba; 10 December 1867 – 16 July 1961; meaning "the compassionate one") was an imperial consort of the Ottoman Empire as the eighth wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

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Meanings of minor planet names: 65001–66000

210 | 65210 Stichius || 2002 EG || Stichius, a Greek warrior at Troy, who together with Menestheus, carried the body of Amphimachus back to the Archaen troops.

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MECACAR

Operation MECACAR (currently known as MECACAR New Millennium) is a multi-national immunization program launched in 1995 by the World Health Organization to coordinate polio vaccination efforts (currently it is also used to coordinated measles and rubella vaccination efforts).

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Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"

The Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus" (Медаль «За оборону Кавказа») was a World War II campaign medal of the Soviet Union.

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Medes

The Medes (Old Persian Māda-, Μῆδοι, מָדַי) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in an area known as Media (northwestern Iran) and who spoke the Median language. At around 1100 to 1000 BC, they inhabited the mountainous area of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia and located in the Hamadan (Ecbatana) region. Their emergence in Iran is thought to have occurred between 800 BC and 700 BC, and in the 7th century the whole of western Iran and some other territories were under Median rule. Its precise geographical extent remains unknown. A few archaeological sites (discovered in the "Median triangle" in western Iran) and textual sources (from contemporary Assyrians and also ancient Greeks in later centuries) provide a brief documentation of the history and culture of the Median state. Apart from a few personal names, the language of the Medes is unknown. The Medes had an ancient Iranian religion (a form of pre-Zoroastrian Mazdaism or Mithra worshipping) with a priesthood named as "Magi". Later during the reigns of the last Median kings, the reforms of Zoroaster spread into western Iran.

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Megacraspedus argyroneurellus

Megacraspedus argyroneurellus is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Megacraspedus fallax

Megacraspedus fallax is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Megacraspedus separatellus

Megacraspedus separatellus is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Megapenthes lugens

Megapenthes lugens is a species of primarily European click beetle.

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Melanargia

Melanargia is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae tribe Satyrini subtribe Melanargiina belonging to the family Nymphalidae.

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Melanargia russiae

Melanargia russiae, or Esper's marbled white, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

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Melia (surname)

Melia is a family name originating in the Caucasus state of Georgia (Georgian: მელია).

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Melica minor

Melica minor is a species of grass in the Poaceae family that is endemic to Caucasus.

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Melica transsilvanica

Melica transsilvanica is a species of grass in the Poaceae family that can be found in Europe and temperate Asia which includes Caucasus and China.

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Melid

Melid (Hittite: Malidiya and possibly also Midduwa; Akkadian: Meliddu; Urartian: Melitea; Latin: Melitene) was an ancient city on the Tohma River, a tributary of the upper Euphrates rising in the Taurus Mountains.

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Melikdoms of Karabakh

The Five Melikdoms of Karabakh, also known as Khamsa Melikdoms, were Armenian feudal entities that existed on the territory modern Nagorno Karabakh and neighboring lands from the times of the dissolution of the Principality of Khachen in the 15th century and up to the abolition of ethnic feudal formations in the Russian Empire in 1822.

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Melting pot

The melting pot is a monocultural metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" into a harmonious whole with a common culture or vice versa, for a homogeneous society becoming more heterogeneous through the influx of foreign elements with different cultural background with a potential creation of disharmony with the previous culture.

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Mengu-Timur

Mengu-Timur or Möngke Temür (ᠮᠦᠨᠺᠬᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ, Мөнхтөмөр) (?–1280), Son of Toqoqan KhanDavid Morgan, The Mongols, p. 224 and Buka Ujin of Oirat and the grandson of Batu Khan.

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Mermitelocerus schmidtii

Mermitelocerus schmidtii is a species of plant bug belonging to the family Miridae.

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Merzifon

Merzifon (Marzvan, Old Persian:; Mersyphòn) is a town and district in Amasya Province in the central Black Sea region of Turkey.

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Mesame Dasi

Mesame Dasi (Georgian: მესამე დასი) was the first social-democratic party in the Caucasus, based in Tbilsi, Georgia.

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Meskheti Range

Meskheti Range (მესხეთის ქედი) (Meskh/Meskhet/Meskhetian Range, Adzhar-Imereti Range, Adzhar-Akhaltsikh Range also Moschian Mountains) is a part of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range in Meskheti region, in southwestern Georgia.

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Mesogobius batrachocephalus

Mesogobius batrachocephalus, the knout goby or toad goby, is one of the species of gobiid fish native to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov basins.

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Mesogona acetosellae

The Pale Stigma (Mesogona acetosellae) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Mesolithic

In Old World archaeology, Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos "middle"; λίθος, lithos "stone") is the period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

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Mesosa curculionoides

Mesosa curculionoides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the type species of its genus.

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Mesosa nebulosa

Mesosa nebulosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Mespilus germanica

Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar or common medlar, is a large shrub or small tree, and the name of the fruit of this tree.

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Metzneria ehikeella

Metzneria ehikeella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Metzneria neuropterella

Metzneria neuropterella, the brown-veined neb, is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Metzneria santolinella

Metzneria santolinella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Michael Pössinger

Michael Pössinger (18 January 1919 – 23 May 2003) was a German bobsledder who competed in the early 1950s.

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Micropterix montanella

Micropterix montanella is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae.

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Micropterix monticolella

Micropterix monticolella is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae.

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Microsphecia brosiformis

Microsphecia brosiformis is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Micrurapteryx sophorella

Micrurapteryx sophorella is a moth of the Gracillariidae family.

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Middle Assyrian Empire

The Middle Assyrian Empire is the period in the history of Assyria between the fall of the Old Assyrian Empire in the 14th century BC and the establishment of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 10th century BC.

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Middle East

The Middle Easttranslit-std; translit; Orta Şərq; Central Kurdish: ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین, Rojhelatî Nawîn; Moyen-Orient; translit; translit; translit; Rojhilata Navîn; translit; Bariga Dhexe; Orta Doğu; translit is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa).

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Middle East Institute

The Middle East Institute (MEI) is a non-profit, non-partisan think tank and cultural center in Washington, D.C., founded in 1946.

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Middle East Technical University

Middle East Technical University (commonly referred to as METU; in Turkish, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi ODTÜ) is a public technical university located in Ankara, Turkey.

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Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I saw action between 29 October 1914 and 30 October 1918.

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Middle spotted woodpecker

The middle spotted woodpecker (Dendrocoptes medius) is a European woodpecker belonging to the genus Dendrocoptes.

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Migration Period

The Migration Period was a period during the decline of the Roman Empire around the 4th to 6th centuries AD in which there were widespread migrations of peoples within or into Europe, mostly into Roman territory, notably the Germanic tribes and the Huns.

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Mihranids

The Mihranids were an Iranian family which ruled several regions of Caucasus from 330 to 821.

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Mihrengiz Kadın

Mihrengiz Kadın (15 October 1869 – 12 December 1938, birth name Fatma) was the third wife of 35th Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V, and the mother of Şehzade Ömer Hilmi of the Ottoman Empire.

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Mikael Storsjö

Mikael Storsjö (born December 22, 1957) is a Finnish IT entrepreneur, journalist and non-governmental organization activist.

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Mikhail Alexeyevich Miropiev

Mikhail Alexeyevich Miropiev(Михаил Алексеевич Миропиев; 1852-?) was a Russian Orthodox Missionary who worked in the Caucasus in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

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Mikhail Barataev

Mikhail Petrovich Barataev (Михаил Петрович Баратаев (Бараташвили), მიხეილ ბარათაევი) (January 1, 1784 – July 30, 1856) was a Russian bureaucrat of Georgian origin and an amateur numismatist, the first to have studied the coinage of Georgia.

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Mikhail Chernyayev

Mikhail Grigorievich Chernyayev (Russian: Михаил Григорьевич Черняев) (24 October 1828, Tubyshki, Mogilev Governorate – 16 August 1898) was a Russian general, who, together with Konstantin Kaufman and Mikhail Skobelev, led the Russian conquest of Central Asia under Alexander II.

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Mikhail Diterikhs

Mikhail Konstantinovich Diterikhs (Михаи́л Константи́нович Ди́терихс; Michael Dieterichs; May 17, 1874, Kiev – 9 September 1937) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army and subsequently a key figure in the White movement in Siberia during the Russian Civil War, noted in particular for his monarchist views.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, GCL (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician.

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Mikhail Levandovsky

Mikhail Karlovich Levandovsky (May 15, 1890 – July 29, 1938, Левандовский, Михаил Карлович) was a Soviet Komandarm 2nd rank.

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Mikhail Loris-Melikov

Count Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov (Միքայել Լորիս-Մելիքով; – 24 December 1888) was a Russian-Armenian statesman, General of the Cavalry, and Adjutant General of H. I. M. Retinue.

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Mikhail P. Kulakov

Mikhail P. Kulakov (March 29, 1927, Leningrad – February 10, 2010, Highland, California, United States) was a Russian pastor, social and religious activist, and Protestant Bible scholar and translator.

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Mikhail Piotrovsky

Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovsky (Михаил Борисович Пиотровский) is the Director of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Mikhail Skobelev

Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev (29 September 1843 – 7 July 1882) was a Russian general famous for his conquest of Central Asia and heroism during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.

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Mikhail Suslov

Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov (Михаи́л Андре́евич Су́слов; 25 January 1982) was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War.

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Mikhail Yuzefovich

Mikhail Vladimirovich Yuzefovich (Михаил Владимирович Юзефович) (1802—1889) was the deputy commissioner of the Kiev school district, chairman of the Kiev archaeological commission, and instigator of the Ems Ukaz that severely restricted the use of Ukrainian language.

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Mikheil Tsereteli

Prince Mikheil "Mikhako" G. Tsereteli also known as Michael von Zereteli (მიხეილ "მიხაკო" წერეთელი) (December 23, 1878 – March 2, 1965) was a Georgian prince, historian, philologist, sociologist and public benefactor.

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Milax caucasicus

Milax caucasicus is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Milacidae.

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Military districts of the Russian Empire

In the Imperial Russian Army, a military district (вое́нный о́круг, voyenny okrug) was a territorial association of military units, formations, military schools, and various local military establishments.

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Military Engineering-Technical University

The Saint Petersburg Military Engineering-Technical University (Nikolaevsky) (Санкт-Петербургский Военный инженерно-технический университет, VITU), previously known as the Saint Petersburg Nikolaevsky Engineering Academy, was established in 1810 under Alexander I.

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Military history of Armenia

The early military history of Armenia is defined by the situation of the Armenian Highland between the Hellenistic states, and later the Byzantine Empire, in the west and the Persian Empire to the east.

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Military history of Georgia

The country of Georgia has known a rich military history, both as a battlefield of empires and as an independent political and military power.

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Military history of Iran

With thousands of years of recorded history, and due to an unchanging geographic (and subsequently geopolitical) condition, Iran (previously known as Persia in the West until 1935) has had a long, varied, and checkered military culture and history, ranging from triumphant and unchallenged ancient military supremacy affording effective superpower status in its day, to a series of near catastrophic defeats (beginning with the destruction of Elam) at the hand of previously subdued and conquered peripheral nations (including Greece, Macedon and the Asiatic nomadic tribes at the Eastern boundary of the lands traditionally home to the Iranian people).

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Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire arose in the 10th century BC.

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Military history of the Russian Empire

The military history of the Russian Empire encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the Russian Empire participated.

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Military history of the Soviet Union

The military history of the Soviet Union began in the days following the 1917 October Revolution that brought the Bolsheviks to power.

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Military of the Safavid dynasty

The Military of the Safavid dynasty covers the military history of the Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1736.

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Military of the Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian army was the primary military body of the Sasanian armed forces, serving alongside the Sasanian navy.

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Military Revolutionary Committee

The Military Revolutionary Committee (Военно-революционный комитет, Voyennо-revolyutsionny komitet), was the name for military organs created by Bolsheviks Party organizations under the soviets in preparation for the October Revolution (October 1917 – March 1918).

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Militsiya (Russia)

The militsiya (Милиция) was the national police service of Russia from the 1950s until 2011, when it was replaced by the Police of Russia.

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Milium (plant)

Milium (vernacular name milletgrass) is a genus of Eurasian, North American, and North African plants in the grass family.

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Miltochrista miniata

Miltochrista miniata, the rosy footman, is a moth of the family Erebidae.

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Mingachevir reservoir

The Mingachevir reservoir (Mingəçevir su anbarı) is a large reservoir in northwestern Azerbaijan.

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Ministry of State Property

The Ministry of State Property, sometimes translated as the Ministry of State Domains,http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/563897/Ministry-of-State-Domains (Министерство государственных имуществ (МГИ), Ministerstvo gosudarstvennykh imushestv (MGI) was the ministry in the government of the Russian Empire which controlled government-owned lands and any other government property, especially farms and agricultural land, and prior to the abolition of serfdom, the government peasants that worked the lands.

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Minoa murinata

Minoa murinata, the drab looper, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Minoan civilization

The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands which flourished from about 2600 to 1600 BC, before a late period of decline, finally ending around 1100.

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Minsk

Minsk (Мінск,; Минск) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated on the Svislach and the Nyamiha Rivers.

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Mir Jafar Baghirov

Mir Jafar Baghirov Abbas oglu (Mir Cəfər Bağırov Abbas oğlu; 17 September 1896 – 7 May 1956) was the communist leader of the Azerbaijan SSR from 1932 to 1953, under the Soviet leadership of Joseph Stalin.

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Mir-Fatah-Agha

Mir-Fatah-Agha, commonly known as Mushthaid (died 24 October 1892), was a high-ranking Twelver Shi'a Muslim cleric (specifically, a mujtahid) from Tabriz (Persian Azerbaijan, Qajar Empire), whom the Russian government credited with keeping the Muslim population of the Caucasus loyal to the Russians, following their recent expansion and conquering of the Caucasus at the expense of Qajar Persia.

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Mira Ricardel

Mira Radielovic Ricardel, previously known as Mira Baratta (born July 5, 1960), is an American government official currently serving as Deputy National Security Advisor to U.S. President Donald Trump, since May 2018.

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Miroslav Šmíd

Miroslav Šmíd, Ing.

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Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi

Mirzā Abdul'Rahim Tālibi Najjār Tabrizi (1834, Tabriz — 1911, Temir-Khan-Shura, named Buinaksk since 1922) (ميرزا عبدالرحیم طالبی نجار تبریزی), also known as Talibov, was an Iranian Azerbaijani intellectual and social reformer.

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Mirza Hasan Tahirzadeh

Hasan Tahirzadeh — fourth Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus.

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Mirza Saleh Shirazi

Mirza Saleh Shirāzi (Persian: میرزا صالح شیرازی / Mīrzā Ṣāleḥ Shīrāzī) was a court intellectual and the first reporter in Iran.

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Mirza Salman Jaberi

Mirza Salman Jaberi Isfahani (میرزا سلمان جابری اصفهانی; also spelled Jabiri) was a prominent Persian statesman in Safavid Iran, who served as the grand vizier of Ismail II (r. 1576-77) and Mohammad Khodabanda (r. 1577-1588).

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Miss Europe 1936

Miss Europe 1936 was the eighth annual Miss Europe.

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Miss Europe 1937

Miss Europe 1937 was the ninth annual Miss Europe.

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Missing women

The term "missing women" indicates a shortfall in the number of women relative to the expected number of women in a region or country.

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Mission Covenant Church of Sweden

The Mission Covenant Church of Sweden (Svenska Missionskyrkan), founded in 1878, was a Swedish Reformed free church.

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MitOst

MitOst e.V. is an independent, non-governmental, non-profit organisation located in Berlin, Germany.

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Mkhargrdzeli

Mkhargrdzeli (მხარგრძელი) was a noble Georgian dynasty of Armenian and at least partial Kurdish or Kipchak origin.

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Mniophila muscorum

Mniophila muscorum is a species of Chrysomelid in the sub-family Galerucinae, that can be found nearly everywhere in Southern Northern Europe, Central Europe and East Europe and also in Italy it is not recorded in Turkey or the Caucasus and it is doubtfully recorded in Spain.

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Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar

Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar (محمدحسن خان قاجار), also spelled Muhammad and Hassan (1722–1759), chief of the Qoyunlu branch of the Qajar tribe of Turkomans in the Caspian coastlands around Astarabad, was the son of Fath Ali Khan and the father of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who founded the Qajar dynasty of Iran.

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (Mohammad Rezā Šāh), was the last Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.

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Mohammad Taqi Pessian

Mohammad Taqi-Khan Pessian (1892 – October 1921) (also spelled as Pesyan and Pesseyan) was an Iranian gendarme and pilot.

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Mokvi Cathedral

Mokvi Cathedral (მოქვის ეკლესია) is a Georgian Orthodox Cathedral located in Mokvi, in the Ochamchira district of the de facto independent Republic of Abkhazia, internationally recognized to constitute a part of Georgia.

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Moldavian Magnate Wars

The Moldavian Magnate Wars refer to the period at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century when the magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashing with the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire for domination and influence over the principality.

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Moluccella laevis

Moluccella laevis (Bells-of-Ireland, Bells of Ireland, Molucca balmis, Shellflower, Shell flower) is a summer flowering annual, native to Turkey, Syria and the Caucasus.

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Mompha conturbatella

The fireweed mompha moth (Mompha conturbatella) is a moth in the Momphidae family.

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Mompha divisella

Mompha divisella is a moth in the Momphidae family.

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Mompha lacteella

Mompha lacteella is a moth in the Momphidae family.

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Mompha meridionella

Mompha meridionella is a moth in the Momphidae family that can be found in the northern Caucasus and Greece.

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Mompha ochraceella

Mompha ochraceella is a moth of the Momphidae family.

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Monaspa

The Monaspa or Mona-spa (მონასპა; lit. the "army of servants") was an elite unit of the Georgian army, from the 11th to the 12th centuries, whose members performed the dual roles of both personal bodyguards to the Georgian monarchs and standing army.

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Mongol Armenia

Mongol Armenia or Ilkhanid Armenia refers to the period in which both Armenia (during its union with the Kingdom of Georgia) and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia became tributary and vassal to the Mongol Empire (the later Ilkhanate) in the 1230s.

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Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn Ezent Güren; Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн;; also Орда ("Horde") in Russian chronicles) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.

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Mongol invasion of Europe

The Mongol invasion of Europe in the 13th century was the conquest of Europe by the Mongol Empire, by way of the destruction of East Slavic principalities, such as Kiev and Vladimir. The Mongol invasions also occurred in Central Europe, which led to warfare among fragmented Poland, such as the Battle of Legnica (9 April 1241) and in the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241) in the Kingdom of Hungary. The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan (1207–1255) and Kadan (d. 1261). Both men were grandsons of Genghis Khan; their conquests integrated much European territory to the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn.

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Mongol invasions and conquests

Mongol invasions and conquests took place throughout the 13th century, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire, which by 1300 covered much of Asia and Eastern Europe.

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Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia

During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols launched two long, massive invasions of the territory of modern Chechnya and Ingushetia, which included the lands of Alania in the West, Simsir in the Northeast, and the Georgian-allied kingdom of Durdzuketia in the South.

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Mongol invasions of Georgia

Mongol conquests of Kingdom of Georgia, which at that time consisted of Georgia proper, Armenia, and much of the Caucasus, involved multiple invasions and large-scale raids throughout the 13th century.

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Mongol invasions of the Levant

Starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof.

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Mongolian finch

The Mongolian finch (Bucanetes mongolicus), also known as the Mongolian trumpeter finch, is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.

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Monkey goby

The monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis) is a species of goby native to the basins of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

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Monochamus galloprovincialis

The Pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus galloprovincialis), also referred to as the Black pine sawyer beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Monochroa sepicolella

Monochroa sepicolella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Monostegia

Monostegia is a genus of sawfly.

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Montane ecosystems

Montane ecosystems refers to any ecosystem found in mountains.

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Monument to Alexander Pushkin (Rostov-on-Don)

Monument to Alexander Pushkin in Rostov-on-Don ― a statue in the center of Rostov-on-Don.

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Moose

The moose (North America) or elk (Eurasia), Alces alces, is the largest extant species in the deer family.

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Moritz von Engelhardt

Otto Moritz (I) Ludwig von Engelhardt (-) was a Baltic German mineralogist.

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Moritz Wagner

Moritz Wagner (Bayreuth, 3 October 1813 – Munich, 31 May 1887) was a German explorer, collector, geographer and natural historian.

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Moschia

Moschia (Meskheti, Mushki) is a mountainous region of Georgia between Iberia, Armenia, and Colchis.

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Moscow Kazansky railway station

Kazansky railway terminal (Каза́нский вокза́л, Kazansky vokzal) also known as Moscow Kazansky railway station (Москва́-Каза́нская, Moskva-Kazanskaya) is one of nine railway terminals in Moscow, situated on the Komsomolskaya Square, across the square from the Leningradsky and Yaroslavsky stations.

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Moscow Military District

The Moscow Military District was a military district of the Soviet Armed Forces and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

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Moscow University Herbarium

Moscow University Herbarium (MW) is the second largest herbarium in Russia after the Komarov Institute (LE).

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Mostafa Khan of Shirvan

Mostafa Khan (مصطفی خان) was the 5th and last khan of Shirvan, until 1820.

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Mottled umber

The mottled umber (Erannis defoliaria) is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Mouflon

The mouflon (Ovis orientalis orientalis group) is a subspecies group of the wild sheep (Ovis orientalis).

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Mount Ararat

Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı; Մասիս, Masis and Արարատ, Ararat) is a snow-capped and dormant compound volcano in the extreme east of Turkey.

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Mount Dzhimara

Mount Dzhimara or Jimara (Джимарайы хох — Jimarayy khokh, ჯიმარა) is the second highest point of North Ossetia–Alania, a Russian republic, with an altitude of.

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Mount Etna

Mount Etna, or Etna (Etna or Mongibello; Mungibeddu or â Muntagna; Aetna), is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina and Catania.

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Mount Fox (British Columbia)

Mount Fox in the Selkirk Mountains of Canada was named, by William Green, in honour of Harry Fox who perished with William Donkin and two Swiss guides, in the Caucasus.

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Mount Kazbek

Mount Kazbek (მყინვარწვერი, Mqinvartsveri; Сæна, Sæna; Башлам, Bashlam; Казбек, Kazbek), is a dormant stratovolcano and one of the major mountains of the Caucasus located on the border of Georgia's Kazbegi District and Russia's Republic of North Ossetia–Alania.

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Mount Khabarjina

Mount Khabarjina (ქაბარჯინა) is a mountain and dormant volcano in the Caucasus of Georgia.

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Mount Khalatsa

Mount Khalatsa or Khalaskhokh (Халасхох; literally: "frost mount") is the highest point of South Ossetia, a disputed region in Georgia, with an altitude of 3,938 metres (12,920 ft).

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Mount Narodnaya

Mount Narodnaya (also known as Naroda and Poenurr; Гора Народная, На'рода-Из; "People's Mountain") is the highest peak of the Urals in Russia.

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Mount Sinai

Mount Sinai (Ṭūr Sīnāʼ or lit; ܛܘܪܐ ܕܣܝܢܝ or ܛܘܪܐ ܕܡܘܫܐ; הַר סִינַי, Har Sinai; Όρος Σινάι; Mons Sinai), also known as Mount Horeb or Gabal Musa, is a mountain in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt that is a possible location of the biblical Mount Sinai, which is considered a holy site by the Abrahamic religions.

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Mountain Jews

Mountain Jews or Caucasus Jews also known as Juhuro, Juvuro, Juhuri, Juwuri, Juhurim, Kavkazi Jews or Gorsky Jews (Dağ Yəhudiləri, יהודי קווקז Yehudey Kavkaz or Yehudey he-Harim, translit) are Jews of the eastern and northern Caucasus, mainly Azerbaijan, Chechnya, Dagestan and Ingushetia.

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Mountain warfare

Mountain warfare refers to warfare in the mountains or similarly rough terrain.

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Mountaineering

Mountaineering is the sport of mountain climbing.

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Mourning of Muharram

The Mourning of Muharram (or Remembrance of Muharram or Muharram Observances) is a set of rituals associated with both Shia and Sunni Islam.

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Movses Baghramian

Movses Baghramian (Մովսես Բաղրամյան) was an 18th-century Armenian liberation movement leader.

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MS Salamis Filoxenia

MS Salamis Filoxenia is a cruise ship owned by the Cyprus-based Salamis Cruises.

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Mtskheta

Mtskheta (მცხეთა) is a city in Mtskheta-Mtianeti province of Georgia.

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Muazzez Sultan

Muazzez Sultan (ca. 1629 – 1687) was the second chief consort of Sultan Ibrahim and the mother of Sultan Ahmed II.

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Mubariz al-Din Muhammad

Mubariz al-Din Muhammad (1301-1358) (مبارز الدین محمد), was the founder of the Muzaffarid dynasty, ruling from 1314 to 1358.

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Muhacir

Muhacir, Macırlar, or Muhajir, is a term used to refer to an estimated 10 million Ottoman Muslim citizens, and their descendants born after the onset of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, (including Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Greek Muslims, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, and Pomaks) who emigrated to Anatolia from the late 18th century until the end of the 20th century, mainly to escape ongoing persecution in their homelands.

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Muhadin Kishev

Muhadin Ismailovich Kishev (Мухадин Исмаилович Кишев; born 1939) is a Russian artist of Circassian descent from Kabardino-Balkaria in the Caucasus.

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Mujahideen

Mujahideen (مجاهدين) is the plural form of mujahid (مجاهد), the term for one engaged in Jihad (literally, "holy war").

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Mulgedium

Mulgedium is a genus of flowering plants in the dandelion tribe within the sunflower family.

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Multinational state

A multinational state is a sovereign state that comprises two or more nations.

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Munich Security Conference

The Munich Security Conference (MSC; Münchner Sicherheitskonferenz) is an annual conference on international security policy that has taken place in Munich, Bavaria since 1963.

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Murabba

Murabba (from مربة, murabba "jam", "fruit preserves"; մուրաբա, muraba, mürəbbə, მურაბა, muraba, मुरब्बा, murabbā, মোরব্বা, morobbā, مربا, morrabâ, мураббо, murabbo, مربا, murabbo) refers to sweet fruit preserve which is popular in many regions of Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East.

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Murad IV

Murad IV (مراد رابع, Murād-ı Rābiʿ; 26/27 July 1612 – 8 February 1640) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods.

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Murat Toptani

Murat bej Toptani (1867–1918) was an Albanian poet, artist and activist of the Albanian National Awakening.

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Murayj al-Durr

Murayj al-Durr (مرج الدر; Хъосай Къуадж pronounced Merzhidor, also spelled Mraij ad-Durr, Murij al-Durr) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located northeast of Homs and southeast of Hama, on the eastern bank of the Orontes River.

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Mursili's eclipse

The solar eclipse mentioned in a text dating to the reign of Mursili II could be of great importance for the absolute chronology of the Hittite Empire within the chronology of the Ancient Near East.

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Musala

Musala (Мусала); from Arabic through Ottoman Turkish: from Musalla, "near God" or "place for prayer" is the highest peak in the entire Balkan Peninsula, standing at 2,925 m (9,596 ft).

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Muscari armeniacum

Muscari armeniacum is a species of flowering plant in the squill subfamily Scilloideae of the asparagus family Asparagaceae (formerly the lilies, Liliaceae).

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Music of Central Asia

The music of Central Asia is as vast and unique as the many cultures and peoples who inhabit the region.

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Music of Georgia (country)

Georgia has rich and still vibrant traditional music, which is primarily known as arguably the earliest polyphonic tradition of the Christian world.

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Music of immigrant communities in the United States

The vast majority of the inhabitants of the United States are immigrants or descendants of immigrants.

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Music of Turkey

The music of Turkey includes mainly Turkic elements as well as partial influences ranging from Central Asian folk music, Arabic music, Greek music, Ottoman music, Persian music and Balkan music, as well as references to more modern European and American popular music.

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Muskmelon

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) is a species of melon that has been developed into many cultivated varieties.

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Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan

In 643 or years of 22 Hijr, After the conquest of Rayy and Central Persia, Umar ordered the conquest of Azarbaijan.

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Muslim conquest of Persia

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, led to the end of the Sasanian Empire of Persia in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran (Persia).

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Muslim Roma

Muslim Roma or Muslim Gypsies are Romani people who adopted Islam.

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Mussa Ekzekov

Mussa Khabalevich Ekzekov (Мусса́ Хаба́левич Экзе́ков; born August 13, 1964) is a Soviet and Russian scientist, businessperson, philanthropist and social activist.

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Mustafa III

Mustafa III (28 January 1717 – 24 December 1773) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1773.

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Muzaffarids (Iran)

The Muzaffarid dynasty (مظفریان) was a Persian dynasty of Arab origin which came to power in Iran following the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 14th century.

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Mykhailo Hrushevsky

Mykhailo Serhiyovych Hrushevsky (Михайло Сергійович Грушевський, Mychajło Hruszewski | Chełm, – Kislovodsk, 24 November 1934) was a Ukrainian and Soviet academician, politician, historian, and statesman, one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century.

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Mykola Ivanovych Tseluiko

Mykola Ivanovych Tseluiko (Микола Іванович Целуйко, also 'Tseluyko'), born 3 July 1937, died 31 October 2007, was a Ukrainian painter and textile artist.

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Mykola Mykhailov

Mykola Mykolayovych Mykhailov (1903 - June 16, 1936) was a Ukrainian bandurist, composer, and arranger.

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Myotis alcathoe

The Alcathoe bat (Myotis alcathoe) is a European bat in the genus Myotis.

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Myrmica lobicornis

Myrmica lobicornis is an ant species distributed through the planes of North Europe and the mountains of Central and Southern Europe.

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Myrmica lonae

Myrmica lonae is a species of ants distributed across South, Central and North Europe, East Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, West Siberian Plain and Northern Kazakhstan.

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Myrmica schencki

Myrmica schencki is a species of ant in the genus Myrmica.

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Mythimna alopecuri

Mythimna alopecuri is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Mythimna anderreggii

Mythimna anderreggii is a moth in the Noctuidae family.

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Mythimna congrua

Mythimna congrua is a species of moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Mythimna impura

Mythimna impura, the smoky wainscot, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Mythimna obsoleta

Mythimna obsoleta (obscure wainscot) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Mythimna straminea

Mythimna straminea, the southern wainscot, is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Mythology of the Caucasus

Mythology of the Caucasus refers to the mythologies and folklore of the various peoples of the Caucasus region.

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Nader Shah

Nader Shah Afshar (نادر شاه افشار; also known as Nader Qoli Beyg نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khan تهماسپ قلی خان) (August 1688 – 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian rulers in the history of the nation, ruling as Shah of Persia (Iran) from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion.

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Nader's Dagestan campaign

Nader's Dagestan campaign, refers to the campaigns conducted by the Persian Empire (under the Safavid and Afsharid dynasty) under the ruling king Nader Shah between the years 1741 and 1743 in order to fully subjugate the Dagestan region in the North Caucasus Area.

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Nadia

Nadia is a female name, used predominantly throughout the Mediterranean region, Eastern Europe, Latin America, the Caucasus, and the Arab world.

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Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh, meaning "Mountainous Karabakh," also known as Artsakh, is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, within the mountainous range of Karabakh, lying between Lower Karabakh and Zangezur, and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains.

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Nagorno-Karabakh War

The Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place in the late 1980s to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Nakşidil Sultan

Nakşidil Sultan (fully Devletli, İsmetli, Nakşidil Valide Sultan Aliyyetü'ş-şân Hazretleri; 1767 – 22 August 1817; meaning "Embroidered on the Heart") was the consort of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid I and Valide Sultan to her son Mahmud II.

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Nakh languages

The Nakh languages are a group of languages within Northeast Caucasian, spoken chiefly by the Chechens and Ingush in the North Caucasus within Southern Russia.

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Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası) is a landlocked exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Name of Georgia (country)

Georgia is the Western exonym for the nation in the Caucasus natively known as Sakartvelo (საქართველო). The Russian exonym is Gruziya (Грузия).

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Name of Iran

In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran.

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Names of the Serbs and Serbia

The Serbs (Срби/Srbi) have been referred to with several names by other peoples, although the endonym is and has always been Srbi.

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Namus (film)

Namus (Նամուս, meaning "honor") is a 1925 silent drama film by Hamo Beknazarian, based on Alexander Shirvanzade's 1885 novel of the same name, which denounces the despotic rites and customs of Caucasian families.

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Nantucket series

The Nantucket series (also known as the Nantucket trilogy or the Islander trilogy) is a set of alternate history novels written by S. M. Stirling.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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Naqadeh

Naqadeh, also known as, "Naghday",Naghadeh, Naghdeh and Nagadeh and"Sulduz" (in Azerbaijani Turkish); also Romanized as Sulduz, Solduz and Suldoz), is a city in and the capital of Naqadeh County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 1996 census, its population was 110,257, in 20,781 families. The city is located in the Gadar River valley, south of Lake Urmia at an elevation of above sea-level. The region's economy is based on agriculture, particularly the production of fruit, grain, and timber. The town is inhabited mainly by Iranian Azerbaijanis and Qarapapaqs, the latter of whom were resettled from the Caucasus into the newly established borders of south Azerbaijan after the loss of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan, and Armenia to neighboring Russia following the first and second Russo-Persian Wars of the (19th century). The main religion of the area is Shia Islam, as with most of Iran.

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Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Narcissus pseudonarcissus (commonly known as wild daffodil or Lent lily) is a perennial flowering plant.

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Narthecium

Narthecium is a Eurasian and North American genus of herbaceous flowering plants.

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Nasdaq Nordic

Nasdaq Nordic is the common name for the subsidiaries of Nasdaq, Inc. that provide financial services and operate marketplaces for securities in Nordic, Baltic, and Caucasus countries.

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Naser al-Din Shah Qajar

Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (16 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) (ناصرالدین شاه قاجار), also Nassereddin Shah Qajar, was the King of Persia from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated.

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Nasra of Tao-Klarjeti

Nasra or Nasri (ნასრა) (died 888) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti involved and eventually killed in a dynastic war with his relatives.

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Natalya Estemirova

Natalya Khusainovna Estemirova (Ната́лья Хусаи́новна Эстеми́рова; 28 February 1958 – 15 July 2009) was a Russian human rights activist and board member of the Russian human rights organization Memorial.

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Nathusius's pipistrelle

Nathusius' pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling and Blasius)) is a small bat in the pipistrelle genus.

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National Committee of Azerbaijan

National Committee of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Milli Komitəsi, Nationales Komitee von Aserbaidschan) was an organization created in Berlin by Azerbaijani political immigrants.

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Nationalization of history

Nationalization of history is the term used in historiography to describe the process of separation of "one's own" history from the common universal history, by way of perceiving, understanding and treating the past that results with construction of history as history of a nation.

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Natterer's bat

Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) is a European vespertilionid bat with pale wings.

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Natural dye

Natural dyes are dyes or colorants derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals.

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Natural Resources of Azerbaijan

The Azerbaijan is a country with very favorable natural conditions and rich natural resources.

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Navajo weaving

Navajo rugs and blankets (diyogí) are textiles produced by Navajo people of the Four Corners area of the United States.

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Nawab

Nawab (Eastern Nagari: নবাব/নওয়াব, Devanagari: नवाब/नबाब, Perso-Arab: نواب) also spelt Nawaab, Navaab, Navab, Nowab The title nawab was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similarly to a British peerage, to persons and families who never ruled a princely state.

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Nazmiyal collection

The Nazmiyal Collection, based in New York City, is a company that buys and sells antique and decorative carpets and textiles, and also repairs and restores them.

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Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn

Núrayn-i-Nayyirayn (نورين نيران, meaning "twin shining lights") are two brothers who were followers of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, a global religion of Persian origin.

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Nükhetsezâ Hanım

Nükhetseza Hanım (نکت سزا خانم; 1830 – 15 May 1850) was a consort of Sultan Abdülmecid I of the Ottoman Empire.

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Neşerek Kadın

Neşerek Kadın (نشرك قادین; 1848 – 11 June 1876) was a consort of Sultan Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire.

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Nebria caucasica

Nebria caucasica is a species of ground beetle from the Nebriinae subfamily that is endemic to Caucasus.

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Nebria tenella

Nebria tenella is a species of black coloured ground beetle in the Nebriinae subfamily that can be found in Georgia and Russia.

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Nebria tenella saridaghensis

Nebria tenella saridaghensis is a subspecies of ground beetle in the Nebriinae subfamily that is endemic to Caucasus.

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Nebria tenella tenella

Nebria tenella tenella is a subspecies of black coloured ground beetle in the Nebriinae subfamily that can be found in Georgia and Russia.

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Negev Bedouin

The Negev Bedouin (بدو النقب, Badū an-Naqab; הבדואים בנגב Habeduim Banegev) are traditionally pastoral nomadic Arab tribes (Bedouin) living in the Negev region of Israel, and adhere to Islam.

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Neides tipularius

Neides tipularius is a Palearctic stilt bug.

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Nemapogon bachmarensis

Nemapogon bachmarensis is a moth of the Tineidae family.

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Nemapogon caucasicus

Nemapogon caucasicus is a moth of the Tineidae family.

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Nemapogon gerasimovi

Nemapogon gerasimovi is a moth of the Tineidae family.

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Nemapogon lagodechiellus

Nemapogon lagodechiellus is a moth of the Tineidae family.

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Nemapogon somchetiella

Nemapogon somchetiella is a moth of the Tineidae family.

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Nemapogon teberdellus

Nemapogon teberdellus is a moth of the Tineidae family.

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Nemastomatidae

The Nemastomatidae are a family of harvestmen with about 170 described species in 16 recent genera.

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Nenskra hydro power plant

The Nenskra hydropower plant is a hydroelectric dam planned on the Nenskra River, Upper Svaneti, Georgia.

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Nenskra Hydropower Plant Project

Nenskra Hydropower Plant Project is a project to design, construct and operate Nenskra Hydro Power Plant located on the southern slopes of the Central Caucasus mountains in Svaneti, Georgia.

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Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Iron Age Mesopotamian empire, in existence between 911 and 609 BC, and became the largest empire of the world up till that time.

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Neo-Babylonian Empire

The Neo-Babylonian Empire (also Second Babylonian Empire) was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 626 BC and ended in 539 BC.

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Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire

Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire emerged in the 1850s and became an officially endorsed preferred architectural style for church construction during the reign of Alexander II of Russia (1855–1881), replacing the Russo-Byzantine style of Konstantin Thon.

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Neo-Ottomanism

Neo-Ottomanism (Turkish: Yeni Osmanlıcılık) is a Turkish political ideology that, in its broadest sense, promotes greater political engagement of the Republic of Turkey within regions formerly under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, its predecessor state.

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Neofriseria caucasicella

Neofriseria caucasicella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Neottia nidus-avis

Neottia nidus-avis, the bird's-nest orchid, is a non-photosynthetic orchid.

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Nepeta grandiflora

Nepeta grandiflora is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to the Caucasus.

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Neshedil Kadinefendi

Neshedil Kadinefendi()(1857 - 30 January 1924) was a consort to Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt.

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New Athos

New Athos or Akhali Atoni (ახალი ათონი, Akhali Atoni; Афон Ҿыц, Afon Ch'yts; Новый Афон; Novy Afon, Νέος Άθως, Neos Athos) is a town in the Gudauta ''raion'' of Abkhazia, situated some from Sukhumi by the shores of the Black Sea.

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New Order (Nazism)

The New Order (German: Neuordnung), or the New Order of Europe (German: Neuordnung Europas), was the political order which Nazi Germany wanted to impose on the conquered areas under its dominion.

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Neweurasia

neweurasia is a network of weblogs about Central Asia and the Caucasus.

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Nicholas I of Russia

Nicholas I (r; –) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855.

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Nicholas Marr

Nicholas Yakovlevich Marr (Никола́й Я́ковлевич Марр, Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr; ნიკოლოზ იაკობის ძე მარი, Nikoloz Iak'obis dze Mari; – 20 December 1934) was a Georgia-born historian and linguist who gained a reputation as a scholar of the Caucasus during the 1910s before embarking on his "Japhetic theory" on the origin of language (from 1924), now considered as pseudo-scientific, and related speculative linguistic hypotheses.

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Nicholas Poppe

Nicholas N. Poppe (Никола́й/Ни́колас Никола́евич Поппе, Nikoláj/Níkolas Nikolájevič Poppe; July 27, 1897 – August 8, 1991) was an important Russian linguist.

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Nick Awde

Nick Awde Hill (born 29 December 1961 in London, England) is a British writer, artist, singer-songwriter and critic.

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Nick Clegg

Sir Nicholas William Peter Clegg (born 7 January 1967) is a British politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2015 and as Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2007 to 2015.

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Nicolaes Witsen

Nicolaes Witsen (8 May 1641 – 10 August 1717; modern Dutch: Nicolaas Witsen) was a Dutch statesman who was mayor of Amsterdam thirteen times, between 1682 and 1706.

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Nicolai Anders von Hartwiss

Nicolai Anhorn von Hartwiss (Николай Андерс фон Хартвис; 1793–1860) was a Livonian-born Russian botanist, plant explorer and plant breeder.

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Niello

Niello is a black mixture, usually of sulphur, copper, silver, and lead, used as an inlay on engraved or etched metal, especially silver.

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Nikita Pankratiev

Nikita Petrovich Pankratiev (Никита Петрович Панкратьев; 1788–1836) was an Imperial Russian general-lieutenant (1829).

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Nikolai Albov

Nikolai Mikhaylovich Albov (Николай Михайлович Альбов, 15 October 1866, Pavlovo, Gorbatov region, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, Imperial Russia, — 6 December 1897, La Plata, Argentina) was a Russian botanist and geographer.

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Nikolai Berg

Nikolai Vasilyevich Berg (Никола́й Васи́льевич Берг,, Moscow, Russian Empire, -, Warsaw, Poland) was a Russian poet, journalist, translator and historian.

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Nikolai Khodataev

Nikolai Petrovich Khodataev (Николай Петрович Ходатаев; — 27 December 27 1979) was a Russian and Soviet artist, sculptor and animator, one of the founders of the Soviet animation industry.

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Nikolai Markov (architect)

Nikolai Lvovich Markov (Николай Львович Марков, نیکولای مارکف.), born in Tbilisi in 1882 and died in 1957, was an Iranian architect of Russian descent.

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Nikolai Obruchev

Nikolai Nikolayevich Obruchev (1830–1904) was a General Staff Officer in the Imperial Russian Army, imperial Russian general staff officer, military statistician, planner and chief of the Main Staff.

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Nikolai Pavlov (writer)

Nikolai Filippovich Pavlov (Николай Филиппович Павлов, 19 September 1803, — 10 April 1864) was a Russian writer, dramatist, translator, publisher and editor.

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Nikolai Yaroshenko

Nikolai Alexandrovich Yaroshenko (Николай Алекса́ндрович Яроше́нко; –) was a Russian painter.

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Nikolay Dubovskoy

Nikolay Nikanorovich Dubovskoy (Russian: Николай Никанорович Дубовской; 17 December 1859, Novocherkassk — 28 February 1918, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian landscape painter, associated with the Peredvizhniki.

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Nikolay Lvov

Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov (May 4, 1753 – December 21, 1803) was a Russian artist of the Age of Enlightenment.

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Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky

Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Amursky (also spelled as Nikolai Nikolaevich Muraviev-Amurskiy; Никола́й Никола́евич Муравьёв-Аму́рский; —) was a Russian general, statesman and diplomat, who played a major role in the expansion of the Russian Empire into the Amur River basin and to the shores of the Sea of Japan.

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Nikolay Raevsky

Nikolay Nikolayevich Raevsky (Николай Николаевич Раевский; —) was a Russian general and statesman who achieved fame for his feats of arms during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Nikolay Rtishchev

Nikolay Federovich Rtishchev (Николай Федорович Ртищев; b. 1754 – d. 20 January 1835) was a General of the Infantry of the Russian Empire who served as the Russian Commander-in-chief in the Caucasus between 1812 and 1816.

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Nikolay Samokish

Nikolay Semyonovich Samokish (Николай Семёнович Самокиш; translit.: Nikolay Semyonovich Samokish; 25 October 1860, Nezhin, Government of Chernigov, Russian Empire - 18 January 1944, Simferopol, Russian SFSR, USSR) was a Russian and Soviet painter and illustrator of Cossack descent who specialized in military art and animal painting.

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Nikolay Svyatopolk-Mirsky

Prince Nikolai Ivanovitch Sviatopolk-Mirskii (Николай Иванович Святополк-Мирский, Mikołaj Światopełk-Mirski, 29 July 1833 – 8 November 1898) was a Russian cavalry general and politician.

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Nikoloz Cholokashvili

Nikoloz Cholokashvili (Nicholas Irubakidze-Cholokashvili) (ნიკოლოზ ჩოლოყაშვილი; ნიკოლოზ ირუბაქიძე-ჩოლოყაშვილი), known in Europe as Niceforo Irbachi, (1585–1658), was a Georgian Orthodox priest, politician and diplomat.

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Nikortsminda Cathedral

Nikortsminda Cathedral (ნიკორწმინდის ტაძარი) is a Georgian Orthodox Church, located in Nikortsminda, Racha region of Georgia.

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Nima Kiann

Nima Kiann (نیما کیان; born January 26, 1970) is an Iranian-born Swedish ballet artist, choreographer, visual artist and dance scholar.

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Nina Bari

Nina Karlovna Bari (Нина Карловна Бари, November 19, 1901, Moscow – July 15, 1961, Moscow) was a Soviet mathematician known for her work on trigonometric series.

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Nine-spotted moth

The nine-spotted moth or yellow belted burnet (Amata phegea, formerly Syntomis phegea) is a moth in the family Erebidae ("tiger moths").

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Nizam al-Mulk

Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (April 10, 1018 – October 14, 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (نظام‌الملک, "Order of the Realm") was a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire.

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No. 136 Squadron RAF

No.

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No. 266 Squadron RAF

No.

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Nobuhiko Ushiba

(16 November 1909—31 December 1984) was a Japanese diplomat who served as Ambassador to Canada from 1961 to 1964, Ambassador to the United States from 1970 to 1973, and as Minister of State for External Economic Affairs from 1977 to 1979.

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Noctua fimbriata

Noctua fimbriata, the broad-bordered yellow underwing, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Nogai Horde

Nogay Horde, Nohai Horde or Nogay Yortu was a confederation of about eighteen Turkic and Mongol tribes that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century.

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Nogai language

Nogai (also Nogay or Nogai Tatar) is a Turkic language spoken in southwestern European Russia.

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Nomadic empire

Nomadic empires, sometimes also called steppe empires, Central or Inner Asian empires, are the empires erected by the bow-wielding, horse-riding, nomadic peoples in the Eurasian steppe, from classical antiquity (Scythia) to the early modern era (Dzungars).

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Nominative–accusative language

Nominative–accusative languages, or nominative languages have a form of morphosyntactic alignment in which subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs are distinguished from objects of transitive verbs by word order, case-marking, and/or verb agreement.

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Nonagria typhae

The Bulrush Wainscot (Nonagria typhae) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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North Caucasian languages

The North Caucasian languages, sometimes called simply Caucasic, are a pair of well established language families spoken in the Caucasus, chiefly in the north: the Northwest Caucasian family, also called Pontic, Abkhaz–Adyghe, Circassian, or West Caucasian; and the Northeast Caucasian family, also called Nakh–Dagestanian or East Caucasian.

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North Caucasus

The North Caucasus (p) or Ciscaucasia is the northern part of the Caucasus region between the Sea of Azov and Black Sea on the west and the Caspian Sea on the east, within European Russia.

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Northeast Caucasian languages

The Northeast Caucasian languages, or Nakh-Daghestanian languages, are a language family spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia and in northern Azerbaijan as well as in diaspora populations in Western Europe, Turkey and the Middle East.

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Northeastern Neo-Aramaic

Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (often abbreviated NENA) is a term used by Semiticists to refer to a large variety of Modern Aramaic languages that were once spoken in a large region stretching from the plain of Urmia, in northwestern Iran, to the plain of Mosul, in northern Iraq, as well as bordering regions in south east Turkey and north east Syria.

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Northern banded newt

The northern banded newt (Ommatotriton ophryticus) is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae.

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Northern Europe

Northern Europe is the general term for the geographical region in Europe that is approximately north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea.

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Northern goshawk

The northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) is a medium-large raptor in the family Accipitridae, which also includes other extant diurnal raptors, such as eagles, buzzards and harriers.

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Northwest Caucasian languages

The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic (as opposed to Caspian for the Northeast Caucasian languages), are a group of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region,Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) chiefly in three Russian republics (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia), the disputed territory of Abkhazia (whose sovereignty is claimed by Georgia), and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East.

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Nostratic languages

Nostratic is a macrofamily, or hypothetical large-scale language family, which includes many of the indigenous language families of Eurasia, although its exact composition and structure vary among proponents.

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Notocelia uddmanniana

Notocelia uddmanniana, the bramble shoot moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Notodonta tritophus

Notodonta tritophus, the three-humped prominent, is a moth of the family Notodontidae.

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Novardok Yeshiva

The Novardok Yeshiva in Navahrudak, then the Russian Empire, was one of the biggest and most important yeshivas in pre-World War II Europe, and a powerful force within the Mussar movement.

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November 1914

The following events occurred in November 1914.

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November 25

No description.

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November moth

The November moth (Epirrita dilutata) is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Novgorod Oblast

Novgorod Oblast (Новгоро́дская о́бласть, Novgorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Nowruz

Nowruz (نوروز,; literally "new day") is the name of the Iranian New Year, also known as the Persian New Year, which is celebrated worldwide by various ethno-linguistic groups as the beginning of the New Year.

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Nurida Gadirova Ateshi

Nourida Gadirova Ateshi (22 August 1965 in Oğuz, in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR)) is an Azerbaijani author and scientist who specialises in the archaeology and prehistory of the Caucasus.

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Nymphalis vaualbum

Nymphalis vaualbum or N. l-album, the Compton tortoiseshell, or false comma, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. An assertion that the name Nymphalis l-album is in fact the correct name over the widely used Nymphalis vaualbum proved to have backing when it was discovered the description covering vaualbum did not include a description or type specimen. Thus vaualbum can be considered nomen nudum, giving Nymphalis l-album priority.

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Occupation of Western Armenia

The occupation of Western Armenia by the Russian Empire during World War I began in 1915 formally ended by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

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Odette Keun

Odette Zoé Keun (Pera, 10 September 1888 – Worthing, 1978) was a Dutch adventurer, journalist and writer, who traveled extensively in the Caucasus and the early Soviet Union.

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Odites subsignella

Odites subsignella is a moth in the Depressariidae family.

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Oenas

Oenas is a genus of blister beetle related to the well-known Lytta vesicatoria (a.k.a. "Spanish Fly").

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Oeneis tarpeja

No description.

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Old Georgian language

Old Georgian (ძველი ქართული ენა dzveli kartuli ena, Old Georgian: ႤႬႠჂ ႵႠႰႧႳႪႨ, enay kartuli) the literary language of Georgian monarchies in the 5th century.

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Old World vulture

Old World vultures are vultures that are found in the Old World, i.e. the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, and which belong to the family Accipitridae, which also includes eagles, buzzards, kites, and hawks.

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Oleg Fisunenko

Oleg Petrovych Fisunenko (14 November 1930 - 19 March 2003) was a Ukrainian geologist, a scientist in the field of theoretical stratigraphy and paleobotany, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (1973), Professor (1975), and an active member of the New York Academy of Sciences (1994).

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Oleg Timchenko

Oleg Timchenko is a contemporary painter and founder of the "10th Floor Group".

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Olga Forsh

Olga Dmitryevna Forsh (О́льга Дми́триевна Форш, Oljga Dmitrijevna Forš), née Komarova (Комаро́ва) (July 17, 1961), was a Russian/Soviet novelist, dramatist, memoirist, and scenarist.

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Oligia versicolor

The rufous minor (Oligia versicolor) is a species of moth belonging to the family Noctuidae.

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Oligochaeta (plant)

Oligochaeta is a genus of Asian plants in the thistle tribe within the sunflower family.

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Oliver Locker-Lampson

Commander Oliver Stillingfleet Locker-Lampson, CMG, DSO (25 September 1880 (Belgravia, London) – 8 October 1954 (Kensington, London)) was a British politician and naval officer.

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Omar Faig Nemanzadeh

Omar Faig Nemanzadeh (Ömər Faiq Nemanzadə) was an Azerbaijani journalist and public figure.

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Ommatotriton

Ommatotriton or banded newts is a genus of salamanders in the family Salamandridae.

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Omophlus lepturoides

Omophlus lepturoides is a species of comb-clawed beetles belonging to the family Tenebrionidae subfamily Alleculinae.

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Onopordum

Onopordum, cottonthistle, is a genus of plants in the thistle tribe within the Asteraceae.

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Open Fun Football Schools

The Danish organization Cross Cultures Project Association (CCPA) uses grassroots sports as a tool for social cohesion in society and post-conflict reconciliation.

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Operation Bajadere

Operation Bajadere is a disputed special forces operation of World War II.

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Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

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Operation Blücher

Marshal Blücher was the Prussian commander at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

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Operation Braunschweig

Operation Braunschweig (Eng: Brunswick), named after the German city, was the German summer offensive that began on 28 June 1942.

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Operation Little Saturn

Operation Saturn, revised as Operation Little Saturn, was a Red Army operation on the Eastern Front of World War II that led to battles in the northern Caucasus and Donets Basin regions of the Soviet Union from December 1942 to February 1943.

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Operation Mammoth

Operation Mammoth was a German special forces mission in 1943 by the German military, during World War II, for a team of two German Army officers, led by Major Gottfried Müller and accompanied by a Kurdish activist Ramzi Nafie Rasheed, to carry out a daring mission to start a rebellion of the Iraqi Kurds in an attempt to expel the British from the region, gain control of the oil fields, and somehow deliver them to the Wehrmacht because Operation Barbarossa was not progressing as it was expected in reaching the Caucasus.

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Operation Orient

Operation Orient (German: Fall Orient) was the code name given to the operation that envisioned Nazi Germany linking up with the Empire of Japan mainly through the Middle East.

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Operation Pike

Operation Pike was the code-name for a strategic bombing plan, overseen by Air Commodore John Slessor, against the Soviet Union by the Anglo-French alliance.

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Operation Uranus

Operation Uranus (romanised: Operatsiya "Uran") was the codename of the Soviet 19–23 November 1942 strategic operation in World War II which led to the encirclement of the German Sixth Army, the Third and Fourth Romanian armies, and portions of the German Fourth Panzer Army.

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Operation Winter Storm

Operation Winter Storm (Unternehmen Wintergewitter) was a German offensive in World War II in which the German 4th Panzer Army unsuccessfully attempted to break the Soviet encirclement of the German 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad.

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Ophrys

The genus Ophrys is a large group of orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae.

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Ophrys apifera

Ophrys apifera, known in Europe as the bee orchid, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Orchidaceae.

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Ophrys scolopax

Ophrys scolopax, known as the woodcock bee-orchid or woodcock orchid, is a species of terrestrial orchid found around the Mediterranean and the Middle East, from Morocco and Portugal to Hungary and Iran.

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Opigena polygona

Opigena polygona is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Opsilia varentzovi

Opsilia varentzovi is a species of beetle from a Cerambycidae family that can be found in Caucassus, Iran, and South Caucasus.

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Opsites of Lazica

Opsites (ოფსიტე) is the name twice mentioned by the 6th-century East Roman (Byzantine) historian Procopius in his De Bellis, while recounting the events related to the Lazic War (541–562) fought between the Eastern Roman and Sassanid Persian empires over the Caucasian state of Lazica.

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Orange Revolution

The Orange Revolution (Помаранчева революція, Pomarancheva revolyutsiya) was a series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine from late November 2004 to January 2005, in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, which was claimed to be marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud.

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Orchis mascula

Orchis mascula, the early-purple orchid, is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family, Orchidaceae.

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Orchis provincialis

Orchis provincialis, the Provence orchid, is a species of orchid in the genus Orchis.

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Orchis purpurea

Orchis purpurea, the lady orchid, is a herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Orchis of the family Orchidaceae.

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Orchis simia

Orchis simia, commonly known as the monkey orchid, is a greyish pink to reddish species of the genus Orchis.

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Orchis spitzelii

Orchis spitzelii is a species of orchid found from Sweden (Gotland), eastern Spain to the Caucasus and northwestern Africa.

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Order of battle for Operation Barbarossa

This is the order of battle for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

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Ordubad

Ordubad (also, Ordoubat and Ordubat) is the second largest town and a municipality of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan and is one of its three regions.

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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics

1 These countries are currently not participating in the EU's single market (EEA), but the EU has common external Customs Union agreements with Turkey (EU-Turkey Customs Union in force since 1995), Andorra (since 1991) and San Marino (since 2002).

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Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Central America.

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Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting

Carpets of Middle-Eastern origin, either from Anatolia, Persia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Levant, the Mamluk state of Egypt or Northern Africa, were used as decorative features in Western European paintings from the 14th century onwards. More depictions of Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting survive than actual carpets produced before the 17th century, though the number of these known has increased in recent decades. Therefore, comparative art-historical research has from its onset in the late 19th century relied on carpets represented in datable European paintings.

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Oriental Orthodoxy in North America

Oriental Orthodoxy in North America represents adherents, religious communities, institutions and organizations of Oriental Orthodox Christianity in North America, including the United States, Canada, Mexico and other North American states.

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Oriental rug

An oriental rug is a heavy textile, made for a wide variety of utilitarian and symbolic purpose, produced in “Oriental countries” for home use, local sale, and export.

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Origin hypotheses of the Croats

The origin of the Croats before the great migration of the Slavs is uncertain.

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Origin hypotheses of the Serbs

The Serbs trace their history to the 6th and 7th-century southwards migration of Slavs.

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Origin of the Albanians

The origin of the Albanians has long been a matter of dispute among historians.

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Origin of the Azerbaijanis

The Azerbaijani people are of mixed ethnic origins.

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Origin of the Gurjara-Pratiharas

The origin of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of India is a topic of debate among historians.

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Orlando Figes

Orlando Guy Figes (born Islington, 20 November 1959) is a British historian and writer known for his works on Russian history.

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Ornithogalum

Ornithogalum is a genus of perennial plants mostly native to southern Europe and southern Africa belonging to the family Asparagaceae.

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Ornithological Society of the Middle East

The Ornithological Society of the Middle East (OSME) is a British-based ornithological and birdwatching club for people interested in the birds of the Middle East, the Caucasus and Central Asia.

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Orosius

Paulus Orosius (born 375, died after 418 AD) — less often Paul Orosius in English — was a Gallaecian Chalcedonian priest, historian and theologian, a student of Augustine of Hippo.

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Orthocerida

Orthocerida is an order of extinct Orthoceratoid cephalopods also known as the Michelinocerda that lived from the Early Ordovician possibly to the Late Triassic.

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Orthodox Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is a collective term for the traditionalist branches of Judaism, which seek to maximally maintain the received Jewish beliefs and observances and which coalesced in opposition to the various challenges of modernity and secularization.

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Orthosia cruda

Orthosia cruda, the small Quaker, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Osmanthus

Osmanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae.

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Ossetian language

Ossetian, also known as Ossete and Ossetic, is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in Ossetia, a region on the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains.

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Ossetian literature

Ossetian (or Ossetic) literature is expressed in the Ossetian language, an Iranian language of the Caucasus.

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Ossetian Military Road

The Ossetian Military Road (Военно-Осетинская дорога, ოსეთის სამხედრო გზა) was constructed between 1854 and 1889, by Imperial Russian authorities in the Caucasus.

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Ossetian mythology

The mythology of the Ossetian people of the Caucasus region contains several gods and supernatural beings.

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Ossetians

The Ossetians or Ossetes (ир, ирæттæ,; дигорæ, дигорæнттæ) are an Iranian ethnic group of the Caucasus Mountains, indigenous to the region known as Ossetia.

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Ossetians in Turkey

Ossetians in Turkey are citizens and denizens of Turkey who are, or descend from, ethnic Ossetians who originate in Ossetia in the Caucasus.

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Otrar

Otrar or Utrar (Отырар); also called Farab) is a Central Asian ghost town that was a city located along the Silk Road in Kazakhstan.

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Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich

Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (December 11, 1806July 1, 1886) was a German mineralogist and geologist.

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Ottoman Archives

The Ottoman Archives are a collection of historical sources related to the Ottoman Empire and a total of 39 nations whose territories one time or the other were part of this Empire, including 19 nations in the Middle East, 11 in the EU and Balkans, three in the Caucasus, two in Central Asia, Cyprus, as well as Palestine and the Republic of Turkey.

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Ottoman Army (1861–1922)

The Ottoman Army was reorganized along modern Western European lines during the Tanzimat modernization period and functioned during the decline and dissolution period that is roughly between 1861 (though as a unit First Army dates 1842) and 1918, end of World War I for the Ottomans.

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Ottoman Caliphate

The Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924), under the Ottoman dynasty of the Ottoman Empire, was the last Sunni Islamic caliphate of the late medieval and the early modern era.

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Ottoman cruiser Peyk-i Şevket

Peyk-i Şevket was a torpedo cruiser of the Ottoman Navy, built in Germany in 1906–07, the lead ship of her class, which included one other vessel.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Ottoman invasion of western Georgia (1703)

The 1703 Ottoman invasion of western Georgia was a military expedition undertaken by the Ottoman Empire against the tributary states in western Georgia—Imereti, Guria, and Mingrelia.

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Ottoman ironclad Asar-i Şevket

Asar-i Şevket (Ottoman Turkish: Work of God) was a central battery ship built for the Ottoman Navy in the 1860s.

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Ottoman ironclad Asar-i Tevfik

Asar-i Tevfik (Ottoman Turkish: God's Favor) was an ironclad warship of the Ottoman Navy built in the 1860s, the only member of her class.

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Ottoman ironclad Avnillah

Avnillah (Ottoman Turkish: Divine Assistance) was an ironclad warship built for the Ottoman Navy in the late 1860s.

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Ottoman ironclad Iclaliye

Iclaliye ("Glorious") was a unique ironclad warship built for the Ottoman Navy in the late 1860s and early 1870s.

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Ottoman ironclad Muin-i Zafer

Muin-i Zafer (Ottoman Turkish: Aid to Triumph) was the second of two casemate ships built for the Ottoman Navy in the late 1860s.

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Ottoman ironclad Necm-i Şevket

Necm-i Şevket (Ottoman Turkish: Star of Majesty) was the second of two central battery ships built for the Ottoman Navy in the 1860s.

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Ottoman Turks

The Ottoman Turks (or Osmanlı Turks, Osmanlı Türkleri) were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes.

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Ottoman wars in Asia

Ottoman wars in Asia refers to the wars involving the Ottoman Empire in Asia.

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Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35)

The Ottoman–Persian War was a conflict between the forces of the Safavid Empire and those of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1735.

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Ottoman–Persian wars

The Ottoman-Persian Wars or Ottoman-Iranian Wars were a series a wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries.

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Ottoman–Safavid relations

The history of Ottoman–Safavid relations started with the establishment of Safavid dynasty in Persia (Iran) in the early 16th century.

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Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)

The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.

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Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90)

The Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) was one of the many wars between the neighboring arch rivals of Safavid Persia and the Ottoman Empire.

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Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18)

The Ottoman–Safavid War was a war between Safavid Persia under Abbas I of Persia and the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Ahmed I. It began in 1603 and ended with a decisive Safavid victory in 1618.

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Oud

The oud (عود) is a short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped stringed instrument (a chordophone in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of instruments) with 11 or 13 strings grouped in 5 or 6 courses, commonly used in Egyptian, Syrian, Palestinian, Lebanese, Iraqi, Arabian, Jewish, Persian, Greek, Armenian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, North African (Chaabi, Classical, and Spanish Andalusian), Somali, and various other forms of Middle Eastern and North African music.

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Our Game

Our Game (a term similar to the Great Game) is a novel by John le Carré published in 1995.

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Outline of Abkhazia

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Abkhazia: Abkhazia – de facto independent state located in Eurasia whose de jure sovereignty is only recognized by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru and the disputed states of South Ossetia and Transnistria.

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Outline of Armenia

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Armenia: Armenia – landlocked mountainous country, located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Outline of Azerbaijan

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan – largest country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia, and one of the most progressive and secular Islamic societies.

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Outline of Georgia (country)

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Georgia: Georgia (country) – country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia, located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe.

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Outline of Iran

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Iran: Iran – sovereign country located in Southwest Asia and the Middle East.

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Outline of the history of Western civilization

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the history of Western civilization, a record of the development of human civilization beginning in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, and generally spreading westwards.

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Outline of the Republic of Artsakh

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Nagorno-Karabakh: Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed region in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Outline of Turkey

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Turkey: Turkey – sovereign Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Southwest Asia and Thrace (Rumelia) at the southeastern tip of the Balkan Peninsula in Southern Europe.

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Oy Insinööritoimisto Ratas

Oy Insinööritoimisto Ratas (engineer office Ratas Inc.;in English ratas means gear) was a front (posing as an engineering consulting firm) through which about 1,200 Finns were recruited for military service in Germany during the spring of 1941, in the interim period of peace between the Continuation and Winter Wars.

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Ozurget Uyezd

The Ozurget Uyezd (Озургетский уезд; ოზურგეთის მაზრა, Ozurgetis mazra) was an uyezd (county) of the Kutais Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire.

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Padla II of Kakheti

P'adla II (ფადლა II) (died 929) was a Prince and chorepiscopus of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 918 to 929.

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Paeonia daurica

Paeonia daurica is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the peony family.

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Pahlavi dynasty

The Pahlavi dynasty (دودمان پهلوی) was the ruling house of the imperial state of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution.

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Paja Jovanović

Pavle "Paja" Jovanović (Павле "Паја" Јовановић;; 16 June 1859 – 30 November 1957) was a Serbian Realist painter, along with Uroš Predić and Đorđe Krstić.

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Palace Hotel, Rostov-on-Don

The Palace Hotel (Палас-отель) is a building in Rostov-on-Don constructed in the 1880s.

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Pale of Settlement

The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости,, דער תּחום-המושבֿ,, תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב) was a western region of Imperial Russia with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917, in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish permanent or temporary residency was mostly forbidden.

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Palearctic realm

The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight biogeographic realms on the Earth's surface, first identified in the 19th century, and still in use today as the basis for zoogeographic classification.

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Paleo-Balkan mythology

Paleo-Balkan mythology includes the religious practices of the Dacians, Thracians, and Illyrians.

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Paleo-European languages

The Paleo-European languages, or Old European languages, are the mostly-unknown languages that were spoken in Europe prior to the spread of the Indo-European and the Uralic families caused by invasion of pastoralists from the Bronze Age Eurasian steppe that dominate the continent today.

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Pan-Turkism

Pan-Turkism is a movement which emerged during the 1880s among Turkic intellectuals of Azerbaijan (part of the Russian Empire at the time) and the Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey), with its aim being the cultural and political unification of all Turkic peoples.

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Pancalia leuwenhoekella

Pancalia leuwenhoekella is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae.

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Pancalia nodosella

Pancalia nodosella is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae.

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Pancratium (plant)

Pancratium is a genus of African and Eurasian perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae The flowers are large, white and fragrant.

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Pancratium maritimum

Pancratium maritimum, or sea daffodil, is a species of bulbous plant native to both sides of the Mediterranean region and Black Sea from Portugal, Morocco and the Canary Islands east to Turkey, Syria, Israel and the Caucasus.

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Pandemic

A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan "all" and δῆμος demos "people") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide.

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Pandemis cerasana

Pandemis cerasana, the barred fruit-tree tortrix, is a moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Panicum sumatrense

Panicum sumatrense, known as little millet, is a species of millet in the family Poaceae.

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Paolo Biagi

Paolo Biagi (born 1948) is an Italian archaeologist specialising in the prehistory of Southeast Europe, Russia and the Caucasus, and Southwest Asia.

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Papakha

Papakha (холхазан куй, xolxazan kuy), also known as astrakhan hat in English, is a wool hat worn by men throughout the Caucasus.

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Papaver commutatum

Papaver commutatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae native to northern Turkey, northwestern Iran and the Caucasus.

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Papaver rhoeas

Papaver rhoeas (common names include common poppy, corn poppy, corn rose, field poppy, Flanders poppy or red poppy) is an annual herbaceous species of flowering plant in the poppy family, Papaveraceae.

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Parapholis

Parapholis is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the grass family.

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Paris (plant)

Paris is a genus of flowering plants described by Linnaeus in 1753.

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Parnassius nordmanni

Parnassius nordmanni is a high altitude butterfly which is found the Caucasus.

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Parsley frog

The parsley frogs or Pelodytidae are a family of order Anura.

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Parthian language

The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is a now-extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Parthia, a region of northeastern ancient Iran.

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Paul Bauer

Paul Bauer (December 29, 1896 – January 9, 1990) was a German poet and mountaineer.

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Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist

Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist (8 August 1881 – 13 November 1954) was a German field marshal during World War II.

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Paul Schiemann

Paul Schiemann (Pauls Šīmanis; 17 March 1876 – 23 June 1944) was a Baltic German journalist, editor and politician who was known for his commitment to minority rights.

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Paul von Hindenburg

Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, known generally as Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a Generalfeldmarschall and statesman who commanded the German military during the second half of World War I before later being elected President of the Weimar republic in 1925.

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Paulownia

Paulownia is a genus of six to 17 species (depending on taxonomic authority) of flowering plants in the family Paulowniaceae, related to and sometimes included in the Scrophulariaceae.

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Pavel Baev

Pavel Kimovich Baev (Павел Баев, born 22 May 1957 in Vladivostok, RSFSR, USSR), is a Norwegian political scientist and security scholar.

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Pavel Grigorievich Dukmasov

Pavel Grigorievich Dukmasov (November 6, 1838 – February 15, 1911) was an Imperial Russian corps commander.

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Pavel Pavlovich Demidov, 2nd Prince of San Donato

Count Pavel Pavlovich Demidov, 2nd Prince of San Donato (Павел Павлович Демидов; 9 October 1839, Frankfurt am Main – 26 January 1885, Pratolino, Florence) was a Russian industrialist, jurist, philanthropist and nobleman of the Demidov family.

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Pavel Pereleshin

Pavel Alexandrovich Pereleshin (Павел Александрович Перелешин, 27 June 1821 – 28 February 1901) was a Russian admiral and general.

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Pavel Prudnikau

Pavel Ivanovich Prudnikau (July 14, 1911 – March 16, 2000) was a Belarusian writer.

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Pavel Tsitsianov

Prince Pavel Dmitriyevich Tsitsianov Павел Дмитриевич Цицианов, also known as Pavle Dimitris dze Tsitsishvili (პავლე ციციშვილი, —) was a Georgian nobleman and a prominent General of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Pax Ottomana

In historiography, the Pax Ottomana (literally "the Ottoman Peace") or Pax Ottomanica is the economic and social stability attained in the conquered provinces of the Ottoman Empire, which, at the height of the Empire's power during the 16th and 17th centuries, applied to lands in the Balkans, Anatolia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus.

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Paykar Khan Igirmi Durt

Paykar Khān Igīrmī Dūrt (پیکر کهن ایگیرمی دورت, Peykər xan İyirmidörd) was a Qizilbash chieftain in the service of Safavid Persia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

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Pazar, Rize

Pazar (Laz and Georgian: ათინა, Atina; Greek: Αθήνα, Athína) is a town and district of Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, 37 km east of the city of Rize.

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Peace of Amasya

The Peace of Amasya (پیمان آماسیه ("Qarārdād-e Amasiyeh"); Amasya Antlaşması) was a treaty agreed to on May 29, 1555 between Shah Tahmasp of Safavid Iran and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire at the city of Amasya, following the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555.

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Pediasia contaminella

Pediasia contaminella is a species of moth in the family Crambidae described by Jacob Hübner in 1796.

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Pediasia luteella

Pediasia luteella is a species of moth in the family Crambidae.

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Pelasgians

The name Pelasgians (Πελασγοί, Pelasgoí, singular: Πελασγός, Pelasgós) was used by classical Greek writers to either refer to populations that were the ancestors or forerunners of the Greeks, or to signify all pre-classical indigenes of Greece.

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Pendro

Pendro or Pendru (پێندرۆ, Pêndrû.) is a Kurdish Village in Iraqi Kurdistan, located in Erbil Province, close to the border with Turkey, it is located approximately 15–18 km to the north from Barzan, of population over 2540 people in central Muzuri Bala one of the seven tribes of Barzan.

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Pennisetia hylaeiformis

Pennisetia hylaeiformis, the raspberry clearwing, is a moth of the family Sesiidae.

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Peony

The peony or paeony is a flowering plant in the genus Paeonia, the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae.

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People's Party of South Ossetia

The People's Party of South Ossetia (Народная партия Южная Осетия, ხალხის პარტიის სამხრეთ ოსეთის) is a social liberal political party in South Ossetia, a partially recognized Caucasian republic, considered by most countries to be a part of Georgia.

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Peoples of the Caucasus

This article deals with the various ethnic groups inhabiting the Caucasus region.

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Peoples of the Caucasus in Iran

The terms People of the Caucasus and Caucasian people indicate two main groups of people in Iran.

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Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey

The terms People of the Caucasus and Caucasian people indicate two main groups of people in Turkey: Immigrants from North Caucasus due to the Caucasian War of the 19th century.

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Perşembe, Zonguldak

Perşembe (literally "Thursday", referring to market day) is a belde (town) in Çaycuma district of Zonguldak Province, Turkey.

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Peregrine falcon

The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a widespread bird of prey (raptor) in the family Falconidae.

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Perforatella

Perforatella is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Hygromiidae, the hairy snails and their allies.

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Perizoma hydrata

Perizoma hydrata is a species of moth of the Geometridae family.

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Peroz (Mihranid)

Peroz (𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰, "the Victor") was king of Gogarene and Gardman, ruling from 330 to 361.

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Peroz I

Peroz I (Middle Persian:; New Persian: پیروز Pirouz, lit. "the Victor") was the eighteenth king of the Sasanian Empire, who ruled from 459 to 484.

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Perpetual Peace (532)

The Perpetual Peace (ἀπέραντος εἰρήνη), signed in 532 between the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire and Sassanid Persia, was a peace treaty of indefinite duration, which concluded the Iberian War (527–531) between the two powers.

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Persecution of Christians

The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day.

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Persecution of Muslims

Persecution of Muslims is the religious persecution inflicted upon followers of Islamic faith.

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Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction

Persecution of Ottoman Muslims during the Ottoman contraction refers to the persecution, massacre, or ethnic cleansing of Muslims (Albanians, Bosniaks, Serbs, Greeks, Pomaks, Circassians, Ottoman Turks and others) by non-Muslim ethnic groups during the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

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Persian Campaign

The Persian Campaign or Invasion of Persia also known as Invasion of Iran (اشغال ایران در جنگ جهانی اول) was a series of engagements in Iranian Azerbaijan and western Iran (Persia) involving the forces of the Ottoman Empire against those of the British Empire and Russian Empire, and also involving local population elements, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the Armistice of Mudros on October 30, 1918 as part of Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.

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Persian dance

Persian dance or Iranian dance (Persian:رقص ایرانی) refers to the dance styles indigenous to Iran.

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Persian Expedition of 1796

The Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great, alongside the Persian Expedition of Peter the Great, was one of the Russo-Persian Wars of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for either belligerent.

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.

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Persian leopard

The Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana syn. P. p. ciscaucasica and P. p. saxicolor) is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List; the population is estimated at fewer than 871–1,290 mature individuals and considered declining.

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Persian literature

Persian literature (ادبیات فارسی adabiyāt-e fārsi), comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the world's oldest literatures.

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Persian mythology

Persian mythology are traditional tales and stories of ancient origin, all involving extraordinary or supernatural beings.

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Persian name

Persian name consists of a given name, sometimes more than one, and a surname.

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Persian people

The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group that make up over half the population of Iran.

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Persianate society

A Persianate society, or Persified society, is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art and/or identity.

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Persianization

Persianization or persification is a sociological process of cultural change in which something becomes "Persianate".

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Persicaria vivipara

Persicaria vivipara is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the knotweed and buckwheat family Polygonaceae, commonly known as alpine bistort.

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Petachiah of Regensburg

Petachiah of Regensburg, also known as Petachiah ben Yakov, Moses Petachiah, and Petachiah of Ratisbon, was a Bohemian rabbi of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries CE.

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Petasites

Petasites is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, that are commonly referred to as butterburs and coltsfoots.

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Pete Muller (photographer)

Pete Muller is an American photographer and multimedia reporter based in Nairobi, Kenya.

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Peter Drummond (RAF officer)

Air Marshal Sir Peter Roy Maxwell Drummond, (2 June 1894 – 27 March 1945) was an Australian-born senior commander in the Royal Air Force (RAF).

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Peter Hahn

Peter von Hahn (1799–1875), member of the Russian nobility, remembered in the United States mainly as the father of Helena Blavatsky.

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Peter Hopkirk

Peter Hopkirk (15 December 1930 – 22 August 2014) was a British journalist, author and historian who wrote six books about the British Empire, Russia and Central Asia.

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Peter Tekeli

Peter Tekeli (Петр Авраамович Текели, Serbian: Петар Поповић Текелија or Petar Popović Tekelija, Tököly-Popovics Péter) (1720–1792) was a Russian general-in-chief of Serb origin.

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Peter the Great

Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.

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Peter von Bilderling

Baron Peter von Bilderling (born in St Peterburg May 26, 1844 – died in Zapolie September 25, 1900), was an engineer and an officer in the Engineering Corps of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Peter von Uslar

Baron Peter von Uslar (Pjotr Karlovič Uslar) (— was a Russian general, engineer and linguist of German descent, known for his research of languages and ethnography of peoples of Caucasus. Peter von Uslar was born in Kurovo manor in Tver Governorate, Russian Empire. Peter von Uslar after as graduated from the Chief Engineering School, he graduated from the General Staff Academy and did not have formal education in linguistics. In 1850 he was appointed member of the Caucasus Department of the Russian Geographical Society and ordered to compile the history of Caucasus. This appointment had eventually led to his interest in researching of Caucasian languages and to his tremendous contribution into the recording of numerous Caucasian languages from variuous linguistical groups, such as Abkhaz, Ubykh, Svan, Chechen, Avar, Lak, Tabasaran, Lezgian, Dargin, etc. Category:1816 births Category:1875 deaths Category:People from Vyshnevolotsky District Category:Russian-German people Category:Military Engineering-Technical University alumni Category:Imperial Russian military personnel Category:Russian engineers Category:Linguists from Russia Category:Corresponding Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

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Petra, Lazica

Petra was a fortified town on the eastern Black Sea coast, in Lazica in what is now western Georgia. In the 6th century, under the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, it served as an important Eastern Roman outpost in the Caucasus and, due to its strategic location, became a battleground of the 541–562 Lazic War between Rome and Sasanian Persia (Iran). Mainstream scholarly opinion identifies Petra with a ruined settlement of Late Antiquity at the village of Tsikhisdziri in Adjara, southwestern Georgia.

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Petre Otskheli

Petre Otskheli (November 25, 1907 – December 2, 1937) was a Georgian modernist set and costume designer who designed in theatre in Georgia and briefly in Moscow.

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Petyhorcy

Petyhorcy (singular: Petyhorzec, by.Пяцігорцы) was a type of 16-18th century medium-armoured cavalry in Great Duchy of Lithuania and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Phalacrachena

Phalacrachena is a genus of Eurasian plants in the thistle tribe within the daisy family.

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Phanagoria

Phanagoria (Phanagóreia) was the largest ancient Greek city on the Taman peninsula, spread over two plateaus along the eastern shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus.

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Pharyngeal consonant

A pharyngeal consonant is a consonant that is articulated primarily in the pharynx.

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Phasianus

The "typical" pheasant genus Phasianus in the family Phasianidae consists of at least one species.

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Phaulernis dentella

Phaulernis dentella is a moth of the family Epermeniidae.

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Phaulernis fulviguttella

Phaulernis fulviguttella, the yellow-spotted lance-wing, is a moth of the family Epermeniidae.

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Phigalia pilosaria

Phigalia pilosaria, the pale brindled beauty, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Philadelphus

Philadelphus (mock-orange) is a genus of about 60 species of shrubs from 3–20 ft (1–6 m) tall, native to North America, Central America, Asia and (locally) in southeast Europe.

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Philaeus chrysops

Philaeus chrysops is a species of jumping spider (Salticidae).

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Philip Gordon

Philip H. "Phil" Gordon (born 1962) is an American diplomat and foreign policy expert.

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Philip Osipovich Paulucci

Filippo Paulucci delle Roncole (11 September 1779 – 25 January 1849), also known as Philip Osipovich Paulucci (Филипп Осипович Паулуччи), was an Italian marquis and army officer, later a general at the services of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Russian Empire.

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Philipomyia aprica

Philipomyia aprica is a species of 'horse flies' belonging to the family Tabanidae subfamily Tabaninae.

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Philips Christiaan Visser

Philips Christiaan Visser (May 8, 1882 – May 3, 1955) was a Dutch geographer, explorer, mountaineer, diplomat and glaciologist.

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Phillyrea

Phillyrea is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae, native to the Mediterranean region, and naturalized in the Canary Islands and Madeira.

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Phoenicians and wine

The culture of the ancient Phoenicians was one of the first to have had a significant effect on the history of wine.

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Phragmataecia castaneae

Phragmataecia castaneae, the reed leopard or giant borer, is a moth of the family Cossidae.

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Phragmataecia pacifica

Phragmataecia pacifica is a species of moth of the Cossidae family.

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Phrontis

Phrontis (fron-tis)(Greek Φροντις) was one of four (or five) sons of Phrixus and Chalciope.

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Phrynocephalus mystaceus

Phrynocephalus mystaceus is a species of agamid lizard found in Iran, North Afghanistan, Eastern Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and possibly in south of Astrakhan Oblast.

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Phtheochroa decipiens

Phtheochroa decipiens is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Phtheochroa kenneli

Phtheochroa kenneli is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Phtheochroa retextana

Phtheochroa retextana is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Phtheochroa schreibersiana

Phtheochroa schreibersiana is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Phtheochroa unionana

Phtheochroa unionana is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family.

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Phyllonorycter populialbae

Phyllonorycter populialbae is a moth of the Gracillariidae family.

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Phyllonorycter turanica

Phyllonorycter turanica is a moth of the Gracillariidae family.

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Phylus coryli

Phylus coryli is a species of plant bugs belonging to the family Miridae, subfamily Mirinae.

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Physochlaina

Physochlaina is a small genus of herbaceous perennial plants belonging to the nightshade family, Solanaceae, found principally in the north-western provinces of China (and regions adjoining these in the Himalaya and Central Asia) although one species occurs in Western Asia, while another is found as far east as those regions of Siberia abutting the eastern borders of Mongolia and also not only in Mongolia itself, but also the Chinese autonomous region of Inner Mongolia.

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Phytochorion

A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species.

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Phytoecia virgula

Phytoecia virgula is a species of beetle from the Lamiinae subfamily.

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Picea orientalis

Picea orientalis, commonly known as the Oriental spruce or Caucasian spruce, is a species of spruce native to the Caucasus and adjacent northeast Turkey.

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Pika

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Pilorcula

Pilorcula is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Orculidae.

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Pine beauty

The pine beauty (Panolis flammea) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods or material through a pipe.

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Pirgulu State Reserve

Pirgulu State Reserve was established in 1968 on the area of in 1968 in the Shamakhi District, one of the most beautiful areas of the south-east of the Large Caucasus.

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Pirin

The Pirin Mountains (Пирин) are a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria, with Vihren at an altitude of 2,914 m being the highest peak.

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Pirinçlik Air Base

Pirinçlik Air Base or Pirinçlik Air Station, formerly Diyarbakır Air Station, was a 41-year-old American-Turkish military base near Diyarbakir, Turkey.

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Pitareti Monastery

Pitareti Monastery (ფიტარეთის მონასტერი) is a medieval Orthodox Christian monastery in Georgia, approximately 26 km southwest of the town of Tetritsqaro, Kvemo Kartli, southwest of the nation’s capital Tbilisi.

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Piti (food)

Piti is a soup in the cuisines of the Caucasus, its bordering nations, and Central Asia, and is prepared in the oven in individual crocks with a glazed interior (called piti in Turkic languages).

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Pitsunda Cathedral

The Cathedral of St.

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Pkharmat

Sela Sata Pkharmat (Пхьармат, Pẋarmat, Creator of the nation, language or land) is a legendary hero of the Vainakh people who brought fire to mankind and was chained to the Mount Kazbek.

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Planes (genus)

Planes is a genus of crabs in the family Grapsidae that currently comprises three extant species: Planes minutus (Linnaeus, 1758), Planes marinus Rathbun, 1914, and Planes major (.

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Planorbarius corneus

Planorbarius corneus, common name the great ramshorn, is a relatively large species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails, or planorbids, which all have sinistral or left-coiling shells.

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Plant community

A plant community (sometimes "phytocoenosis" or "phytocenosis") is a collection or association of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types.

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Platybelodon

Platybelodon ("flat-spear tusk") was a genus of large herbivorous mammals related to the elephant (order Proboscidea).

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Platytes alpinella

Platytes alpinella is a species of moth of the family Crambidae described by Jacob Hübner in 1813.

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Plebejus argyrognomon

Plebejus argyrognomon, common name Reverdin's blue is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Plebejus christophi

Plebejus christophi, the small jewel blue, Retrieved April 23, 2018.

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Pleuronautilus

Pleuronautilus is a Nautiloid genus; family Tainoceratidae, order Nautilida.

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Plutella porrectella

Plutella porrectella is a moth of the family Plutellidae found in Europe, the Caucasus, southern Siberia and Asia Minor.

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Pogonocherus hispidulus

Pogonocherus hispidulus, the greater thorn-tipped longhorn beetle, is a species of flat-faced longhorns beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

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Poignard

A poniard or poignard (Fr.) is a long, lightweight thrusting knife with a continuously tapering, acutely pointed blade and crossguard, historically worn by the upper class, noblemen, or the knighthood.

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Poiretia (gastropod)

Poiretia is a genus of predatory air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Spiraxidae.

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Poles

The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.

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Polikarp Mdivani

Polikarp "Budu" Mdivani (პოლიკარპე მდივანი; Поликарп Гургенович Мдивани, Polikarp Gurgenovich Mdivani) (1877 – 19 July 1937) was a veteran Georgian Bolshevik and Soviet government official energetically involved in the Russian Revolutions and the Civil War.

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Poliomyelitis eradication

Poliomyelitis eradication refers to a permanent elimination of all cases of poliomyelitis (polio) infection around the world.

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Polish Armed Forces in the East

Polish Armed Forces in the East (Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Wschodzie) (or Polish Army in USSR) refers to military units composed of Poles created in the Soviet Union at the time when the territory of Poland was occupied by both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the Second World War.

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Polish Legion in Turkey

The Polish Legion in Turkey (Legion Polski w Turcji) was a military force formed in Istanbul by emigrants from Partitioned Poland to fight with the Ottoman Army in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).

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Polish–Georgian alliance

The Polish–Georgian alliance was a short-lived alliance (1920–1921) between the Second Polish Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia.

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Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

There was systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, based on the interpretation of political opposition or dissent as a psychiatric problem.

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Political objections to the Bahá'í Faith

Opponents of the Bahá'í Faith have accused the faith's followers of various "political crimes", such as dual loyalty and being involved with foreign or hostile powers.

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Politics of Europe

The politics of Europe deals with the continually evolving politics within the continent of Europe.

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Politics of Greece

The politics of Greece takes place in a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Greece is the head of government, and of a multi-party system.

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Poltava Art Museum

Poltava Art Museum is in Poltava, Ukraine, containing many works of native and foreign art and a rich ethnographic collection.

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Polychrysia moneta

Polychrysia moneta, the golden plusia, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Polygonatum odoratum

Polygonatum odoratum (angular Solomon's seal or scented Solomon's seal) syn. P. officinale, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Mongolia, Korea and Japan.

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Polygonum cognatum

Polygonum cognatum, commonly called Indian knotgrass or madimak (from Turkish madımakProf. Dr. Turhan Baytop (1997), Türkçe Bitki Adları Sözlüğü, TDK yayınları: 578, Ankara, 1997), is an edible weedy creeping perennial herb in the genus Polygonum, frequently eaten by people of Turkey.

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Polygonum patulum

Polygonum patulum, called tree hogweed, is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family.

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Polymorphism (biology)

Polymorphism in biology and zoology is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species.

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Polyommatus aedon

Polyommatus aedon is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Polyommatus altivagans

Polyommatus altivagans is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

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Polyommatus aserbeidschanus

Polyommatus aserbeidschanus is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

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Polyommatus corydonius

Polyommatus corydonius, the false chalkhill blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Polyommatus damon

Polyommatus damon, the Damon blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Polyommatus daphnis

Polyommatus daphnis, the Meleager's blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Polyommatus dorylas

Polyommatus (Plebicula) dorylas, the turquoise blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Polyommatus semiargus

Polyommatus semiargus, the Mazarine blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

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Polyommatus thersites

Polyommatus thersites, the Chapman's blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

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Pomegranate

The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Lythraceae that grows between tall.

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Pompey's Georgian campaign

Pompey's campaign in Iberia and Colchis took place in 65 BC and was a consequence of the Mithridatic Wars.

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Pontic Greek

Pontic Greek (ποντιακά, pontiaká) is a Greek language originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, the Eastern Turkish/Caucasus province of Kars, southern Georgia and today mainly in northern Greece.

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Ponticola cyrius

Ponticola cyrius is a species of gobiid fish endemic to the Kura River in the southern Caucasus countries of Georgia, Turkey, Iran and Azerbaijan.

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Pontus (region)

Pontus (translit, "Sea") is a historical Greek designation for a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey.

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Population exchange between Greece and Turkey

The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey (Ἡ Ἀνταλλαγή, Mübâdele) stemmed from the "Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey.

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Population transfer

Population transfer or resettlement is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another, often a form of forced migration imposed by state policy or international authority and most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion but also due to economic development.

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Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Population transfer in the Soviet Union refers to forced transfer of various groups from the 1930s up to the 1950s ordered by Joseph Stalin and may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population (often classified as "enemies of workers"), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnically cleansed territories.

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Port of Constanța

The Port of Constanța is located in Constanța, Romania, on the western coast of the Black Sea, from the Bosphorus Strait and from the Sulina Branch, through which the Danube river flows into the sea.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Georgia

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Georgia.

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Potamon ibericum

Potamon ibericum is a Eurasian species of freshwater crab.

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Potentilla micrantha

Potentilla micrantha, common name pink barren strawberry, is a species of cinquefoil belonging to the family Rosaceae.

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Powązki Cemetery

Powązki Cemetery (Cmentarz Powązkowski), also known as the Stare Powązki (Old Powązki) is a historic cemetery located in the Wola district, western part of Warsaw, Poland.

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Pre-Abrahamic religions of Azerbaijan

Very little is known about pre-Christian and pre-Islamic mythology in Eastern Transcaucasia; sources are mostly Hellenic historians like Strabo and based on archaeological evidence.

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Pre-Indo-European languages

Pre-Indo-European languages are any of several ancient languages, not necessarily related to one another, that existed in prehistoric Europe and South Asia before the arrival of speakers of Indo-European languages.

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Pre-Islamic Arabia

Pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the Arabian Peninsula prior to the rise of Islam in the 630s.

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Pre-modern human migration

Paleolithic migration prior to end of the Last Glacial Maximum spread anatomically modern humans throughout Afro-Eurasia and to the Americas.

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Prehistoric Asia

Prehistoric Asia refers to events in Asia during the period of human existence prior to the invention of writing systems or the documentation of recorded history.

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Prehistoric Caucasus

The Caucasus region, on the gateway between Southwest Asia, Europe and Central Asia, plays a pivotal role in the peopling of Eurasia, possibly as early as during the Homo erectus expansion to Eurasia, in the Upper Paleolithic peopling of Europe, and again in the re-peopling Mesolithic Europe following the Last Glacial Maximum, and in the expansion associated with the Neolithic Revolution.

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Prehistoric Europe

Prehistoric Europe is the designation for the period of human presence in Europe before the start of recorded history, beginning in the Lower Paleolithic.

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Prehistoric Mongolia

The climate of Central Asia became dry after the large tectonic collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.

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Prehistory of Iran

The prehistory of the Iranian plateau, and the wider region now known as Greater Iran, as part of the prehistory of the Near East is conventinally divided into the Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age periods, spanning the time from the first settlement by archaic humans about a million years ago until the beginning historical record during Neo-Assyrian Empire, in the 8th century BC.

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Prince Alexander of Kartli (1726–1791)

Alexander, son of Bakar (ალექსანდრე ბაქარის ძე) or Aleksandr Bakarovich Gruzinsky (Александр Бакарович Грузинский) (1726–1791) was a Georgian royal prince.

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Prince Iulon of Georgia

Iulon (იულონი; 4 June 1760 – 23 October 1816) was a Georgian royal prince (batonishvili) of the House of Bagrationi, born into the family of King Heraclius II and Queen Darejan Dadiani.

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Prince Rashid ibn Farrukhzad

Prince Rashid — was a governor of Derbent during invasions of Jebe and Subutai.

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Princess Anastasia of Montenegro

Princess Anastasia Petrović-Njegoš of Montenegro (4 June 1868 in Cetinje, Montenegro – 25 November 1935 in Cap d'Antibes, France) was the daughter of King Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš of Montenegro (1841–1921) and his wife, Milena Vukotić (1847–1923).

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Princess Cecilie of Baden

Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna of Russia (Ольга Фёдоровна; 20 September 1839 – 12 April 1891), born Princess Cäcilie Auguste of Baden, was the youngest daughter of Grand Duke Leopold of Baden and Sophie Wilhelmine of Sweden.

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Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia

Princess Tatiana Konstantinovna of Russia (Russian: Княжна Татьяна Константиовна; 23 January 1890 – 28 August 1979) was the third child and oldest daughter of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia and wife Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg.

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Principality of Abkhazia

The Principality of Abkhazia (tr) emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th-16th centuries, amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia that concluded with the dissolution of the unified Georgian monarchy.

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Principality of Hereti

Principality of Hereti (ჰერეთის სამთავრო, heretis samtavro) was a principality in the medieval Caucasus on the Georgian-Albanian frontier.

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Principality of Iberia

Principality of Iberia (tr) was an early medieval aristocratic regime in a core Georgian region of Kartli, i.e. Iberia per classical authors.

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Prisoner of the Caucasus (opera)

Prisoner of the Caucasus (Кавказский пленник in Cyrillic, Kavkazskij plennik in transliteration) is an opera in three acts, composed by César Cui.

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Prokofy Dzhaparidze

Prokofy "Alyosha" Aprasionovich Dzhaparidze or Japaridze, (პროკოფი აპრასიონის ძე ჯაფარიძე, Прокофий Апрасионович Джапаридзе; 15 January 1880 – 20 September 1918), was a Communist activist, one of the Red Army and Bolshevik Party leaders in Azerbaijan during the Russian Revolution.

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Prometheism

Prometheism or Prometheanism (Polish: Prometeizm) was a political project initiated by Poland's Józef Piłsudski.

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Prometheus

In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Προμηθεύς,, meaning "forethought") is a Titan, culture hero, and trickster figure who is credited with the creation of man from clay, and who defies the gods by stealing fire and giving it to humanity, an act that enabled progress and civilization.

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Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)

Prometheus Unbound is a four-act lyrical drama by Percy Bysshe Shelley, first published in 1820.

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Prospero (plant)

Prospero is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae).

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Prospero autumnale

Prospero autumnale, the autumn squill, an autumnal flowering plant of the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae, is found in the Mediterranean region from Portugal and Morocco east to Turkey and the Caucasus, plus Great Britain.

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Proto-Indo-European homeland

The Proto-Indo-European homeland (or Indo-European homeland) was the prehistoric urheimat of the Indo-European languages – the region where their reconstructed common ancestor, the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), was originally spoken.

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Proto-Indo-Europeans

The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the prehistoric people of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction.

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Proto-Slavic borrowings

Numerous lexemes that are reconstructible for the Proto-Slavic language have been identified as borrowings from the languages of various tribes that Proto-Slavic speakers came into contact with, either in prehistorical times or during their expansion when they first appeared in history in the 6th century (the Common Slavic period).

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Prunus armeniaca

Prunus armeniaca ("Armenian plum"), the most commonly cultivated apricot species, also called ansu apricot, Siberian apricot, Tibetan apricot, is a species of Prunus, classified with the plum in the subgenus Prunus.

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Prunus avium

Prunus avium, commonly called wild cherry, sweet cherry, or gean, is a species of cherry, a flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae.

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Prunus microcarpa

Prunus microcarpa (small-fruited cherry, Arabic name: كرز صغير الثمر) is a species of Prunus native to Western Asia and the Caucasus.

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Prunus prostrata

Prunus prostrata (mountain, rock, spreading or prostrate cherry) is a hardy alpine shrub found naturally above about 2000 m. up to as high as 4000 m. in Israel, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Syria, Turkey, Albania, Greece, including Crete, Italy, Sardinia, Croatia, France, Corsica, Spain, the Caucasus, Iran, Kashmir and Afghanistan.

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Prunus tenella

Prunus tenella Batsch, dwarf Russian almond, is a species of deciduous shrubs in the genus Prunus, native to steppes of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, as well as dry open sites of Caucasus, Western and Central Asia.

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Przemysław Mazur

Przemyslaw Mazur (born 23 May 1978 in Cracow, Poland) is a Polish rally codriver.

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Pseudochazara alpina

Pseudochazara alpina is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

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Pseudochazara daghestana

Pseudochazara daghestana is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

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Pseudochazara mniszechii

Pseudochazara mniszechii, the tawny rockbrown, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

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Pseudochazara pelopea

Pseudochazara pelopea is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

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Pseudochazara schahrudensis

Pseudochazara schahrudensis or Shahrud Grayling is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

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Pseudopanthera macularia

Pseudopanthera macularia, the speckled yellow, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Pseudophilotes vicrama

Pseudophilotes vicrama, the eastern baton blue, Retrieved April 23, 2018.

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Pseudotelphusa paripunctella

Pseudotelphusa paripunctella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Pterocarya

Pterocarya, often called wingnuts in English, are trees in the walnut family Juglandaceae.

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Ptycholoma erschoffi

Ptycholoma erschoffi is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae.

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Pulmonaria officinalis

Pulmonaria officinalis, common names lungwort, common lungwort, Mary's tears or Our Lady's milk drops, is a herbaceous rhizomatous evergreen perennial plant of the genus Pulmonaria, belonging to the family Boraginaceae.

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Pungeleria capreolaria

Pungeleria capreolaria is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Purple hairstreak

The purple hairstreak (Neozephyrus quercus) is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae distributed throughout much of Europe, North Africa, Anatolia, Caucasia, and Transcaucasia.

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Puschkinia

Puschkinia is a genus of three known species of bulbous perennials in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae.

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Pyotr Gorchakov

Prince Pyotr Dmitrievich Gorchakov (Пётр Дми́триевич Горчако́в; 24 June 17906 March 1868) was an Imperial Russian Army general from the Gorchakov family of Russian nobility.

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Pyotr Gorlov

Pyotr Nikolayevich Gorlov (Пётр Никола́евич Го́рлов; 11 May 1839 in Irkutsk, Irkutsk Governorate, Russian Empire – 20 November 1915) was a geologist and engineer who explored coal deposits in the Donets Basin, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Ussuri Krai.

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Pyotr Shchebalsky

Pyotr Karlovich Shchebalsky (Пётр Карлович Щебальский, 1810-March 20, 1886) was a Russian literary critic and historian, author of comprehensive studies on the history of Russian literature, later editor of the Varshavsky Dnevnik (The Warsaw Diary) magazine.

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Pyramidula pusilla

Pyramidula pusilla is a species of very small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Pyramidulidae.

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Pyrenees

The Pyrenees (Pirineos, Pyrénées, Pirineus, Pirineus, Pirenèus, Pirinioak) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France.

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Pyrethrum

Pyrethrum was a genus of several Old World plants now classified as Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum (e.g., C. coccineum) which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads.

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Pyrgus jupei

Pyrgus jupei, the Caucasian skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae.

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Pyrgus melotis

Pyrgus melotis, the Aegean skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae.

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Pyropteron minianiforme

Pyropteron minianiforme is a moth of the Sesiidae family.

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Pyrrhia treitschkei

Pyrrhia treitschkei is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Pyrus pashia

Pyrus pashia, the wild Himalayan pear, is a small to medium size deciduous tree of the small and oval shaped crown with ovate, finely toothed leaves, attractive white flowers with red anthers and small pear-like fruits.

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Pyrus pyraster

Pyrus pyraster (syn. Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster), also called European wild pear, is a species of pear belonging to the Rosaceae family.

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Qaitbay

Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Qa'it Bay (السلطان أبو النصر سيف الدين الأشرف قايتباي) (c. 1416/14181496) was the eighteenth Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 872-901 A.H. (1468-1496 C.E.). (Other transliterations of his name include Qaytbay and Kait Bey.) He was Circassian (شركسيا) by birth, and was purchased by the ninth sultan Barsbay (1422 to 1438 C.E.) before being freed by the eleventh Sultan Jaqmaq (1438 to 1453 C.E.). During his reign, he stabilized the Mamluk state and economy, consolidated the northern boundaries of the Sultanate with the Ottoman Empire, engaged in trade with other contemporaneous polities, and emerged as a great patron of art and architecture.

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Qajar dynasty

The Qajar dynasty (سلسله قاجار; also Romanised as Ghajar, Kadjar, Qachar etc.; script Qacarlar) was an IranianAbbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3 royal dynasty of Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani.

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Qama

The qama or ghameh (قمه in Persian) is a short Persian sword, known as kina in the Caucasus and kama in Georgia.

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Qara Osman

Qara Osman (Qara Yuluq Osman Bəy, Kara Yülük Osman Bey) (reigned 1378–1435) was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkmen tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq.

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Qatran Tabrizi

Abū-Mansūr Qatrān-i Tabrīzī (قطران تبريزى, 1009–1072) was a Persian poet.

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Qizilbash

Qizilbash or Kizilbash, (Kızılbaş - Red Head, sometimes also Qezelbash or Qazilbash, قزلباش) is the label given to a wide variety of Shi'i militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan (historic Azerbaijan, also known as Iranian Azerbaijan), Anatolia and Kurdistan from the late 15th century onwards, some of which contributed to the foundation of the Safavid dynasty of Iran.

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Qoltuq nagara

The Qoltuq nagara(Armpit drum) (Դհոլ, დოლი, Qoltuq nağara) is a folk drum with double head that is played on one side with the bare hands.

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Quaternary extinction event

The Quaternary period saw the extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity, and the extinction of key ecological strata across the globe.

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Quercus castaneifolia

Quercus castaneifolia, the chestnut-leaved oak, is a species of oak in the turkey oak section ''Quercus'' sect. ''Cerris''.

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Quercus hartwissiana

Quercus hartwissiana, the Strandzha oak (странджански дъб), is a species of oak, native to southeastern Bulgaria, northern Asia Minor along the Black Sea, and the Caucasus.

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Quercus iberica

Quercus iberica (Georgian oak) is a deciduous tree native to the Caucasus (including regions of coastal northeastern Turkey, Asia Minor and Iran).

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Quercus macranthera

Quercus macranthera, commonly called the Caucasian oak, or the Persian oak, is a species of deciduous tree native to Western Asia (northern Iran, Turkey; and in the Caucasus in Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan) that is occasionally grown as an ornamental tree in Europe growing to 30 metres tall.

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Quercus pontica

Quercus pontica, the Pontine oak or Armenian oak, is a species of oak native to the western Caucasus mountains of Georgia and northeastern Turkey and Armenia, where it grows at altitudes of 1,300-2,100 m.

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Quercus pubescens

Quercus pubescens, the downy oak or pubescent oak, is a species of white oak (genus Quercus sect. Quercus) native to southern Europe and southwest Asia, from northern Spain (Pyrenees) east to the Crimea and the Caucasus.

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Quercus robur

Quercus robur, commonly known as common oak, pedunculate oak, European oak or English oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae.

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Quindío Department

Quindío is a department of Colombia.

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Quneitra

Quneitra (also Al Qunaytirah, Qunaitira, or Kuneitra; القنيطرة al-Qunayṭrah) is the largely destroyed and abandoned capital of the Quneitra Governorate in south-western Syria.

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Qvarqvare IV Jaqeli

Qvarqvare IV Jaqeli (ყვარყვარე IV ჯაყელი) (1554 – 1581) was a Georgian Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago, ruling nominally in 1573–1581.

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Raccoon

The raccoon (or, Procyon lotor), sometimes spelled racoon, also known as the common raccoon, North American raccoon, or northern raccoon, is a medium-sized mammal native to North America.

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Raccoon dog

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, from the Greek words nukt-, "night" + ereutēs, "wanderer" + prokuōn, "before-dog" + -oidēs, "similar to"), also known as the mangut (its Evenki name) is a canid indigenous to East Asia.

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Racer goby

The racer goby (Babka gymnotrachelus) is a species of goby native to fresh, sometimes brackish, waters, of the Black Sea basin.

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Racism in Russia

Racism in Russia appears mainly in the form of negative attitudes and actions by some Russians toward people who are of different origins.

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Radhanite

The Radhanites (also Radanites, Arabic الرذنية ar-Raðaniyya; Hebrew sing. רדהני Radhani, pl. רדהנים Radhanim) were medieval Jewish merchants.

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcasting organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed".

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Radko Dimitriev

Radko Dimitriev (Радко Димитриев) (24 September 1859 in Gradets – 18 October 1918 near Pyatigorsk) was a Bulgarian general, Head of the General Staff of the Bulgarian Army from 1 January 1904 to 28 March 1907, as well as a general in the Russian Army during the First World War.

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Rakia

Rakia or Rakija is the collective term for fruit brandy popular in the Balkans.

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Ramana, Azerbaijan

Ramana also spelled Ramany, Romana (Ramana, Ramanı), is an urban-type settlement and municipality in Azerbaijan, within the Sabunchu raion of Baku.

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Randlev and Hesselbjerg

The archaeological sites Randlev and Hesselbjerg refer to two closely related excavations done throughout the 20th century near the village of Randlev in the Odder Municipality of Denmark, three kilometers southeast of the town of Odder.

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Ranunculus trichophyllus

Ranunculus trichophyllus, the threadleaf crowfoot, or thread-leaved water-crowfoot, is a plant species in the genus Ranunculus, native to Europe, Asia and North America.

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Raphanus raphanistrum

Raphanus raphanistrum, (the wild radish, white charlock or jointed charlock) is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae.

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Rasht

Rasht (رشت; Rəsht; also Romanized as Resht and Rast, and often spelt Recht in French and older German manuscripts) is the capital city of Gilan Province, Iran.

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Rasul Chunayev

Rasul Abakar oghlu Chunayev (Rəsul Çunayev) is an Azerbaijani Greco-Roman wrestler.

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Rasul Makasharipov

Rasul Makasharipov (Расул Макашарипов) (1972 – July 6, 2005), nicknamed Muslim and also known as Emir Rasul, was a Dagestani Islamist leader in southern Russia.

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Raul–Yuri Georgievich Ervier

Raul–Yuri Georgievich Ervier (Russian: Рауль-Юрий Георгиевич Эрвье; 16 April 1909 (Tiflis) - 9 August 1991 (Moscow)) was a Soviet geologist and director of the main Tyumen production geological department (“Glavtyumengeologiya”).

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Recep Peker

Mehmet Recep Peker (5 February 1889 – 1 April 1950) was a Turkish military officer and politician.

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Recurvaria leucatella

Recurvaria leucatella (lesser budmoth or white-barred groundling moth) is a moth of the family Gelechiidae.

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Recurvaria nanella

Recurvaria nanella, the lesser bud moth, is a moth of the Gelechiidae family.

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Red Army invasion of Georgia

The Red Army invasion of Georgia (15 February – 17 March 1921), also known as the Soviet–Georgian War or the Soviet invasion of Georgia,Debo, R. (1992).

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Red deer

The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest deer species.

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Red fox

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa, North America and Eurasia.

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Red hair

Red hair (or ginger hair) occurs naturally in 1–2% of the human population.

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Red-fronted serin

The red-fronted serin or fire-fronted serin (Serinus pusillus) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.

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Rededya

Rededi, Rededia, Rededya or Ridada (died 1022) was a legendary leader of the Kassogians, a Circassian tribe from the North Caucasus.

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Reginald Teague-Jones

Reginald Teague-Jones MBE (30 July 1889 – 16 November 1988) was a British political and intelligence officer.

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Regions of Europe

Europe is often divided into regions based on geographical, cultural or historical criteria.

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Reichskommissar

Reichskommissar (rendered as Commissioner of the Empire or as Reich - or Imperial Commissioner), in German history, was an official gubernatorial title used for various public offices during the period of the German Empire and the Nazi Third Reich.

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Reichskommissariat

Reichskommissariat (Reich Commissariat) is the German designation for a type of administrative entity headed by a government official known as a Reichskommissar (Reich Commissioner).

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Reichskommissariat Kaukasus

The Reichskommissariat Kaukasus (or Kaukasien; Рейхскомиссариат Кавказ), was the theoretical political division and planned civilian occupation regime of Germany in the conquered territories of the Caucasus during World War II.

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Reichskommissariat Turkestan

Reichskommissariat Turkestan (also spelled as Turkistan, abbreviated as RKT), was a projected Reichskommissariat that Germany proposed to create in the Central Asian Republics of the Soviet Union in its military conflict with that country during World War II.

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Reichstadt Agreement

The Reichstadt agreement was an agreement made between Austria-Hungary and Russia in July 1876, who were at that time in an alliance with each other and Germany in the League of the Three Emperors, or Dreikaiserbund.

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Religion in South America

Religion in South America is predominantly Catholic, with a notable increase of Protestants and people without religion.

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Religion in Syria

Religion in Syria is made of range of faiths and sects.

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Religion in the United States

Religion in the United States is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices.

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Religions of the ancient Near East

The religions of the ancient Near East were mostly polytheistic, with some early examples of primitive monolatry (Yahwism/Judaism, Mardukites), Ashurism and Monism (Atenism).

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René R. Khawam

René Rizqallah Khawam (1917 in Aleppo, Ottoman Empire – 22 March 2004 in Paris, France) was a French translator foremost known for his translations of the Qur'an, One Thousand and One Nights, The Perfumed Garden and Ahmad al-Tifashi's A Promenade of the Hearts.

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Repatriation of Armenians

Repatriation of Armenians refers to the act of returning of ethnic Armenians to their historical homelands, particularly to the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh.

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Reproductive rights

Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health that vary amongst countries around the world.

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Republic Day (Azerbaijan)

Republic Day honours the date on which the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was founded on 28 May 1918 as the first secular democratic state in the Muslim East.

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Republic of Artsakh

The Republic of Artsakh (Արցախի Հանրապետություն Arts'akhi Hanrapetut'yun), or simply Artsakh, commonly known by its former name of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic between 1991 and 2017, is a state with limited recognition in the South Caucasus internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.

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Republic of Mountainous Armenia

The Republic of Mountainous Armenia (Լեռնահայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն Leřnahayastani Hanrapetutyun), also known as simply Mountainous Armenia (Լեռնահայաստան Leřnahayastan), was an anti-Bolshevik Armenian state roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-day Armenian provinces of Vayots Dzor and Syunik, and some parts of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in the west and the de facto Republic of Artsakh in the east).

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Republics of the Soviet Union

The Republics of the Soviet Union or the Union Republics (r) of the Soviet Union were ethnically based proto-states that were subordinated directly to the Government of the Soviet Union.

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Residente (album)

Residente (stylized as Residεntә) is the debut solo album from Puerto Rican singer of same name, released on March 31, 2017, during the hiatus of his main band Calle 13.

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Residente discography

Puerto Rican rapper and songwriter Residente has released one studio album, two singles, and three music videos as soloist.

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Revaz Gotsiridze

Revaz Gotsiridze (რევაზ გოცირიძე; born 17 January 1981) is a Georgian football manager and a former player.

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Review of International Law and Politics

Review of International Law and Politics (Turkish: Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika) is a quarterly peer-reviewed law journal that was established in 2004.

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Revolutions of 1989

The Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond.

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Reyhanlı

Reyhanlı (الريحانية, ar-Rayḥānīyah) is a town and district of Hatay Province, on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, near the country's border with Syria.

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Reza Shah

Reza Shah Pahlavi (رضا شاه پهلوی;; 15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was the Shah of Iran from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941.

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Rezovo

Rezovo (Резово, pronounced) is a village and seaside resort in southeastern Bulgaria, part of Tsarevo Municipality, Burgas Province, in the coastal Strandzha geographical region.

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Rhagadiolus

Rhagadiolus is a genus of plants in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family, native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East.

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Rhagium bifasciatum

Rhagium bifasciatum, sometimes called the two-banded longhorn beetle, is one of the most common longhorn beetles in Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus, although it is absent from the far north-east of Europe and some offshore islands, such as Malta.

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Rhigognostis senilella

Rhigognostis senilella, the rock-cress smudge, is a moth of the family Plutellidae.

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Rhinanthus angustifolius

Rhinanthus angustifolius or Greater Yellow-rattle is a Lamiales plant species of the genus Rhinanthus.

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Rhododendron luteum

Rhododendron luteum, the yellow azalea or honeysuckle azalea, is a species of Rhododendron native to southeastern Europe and southwest Asia.

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Rhododendron-Park Bremen

The Rhododendron-Park Bremen (46 hectares), also known as the Rhododendron-Park und Botanischer Garten Bremen or Botanika im Rhododendron-Park, is a major collection of rhododendrons and azaleas, as well as a substantial botanical garden (3.2 hectares), located at Deliusweg 40, Bremen, Bremen (state), Germany.

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Rhodostrophia calabra

Rhodostrophia calabra is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Rhyacia lucipeta

The Southern Rustic (Rhyacia lucipeta) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Rhyacia simulans

Rhyacia simulans, the dotted rustic, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Riband wave

The riband wave (Idaea aversata) is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Richard N. Frye

Richard Nelson Frye (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University.

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Right of return

The right of return is a principle in international law which guarantees peoples' right of voluntary return to or re-enter their country of origin or of citizenship.

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Right-wing terrorism

Right-wing terrorism is terrorism motivated by a variety of ideologies and beliefs, including Islamophobia, anti-communism, neo-fascism and neo-Nazism, and a mindset against abortion.

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Rila

Rila (Рила) is a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria and the highest mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkans, with its highest peak being Musala at 2,925 m. The massif is also the sixth highest mountain in Europe (when each mountain is represented by its highest peak only), coming after the Caucasus, the Alps, Sierra Nevada, the Pyrenees and Mount Etna, and the highest between the Alps and the Caucasus.

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Ring ditch

In archaeology, a ring ditch is a trench of circular or penannular plan, cut into bedrock.

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Ring ouzel

The ring ouzel (Turdus torquatus) is a European member of the thrush family, Turdidae.

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Rivetina caucasica

Rivetina caucasica is a species of praying mantis in the genus Rivetina.

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Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs

Riyad-us Saliheen (Russian: Риядус-Салихийн, also transliterated as Riyadus-Salikhin, Riyad us-Saliheyn or Riyad us-Salihiin) is the name of a small "martyr" (shahid) force of Islamic suicide attackers.

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Rize Province

Rize Province (Rize ili) is a province of north-east Turkey, on the eastern Black Sea coast between Trabzon and Artvin. The province of Erzurum is to the south. it was formerly known as Lazistan, the designation of the term of Lazistan was officially banned in 1926, by Kemalists. Its capital is the city of Rize. The province is home to Laz, Hemshin, Turkish people and Georgian communities. Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan spent his early childhood in Rize, where his father was a member of the Turkish Coast Guard.

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Robert Badinter

Robert Badinter (born 30 March 1928 in Paris) is a French lawyer and politician known for having championed the abolition of the death penalty in France in 1981.

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Robert Bleichsteiner

Robert Bleichsteiner (6 January 1891 – 10 April 1954) was an Austrian ethnologist.

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Robert Francis Fairlie

Robert Francis Fairlie (born either March 1831 or 5 April 1830, in Glasgow, died 31 July 1885, in London) was a Scottish-born railway engineer.

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Robert H. Hewsen

Robert H. Hewsen (born 1934) is an American historian and Professor Emeritus of History at Rowan University.

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Robert Irwin (writer)

Robert Graham Irwin (born 23 August 1946) is a British historian, novelist, and writer on Arabic literature.

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Robert Meier

Robert Meier (March 10, 1897 – January 29, 2007) was, at the age of 109, Germany's oldest living man, a combat-wounded veteran of the First World War and one of Germany's last surviving veterans of that war.

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Rock dove

The rock dove, IOC World Bird List, rock pigeon, or common pigeon (also; Columba livia) is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons).

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Rodion Malinovsky

Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (Родио́н Я́ковлевич Малино́вский; – 31 March 1967) was a Soviet military commander in World War II, Marshal of the Soviet Union, and Defense Minister of the Soviet Union in the late 1950s and 1960s.

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Roe deer

The European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), also known as the western roe deer, chevreuil, or simply roe deer or roe, is a Eurasian species of deer.

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Roman Bagration

Prince Roman (Revaz) Ivanovich Bagration (Роман (Реваз) Иванович Багратион, რომან (რევაზ) ბაგრატიონი Roman (Revaz) Bagrat'ioni) (1778 – 1834) was a Georgian nobleman and a general in the Imperial Russian Army.

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Roman influence in Caucasian Albania

This article discusses the Roman influence in Caucasian Albania (located largely in the North and Northwestern parts of the present day Azerbaijan).

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Roman navy

The Roman navy (Classis, lit. "fleet") comprised the naval forces of the Ancient Roman state.

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Roman Sanguszko

Prince Roman Adam Stanisław Sanguszko (1800–1881) was a Polish aristocrat, patriot, political and social activist.

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Roman–Iranian relations

Relations between the Rome and Iranian states were established c. 96 BCE.

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Roman–Parthian Wars

The Roman–Parthian Wars (66 BC – 217 AD) were a series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.

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Roman–Persian Wars

The Roman–Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian.

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Romania

Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.

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Romania in World War II

Following the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, the Kingdom of Romania under King Carol II officially adopted a position of neutrality.

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Romanian armies in the Battle of Stalingrad

Two Romanian armies, the Third and the Fourth, were involved in the Battle of Stalingrad, helping to protect the northern and southern flanks respectively of the German 6th Army as it tried to conquer the city of Stalingrad, defended by the Soviet Red Army in mid to late 1942.

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Romanian Naval Forces

The Romanian Navy (Forțele Navale Române) is the navy branch of the Romanian Armed Forces; it operates in the Black Sea and on the Danube.

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Romanian Navy during World War II

The Romanian Navy during World War II was the main Axis naval force in the Black Sea and fought against the Soviet Union's Black Sea Fleet from 1941 to 1944.

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Romanian War of Independence

The Romanian War of Independence is the name used in Romanian historiography to refer to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), following which Romania, fighting on the Russian side, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. On, Romania and the Russian Empire signed a treaty at Bucharest under which Russian troops were allowed to pass through Romanian territory, with the condition that Russia respected the integrity of Romania. The mobilization began, and about 120,000 soldiers were massed in the south of the country to defend against an eventual attack of the Ottoman forces from south of the Danube. On, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire and its troops entered Romania through the newly built Eiffel Bridge.

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Romanov Tercentenary

The Romanov Tercentenary was a country-wide celebration, marked in the Russian Empire from February 1913, in celebration of the ruling Romanov Dynasty.

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Romans in Persia

Romans in Persia is related to the brief invasion and occupation of western and central areas of Parthia (modern-day Iran) by the Romans during their empire.

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Romi Garduce

Romeo Roberto "Romi" Garduce (born 1969 in Balanga, Bataan), sometimes nicknamed as "Garduch," is a Filipino mountain climber, a scuba dive master (since 2000), an environmentalist, writer, motivational speaker and works as an IT professional.

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Rorippa palustris

Rorippa palustris is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family.

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Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort

Rosa Khutor |position.

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Rossomyrmex

Rossomyrmex is a genus of slave-making ant in the subfamily Formicinae.

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Rostom Gurieli

Rostom Gurieli (როსტომ გურიელი; died 1564), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1534 until his death in 1564.

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Rostov-on-Don

Rostov-on-Don (p) is a port city and the administrative center of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia.

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Rostov-on-Don Fair

The Fair in Rostov-on-Don (Ярмарка в Ростове-на-Дону) was a regularly held trade event in Rostov-on-Don in the 19th century.

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Rotunda (architecture)

A rotunda (from Latin rotundus) is any building with a circular ground plan, and sometimes covered by a dome.

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Rouben Abrahamian

Rouben Abrahamian, born Ṛubēn Tʻadēosi Abrahamyan (Ռուբեն Թադեւոս Աբրահամյանը, b. Gnishik 1881 - d. Yerevan 1951) was an Armenian Iranologist, linguist and translator.

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Rouben Galichian

Rouben Galichian (Ռուբեն Գալչյան) (born 1938, Tabriz) is an independent London-based scholar and researcher specializing in historical maps of Armenia and the South Caucasus region.

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Round Church, Preslav

The Round Church (Кръгла църква, Kragla tsarkva), also known as the Golden Church (Златна църква, Zlatna tsarkva) or the Church of St John (църква "Свети Йоан", tsarkva "Sveti Yoan"), is a large partially preserved early medieval Eastern Orthodox church.

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Round goby

The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is a euryhaline bottom-dwelling goby of the family Gobiidae, native to central Eurasia including the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

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Ruben Darbinyan

Artashes Stepan Chilingaryan (Արտաշես Ստեփանի Չիլինգարյան) better known as Ruben Darbinyan (Ռուբեն Դարբինյան 1883-1968) was an Armenian politician and activist in the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) and for a brief period, Justice minister during the First Republic of Armenia.

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Rudolf Kassner

Rudolf Kassner (1873 – 1 April 1959) was an Austrian writer, essayist, translator and cultural philosopher.

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Rudolf Virchow

Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician, known for his advancement of public health.

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Runcinia grammica

Runcinia grammica (Sometimes also referred to as Runcinia lateralis) is a species of spiders of the genus Runcinia, with a distribution of "Europa, Near East to Iran, Russia, Central Asia, China, Japan.

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Rupicapra

Rupicapra is a genus of goat antelope called chamois.

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Rus' Khaganate

The Rus' Khaganate is the name applied by some modern historians to a hypothetical polity postulated to exist during a poorly documented period in the history of Eastern Europe, roughly the late 8th and early-to-mid-9th centuries AD.

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Rus' people

The Rus (Русь, Ῥῶς) were an early medieval group, who lived in a large area of what is now Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other countries, and are the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples.

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Ruscus

Ruscus is a genus of six species of flowering plants, native to western and southern Europe (north to southern England), Macaronesia, northwest Africa, and southwestern Asia east to the Caucasus.

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Ruska Roma

The Ruska Roma (Руска́ Рома́), also known as Russian Gypsies (Русские цыгане) or as Xaladitka Roma (i.e. "Roma-Soldiers"), are the largest subgroup of Romani people in Russia and Belarus.

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Ruslan Gelayev

Ruslan (Hamzat) Gelayev (Руслан (Хамзат) Гелаев) (1964 – February 28, 2004) was a prominent commander in the Chechen separatist movement against Russia, in which he played a significant, yet controversial, military and political role in the 1990s and early 2000s.

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Russia men's national water polo team

The Russia men's national water polo team is the representative for Russia in international men's water polo.

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Russia women's national water polo team

The Russia women's national water polo team represents Russia in international women's water polo competitions and friendly matches.

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Russia–South Korea relations

Russia–South Korea relations (Российско-южнокорейские отношения, Rossiisko-yuzhnokoreiskie otnosheniya, 한러 관계, hanreo gwangye) refers to the bilateral foreign relations between Russia and South Korea.

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Russia–Turkey relations

Russia–Turkey relations (Российско–турецкие отношения; Rusya–Türkiye ilişkileri) is the bilateral relationship between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey and their predecessor states.

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Russian Caucasus Forces (before 1865)

Before the creation of the Caucasus Military District in 1865, Russian forces in the Caucasus were organized, at different times, in a number of formations under various names.

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Russian cuisine

Russian cuisine is a collection of the different cooking traditions of the Russian people.

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Russian culture

Russian culture has a long history.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Russia has supported the internationally recognised government of Syria since the beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011: politically, with military aid, and since 30 September 2015 also through direct military involvement.

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Russian irredentism

Russian irredentism refers historically to the irredentist movement of the Russian Empire from the 16th century up to the 1900s.

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Russian language

Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.

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Russian Orthodox Church in Azerbaijan

The Russian Orthodox Church in Azerbaijan constitutes the main community of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in that country.

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Russians

Russians (русские, russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia, while notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora also exists all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Israel, and Canada. Russians are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe. The Russians share many cultural traits with their fellow East Slavic counterparts, specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians. They are predominantly Orthodox Christians by religion. The Russian language is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and also spoken as a secondary language in many former Soviet states.

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Russification

Russification (Русификация), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one.

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Russo-Circassian War

The Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864) involved a series of battles and wars in Circassia, the northwestern part of the Caucasus, in the course of the Russian Empire's conquest of the Caucasus.

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Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)

The Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great, was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, the Ottoman Empire, from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining Safavid Iran.

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Russo-Persian War (1804–13)

The 1804–1813 Russo-Persian War, was one of the many wars between the Persian Empire and Imperial Russia, and began like many of their wars as a territorial dispute.

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Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)

The Russo-Persian War of 1826–28 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and Iran.

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Russo-Persian Wars

The Russo-Persian Wars or Russo-Iranian Wars were a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Persian Empire between the 17th and 19th centuries.

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Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was caused by the Ottoman Empire's war with Persia and continuing raids by the Crimean Tatars.

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Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was an armed conflict that brought Kabardia, the part of the Yedisan between the rivers Bug and Dnieper, and Crimea into the Russian sphere of influence.

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Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)

The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire was one of the Russo-Turkish Wars.

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Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greek War of Independence.

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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Руско-турска Освободителна война, Russian-Turkish Liberation war) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

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Russula acrifolia

Russula acrifolia is a species of mushroom.

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Ryno-Skachevsky gang

The Ryno-Skachevsky gang was a Russian racist group of young men seven of which in 2008 were convicted of beating and murdering people of ethnicities originated from Caucasus and Middle Asia.

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Ryszard Kapuściński

Ryszard Kapuściński (March 4, 1932 – January 23, 2007) was a Polish journalist, photographer, poet and author.

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Ryszard Pawłowski

Ryszard Pawłowski (24 June 1950 in Bogatynia) - Polish alpine and high-altitude climber and photographer.

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S. Frederick Starr

Stephen Frederick Starr (born March 24, 1940) is an American expert on Russian and Eurasian affairs, a musician, and a former college president, having served as President of Oberlin College for 11 years.

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Sabir people

The Sabirs (Savirs, Suars, Sawar, Sawirk among others; Σάβιροι) were nomadic people who lived in the north of the Caucasus beginning in the late-5th century, on the eastern shores of the Black Sea, in the Kuban area, and possibly came from Western Siberia.

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Sacred prostitution

Sacred prostitution, temple prostitution, cult prostitution, and religious prostitution are general terms for a sexual rite consisting of sexual intercourse or other sexual activity performed in the context of religious worship, perhaps as a form of fertility rite or divine marriage (hieros gamos).

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Sadykh bey Aghabeyov

Sadykh bey Aghabekov (Sadıx bəy Ağabəyov; March 15, 1865 – October 9, 1944) also spelled as Sadykh bey Aghabeyov was an Azerbaijani general in the Russian Imperial Army and Azerbaijani politician in Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, founder and reformer of Azerbaijani Police, Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Major General, Orientalist.

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Safavid art

Safavid art is the art of the Persian Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1722, in present-day Iran and Caucasia.

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Safavid conquest of Shirvan

The conquest of Shirvan was the first campaign of Ismail, the then leader of the Safaviyya order.

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Safavid dynasty

The Safavid dynasty (دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.

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Safavid Georgia

The province of Georgia was a velayat (province) of the Safavid Empire located in the area of present-day Georgia.

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Saferworld

Saferworld is an international non-governmental organisation with conflict prevention and peacebuilding programmes in over 20 countries and territories in the Horn of Africa, the African Great Lakes region, Asia, the Middle East, Central Asia and the Caucasus.

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Sagittaria sagittifolia

Sagittaria sagittifolia (also called arrowhead due to the shape of its leaves) is a flowering plant in the family Alismataceae, native to wetlands most of Europe from Ireland and Portugal to Finland and Bulgaria, and in Russia, Ukraine, Siberia, Japan, Turkey, China, Australia, Vietnam and the Caucasus.

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Sahl Smbatean

Sahl Smbatjan EṙanshahikMovses Kaghankatvatsi.

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Saiga antelope

The saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) is a critically endangered antelope that originally inhabited a vast area of the Eurasian steppe zone from the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains and Caucasus into Dzungaria and Mongolia.

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Saimum Series

Saimum Series (সাইমুম সিরিজ) written by Abul Asad is a popular novel series of Bangladesh.

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Saint George's Church, Garnahovit

The church of Saint George (Սուրբ Գեւորգ Եկեղեցի; pronounced Surp Gevork) is located centrally in the village of Garnahovit, Aragatsotn Province, Armenia.

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Saint Matthias

Matthias (Hebrew transliteration: Mattityahu; Koine Greek: Μαθθίας; ⲙⲁⲑⲓⲁⲥ; died c. 80 AD) was, according to the Acts of the Apostles, the apostle chosen to replace Judas Iscariot following Judas' betrayal of Jesus and his subsequent death.

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Sakina Akhundzadeh

Sakina Mirza Heybat qizi Akhundzadeh (Səkinə Axundzadə) (1865 in Quba – 1927 in Quba) was an Azerbaijani playwright.

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Salix triandra

Salix triandra, with the common names almond willow or almond-leaved willow, is a species of willow native to Europe and Western and Central Asia.

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Salman Gambarov

Salman Huseyn oglu Gambarov (Salman Hüseyn oğlu Qəmbərov, born 18 April 1959, Baku) is an Azerbaijani jazz pianist and composer.

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Saluria maculivittella

Saluria maculivittella is a species of snout moth.

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Salvia karabachensis

Salvia karabachensis is a species of sage, endemic to the Caucasus region.

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Salvia verbenaca

Salvia verbenaca, also known as wild clary or wild sage, is native to the British Isles, the Mediterranean region in Southern Europe, North Africa, and Near East, and in the Caucasus.

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Samad aga Agamalioglu

Samad aga Agamalioglu (Səməd ağa Ağamalıoğlu; Самед ага Агамалыоглы; 27 December 1867 – 6 October 1930) was a Soviet statesman and socialist revolutionary, and a participant in the Russian Revolution of 1905 in the Caucasus.

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Samad bey Mehmandarov

Samadbey Mehmandarov Sadykhbey oglu (Səməd bəy Mehmandarov Sadıx bəy oğlu, Самедбек Садыхбек оглы Мехмандаров; October 16, 1855 – February 12, 1931) was an Azerbaijani General of the Artillery in the Imperial Russian Army and served as Minister of Defense of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

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Samashki massacre

The Samashki massacre (Резня в Самашки) was an incident which occurred on April 7–8, 1995, in the village of Samashki, at the border between Chechnya and Ingushetia.

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Sambalut

Sambalut was a Khazar settlement in the north Caucasus (probably in modern Dagestan) from roughly the 7th through the 10th centuries CE.

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Samiran

Samiran was a Khazar settlement in the Caucasus from roughly the 7th through the 10th centuries CE.

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Samson Makintsev

Samson Yakovlevich Makintsev (Самсо́н Я́ковлевич Маки́нцев), more commonly known as Samson Khan (سامسون‌خان); (1849 – 1776), was a general of Russian origin in the service of Qajar Persia.

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Samsun

Samsun is a city on the north coast of Turkey with a population over half a million people.

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Samuel Baker

Sir Samuel White Baker, KCB, FRS, FRGS (8 June 1821 – 30 December 1893) was an English explorer, officer, naturalist, big game hunter, engineer, writer and abolitionist.

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Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin

Samuel George Gottlieb Gmelin (4 July 1744 – 27 July 1774) was a German physician, botanist and explorer.

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Samuil Blekhman

Samuil Markovich Blekhman (Самуи́л Ма́ркович Бле́хман; 15 May 191826 December 1982) was a renowned philatelist of the Soviet Union who wrote a number of notable philatelic books and articles.

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Sandro Shanshiashvili

Sandro Shanshiashvili (სანდრო შანშიაშვილი) (1888-1979) was a Georgian poet and playwright.

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Saragurs

The Saragurs or Saraguri (Σαράγουροι, s.r.w.r.g.wr, Šarağurs) was an Eurasian Oghur (Turkic) nomadic tribe mentioned in the 5th and 6th centuries.

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Sarbani

Sarbaṇī (سربڼي) are the largest tribal group of Pashtuns.

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Sardar

Sardar (سردار,; "Commander" literally; "Headmaster"), also spelled as Sirdar, Sardaar, Shordar or Serdar, is a title of nobility that was originally used to denote princes, noblemen, and other aristocrats.

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Sargis Kakabadze

Sargis N. Kakabadze (October 7, 1886 – April 2, 1967) was a Georgian historian and philologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor.

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Sargon II

Sargon II (Assyrian Šarru-ukīn (LUGAL-GI.NA 𒈗𒄀𒈾).; Aramaic סרגן; reigned 722–705 BC) was an Assyrian king.

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Sargonid dynasty

The Sargonid dynasty is an academic name for the final ruling family of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, beginning with Sargon II's ascent to the throne in 722 BC until the death of Sîn-šarru-iškun and the fall of the kingdom in 612 BC at the hands of a coalition of invaders.

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Sarhat Rashidova

Sarhat Ibrahimovna Rashidova (Russian: Сархат Ибрагимовна Рашидова, Azeri: Sərhət İbrahim qızı Rəşidova) (1875? – 16 January 2007) was an ethnic Azeri woman who lived in the Dagestan Republic in Russia and who was said by some people to have been the world's oldest living person prior to her death.

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Sari Gelin

Sari Gelin (Սարի աղջիկ; Sarı Gəlin ساری گلین; دامن کشان; Sarı Gelin) is the name for a number of folk songs popular among the people of Iran, the southern Caucasus and eastern Anatolia.

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Sarir

Sarir or Serir was a medieval Christian state lasting from the 5th century to the 12th century in the mountainous regions of modern-day Dagestan.

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Sarkis Jebejian

Sarkis Jebejian (Սարգիս Ճէպէճեան, Jebeji, 1864–1920) was an Armenian military leader, the head of the self-defense of Hadjin (1920).

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Sarkis Katchadourian

Sarkis Katchadourian (Սարգիս Խաչատուրյան, August 9, 1886 – March 4, 1947) was an Armenian artist.

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Sarma (food)

Sarma (from Turkish word "sarmak", meaning "to roll") is a dish of grape, cabbage, monk's rhubarb or chard leaves rolled around a filling usually based on minced meat, or a sweet dish of filo dough wrapped around a filling often of various kinds of chopped nuts.

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Sarmastani

Sarmastani is a Baloch tribe settled in Balochistan.

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Sarmatian culture

The Sarmatian culture, also known as the Prohorovka culture or Prohorovo culture, existed on the Eurasian steppes in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BCE.

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Sarmatians

The Sarmatians (Sarmatae, Sauromatae; Greek: Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were a large Iranian confederation that existed in classical antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.

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Sasanian defense lines

The defense lines (or "limes") of the Sasanians were part of their military strategy and tactic.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire, also known as the Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire (known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr in Middle Persian), was the last period of the Persian Empire (Iran) before the rise of Islam, named after the House of Sasan, which ruled from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognised as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighbouring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1-3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 The Sasanian Empire was founded by Ardashir I, after the fall of the Parthian Empire and the defeat of the last Arsacid king, Artabanus V. At its greatest extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of today's Iran, Iraq, Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatif, Qatar, UAE), the Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan), Egypt, large parts of Turkey, much of Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Yemen and Pakistan. According to a legend, the vexilloid of the Sasanian Empire was the Derafsh Kaviani.Khaleghi-Motlagh, The Sasanian Empire during Late Antiquity is considered to have been one of Iran's most important and influential historical periods and constituted the last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest and the adoption of Islam. In many ways, the Sasanian period witnessed the peak of ancient Iranian civilisation. The Sasanians' cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India. It played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture in art, architecture, music and other subject matter was transferred from the Sasanians throughout the Muslim world.

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Sasanian Iberia

Sasanian Iberia (სასანური ქართლი sasanuri kartli; known in Middle Persian sources as Wirōzān/Wiruzān/Wiručān) refers to the period the Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) was under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire.

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Satanaya

Satanaya (Adyghe Сэтэнай; Kabardian Сэтэней; Ubykh; Ossetian Сатана Satana) is a mythological figure who appears in many cycles of the Nart sagas of the Caucasus.

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Satay

Satay, or sate in Indonesian spelling, is a dish of seasoned, skewered and grilled meat, served with a sauce.

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Satellite (moth)

The Satellite (Eupsilia transversa) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Satsurblia Cave

Satsurblia Cave is a paleoanthropological site located near Kumistavi village, Tskaltubo district, in the Imereti region of Georgia.

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Saturnia pavoniella

Saturnia pavoniella is a moth of the family Saturniidae.

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Satyrium ilicis

Satyrium ilicis, the ilex hairstreak, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Satyrium spini

Satyrium spini, the blue spot hairstreak, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

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Sauromaces II of Iberia

Saurmag II (საურმაგ II, Latinized as Sauromaces), of the Chosroid Dynasty, was a king of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from 361 to 363 and diarch from 370 to 378.

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Savuca

Savuca is a town in Söke district of Aydın Province, Turkey.

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Saxifraga paniculata

Saxifraga paniculata (also known by the English common names alpine saxifrage, encrusted saxifrage, lifelong saxifrage, lime-encrusted saxifrage, livelong saxifrage, White Mountain saxifrage, and silver saxifrage) is a species of saxifrage native to the United States, Europe and Asia.

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Sazanda

A sazanda or sazandar (Azeri: sazəndə; سازنده; سازنده; Armenian "սազանդար; alternative spellings in English: sazende, sazande, sazandeh) is one of the three musicians in the traditional ensemble of instrumentalists performing mugham (an Azeri folk music genre) along with a singer (khananda).

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Scarce large blue

The scarce large blue (Phengaris teleius) is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.

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Schlachtgeschwader 2

Schlachtgeschwader 2 (SG 2) Immelmann was a Luftwaffe Dive bomber-wing of World War II.

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Schoenoplectus lacustris

Schoenoplectus lacustris, the lakeshore bulrush or common club-rush, is a species of club-rush (genus Schoenoplectus) that grows in fresh water across Europe and some neighbouring areas.

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Schrankia balneorum

Schrankia balneorum is a species of moth of the Erebidae family.

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Sclerochloa

Sclerochloa is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the grass family.

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Scolitantides orion

Scolitantides orion, the chequered blue, belongs to the family Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies).

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Scoparia absconditalis

Scoparia absconditalis is a moth in the Crambidae family.

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Scopula falsaria

Scopula falsaria is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Scopula immutata

Scopula immutata, the lesser cream wave, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Scopula incanata

Scopula incanata is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Scopula marginepunctata

Scopula marginepunctata, the mullein wave, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Scopula rubiginata

Scopula rubiginata, the tawny wave, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Scotch argus

The Scotch argus (Erebia aethiops) is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae.

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Scrobipalpa artemisiella

Scrobipalpa artemisiella (thyme moth) is a moth of the family Gelechiidae.

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Scrobipalpa caucasica

Scrobipalpa caucasica is a moth in the Gelechiidae family.

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Scrobipalpa obsoletella

Scrobipalpa obsoletella, the summer groundling, is a moth of the family Gelechiidae.

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Scrobipalpa ocellatella

Scrobipalpa ocellatella, the beet moth, is a moth in the family Gelechiidae.

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Scythian art

Scythian art is art, primarily decorative objects, such as jewellery, produced by the nomadic tribes in the area known to the ancient Greeks as Scythia, which was centred on the Pontic-Caspian steppe and ranged from modern Kazakhstan to the Baltic coast of modern Poland and to Georgia.

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Scythian languages

The Scythian languages are a group of Eastern Iranian languages of the classical and late antiquity (Middle Iranian) period, spoken in a vast region of Eurasia named Scythia.

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Scythians

or Scyths (from Greek Σκύθαι, in Indo-Persian context also Saka), were a group of Iranian people, known as the Eurasian nomads, who inhabited the western and central Eurasian steppes from about the 9th century BC until about the 1st century BC.

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Seattle Chamber Players

The Seattle Chamber Players are a chamber ensemble focused on contemporary music, founded in 1989 in Seattle, Washington, U.S. In January 2004, the group was awarded the ASCAP/Chamber Music America Award for Adventurous Programming.

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Second Archipelago Expedition

The Second Archipelago Expedition was an expedition by the Russian Baltic Fleet under Admiral Dmitry Senyavin into the Mediterranean between 1805 and 1807.

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Second Army (Hungary)

The Hungarian Second Army (Második Magyar Hadsereg) was one of three field armies (hadsereg) raised by the Kingdom of Hungary (Magyar Királyság) which saw action during World War II.

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Second Battle of El Alamein

The Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November 1942) was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein. With the Allies victorious, it was the watershed of the Western Desert Campaign. The First Battle of El Alamein had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt. In August 1942, Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard Law Montgomery took command of the Eighth Army following the sacking of General Claude Auchinleck and the death of his replacement Lieutenant-General William Gott in an air crash. The Allied victory turned the tide in the North African Campaign and ended the Axis threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields via North Africa. The Second Battle of El Alamein revived the morale of the Allies, being the first big success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941. The battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch, which started on 8 November, the Battle of Stalingrad and the Guadalcanal Campaign.

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Second Battle of Kharkov

The Second Battle of Kharkov or Operation Fredericus was an Axis counter-offensive in the region around Kharkov (now Kharkiv)Kharkov is the Russian language name of the city Kharkiv (Kharkiv the Ukrainian one); both Russian and Ukrainian were official languages in the Soviet Union (Source: & by Routledge) against the Red Army Izium bridgehead offensive conducted 12–28 May 1942, on the Eastern Front during World War II.

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Sedina buettneri

Blair's Wainscot (Sedina buettneri) is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Selaginella selaginoides

Selaginella selaginoides is a non-flowering plant of the spikemoss genus Selaginella with a wide distribution around the Northern Hemisphere.

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Selenia dentaria

Selenia dentaria, the early thorn, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Semiramis

Semiramis (Assyrian;ܫܲܡܝܼܪܵܡ Shamiram,; Σεμίραμις, Շամիրամ Shamiram) was the legendary Lydian-Babylonian wife of Onnes and Ninus, succeeding the latter to the throne of Assyria.

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Semitic languages

The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family originating in the Middle East.

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Semyon Timoshenko

Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (Семён Константи́нович Тимоше́нко, Semën Konstantinovič Timošenko; Семе́н Костянти́нович Тимоше́нко, Semen Kostiantynovych Tymoshenko) (– 31 March 1970) was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union.

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Separatism

A common definition of separatism is that it is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group.

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Sequoiadendron

Sequoiadendron is a genus of evergreen trees, with two species, only one of which survives to the present.

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Serach (Khazar)

In the Schechter Letter, Serakh is the wife of the Khazar ruler Sabriel.

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Serapias vomeracea

Serapias vomeracea, common name long-lipped serapias or the plow-share serapias, is a species of orchid in the genus Serapias.

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Serbia

Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.

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Serboi

The Serboi (Sérboi) was a tribe mentioned in Greco-Roman geography as living in the North Caucasus, believed by scholars to have been Sarmatian.

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Serge Afanasyan

Serge Afanasyan (13 January 1913 – 30 May 1994) was an Armenian historian.

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Sergei Alphéraky

Sergei Nikolaevich Alphéraky (1850–1918) (sometimes Alphéraki or Alferaki) was a Russian ornithologist and entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera.

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Sergei Bodrov

Sergei Vladimirovich Bodrov (p; born June 28, 1948) is a Russian film director, screenwriter, and producer.

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Sergei Lashchenko

Serhiy Lashchenko (Ukrainian: Сергій Лащенко; 21 June 1987 – 8 April 2015), also spelled as Sergii Lashchenko and Sergei Lascenko, was a Ukrainian kickboxer.

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Sergei Mikhailovich Dukhovskoi

Sergei Mihailovich Dukhovskoi (1838–1901) was a Russian military officer who served, among other things, as Priamur and Turkestan Governor General Ataman of the Priamur Cossack host.

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Sergei Parajanov Museum

The Sergei Parajanov Museum (Սերգեյ Փարաջանովի թանգարան) is a tribute to Soviet Armenian director and artist Sergei Parajanov and is one of the most popular museums in Yerevan.

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Sergei Prokofiev

Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (r; 27 April 1891 – 5 March 1953) was a Russian Soviet composer, pianist and conductor.

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Sergei Witte

Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (translit), also known as Sergius Witte, was a highly influential econometrician, minister, and prime minister in Imperial Russia, one of the key figures in the political arena at the end of 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Sergey Kavtaradze

Sergey or Sergo Kavtaradze (Georgian: სერგო ქავთარაძე, Sergo Kavtaradze; Russian: Сергей Иванович Кавтарадзе, Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze; 15 August 1885 – 17 October 1971) was a Soviet politician and diplomat who briefly served as head of government in the Georgian SSR and as Deputy Prosecutor General of the Soviet Union.

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Sergey Kirov

Sergei Mironovich Kirov (born Kostrikov; – 1 December 1934) was a prominent early Bolshevik leader in the Soviet Union.

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Sergey Lvovich Levitsky

Count Sergei Lvovich Levitsky (Серге́й Львович Львов-Левицкий, 1819 – 1898), is considered one of the patriarchs of Russian photography and one of Europe's most important early photographic pioneers, inventors and innovators.

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Sergey Mstislavsky

Sergey Dmitrievich Mstislavsky (Серге′й Дми′триевич Мстисла′вский, born Maslovsky; November 4, 1876, Moscow - April 22, 1943, Irkutsk, USSR) was a Russian Soviet writer, dramatist, publicist, anthropologist, editor and political activist, close to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries.

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Sergey Nikolaevich Kurnakov

Sergey Nikolaevich Kurnakov or Sergei N. Kournakoff (Russian: Сергей Курнаков) is a former tsarist cavalry officer who had immigrated to the U.S. and later became an ardent ideological Communist.

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Sergiu Celac

Sergiu Celac (born May 26, 1939) was the first post-communist Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania (December 26, 1989 - June 28, 1990) within the Romanian Provisional Government in the aftermath of the Romanian Revolution of 1989.

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Sergius, Patrician of Lazica

Sergius, son of Barnucius, was a ruler (patrician) of Lazica on the eastern Black Sea, in what is now western Georgia, who, 696/697, revolted from the Byzantine hegemony and acknowledged the suzerainty of the Arabs.

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Sergo Ordzhonikidze

Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze (გრიგოლ კონსტანტინეს ძე ორჯონიკიძე Grigol Konstantines dze Orjonikidze; Григо́рий Константи́нович Орджоники́дзе Grigori Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze), generally known as Sergo Ordzhonikidze (სერგო ორჯონიკიძე; Серго́ Орджоники́дзе);, Kutais Governorate – 18 February 1937, Moscow) was a Georgian Bolshevik, later member of the CPSU Politburo and close associate of Joseph Stalin. Ordzhonikidze, Stalin and Anastas Mikoyan comprised what was jokingly referred to as the "Caucasian Clique.".

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Serrulina serrulata

Serrulina serrulata is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails, all of which have a clausilium.

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Sesleria heufleriana

Sesleria heufleriana is a species of perennial grass in the Poaceae family, native to central, southeastern, and eastern Europe and the Caucasus.

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Sevanavank

Sevanavank (Սևանավանք; meaning Sevan Monastery) is a monastic complex located on a peninsula at the northwestern shore of Lake Sevan in the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia, not far from the town of Sevan.

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Seven Church monastery complex

Seven Church monastery complex (Yeddi Kilsə monastır kompleksi) - is one of the oldest Christian monasteries in Azerbaijan and in Caucasus, and is a Caucasian Albanian Apostolic monastery located near the village of Ləkit Kötüklü in the Qakh Rayon of the Azerbaijan republic.

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Sevil (1928 play)

Sevil is a play by Azerbaijani playwright Jafar Jabbarly written in 1928.

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Sex selection

Sex selection is the attempt to control the sex of the offspring to achieve a desired sex.

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Sex-selective abortion

Sex-selective abortion is the practice of terminating a pregnancy based upon the predicted sex of the infant.

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Sexism

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender.

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Sexual slavery

Sexual slavery and sexual exploitation is attaching the right of ownership over one or more persons with the intent of coercing or otherwise forcing them to engage in one or more sexual activities.

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Seyahatname

Seyāḥat-nāme (Persian/Ottoman Turkish: سياحت نامه, "book of travels") is the name of a literary form and tradition whose examples can be found throughout centuries in the Middle Ages around the Islamic world, starting with the Arab travellers of the Umayyad period.

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Seychour Rugs

A subtype of the Kuba rug, antique Seychour (also known as Seichur and Zeychour) rugs are made in the small town of Yukhari-Zeykhur in Azerbaijan in the Northeast Caucasus.

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Seyid Azim Shirvani

Seyid Azim Shirvani (Seyid Əzim Şirvani; 9 July 1835, Shamakhy – 1 June 1888, Shamakhy) was an Azerbaijani poet and enlightener.

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Shabashka

Within the second economy of the Soviet Union, shabashka (p) was semi-official seasonal work.

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Shafi‘i

The Shafi‘i (شافعي, alternative spelling Shafei) madhhab is one of the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam.

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Shah Shoja Mozaffari

Shah Shoja (Shāh Shojā, lit. "the brave shah"), was the ruler of the Arabian Muzaffarid dynasty from 1358 to 1384.

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Shahdag National Park

Shahdag National Park (Şahdağ Milli Parkı) — is a national park of Azerbaijan.

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Shakhovskoy

Shakhovskoy (alt. Shahovskoy, Shahovskoi, Шаховские, Chakhovskoï., Schachowskoi., Šachovskoj.) is the name of a princely Russian family descending from the Rurik Dynasty, and as such, one of the oldest noble families of Russia.

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Shaki Khanate

Shaki khanate (Şəki xanlığı, also spelled as Sheki khanate, Shekin khanate, Shakki khanate) was a Caucasian khanate established in Afsharid Iran, on the territory of modern Azerbaijan, between 1743 and 1819 with its capital in the town of Shaki.

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Shaki, Azerbaijan

Shaki (Şəki; until 1968 Nukha, Azerbaijani: Nuxa) is a city in northwestern Azerbaijan, in the rayon of the same name.

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Shalakho

Shalakho (շալախո shalakho; Şələqoy; შალახო shalakho or კინტოური kintouri) is a popular dance of the Caucasus of Azeri and Armenian origin.

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Shalako

Shalako is a series of dances and ceremonies conducted by the Zuni people at the winter solstice, typically following the harvest.

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Shalva Eliava

Shalva Eliava (შალვა ელიავა; Ша́лва Зура́бович Элиа́ва, Shalva Zurabovich Eliava) (September 30, 1883, Ganiri – December 3, 1937) was a Georgian Old Bolshevik and Soviet official who contributed to Sovietization of Central Asia and Caucasus but fell victim to Joseph Stalin’s Great Purge.

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Shalva Gachechiladze

Shalva Gachehiladze (born December 21, 1987 in Tbilisi, Georgia) is a Georgian show jumping champion.

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Shalva Maglakelidze

Shalva Maglakelidze (also spelled as Maghlakelidze;, Schalwa Maglakelidse, Chalva Maglakelidzé) (1893—1976) was a Georgian jurist, politician and military commander.

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Shalva of Akhaltsikhe

Shalva Toreli-Akhaltiskheli (შალვა თორელი-ახალციხელი) (died 1227) was a Georgian military commander and courtier, of the noble house of Toreli-Akhaltsikheli.

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Shamakhi dancers

The Shamakhi dancers (Azerbaijani: Şamaxı rəqqasələri) were the principal dancers of the entertainment groups that existed in Shamakhi (Azerbaijan) up to the late 19th century.

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Shamil Basayev

Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (Шамиль Басаев, Шамиль Салманович Басаев; 14 January 1965 – 10 July 2006) was a Chechen General militant Islamist and a leader of the Chechen movement.

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Shamil Shetekauri

Herbarium of University of Jena, 2008 Shamil Shetekauri (შამილ შეთეკაური) (born July 10, 1955, Khone, Dusheti District, Georgia), is a Georgian scientist, botanist, botanical geography specialist in the study of flora, biodiversity, taxonomy of plants and plant ecology.

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Shamil, 3rd Imam of Dagestan

Imam Shamil (also spelled Shamyl, Schamil, Schamyl or Shameel; Шейх Шамил; Şeyh Şamil; Имам Шамиль; الشيخ شامل) (pronounced "Shaamil") (26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the political, military, and spiritual leader of Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s, as well as the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859).

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Shamkir reservoir

The Shamkir reservoir (Şəmkir su anbarı) is a large reservoir in the Shamkir Rayon of northwestern Azerbaijan.

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Shapur I

Shapur I (𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩; New Persian: rtl), also known as Shapur I the Great, was the second shahanshah (king of kings) of the Sasanian Empire.

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Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht

Shapur I's Ka'ba-ye Zartosht inscription, also referred to as The Great Inscription of Shapur I, ŠKZ, SKZ, or Res Gestae Divi Saporis (RGDS), refers to an important inscription made during the reign of the Persian Sasanian king Shapur I (r. 240-270).

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Sharafnama

The Sharafnama (Kurdish: شەرەفنامە Şerefname, "The Book of Honor", Persian: Sharafname, شرفنامه) is the famous book of Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi (a medieval Kurdish historian and poet) (1543–1599), which he wrote in 1597, in Persian.

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Sharona

Sharona (שָׁרוֹנָה /saˈʁona/, but publicized in English as /ʃəˈɹoʊnə/) is a moshav in northern Israel.

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Shashka

The shashka (сэшхуэ; шашка) is a special kind of sabre; a very sharp, single-edged, single-handed, and guardless sword.

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Shashlik

Shashlik or shashlyk (شیشلیک – Šišlik, խորոված khorovats, şişlik or tikə kabab, მწვადი mtsvadi, шашлы́к šašlýk, шашли́к šašlýk, szaszłyk, šašliks, šašlykas, şaşlık, שישליק šíšliq, Urdu: شاشلِک śāślik, শাশলিক śāślik), is a name given to a dish of skewered and grilled cubes of meat popular in Eastern Europe, eastern Central Europe, the Baltics, Caucasus, Central Asia and some parts of the Middle East, including Iran, Israel, and Turkey.

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Shatlak's Song

Song of Shatlak (Шатлакхан Илли, Şatlaqan Illi) is the anthem of the Chechen Republic in Russia.

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Shavnabada Monastery

Shavnabada Monastery (tr; also Shavnabada Monastery of St. George) is a medieval Georgian Orthodox monastic complex that is located upon Shavnabada Mountain, approximately 8 km away from the village of Tabatskuri and 20 km southeast of Bakuriani, in the Samtskhe-Javakheti Province (Mkhare), of Georgia.

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Sheikh Mansur

Al-Imam al-Mansur al-Mutawakil 'ala Allah, also known as Sheikh al-Mansur ("The-Victorious"), born Ushurma (1760–1794) was a Chechen Islamic religious and military leader who led the resistance against Catherine the Great's imperialist expansion into the Caucasus during the late 18th century.

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Shengavit Settlement

The Shengavit Settlement (Շենգավիթ հնավայր, Shengavit' hənavayr) is an archaeological site in present-day Yerevan, Armenia located on a hill south-east of Yerevan Lake.

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Shibden Hall

Shibden Hall is a Grade II* listed historic house located in a public park at Shibden, West Yorkshire, England.

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Shirvan

Shirvan (from translit; Şirvan; Tat: Şirvan), also spelled as Sharvān, Shirwan, Shervan, Sherwan and Šervān, is a historical region in the eastern Caucasus, known by this name in both Islamic and modern times.

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Shirvan (disambiguation)

Shirvan may refer to.

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Shirvan National Park

Shirvan National Park (Şirvan Milli Parkı) — is a national park of Azerbaijan.

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Shirvani Arabic

Shirvani Arabic is a variety of Arabic that was once spoken in what is now central and northwestern Azerbaijan (historically known as Shirvan) and Dagestan (southern Russia).

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Shish kebab

Shish kebab (Armenian: խորոված; şiş kebap; Persian/Mazandarani: شیش کباب, shish kebab) is a popular meal of skewered and grilled cubes of meat.

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Shmuel Tankus

Aluf (Rear Admiral) Shmuel "Shmulik" Tankus (שמואל טנקוס‎; 14 November 1914 – 4 March 2012) was the fifth commander of the Israeli Navy, serving from 30 June 1954 until 1960.

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Shollar water

Shollar water is bottled water from the Shollar spring in Şollar, Azerbaijan, or water pumped to the city of Baku from the Shollar spring.

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Sholom Dovber Schneersohn

Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (שלום דובער שניאורסאהן) was an Orthodox rabbi and the fifth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement.

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Short-toed treecreeper

The short-toed treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla) is a small passerine bird found in woodlands through much of the warmer regions of Europe and into north Africa.

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Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University

Shota Rustaveli Theater and Georgia State Film University (TAFU) is one of the oldest universities in the Caucasus and Georgia.

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Shovi

Shovi (შოვი) is a mountain climatic and health resort on the south slopes of the main Caucasus ridge in the region of Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Georgia, known for its carbonated water.

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Shovkat Mammadova

Shovkat Hasan qizi Mammadova (Şövkət Məmmədova) (18 April 1897, Tbilisi – 8 June 1981, Baku) was an Azerbaijani opera singer (lyric coloratura soprano) and music instructor.

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Shusha

Shusha (Şuşa; Шуша), or Shushi (Շուշի), is a city in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh in the South Caucasus.

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Shusha massacre

The Shusha massacre (Շուշիի ջարդեր – Shushii charder) was the mass killing of the Armenian population of Shusha and the destruction of the Armenian half of the city that followed the suppression of the Armenian revolt against the authorities of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1920.

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Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve

Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve (Şuşa Dövlət Tarix - Memarlıq Qoruğu) is an Azerbaijani state reserve and is on the Azeri tentative list of future World Heritage Site located in Shusha district of Karabakh region of Azerbaijan.

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Shushanik Kurghinian

Shushanik Kurghinian (Շուշանիկ Կուրղինյան; 18 August 1876 – 24 November 1927) was an Armenian writer who became a catalyst in the development of socialist and feminist poetry.

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Sideridis implexa

Sideridis implexa is a species of moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Sidney Reilly

Sidney George Reilly MC (– 5 November 1925), commonly known as the "Ace of Spies," was a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard's Special Branch and later by the British Secret Service Bureau, the precursor to the modern British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6/SIS).

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Siege of Constantinople (717–718)

The Second Arab siege of Constantinople in 717–718 was a combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.

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Siege of Damascus (634)

The Siege of Damascus (634) lasted from 21 August to 19 September 634 AD before the city fell to the Rashidun Caliphate.

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Siege of Nicaea (727)

The Siege of Nicaea of 727 was an unsuccessful attempt by the Umayyad Caliphate to capture the Byzantine city of Nicaea, the capital of the Opsician Theme.

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Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42)

The Siege of Sevastopol also known as the Defence of Sevastopol (Оборона Севастополя, transliteration: Oborona Sevastopolya) or the Battle of Sevastopol (German: Schlacht um Sewastopol) was a military battle that took place on the Eastern Front of the Second World War.

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Silver age of alpinism

The silver age of alpinism is the name given in Great Britain to the era in mountaineering that began after Edward Whymper and party's ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 and ended with W. W. Graham and party's ascent of the Dent du Géant in 1882.

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Silver fox (animal)

The silver fox is a melanistic form of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes).

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Siman Povarenkin

Siman Povarenkin (Born 1969 in Omsk) is a Russian entrepreneur with investments in metals & mining, geophysics and medical and health technology in Asia, Europe and Latin America.

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Simargl Air Company

Simargl Air provides charter passenger VIP, sightseeing and crop-spraying flights in the Caucasus region of Russia.

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Simon I Gurieli

Simon I Gurieli (also Svimon; სიმონ I გურიელი, 1606 –), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1625 to 1626.

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Simon I of Kartli

Simon I the Great (სიმონ I დიდი) also known as Svimon (სვიმონი) (1537–1611), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a Georgian king of Kartli from 1556 to 1569 and again from 1578 to 1599.

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Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia

The Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia (სიმონ ჯანაშიას სახელობის საქართველოს მუზეუმი), formerly known as the State Museum of History of Georgia, is one of the main history museums in Tbilisi, Georgia, which displays the country’s principal archaeological findings.

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Simyra nervosa

Simyra nervosa is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Sinan Oğan

Sinan Oğan (born 1 September 1967 in Iğdır) is a Turkish politician of Azeri Turkish origin, who won a seat in the Turkish parliament in 2011 with the right-wing Nationalist Movement Party.

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Sinapis arvensis

Sinapis arvensis, the charlock mustard, field mustard, wild mustard or charlock, is an annual or winter annual plant of the genus Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae.

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Sinemorets

Sinemorets (Синеморец; also Sinemorec, Sinemoretz, "place on the blue sea") is a village and seaside resort on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria, located in the very southeast of the country close to the border with Turkey, where the river Veleka flows into the sea.

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Sinomenium

Sinomenium is a genus of plant in family Menispermaceae first described as a genus in 1910.

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Sinop, Turkey

Sinop (Σινώπη, Sinōpē, historically known as Sinope) is a city with a population of 36,734 on the isthmus of İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince), near Cape Sinope (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the most northern edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey.

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Siona lineata

Siona lineata, the black-veined moth, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet

Colonel Sir Toby Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet, (17 January 1867 – 1 June 1934) was an English pioneer motorist and aviator, soldier and intelligence officer, and sportsman.

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Sisoridae

Sisoridae is a family of catfishes.

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Sittas

Sittas (Σίττας; died 538) was a Byzantine military commander during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565).

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Skhalta Cathedral

The Skhalta Cathedral (სხალთა) is a Georgian Orthodox monastery and cathedral church in Adjara, Georgia, dating from the mid-13th century.

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Sky island

Sky islands are isolated mountains surrounded by radically different lowland environments.

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Slavery

Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.

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Slavery in medieval Europe

Slavery had mostly died out in western Europe about the year 1000, replaced by serfdom.

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Slavery in Russia

Abolition of serfdom in Russia was in 1861.

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Slavery in the Ottoman Empire

Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a legal and significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and society.

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Slavs

Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the various Slavic languages of the larger Balto-Slavic linguistic group.

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Slender pug

The slender pug (Eupithecia tenuiata) is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Slovak Air Force (1939–45)

The Slovak Air Force (Slovenské vzdušné zbrane, or SVZ), between 1939 and 1945, was the air force of the short-lived World War II Slovak Republic.

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Slovenia–United States relations

Slovenia–United States relations are bilateral relations between Slovenia and the United States.

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Small fan-footed wave

The small fan-footed wave (Idaea biselata) is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Small square-spot

The small square-spot (Diarsia rubi) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Snowcock

The snowcocks are a group of bird species in the genus Tetraogallus of the pheasant family, Phasianidae.

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Snowshoe

A snowshoe is footwear for walking over snow.

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Sobaka magazine

Sobaka magazine was an avant-garde periodical that examined and reviewed events in Third World countries but usually did not get the attention of the mainline press.

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SOCAR

The State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) (Azərbaycan Respublikası Dövlət Neft Şirkəti) is a wholly state-owned national oil and gas company headquartered in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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SOCAR Tower

SOCAR Tower in Baku is the tallest building in Azerbaijan and the Caucasus region.

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Sochi conflict

Sochi conflict was a three-party border conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary White Russian forces, Bolshevik Red Army and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, each of which sought control over the Black Sea town of Sochi.

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Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia

The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (SSR Abkhazia) was a short-lived republic within the Caucasus region of the Soviet Union that covered the territory of Abkhazia, and existed from 31 March 1921 to 19 February 1931.

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Society of the Mongol Empire

This article is about the society of the Mongol Empire.

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Sofia Sergeyevna Trubetskaya

Sofia Sergeyevna Trubetskaya or Sophie Troubetskoy (25 March 1836, Moscow – 8 August 1898, Madrid) was a Russian princess.

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Solar eclipse of November 3, 2013

A total solar eclipse occurred on 3 November 2013.

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Solidarnost

Solidarnost (Солидарность, Russian for "Solidarity", named after the Polish Solidarność) is a Russian liberal democratic political movement founded on 13 December 2008 by a number of well-known members of the liberal democratic opposition, including Garry Kasparov, Boris Nemtsov and others from the Yabloko and Union of Right Forces (which had just merged with two pro-Kremlin parties, the Democratic Party of Russia and Civilian Power, to form the pro-Kremlin liberal democratic Right Cause) parties, leaders of the Dissenters March events, the Committee 2008, the People's Democratic Union, the United Civil Front, The Other Russia and other politicians and political groups.

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Sonchus brachyotus

Sonchus brachyotus is an Asian species of plants in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family.

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Sophronia illustrella

Sophronia illustrella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae.

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Sorbus

Sorbus is a genus of about 100–200 species of trees and shrubs in the rose family, Rosaceae.

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Sorbus aucuparia

Sorbus aucuparia, commonly called rowan and mountain-ash, is a species of deciduous tree or shrub in the rose family.

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Sorbus domestica

Sorbus domestica, with the common name service tree or sorb tree (because of its fruit), is a species of Sorbus native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa (Atlas Mountains), and southwest Asia (east to the Caucasus).

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Sorbus graeca

Sorbus graeca, also known as the Greek whitebeam and Fan-leaved service-tree is a species of whitebeam, member of the genus Sorbus in the rose family (Rosaceae).

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Sorbus torminalis

Sorbus torminalis, with common names wild service tree, chequers, and checker tree, is a species of Sorbus native to Europe from England and Wales east to Denmark and Poland, south to northwest Africa, and southeast to southwest Asia from Asia Minor to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains.

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Sorhagenia janiszewskae

Sorhagenia janiszewskae is a moth in the Cosmopterigidae family.

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Sorhagenia lophyrella

Sorhagenia lophyrella is a moth in the Cosmopterigidae family.

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Sose Mayrig

Sose Mayrig (Սոսէ Մայրիկ, 1868 – 1953), born Sose Vardanian, (Սոսե Վարդանյան) was an Armenian female fedayee, the wife of famous hajduk leader Serob Aghpur.

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Sosruko

Sosruko or Sosriqwa (Сослан, Soslan; Сосрыкъуэ, Sosryqwa; Сосурукъ/Сосуркъа, Sosuruq/Sosurqa) is a central character in many cycles of the Nart sagas of the Caucasus.

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Soumak

Soumak (also spelled Soumakh, Sumak, Sumac, or Soumac) is a tapestry technique of weaving strong and decorative textiles used as rugs and domestic bags.

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South East European Film Festival

The South East European Film Festival, also known as SEEfest, is an annual (non-profit) film festival held during the first week of May in various venues throughout Los Angeles, California.

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South Ossetia

South Ossetia or Tskhinvali Region, is a disputed territory in the South Caucasus, in the northern part of the internationally recognised Georgian territory.

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South Ossetian passport

South Ossetian passports are issued to inhabitants of South Ossetia (a disputed territory in the Caucasus) for the purpose of international travel and for the purpose of legal identification within South Ossetia.

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Southern crested newt

The southern crested newt (Triturus karelinii) is a terrestrial European newt.

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Southern Front of the Russian Civil War

The Southern Front of the Russian Civil War was a theatre of the Russian Civil War.

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Southern Railways (Ukraine)

The Southern Railways (SR) (Південна залізниця, Южная железная дорога) is a composing part of Ukraine's Ukrzaliznytsia railroad company and is headquartered in Kharkiv.

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Soviet Armed Forces

The Soviet Armed Forces, also called the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Armed Forces of the Soviet Union (Russian: Вооружённые Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, Вооружённые Силы Советского Союза) refers to the armed forces of the Russian SFSR (1917–1922), the Soviet Union (1922–1991) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1912–1991) from their beginnings in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War to its dissolution on 26 December 1991.

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Soviet Census (1959)

The Soviet Census conducted in January 1959 was the first post-World War II census held in the Soviet Union.

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Soviet Census (1979)

In January 1979, the Soviet Union conducted its first census in nine years (since 1970).

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Soviet cruiser Krasnyi Kavkaz

Krasnyi Kavkaz (from Russian: "Красный Кавказ" - "Red Caucasus") was a cruiser of the Soviet Navy that began construction during World War I, but was still incomplete during the Russian Revolution.

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Soviet cuisine

Soviet cuisine, the common cuisine of the Soviet Union, was formed by the integration of the various national cuisines of the Soviet Union, in the course of the formation of the Soviet people.

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Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

The Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was the military occupation, by the Soviet Red Army, during June 28 – July 4, 1940, of the Romanian regions of Northern Bukovina and Hertza, and of Bessarabia, a region under Romanian administration since Russian Civil War times.

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Soviet Storm: World War II in the East

Soviet Storm: World War II in the East (Russian title: Советский Шторм: Вторая мировая война на Востоке; original Russian title — Великая война, English: The Great War) is a 2011 17-episode Russian television World War II series created by Anna Grazhdan, Artem Drabkin, and Aleksey Isaev.

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Soviet Union in World War II

The Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany on 23 August 1939.

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Soyuz 18

Soyuz 18 (Союз 18, Union 18) was a 1975 Soviet manned mission to Salyut 4, the second and final crew to man the space station.

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Soyuz 30

Soyuz 30 (Союз 30, Union 30) was a 1978 manned Soviet space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.

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Spartak Belyaev

Spartak Belyaev (October 27, 1923 – January 5, 2017) was a Russian theoretical physicist who was awarded a Lomonosov Gold Medal.

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Special Corps of Gendarmes

The Special Corps of Gendarmes (Отдельный корпус жандармов) was the uniformed security police of the Imperial Russian Army in the Russian Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Spencer Wells

Spencer Wells (born April 6, 1969) is a geneticist, anthropologist, author, entrepreneur, adjunct professor at the University of Texas at Austin, and owner of Antone's, an iconic nightclub in Austin, Texas.

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Sphingonaepiopsis gorgoniades

Sphingonaepiopsis gorgoniades (Gorgon hawkmoth) is a moth of the family Sphingidae.

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Spinacia

Spinacia is a flowering plant genus in subfamily Chenopodioideae of family Amaranthaceae.

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Spiritual Assembly

Spiritual Assembly is a term given by `Abdu'l-Bahá to refer to elected councils that govern the Bahá'í Faith.

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Spoke

A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface.

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Sport in Abkhazia

Football is a major sport in Abkhazia (a territory in the Caucasus).

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Spread of Islam

Early Muslim conquests in the years following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by missionary activities, particularly those of Imams, who intermingled with local populations to propagate the religious teachings.

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Spruce

A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth.

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Spruce carpet

The spruce carpet (Thera britannica) is a species of moth.

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Sring

The sring (Armenian: սրինգ, also transliterated as srink) is a shepherd's flute originating in Eastern Armenia (the Caucasus region).

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Srubna culture

The Srubna culture (Сру́бная культу́ра, Зрубна́ культу́ра), Timber-grave culture, was a Late Bronze Age (18th–12th centuries BC) cultureJ. P. Mallory, "Srubna Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.

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St. Niklaus, Switzerland

St.

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St. Petersburg Institute of Jewish Studies

St.

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Stasys Raštikis

Stasys Raštikis (September 13, 1896 – May 3, 1985) was a Lithuanian military officer, ultimately obtaining the rank of divisional general.

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State reserves of Azerbaijan

State Reserves of Azerbaijan refers to the state reserves in Azerbaijan, which preserve the fauna, flora and their ecosystems.

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State serf

State serfs or state peasants (Государственные крестьяне, gosudarstvennye krestiane) were a special social estate (class) of peasantry in 18th–19th century Russia, the number of which in some periods reached half of the agricultural population.

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Stauropolia

Stauropolia is an extinct genus of tiger moths in the Erebidae family.

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Stavropol

Stavropol (p) is a city and the administrative center of Stavropol Krai, Russia.

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Stavropolskaya Aktsionernaya Avia Flight 1023

Stavropolskaya Aktsionernaya Avia Flight 1023 was a charter flight between Stavropol in southern Russia and Trabzon in Turkey operated by the Russian airline Stavropolskaya Aktsionernaya Avia.

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Stefan Ustvolsky

Stefan Ustvolsky was a Russian Orthodox priest excommunicated from the Most Holy Synod in Saint Petersburg and pretend bishop in early Ukrainian Canadian history.

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Sten Anders Hjalmar Sjögren

Sten Anders Hjalmar Sjögren (June 13, 1856, Färnebo, Värmland – March 23, 1922, Stockholm) was a Swedish geologist and mineralogist.

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Stenocorus meridianus

Stenocorus meridianus is a species of longhorn beetle in the Lepturinae subfamily that can be found anywhere in Europe (except for Faroe Islands, Iceland and Ireland, Malta, and parts of Italy such as San Marino, Sardinia, Sicily, and Vatican city), Caucasus, and Kazakhstan.

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Stenopterus rufus

Stenopterus rufus is a beetle species of round-necked longhorns belonging to the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae.

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Stenoptilia convexa

Stenoptilia convexa is a moth of the family Pterophoridae.

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Stenoptilia pneumonanthes

Stenoptilia pneumonanthes is a moth of the family Pterophoridae.

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Stenoptilia poculi

Stenoptilia poculi is a moth of the family Pterophoridae.

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Stepan Shaumian

Stepan Georgevich Shaumian (Степан Георгиевич Шаумян; Ստեփան Շահումյան, Step’an Shahumyan; 1 October 1878 – 20 September 1918) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and politician active throughout the Caucasus.

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Stepan Zorian

Stepan Zorian (Armenian: Ստեփան Զօրեան, 1867–1919), better known by his nom de guerre Rostom (Ռոստոմ), was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and a very active participant of the Armenian national liberation movement.

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Stephanorhinus

Stephanorhinus is an extinct genus of rhinoceros native to northern Eurasia that lived during the Lower to Early Late Pleistocene epoch.

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Stephen F. Jones

Stephen F. Jones (born 1952) is an American expert on post-Communist societies in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe who currently serves as Chair of Russian and Eurasian Studies at Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts.

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Stephen Gethins

Stephen Patrick Gethins (born 1976) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for North East Fife since May 2015.

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Stephen Graham (author)

Stephen Graham (19 March 1884 - 15 March 1975) was a British journalist, travel-writer, essayist and novelist.

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Steppe polecat

The steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanii), also known as the white or masked polecat, is a species of mustelid native to Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

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Steppe wolf

The steppe wolf (Canis lupus campestris), also known as Caspian Sea wolf, is a subspecies of grey wolf native to the Caspian steppes, the steppe regions of the Caucasus, the lower Volga region, southern Kazakhstan north to the middle of the Emba, the northern Urals, and the steppe regions of the lower European part of the former Soviet Union.

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Sternbergia

Sternbergia is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.

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Sternbergia colchiciflora

Sternbergia colchiciflora is a bulbous flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, which is sometimes used as an ornamental plant.

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Steve LeVine

Steve LeVine (born 1957 in New York) is a writer and journalist.

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Steveniella

Steveniella is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae.

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Stictoleptura erythroptera

Stictoleptura erythroptera is a species of longhorn beetle in the Lepturinae subfamily.

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Stigmella zagulaevi

Stigmella zagulaevi is a moth of the Nepticulidae family.

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Stoat

The stoat (Mustela erminea), also known as the short-tailed weasel or simply the weasel in Ireland where the least weasel does not occur, is a mammal of the genus Mustela of the family Mustelidae native to Eurasia and North America, distinguished from the least weasel by its larger size and longer tail with a prominent black tip.

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Stomphastis conflua

Stomphastis conflua is a moth of the Gracillariidae family.

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Stone of Tmutarakan

The Stone of Tmutarakan (Тмутараканский камень) is a marble slab engraved with the words "In the year 6576 the sixth of the Indiction, Prince Gleb measured across the sea on the ice from Tmutarakan to Kerch 14,000 sazhen" («В лето 6576 индикта 6 Глеб князь мерил море по леду от Тмутороканя до Корчева 14000 сажен»).

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Storming of Derbent

The Storming of Derbent (Штурм Дербента) took place on 10 May 1796 during the Persian Expedition of 1796.

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Straw underwing

The straw underwing (Thalpophila matura) is a moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Streptomyces badius

Streptomyces badius is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Kaukasus in Russia.

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Streptomyces cremeus

Streptomyces cremeus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from the Caucasus region in Russia.

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Striped hyena

The striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is a species of hyena native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.

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Strongylognathus testaceus

Strongylognathus testaceus is a species of slave-making ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae.

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Stuffed artichoke

Stuffed artichoke is a food prepared in various regions.

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Stuffed sorrel

Stuffed sorrel (Labada sarması, Evelik dolması, Əvəlik dolması) is a generic name for meals made of sorrel leaves stuffed with meat (lamb) and rice, or more rarely rice only.

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Subregion

A subregion is a part of a larger region or continent and is usually based on location.

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Subspecies of Canis lupus

Canis lupus has 38 subspecies listed in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World, 2005 edition.

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Subways (Rostov-on-Don)

Subways of Rostov-on-Don are pedestrian walkways which were built in the city between the late 1960s and the early 1980s.

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Sufism

Sufism, or Taṣawwuf (personal noun: ṣūfiyy / ṣūfī, mutaṣawwuf), variously defined as "Islamic mysticism",Martin Lings, What is Sufism? (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.15 "the inward dimension of Islam" or "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam",Massington, L., Radtke, B., Chittick, W. C., Jong, F. de, Lewisohn, L., Zarcone, Th., Ernst, C, Aubin, Françoise and J.O. Hunwick, “Taṣawwuf”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by: P. Bearman, Th.

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Sukhum Okrug

The Sukhum Okrug (Сухумский округ) was an okrug (district) of the Kutais Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire.

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Sukhumi

Sokhumi or Sukhumi (Аҟәа, Aqwa; სოხუმი,; Сухум(и), Sukhum(i)) is a city on the Black Sea coast.

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Sukhumi botanical garden

Sukhumi Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the Caucasus.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

|spouse.

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Sultan Husayn

Sultan Husayn (also known as Soltan Hosayn and Soltan Hosein), (October 1668 – November 1726) (شاه سلطان حسین) reigned 1694–1722; was a Safavid Shah of Iran (Persia).

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Sulu köfte

Sulu köfte is a Turkish stew or thick soup (çorba) with köfte.

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Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1941

The Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1941 from 22 June to 4 December was the name given by Soviet military command to the period that marked the commencement of Operation Barbarossa.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam.

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Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia

The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia (საქართველოს რესპუბლიკის უზენაესი საბჭო, sakartvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabcho) was the highest unicameral legislative body in Georgia elected in the first democratic, multiparty elections in the Caucasus on October 28, 1990 while the country was still part of the Soviet Union.

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Suren Yeremian

Suren Tigrani Yeremian (Սուրեն Տիգրանի Երեմյան; Сурен Тигранович Еремян; – 17 December 1992) was an Armenian historian and cartographer who specialized in the studies concerning the formation of the Armenian nation and pre-medieval Armenia and the Caucasus.

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Surma-horn

The Ukrainian surma (Сурма) is a type of shawm that had widespread use in the armies of the Cossack host.

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Susan L. Woodward

Since 2001, Susan L. Woodward is a professor at the Political Science Program at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY).

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Suzanne Goldenberg

Suzanne Goldenberg is a Canadian-born author and journalist currently employed by The Guardian as their United States environmental correspondent.

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Svaneti

Svaneti or Svanetia (Suania in ancient sources) (სვანეთი Svaneti) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of the country.

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Sven Hedin

Sven Anders Hedin, KNO1kl RVO,Wennerholm, Eric (1978) Sven Hedin - En biografi, Bonniers, Stockholm (19 February 1865 – 26 November 1952) was a Swedish geographer, topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer, and illustrator of his own works.

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Svyatopolk-Mirsky

Svyatopolk-Mirsky (Святаполк-Мірскі, Sviatapolk-Mirski, Святополк-Мирский, Światopełk-Mirski, also transliterated as Swiatopolk or Mirskii) is a family of Russian and Polish nobility that originated from present-day northwestern Belarus.

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Swastika

The swastika (as a character 卐 or 卍) is a geometrical figure and an ancient religious icon from the cultures of Eurasia, where it has been and remains a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions, Chinese religions, Mongolian and Siberian shamanisms.

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Swedish exonyms

Below is list of Swedish language exonyms for places in non-Swedish-speaking areas of the world.

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Sydney Donkin

Sydney Bryan Donkin (24 June 1871 – 12 November 1952) was a British civil engineer.

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Sylvester Dzhibladze

Sylvester Dzhibladze was a founder of the Social-Democratic movement in the Caucasus and one of Joseph Stalin's teachers.

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Symphytum caucasicum

Symphytum caucasicum, the beinwell, blue comfrey, or Caucasian comfrey, is an ornamental plant of Symphytum genus in the Boraginaceae family, which is native to Caucasus.

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Syngrapha hochenwarthi

Syngrapha hochenwarthi is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Synopsia sociaria

Synopsia sociaria is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Syrian brown bear

The Syrian brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus) is a relatively small subspecies of brown bear native to the Middle East.

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Tables (board game)

Tables is a general name given to a class of board games similar to backgammon, played on a board with two rows of 12 vertical markings called "points".

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Tabriz

Tabriz (تبریز; تبریز) is the most populated city in Iranian Azerbaijan, one of the historical capitals of Iran and the present capital of East Azerbaijan province.

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Tabulaephorus decipiens

Tabulaephorus decipiens is a moth of the family Pterophoridae.

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Tadeusz Hołówko

Tadeusz Hołówko (September 17, 1889 – August 29, 1931), codename Kirgiz, was an interwar Polish politician, diplomat and author of many articles and books.

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Tagetes patula

Tagetes patula, the French marigold, is a species in the daisy family (Asteraceae).

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Tahmasp I

Tahmasp I (شاه تهماسب یکم) (22 February 1514 – 14 May 1576) was an influential Shah of Iran, who enjoyed the longest reign of any member of the Safavid dynasty.

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Tahmasp II

Tahmasp II (1704? – 11 February 1740) was one of the last Safavid rulers of Persia (Iran).

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Tajikistani Civil War

The Tajikistani Civil War (Ҷанги шаҳрвандии Тоҷикистон, Jangi şahrvandi‘i Tojikiston/Çangi şahrvandiji Toçikiston); also known as the Tajik Civil War or the War in Tajikistan, began in May 1992 when regional groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan rose up against the government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which was dominated by people from the Khujand and Kulyab regions.

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Talabuga

Talabuga, Tulabuga, Talubuga or Telubuga was the khan of the Golden Horde, division of the Mongol Empire between 1287 and 1291.

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Talysh Khanate

The Talysh Khanate (خانات تالش — Khānāt-e Tālesh, Talış xanlığı, Talysh: Tolshi hanəti, also known as the Lenkaran Khanate):ru:Талышское ханство was a khanate of Iranian origin that was established in Persia and existed from the middle of the 18th century till the beginning of the 19th century, located in the south-west coast of the Caspian Sea.

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Tamar of Georgia

Tamar the Great (თამარი) (1160 – 18 January 1213) reigned as the Queen of Georgia from 1184 to 1213, presiding over the apex of the Georgian Golden Age.

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Tamara Mkheidze

Tamara Mkheidze (December 22, 1915 in Kutaisi – April 11, 2007 in Tbilisi; თამარ მხეიძე) was a Georgian arachnologist.

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Tanacetum parthenium

Tanacetum parthenium, feverfew, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae.

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Tanbur

The terms Tanbur, Tanbūr, Tanbura, Tambur, Tambura or Tanboor can refer to various long-necked, string instruments originating in Mesopotamia, Southern or Central Asia.

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Taphropeltus contractus

Taphropeltus contractus is a species in the family Lygaeidae.

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Tar (string instrument)

Tar (تار; tar) is an Iranian.

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Taran Davies

Taran Davies is a film producer and director best known for his documentary film Afghan Stories (2002), and the IMAX feature documentary Journey to Mecca (2009).

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Tarikh-e Qarabagh

The Tarikh-e Qarabagh ("History of Qarabagh") is a book written by Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi sometime after 1847 about the history of the Qarabagh (Karabakh) region.

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Tartary

Tartary (Latin: Tartaria) or Great Tartary (Latin: Tartaria Magna) was a name used from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century to designate the great tract of northern and central Asia stretching from the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, settled mostly by Turko-Mongol peoples after the Mongol invasion and the subsequent Turkic migrations.

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Tat people (Caucasus)

The Tat people (also: Tati, Parsi, Daghli, Lohijon, Caucasian Persians, Transcaucasian Persians) are an Iranian people, presently living within Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia (mainly Southern Dagestan).

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Tatar Cavalry Regiment

The Tatar Cavalry Regiment (Tatar süvari alayı; Татарский конный полк) was one of the regiments of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division of the Imperial Russian Army, which was formed from Tatars (Azerbaijanis) of Elisavetpol and Baku Governorate, and also the Borchali uezd of Tiflis Governorate.

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Tatiana Riabouchinska

Tatiana Mikhailovna Riabouchinska (Татья́на Миха́йловна Рябуши́нская, Tatiana Mikhailovna Ryabushinskaya; 23 May 191724 August 2000) was a Russian American prima ballerina and teacher.

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Tavush Province

Tavush (Տավուշ), is a province of Armenia.

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Tawny owl

The tawny owl or brown owl (Strix aluco) is a stocky, medium-sized owl commonly found in woodlands across much of Eurasia.

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Taza Pir Mosque

Taza Pir Mosque (also Tazapir, Teze Pir, Teze-Pir, Tezepir) is a mosque in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Tbilisi

Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some countries also still named by its pre-1936 international designation Tiflis, is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million people.

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Tbilisi Circus

The Tbilisi Circus (თბილისის ცირკი) is the main circus in Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia.

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Tbilisi Fashion Week

Tbilisi Fashion Week (TFW) (თბილისის მოდის კვირეული; tbilisis modis kvireuli) is a Georgian fashion week in its capital city of Tbilisi.

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Tbilisi Open Air

Tbilisi Open Air is an annual international music festival, with the emphasis on electronic and rock music, first held in Tbilisi, Georgia, on May, 15–17 2009.

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Tbilisi State Academy of Arts

The Tbilisi State Academy of Arts (თბილისის სახელმწიფო სამხატვრო აკადემია) is one of the oldest universities in Georgia and Caucasus.

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Tbilisi State University

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი Ivane Javaxishvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmts'ipo universit'et'i, often shortened to its historical name, Tbilisi State University or TSU), is a public research university established on 8 February 1918 in Tbilisi, Georgia.

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Tbilisi Zoo

The Tbilisi Zoological Park (თბილისის ზოოლოგიური პარკი, t'bilisis zoologiuri parki) is the oldest and largest zoo in Georgia, in the country's capital of Tbilisi.

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TbilisiMarathon

With its 4-year history, TbilisiMarathon has already become an international annual event and at the same time a very successful social project, organized by HeidelbergCement.

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TCDD Taşımacılık

TCDD Taşımacılık A.Ş. (TCDD Transportation, reporting mark TCDDT) is a government-owned railway company responsible for the operations of most passenger and freight rail in Turkey.

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Tehran

Tehran (تهران) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province.

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Teimuraz (name)

Teimuraz (თეიმურაზ, also spelled as Teymuraz, Taimuraz or Taymuraz) is a Georgian male name derived from the Persian Tahmuras, a name of the legendary "third shah of the world" according to Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh.

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Teimuraz II of Kakheti

Teimuraz II (თეიმურაზ II) (1680–1762) of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king of Kakheti, eastern Georgia, from 1732 to 1744, then of Kartli from 1744 until his death.

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Tejharuyk Monastery

Tejharuyk (Թեժառույք, თეჟარუიქი) is a 12th-century walled monastery located upon a wooded hill just southwest of the village of Meghradzor in the Kotayk Province of Armenia.

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Telekia

Telekia is a genus of flowering plant, of the family Asteraceae.

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Temple Beth-El (Pensacola, Florida)

The Temple Beth-El (ק.ק. בית אל), located in downtown Pensacola, Florida, is the oldest dedicated Jewish house of worship in Florida.

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Tengiz Gudava

Tengiz Gudava (თენგიზ გუდავა, Тенгиз Зурабович Гудава) (November 28, 1953 – April 16, 2009) was a Georgian author and human rights activist who was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1987 and worked for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty for 17 years.

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Tengiz Iremadze

Tengiz Iremadze (Georgian: თენგიზ ირემაძე, German: Tengis Iremadse; born March 9, 1973, Sokhumi, Georgia) – Georgian Philosopher.

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Tenth five-year plan (Soviet Union)

The Tenth Five-Year Plan, or the 10th Five-Year Plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a set of goals designed to strengthen the country's economy between 1976 and 1980.

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Tephritis formosa

Tephritis formosa is a species of tephritid fly.

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Terek Cossacks

The Terek Cossack Host (Терское казачье войско) was a Cossack host created in 1577 from free Cossacks who resettled from the Volga to the Terek River.

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Terek Oblast

The Terek Oblast was an oblast (province) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire.

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Terms for Syriac Christians

Syriac Christians are an ethnoreligious grouping of various ethnic communities of indigenous pre-Arab Semitic and often Neo-Aramaic-speaking Christian people of Iraq, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Israel.

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Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire

This is the territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire during a timespan of seven centuries.

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Tetraconch

A tetraconch, from the Greek for "four shells", is a building, usually a church or other religious building, with four apses, one in each direction, usually of equal size.

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Tetri Giorgi (organization)

The Patriotic Union Tetri Giorgi (ეროვნული ერთობის დარაზმულობა "თეთრი გიორგი" erovnuli ertobis darazmuloba "tetri giorgi") was the Georgian national political, anti-Soviet organization operating by Georgian political figures abroad.

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Teymur Bayramalibeyov

Teymur bey Bayramalibeyov (Teymur Bayraməlibəyov.) (22 August 1863, Yeddioymag – 2 September 1937, Baku) was an Azerbaijani historian, teacher, and journalist.

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The Battle of the Harvests

The Battle of the Harvests (aka Battle of the Harvests) is a 18-minute 1942 Canadian documentary film, made by the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) as part of the wartime Canada Carries On series.

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The Complete History

The Complete History (al-Kāmil fit-Tārīkh), is a classic Islamic history book written by Ali ibn al-Athir.

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The Cossacks (novel)

The Cossacks (Казаки) is a short novel by Leo Tolstoy, published in 1863 in the popular literary magazine The Russian Messenger.

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The Death Match

The Death Match (Матч смерти) (Матч смерті) is a name given in postwar historiography to the football match played in Kiev in Reichskommissariat Ukraine (abbreviated RKU) under occupation by Nazi Germany.

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The Domination

The Domination of the Draka is an alternate history series, generally regarded as dystopian, by S. M. Stirling.

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The Duel (2010 film)

Anton Chekhov's The Duel is a 2010 film directed by Dover Kosashvili.

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The Feasts of Belshazzar, or a Night with Stalin

The Feasts of Belshazzar, or a Night with Stalin or (Piry Valtasara, ili noch so Stalinym) is a 1989 film adaptation of Fazil Iskander's eponymous novella directed by Yuri Kara.

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The Georgian Chronicles

The Georgian Chronicles is a conventional English name for the principal compendium of medieval Georgian historical texts, natively known as Kartlis Tskhovreba (ქართლის ცხოვრება), literally "Life of Kartli", Kartli being a core region of ancient and medieval Georgia, known to the Classical and Byzantine authors as Iberia.

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The God Beneath the Sea

The God Beneath the Sea is a children's novel based on Greek mythology, written by Leon Garfield and Edward Blishen, illustrated by Charles Keeping, and published by Longman in 1970.

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The Holocaust in Ukraine

The Holocaust in Ukraine took place in Reichskommissariat Ukraine during the occupation of the Soviet Ukraine by Nazi Germany in World War II.

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The House of Duda

Duda (Дудалары, Dudalari) - surname of the princes (Biy) of the Karachai.

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The Hub (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)

"The Hub" is the seventh episode of the first season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they work with "Big S.H.I.E.L.D." to take out a dangerous new weapon.

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The Kindly Ones (Littell novel)

The Kindly Ones (Les Bienveillantes) is a historical fiction novel written in French by American-born author Jonathan Littell.

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The Literature of Georgia: A History

The Literature of Georgia: A History by Donald Rayfield, professor of Russian and Georgian at the University of London, is the first and the most comprehensive study of the literature of Georgia that has ever appeared in English.

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The Man in the High Castle

The Man in the High Castle (1962) is an alternate history novel by American writer Philip K. Dick.

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The Middle East Journal

The Middle East Journal is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Middle East Institute (Washington, D.C.). It was established in 1947 and covers research on the modern Middle East, including political, economic, and social developments and historical events in North Africa, the Middle East, Caucasus, and Central Asia.

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The Prisoner of the Caucasus (poem)

The Prisoner of the Caucasus («Кавказский пленник»), also translated as Captive of the Caucasus, is a narrative poem written by Alexander Pushkin in 1820-21 and published in 1822.

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The Quince Tree Press

The Quince Tree Press is the imprint established in 1966 by J. L. Carr to publish his maps, pocket books and novels.

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The Raid (story)

"The Raid" (Russian language: Набег, Nabeg) is a short story by Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in 1853.

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The Savior (paramilitary organization)

The Saviour (Спас, also translated as Salvation or The Redeemer) was a militant nationalist organization which claimed credit for the August 2006 Moscow market bombing.

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The Silk Road (Japanese TV series)

is a documentary television series produced by Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) that first aired throughout the 1980s.

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The Stars Are Cold Toys

The Stars Are Cold Toys and Star Shadow are two 1997 books of a space opera series by Russian science fiction writer Sergey Lukianenko.

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The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan

The Tale of the Destruction of Riazan (Повесть о разорении Рязани Батыем) is an early Russian work about the capture of the city of Ryazan by the Mongols in 1237.

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The Willing Flesh

The Willing Flesh (1955) (English translation released 1956) is a novel by Willi Heinrich, chronicling the Eastern Front combat experiences of a depleted infantry platoon during the 1943 German retreat from the Taman Peninsula in the Caucasian coast of Russia.

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The World Is Not Enough

The World Is Not Enough is a 1999 British spy film, the nineteenth in the ''James Bond'' series produced by Eon Productions, and the third to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond.

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The Year 1941 (Prokofiev)

Sergei Prokofiev wrote the symphonic suite The Year 1941 (Op. 90) in 1941.

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Theodore K. Lorenz

Theodore K Lorenz (1842–1909) was a German ornithologist.

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Theodore Rshtuni

Theodore Rshtuni (also spelled Theodoros Ṛštuni; 590 - 654/655 AD), equated with the patrikios Pasagnathes (Πασαγνάθης) of Theophanes the Confessor, was an Armenian nakharar, famous for resisting the first Arab invasions of Armenia.

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Theodosius I

Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius Augustus; Θεοδόσιος Αʹ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also known as Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from AD 379 to AD 395, as the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. On accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the empire. His resources were not equal to destroy them, and by the treaty which followed his modified victory at the end of the Gothic War, they were established as Foederati, autonomous allies of the Empire, south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the empire's borders. He was obliged to fight two destructive civil wars, successively defeating the usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius, not without material cost to the power of the empire. He also issued decrees that effectively made Nicene Christianity the official state church of the Roman Empire."Edict of Thessalonica": See Codex Theodosianus XVI.1.2 He neither prevented nor punished the destruction of prominent Hellenistic temples of classical antiquity, including the Temple of Apollo in Delphi and the Serapeum in Alexandria. He dissolved the order of the Vestal Virgins in Rome. In 393, he banned the pagan rituals of the Olympics in Ancient Greece. After his death, Theodosius' young sons Arcadius and Honorius inherited the east and west halves respectively, and the Roman Empire was never again re-united, though Eastern Roman emperors after Zeno would claim the united title after Julius Nepos' death in 480 AD.

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Theodoxus fluviatilis

Theodoxus fluviatilis, common name the river nerite, is a species of small freshwater and brackish water snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, the nerites.

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Thera cognata

Thera cognata, the chestnut-coloured carpet or Durham juniper moth, is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Thera obeliscata

Thera obeliscata, the grey pine carpet, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Theresimima

Theresimima ampellophaga, the vine bud moth, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.

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Theria primaria

Theria primaria, the early moth, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Think tank

A think tank, think factory or policy institute is a research institute/center and organisation that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture.

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Thinopyrum intermedium

Thinopyrum intermedium, known commonly as intermediate wheatgrass, is a sod-forming perennial grass in the Triticeae tribe of Pooideae.

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Third Army (Romania)

The 3rd Army (Armata a 3-a Română) was a field army of the Romanian Land Forces active from the 19th century to the 1990s.

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Third Army (Turkey)

The Turkish Third Army is a field army of the Turkish Army and is the country's largest army.

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Third-country economic relationships with the European Union

The European Union has a number of relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union.

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Tholera hilaris

Tholera hilaris is a species of moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Thomas Alcock (adventurer)

Thomas Alcock (died 1563) was an English traveller and adventurer and an agent or servant of the Muscovy Company from 1558 to 1563.

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Thomas de Waal

Thomas Patrick Lowndes de Waal (born 1966) is a British journalist and writer on the Caucasus.

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Thomas Dworzak

Thomas Dworzak (born Kötzting, Germany, 1972) is a photojournalist.

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Thomas Goltz

Thomas Goltz (born October 11, 1954) is an American author and journalist best known for his accounts of conflict in the Caucasus region during the 1990s.

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Thomas Hammarberg

Thomas Hammarberg (born 2 January 1942 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) is a Swedish diplomat and human rights defender.

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Thomas of Metsoph

Thomas of Metsoph (Թովմա Մեծոփեցի, Thovma Metsobetsi) (1378–1446) was an Armenian cleric and chronicler who left an account of Timur’s invasions of the Caucasus (1386–1403).

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Thraco-Cimmerian

Thraco-Cimmerian is a historiographical and archaeological term, composed of the names of the Thracians and the Cimmerians.

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Three-thousander

Three-thousanders are mountains with a height of between 3,000, but less than 4,000 metres above sea level.

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Thrush nightingale

The thrush nightingale (Luscinia luscinia), also known as the sprosser, is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae.

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Tiflis Governorate

Tiflis Governorate (Old Russian: Тифлисская губернія; ტფილისის გუბერნია) was one of the guberniyas of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire with its centre in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi, capital of Georgia).

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Tiger versus lion

Historically, the comparative merits of the tiger (Panthera tigris) versus the lion (Panthera leo) have been a popular topic of discussion by hunters, naturalists, artists and poets, and continue to inspire the popular imagination in the present day.

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Tilia cordata

Tilia cordata (small-leaved lime, occasionally littleleaf linden or small-leaved linden) is a species of Tilia native to much of Europe.

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Tilia dasystyla

Tilia dasystyla is a deciduous lime tree species.

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Timeline of Armenian history

This is a timeline of Armenian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Armenia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Batumi

No description.

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Timeline of historic inventions

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions and the people who created the inventions.

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Timeline of Iranian history

Millennia: 1st BC1st–2nd3rd ---- Centuries: 7th BC6th BC5th BC4th BC3rd BC2nd BC1st BCSee alsoReferencesBibliographyExternal links.

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Timeline of Middle Eastern history

This timeline tries to compile dates of important historical events that happened in or that led to the rise of the Middle East.

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Timeline of Russian history

This is a timeline of Russian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Russia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of the 19th century

This is a timeline of the 19th century.

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Timeline of the Assyrian Empire

The timeline of the Assyrian Empire lists the kings, their successors and the major events that occurred in the Assyrian history.

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Timeline of the Ottoman Empire

This article provides a timeline of the Ottoman Empire See also Timeline of the Republic of Turkey, a chronology of the successor state to the Ottoman Empire.

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Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)

Below is the identified timeline of the History of the Turkic peoples between 6th and 14th centuries.

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Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence

This chronology of the Turkish War of Independence is a timeline of events during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923).

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Timeline of the War in Abkhazia (1992–93)

The War in Abkhazia from 1992 to 1993 was waged chiefly between Georgian government forces on one side, Russian military forces on other side supporting separatist forces demanding independence of Abkhazia from Georgia.

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Timeline of World War I

No description.

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Timeline of World War II (1942)

This is a timeline of events that occurred during World War II in 1942.

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Timeline of World War II (1943)

This is a timeline of events that occurred during World War II in 1943.

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Timur

Timur (تیمور Temūr, Chagatai: Temür; 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane (تيمور لنگ Temūr(-i) Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror.

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Timur's invasions of Georgia

Georgia, a Christian kingdom in the Caucasus, was subjected, between 1386 and 1403, to several disastrous invasions by the armies of Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur, whose vast empire stretched, at its greatest extent, from Central Asia into Anatolia.

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Timurid Empire

The Timurid Empire (تیموریان, Timuriyān), self-designated as Gurkani (گورکانیان, Gurkāniyān), was a PersianateB.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 Turco-Mongol empire comprising modern-day Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary India, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey. The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan and, while not descended from Genghis, regarded himself as Genghis's heir and associated much with the Borjigin. The ruling Timurid dynasty, or Timurids, lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation in 1467, but members of the dynasty continued to rule smaller states, sometimes known as Timurid emirates, in Central Asia and parts of India. In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid prince from Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan) and established a small kingdom there, and from there 20 years later he invaded India to establish the Mughal Empire.

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Tina Fey

Elizabeth Stamatina "Tina" Fey (born May 18, 1970) is an American actress, comedian, writer, producer and playwright.

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Tinagma anchusella

Tinagma anchusella is a moth in the Douglasiidae family.

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Tindi

Tindi may refer to.

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Tingis cardui

Tingis cardui is a Palearctic lacewing bug.

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Tirimüjgan Kadın

Tirimüjgan Kadın (16 August 1819 – 3 October 1852; تیرمژکان قادین) was a consort of Sultan Abdülmecid I of the Ottoman Empire.

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Tischeria ekebladella

Tischeria ekebladella is a moth of the Tischeriidae family.

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Tlepsh

Tlepsh (Adyghe Лъэпш) is a mythological figure who appears (as a blacksmith and also a powerful leader) in some cycles of the Nart sagas of the Caucasus, in which his Ossetian counterpart is the smith Kurdalægon.

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Togarmah

Togarmah (Hebrew: תֹּגַרְמָה) is a figure in the "table of nations" in Genesis 10, the list of descendants of Noah that represents the peoples known to the ancient Hebrews.

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Toluid Civil War

The Toluid Civil War was fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.

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Tom Longstaff

Tom George Longstaff (15 January 1875 – 27 June 1964) was an English doctor, explorer and mountaineer, most famous for being the first person to climb a summit of over 7,000 metres in elevation, Trisul, in the India/Pakistann Himalaya in 1907.

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Tomares callimachus

Tomares callimachus, the Caucasian vernal copper, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae.

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Tomas Šernas

Tomas Šernas (born 28 April 1962 in Vilnius) is a former Lithuanian customs officer and the only survivor of the Medininkai Massacre on 31 July 1991.

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Tong Yabghu Qaghan

Tong Yabghu Qaghan (r. 618–628 or 630) (also known as T'ung Yabghu, Ton Yabghu, Tong Yabghu Khagan, Tun Yabghu, and Tong Yabğu, Traditional Chinese 統葉護可汗, Simplified Chinese: 统叶护可汗, pinyin Tǒngyèhù Kěhán, Wade-Giles: t'ung-yeh-hu k'o-han) was khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate from 618 to 628 AD.

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Top Model of the World

The Top Model of the World is an international search for the ultimate model.

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Topographic isolation

The topographic isolation of a summit is the minimum great-circle distance to a point of equal elevation, representing a radius of dominance in which the peak is the highest point.

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Tornike Gordadze

Tornike Gordadze (თორნიკე გორდაძე, Thorniké Gordadze) (born November 10, 1975) is a Georgian politician and French political scientist.

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Tour of Kavkaz

Tour of Kavkaz is a cycling race held annually in Russia.

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Tovmas Nazarbekian

Tovmas Nazarbekian (Armenian: Թովմաս Նազարբէկեան; 4 April 1855 – 19 February 1931), also known as Foma Nazarbekov (Фома Назарбеков), was an Armenian general in the Russian Caucasus Army and later promoted to commander-in-chief of the First Republic of Armenia.

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Tower house

A tower house is a particular type of stone structure, built for defensive purposes as well as habitation.

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Trabzon

Trabzon, historically known as Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province.

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TRACECA

TRACECA (acronym: Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia) is an international transport programme involving the European Union and 14 member States of the Eastern European, Caucasian and Central Asian region.

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Trachysphaera

Trachysphaera is a genus of pill millipedes in the order Glomerida.

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Tragelaphini

The tribe Tragelaphini (sometimes referred to by some authors as "Strepsicerotini"), or the spiral-horned antelopes, are bovines that are endemic to sub-Sahara Africa.

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Trans-Caspia

Trans-Caspia is an old name for the region lying to the east of the Caspian Sea in Central Asia.

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Transcaspian Oblast

The Transcaspian Oblast (Закаспійская область), or just simply Transcaspia (Закаспія), was the section of Russian Empire and early Soviet Russia to the east of the Caspian Sea during the second half of the 19th century until 1924.

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Transcaucasia

Transcaucasia (Закавказье), or the South Caucasus, is a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

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Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.

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Transcaucasian Teachers Seminary

The Transcaucasian Teachers Seminary (Закавказская учительская семинария) in Gori (present-day Georgia) was a 4-year specialized secondary school in the Russian Empire in 1876–1917 aimed at professional training of primary school teachers.

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Transcaucasian Trail

The Transcaucasian Trail (TCT) is a hiking trail in the Caucasus through Georgia and Armenia.

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Transformation of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire in 1683, at the height of its territorial expansion in Europe. The Transformation of the Ottoman Empire, also known as the Era of Transformation, constitutes a period in the history of the Ottoman Empire from to, spanning roughly from the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent to the Treaty of Karlowitz at the conclusion of the War of the Holy League.

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Transitions Online

Transitions Online (TOL) is a media development organization and online journal covering news and events in the 29 post-Communist countries of Eastern Europe, Central Europe, South Eastern Europe, Russia, the Baltics, the Caucasus, Central Asia.

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Traugott Herr

Traugott Herr (16 September 1890 – 13 April 1976) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 14th Army and the 10th Army of the Wehrmacht.

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Traunsteinera

Traunsteinera, the round headed orchid, or globe orchid, is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae.

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Travel All Russia LLC

Travel All Russia LLC is a US-based destination management company (DMC) that provides various types of travel arrangements for trips through Russia, Eastern Europe and Eurasia.

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Treaty of Ahmet Pasha

The Treaty of Ahmet Pasha (Persian:عهدنامه احمد پاشا, Ahmet Paşa Antlaşması) was a treaty signed on 10 January 1732 between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia.

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Treaty of Akhal

The Treaty of Akhal was a treaty signed by Persia and Imperial Russia on 21 September 1881.

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Treaty of Constantinople (1590)

The Ottoman Empire the aftermath of the Treaty of Constantinople. The Treaty of Constantinople, also known as the Peace of Istanbul or the Treaty of Ferhad Pasha (Ferhat Paşa Antlaşması), was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire ending the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578–1590.

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Treaty of Constantinople (1736)

Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Persia signed on 24 September 1736, ending the Afsharid–Ottoman War (1730–35).

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Treaty of Gulistan

The Treaty of Gulistan (Гюлистанский договор; عهدنامه گلستان) was a peace treaty concluded between Imperial Russia and Persia (modern day Iran) on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (in modern-day Goranboy Rayon of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War, lasting from 1804 to 1813.

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Treaty of Hamedan

The Treaty of Hamedan was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Hotaki dynasty signed in October 1727 in Hamedan, ending the Ottoman–Hotaki War (1722–27).

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Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması (also spelled Kuchuk Kainarji) was a peace treaty signed on 21 July 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca (today Kaynardzha, Bulgaria) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

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Treaty of Kerden

Treaty of Kerden (Kerden Antlaşması, Persian:عهدنامه گردان) was signed between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran on 4 September 1746.

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Treaty of Nasuh Pasha

Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (عهدنامه نصوح پاشا, Nasuh Paşa Antlaşması) was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia after the war of 1603–1612, signed on 20 November 1612.

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Treaty of Poti

The Treaty of Poti was a provisional agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition.

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Treaty of San Stefano

The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (Russian: Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, Сан-Стефанский мирный договор; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, Turkish: Ayastefanos Muahedesi or Ayastefanos Antlaşması) was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople, on by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.

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Treaty of Serav

Treaty of Serav (عهدنامه سراب, Serav Antlaşması) was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia after the war of 1615 - 1618.

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Treaty of Turkmenchay

The Treaty of Turkmenchay (Туркманчайский договор, عهدنامه ترکمنچای) was an agreement between Persia (Iran) and the Russian Empire, which concluded the Russo-Persian War (1826–28). It was signed on 10 February 1828 in Torkamanchay, Iran. By the treaty, Persia ceded to Russia control of several areas in the South Caucasus: the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhchivan Khanate, and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate. The boundary between Russian and Persia was set at the Aras River. These territories comprise modern-day Armenia, the southern parts of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan, as well as Iğdır Province (now part of Turkey). The treaty was signed for Persia by Crown Prince Abbas Mirza and Allah-Yar Khan Asaf al-Daula, chancellor to Shah Fath Ali (of the Qajar Dynasty), and for Russia by General Ivan Paskievich. Like the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan, this treaty was imposed by Russia, following military victory over Persia. Paskievich threatened to occupy Tehran in five days unless the treaty was signed. By this final treaty of 1828 and the 1813 Gulistan treaty, Russia had finalised conquering all the Caucasus territories from Iran, comprising modern-day Dagestan, eastern Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, all which had formed part of its very concept for centuries. The area to the North of the river Aras, amongst which the territory of the contemporary nations of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the North Caucasian Republic of Dagestan were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century. As a further direct result and consequence of the two treaties, the formerly Iranian territories became now part of Russia for around the next 180 years, except Dagestan, which has remained a Russian possession ever since. Out of the greater part of the territory, three separate nations would be formed through the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia.

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Treaty of Zuhab

The Treaty of Zuhab (عهدنامه زهاب), also called Treaty of Qasr-e Shirin (Kasr-ı Şirin Antlaşması), was an accord signed between the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire on May 17, 1639.

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Trebizond Peace Conference

The Trebizond Peace Conference was a conference held between March and April 1918 in Trebizond between the Ottoman Empire and a delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet (Transcaucasian Sejm) and government.

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Trend News Agency

Trend News Agency (Trend Xəbər Agentliyi) is a news company in Azerbaijan, the Caucasusregion, and Central Asia.

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Triaxomera caucasiella

Triaxomera caucasiella is a moth of the Tineidae family.

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Trichodezia haberhaueri

Trichodezia haberhaueri is a moth in the family Geometridae.

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Trichopteryx polycommata

The barred tooth-striped (Trichopteryx polycommata) is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Trick riding

Trick riding refers to the act of performing stunts while riding a horse, such as the rider standing upright on a galloping horse.

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Trigonochlamydidae

Trigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

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Tripleurospermum

Tripleurospermum is a genus in the chamomile tribe within the sunflower family.

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Tripotamos, Imathia

Tripotamos (Τριπόταμος) is a village and a community of the City of Veria, Imathia, Greece.

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Trishatny family

Trishatny, (Тришатные; transcribed Trishatnyie) is a noble family in the Russian Empire of 19th – beginning of 20th century.

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Tristram's jird

Meriones tristrami, known as Tristram's jird, is a species of gerbil that lives in the Middle East.

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Triturus

Triturus is a genus of newts comprising the crested and the marbled newts, which are found from Great Britain through most of continental Europe to westernmost Siberia, Anatolia, and the Caspian Sea region.

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Troglocaris

Troglocaris is a genus of freshwater shrimp in the family Atyidae.

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Trogulidae

The Trogulidae are a family of harvestmen with about 45 known species.

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Trojan War

In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta.

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Tropidothorax leucopterus

Tropidothorax leucopterus is a species of ground bugs belonging to the family Lygaeidae, subfamily Lygaeinae.

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TRT Türk

TRT Türk is the international TV channel of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation, which is broadcast to other countries.

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Truncatophaedusa

Truncatophaedusa is a monotypic land snail genus belonging to the family Clausiliidae, the door snails, all of which have a clausilium.

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Tsanareti

Tsanareti (წანარეთი) (alternative spellings: Tsanaria, Canaria, Sanaria, Sanaryia) was a historic district (Khevi) in the early medieval Caucasus, lying chiefly in what is now the northeastern corner in Georgia’s region of Mtskheta-Mtianeti.

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Tsardom of Russia

The Tsardom of Russia (Русское царство, Russkoye tsarstvo or Российское царство, Rossiyskoye tsarstvo), also known as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the name of the centralized Russian state from assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.

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Tsentrosoyuz building

The Tsentrosoyuz Building or Centrosoyuz Building (Центросоюз) is a government structure in Moscow, Russia, constructed in 1933 by Le Corbusier and Nikolai Kolli.

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Tskhinvali

Tskhinvali (Tskhinval,; r; ცხინვალი) is a city in the cultural region of South Ossetia, Transcaucasia and the capital of the de facto independent Republic of South Ossetia (which has been recognised by the Russian Federation and three other UN member states) and the former Soviet Georgian South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.

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Tsotne Bakuria

Tsotne Bakuria (born December 22, 1971 in Tbilisi, Soviet Union) was a member of the regional legislature of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, Georgia.

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Tsughrughasheni Church

Tsughrughasheni (წუღრუღაშენის ეკლესია) is a Georgian Orthodox church in the Bolnisi District, Georgia.

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Tudeh Party of Iran

The Tudeh Party of Iran (lit) is an Iranian communist party.

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Tufanbeyli

Tufanbeyli is small city and a district in Adana Province of Turkey, 196 km north-east of the city of Adana, on an uneven, sloping plateau high in the Tahtalı range of the Toros mountains.

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Tugay

Tugay, also spelt tugai, is a form of riparian forest or woodland associated with fluvial and floodplain areas in arid climates.

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Tulipa polychroma

The polychrome tulip (Tulipa polychroma Stapf) is of flowering plant in the tulip genus Tulipa (biflores group sensu Hall), family Liliaceae.

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Tulumba

Tulumba (tulumba tatlısı, τουλούμπα, Cypriot Turkish bombacık; Cypriot Greek πόμπα (pomba); Persian باميه (Bamieh); Armenian: պոմպ (pomp) or թուլումբա (tulumba), Albanian tolluma, Bosnian tulumba, Bulgarian, Macedonian, тулумба) is a popular dessert found in the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire.

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Tupolev ANT-9

The Tupolev ANT-9 (Туполев АНТ-9) was a Soviet passenger aircraft of the 1930s.

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Turhal

Turhal is a town and a district of Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey.

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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Turkic Federalist Party

The Turkic Federalist Party (Türk ədəmi mərkəziyyət firqəsi) was an Azeri political party established in Elisabethpol and initially known as the Turkic Revolutionary Committee of Social Federalists and later as the Turkic Party of Dencentralisation.

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Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least thirty-five documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and West Asia all the way to North Asia (particularly in Siberia) and East Asia (including the Far East).

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Turkic migration

Turkic migration refers to the expansion and colonization of the Turkic tribes and Turkic languages into Central Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East, mainly between the 6th and 11th centuries.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa.

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Turkification

Turkification, or Turkicization (Türkleştirme), is a cultural shift whereby populations or states adopted a historical Turkic culture, such as in the Ottoman Empire.

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Turkish Armed Forces

The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK) are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey.

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Turkish folklore

The tradition of folklore—folktales, jokes, legends, and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich, and is incorporated into everyday life and events.

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Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire

The Turkish minorities/communities in the former Ottoman Empire refers to ethnic Turks, who are the descendants of Ottoman-Turkish settlers from Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, living outside of the modern borders of the Republic of Turkey, and in the independent states which were formerly part of the Ottoman Empire.

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Turkish people

Turkish people or the Turks (Türkler), also known as Anatolian Turks (Anadolu Türkleri), are a Turkic ethnic group and nation living mainly in Turkey and speaking Turkish, the most widely spoken Turkic language.

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Turkish population

The Turkish population refers to the number of ethnic Turkish people in the world.

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Turkish wine

Turkish wine is wine made in the transcontinental Eurasian country Turkey.

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Turkmen incursions into Georgia

After the devastating invasions by Timur and subsequent enfeeblement of the Kingdom of Georgia, it soon faced a new threat.

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Turkmens

The Turkmens (Türkmenler, Түркменлер, IPA) are a nation and Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, primarily the Turkmen nation state of Turkmenistan.

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Tusheti

Tusheti (თუშეთი) is an historic region in northeast Georgia.

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Tusheti National Park

The Tusheti National Park in East Georgia is one of the eight new Protected Areas approved by Parliament of Georgia on 22 April 2003.

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Twenty-five-thousander

Twenty-five-thousanders (Двадцатипятитысячники, Dvadtsatipyatitysyachniki) was a collective name for the frontline workers from the major industrial cities of the USSR who voluntarily left their urban homes for rural areas at the call of the CPSU in order to improve the performance of kolkhozes during the agricultural collectivisation in the USSR in early 1930.

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Tylopsis lilifolia

The lily bush-cricket Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius, 1793) is a species of 'katydids crickets' belonging to the family Tettigoniidae subfamily Phaneropterinae.

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Types of hijab

This table of types of hijab describes terminologically distinguished styles of Islamic clothing commonly associated with the word hijab.

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Typha

Typha is a genus of about 30 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Typhaceae.

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Typhon

Typhon (Τυφῶν, Tuphōn), also Typhoeus (Τυφωεύς, Tuphōeus), Typhaon (Τυφάων, Tuphaōn) or Typhos (Τυφώς, Tuphōs), was a monstrous serpentine giant and the most deadly creature in Greek mythology.

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Tzatziki

Tzatziki (from the Turkish word cacık), is a sauce served with grilled meats or as a dip.

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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Europe District

For over a quarter of a century, The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Europe District, (NAU) has provided both installation and contingency support to U.S. forces throughout the United States European Command area of responsibility.

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Uatsdin

Uatsdin (Уацдин), otherwise spelled Watsdin, also known as Assdin (Ассдин, "Ese-Faith"), or by the extended name Ætsæg Din (Æцæг Дин, literally "True Faith"; the same meaning of "Uatsdin", which is a word compound), and among Russians as Assianism (Ассианство, Assianstvo; alternative rendition of "Assdin"), is the Scythian religion practised primarily by the Ossetians (an Eastern Iranic, Alan-Scythian ethnic group inhabiting a homeland in the Caucasus that is split nowadays between two states: the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania within Russia, and the neighbouring state of South Ossetia).

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Uğur Uluocak

Yaşar Uğur Uluocak (1962 – 2 July 2003) was a Turkish outdoorsman, mountaineer, photographer, and editor.

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Udea cretacea

Udea cretacea is a moth in the Crambidae family.

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Udi people

The Udis (self-name Udi or Uti) are a native people of the Caucasus.

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Ukrainian language

No description.

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Ukrainians in Russia

Ukrainians in Russia make up the largest single diaspora group of the Ukrainian people.

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Ulmus elliptica

Ulmus elliptica Koch (named for the elliptic samara) is a disputed species of elm, native to the Caucasus, where Koch reported (1849, 1872) that it formed extensive woods, and ranging north to southern Ukraine.

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Ulmus laevis

Ulmus laevis Pall.

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Ultra-prominent peak

An ultra-prominent peak, or Ultra for short, is defined as a mountain summit with a topographic prominence of or more.

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Umar

Umar, also spelled Omar (عمر بن الخطاب, "Umar, Son of Al-Khattab"; c. 584 CE 3 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.

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Umar al-Aqta

ʿUmar ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Marwān.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate (ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلأُمَوِيَّة, trans. Al-Khilāfatu al-ʾUmawiyyah), also spelt, was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.

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Una Cameron

Una May Cameron (6 May 1904 - 15 October 1987) was a Scottish mountain climber known for her ascents in the Alps, Caucasus and Africa.

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UNECE Environmental Performance Reviews

The UNECE Environmental Performance Review (EPR) (French: Examen des performances environnementales – EPE) is an assessment process to evaluate the progress made by individual countries in improving their environmental policies.

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Unicorn

The unicorn is a legendary creature that has been described since antiquity as a beast with a single large, pointed, spiraling horn projecting from its forehead.

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United Nations Regional Groups

The United Nations Regional Groups are the geopolitical regional groups of member states of the United Nations.

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United States Naval Forces Europe - Naval Forces Africa

United States Naval Forces Europe - Naval Forces Africa (NAVEUR-NAVAF) is the United States Navy component command of the United States European Command and United States Africa Command.

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Unity Party (South Ossetia)

The Unity Party (Иудзинад, ერთიანობის, Единство; officially, the South Ossetian Republican Political Party "Unity") is a major political party with a socially conservative ideology in South Ossetia, a partially recognized Caucasian republic, considered by most countries to be a part of Georgia.

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UNOY Peacebuilders

The United Network of Young Peacebuilders (UNOY Peacebuilders) is a global network of young people and youth organisations active in the field of peacebuilding and conflict transformation.

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Ur

Ur (Sumerian: Urim; Sumerian Cuneiform: KI or URIM5KI; Akkadian: Uru; أور; אור) was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar (تل المقير) in south Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate.

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Urartu

Urartu, which corresponds to the biblical mountains of Ararat, is the name of a geographical region commonly used as the exonym for the Iron Age kingdom also known by the modern rendition of its endonym, the Kingdom of Van, centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands.

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Uruk period

The Uruk period (ca. 4000 to 3100 BC) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period.

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Urum language

Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand ethnic Greeks who inhabit a few villages in Georgia and Southeastern Ukraine.

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USS Overton (DD-239)

USS Overton (DD-239/APD–23) was a ''Clemson''-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for Captain Macon C. Overton. Overton was laid down 30 October 1918, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation; named prior to launching 10 July 1919; sponsored by Mrs. Margaret C. Overton, mother of Captain Overton; and commissioned 30 June 1920, Arthur David Murray in command. Writing to his wife Effie, just five days later Murray declared that he was "training a new crew of only three of which have ever been on a destroyer before". Murray reported that he had lost 14 pounds in the previous three weeks and stated, "this is the only ship that has gone in with only one officer - the rest have from four to eight - but I expect more officers any day... so you see it took me only a little over three years to get a battle ship of my own.".

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USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)

The USSR anti-religious campaign of 1928–1941 was a new phase of anti-religious persecution in the Soviet Union following the anti-religious campaign of 1921–1928.

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Utigurs

Utigurs were nomadic equestrians who flourished in the Pontic-Caspian steppe in the 6th century AD.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi), is a doubly landlocked Central Asian Sovereign state.

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Uzbeks

The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek/Ўзбек, pl. Oʻzbeklar/Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group; the largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia.

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Uzunyayla

Origin of the Uzunyayla breed dates to 1854 in Turkey.

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Vaccinium arctostaphylos

Vaccinium arctostaphylos or Caucasian whortleberry is a species of shrub with edible fruit of blue color.

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Vaccinium uliginosum

Vaccinium uliginosum (bog bilberry, bog blueberry, northern bilberry or western blueberry) is a Eurasian and North American flowering plant in the genus Vaccinium within the heath family.

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Vafa Guluzade

Vafa Guluzade (surname also spelled as Gulizade(h), Goulizade(h), Kulizade(h), Quluzade(h)) ('Vəfa Mirzağa oğlu Quluzadə') (21 December 1940 – 1 May 2015) was an Azerbaijani diplomat, political scientist and specialist in conflict resolution.

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Vainakh peoples

The Vainakh peoples (Russian: Вайнахи, apparently derived from Chechen вайн нах, Ingush вейн нах "our people"; also Chechen-Ingush) are the speakers of the Vainakh languages, chiefly the Chechen, Ingush and Kist peoples of the North Caucasus, including closely related minor or historical groups The term Nakh peoples (Нахские народы) was coined in the Soviet period to accommodate the wider linguistic family of Nakh languages, connecting the Chechen-Ingush group to the Bats people, an ethnic minority in northeastern Georgia.

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Vainakhia

Vainakhia (Chechen Вайнехачоь, Vaynexaҫö; Russian Вайнахия, Vainakhia), a historical territory of Chechens and Ingush (Vainakhish peoples), is located in the Russian Caucasus.

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Vainakhish language

The Vainakhish language consist of the dialect continuum between the Chechen and Ingush languages, mainly spoken in the Russian republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia, as well as in the Chechen diaspora.

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Vakhtang I of Iberia

Vakhtang I Gorgasali (ვახტანგ I გორგასალი, Vaxt’ang I Gorgasali) (c. 439 or 443 – 502 or 522), of the Chosroid dynasty, was a king of Iberia, natively known as Kartli (eastern Georgia) in the second half of the 5th and first quarter of the 6th century.

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Vakhtang Orbeliani

Prince Vakhtang Orbeliani (ვახტანგ ორბელიანი) (April 5, 1812 – September 29, 1890) was a Georgian Romanticist poet and soldier in the Imperial Russian service, of the noble House of Orbeliani.

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Vakhushti of Kartli

Vakhushti (ვახუშტი) (1696–1757) was a Georgian royal prince (batonishvili), geographer, historian and cartographer.

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Valentina Dmitryeva

Valentina Iovovna Dmitryeva (Валенти́на Ио́вовна Дми́триева) (May 10, 1859 – February 18, 1947) was a Russian/Soviet writer, teacher, medical doctor and revolutionary.

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Valerian Borisovich Aptekar

Valerian Borisovich Aptekar (Russian: Валериа́н Бори́сович Апте́карь, 24 October 1899 – 29 July 1937) was a Russian linguist and a propagandist of Nicholas Marr's New Theory of Language.

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Valerian Madatov

Prince Valerian Grigoryevich Madatov (Rostom Madatyan) (1782 – September 4, 1829) was a Russian prince and a lieutenant-general of the Russian Empire.

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Valery Gergiev

Valery Abisalovich Gergiev, PAR (Валерий Абисалович Гергиев;; Гергиты Абисалы фырт Валери, Gergity Abisaly Fyrt Valeri; born 2 May 1953) is a Russian conductor and opera company director of Ossetian origin.

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Valgus (genus)

Valgus is a genus of beetles.

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Valgus hemipterus

Valgus hemipterus is a smallish species of scarab beetle (family Scarabaeidae) found in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Valley of Ghosts (Crimea)

The Valley of Ghosts (Russian: Долина привидений, Долина привидів, Hayalet vadiysi) is a valley located in the Crimea, made up of naturally shaped rocks on the Southern Demerdzhi Mountain, located near Alushta city.

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Valtazar Bogišić

Valtazar Bogišić (Валтазар Богишић; also known as Baltazar Bogišić; 20 December 1834 – 24 April 1908) was a SerbianVekarić/Kapetanić, Podrijetlo Balda Bogišića, Hereditas rervm croaticarvm, 2003, p. 74 Zimmermann, 1962, p. 27Martinović, Valtazar Bogišić i ujedinjena omladina sprska, ZMS 9 (1954), 26 jurist and a pioneer in sociology.

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Valvata piscinalis

Valvata piscinalis, common name the European stream valvata or European Valve Snail, is a species of minute freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Valvatidae, the valve snails.

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Varna

Varna (Варна, Varna) is the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast.

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Varna Province

Varna Province (translit, former name Varna okrug) is a province in eastern Bulgaria, onе of the 28 Bulgarian provinces.

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Varsken

Varsken (Middle Persian: Vazgēn) was an Iranian prince from the Mihranid family of Gardman, who served as the viceroy of Gugark from 470 to 482.

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Vasiliy Lindholm

Vasiliy Adolfovich Lindholm (Bасилий Aдольфович Линдгольм; 1874 – September 17, 1935), also published as Wilhelm Adolf Lindholm, was a Russian malacologist and herpetologist.

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Vasily Narezhny

Vasily Trofimovich Narezhny (Василий Трофимович Нарежный) (1780—) was a Russian writer known for his satirical depiction of provincial mores in the vein of the 18th-century picaresque novel.

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Vasily Nemirovich-Danchenko

Vasily Ivanovich Nemirovich-Danchenko (Васи́лий Ива́нович Немиро́вич-Да́нченко, born 23 December (4 January), 1845, Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia), Russian Empire – died 18 September 1936, Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a Russian writer, essayist, journalist, memoirist, and the brother of famous theater director Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko.

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Vasily Safonov

Vasily Ilyich Safonov (Васи́лий Ильи́ч Сафо́нов, Vasi'lij Ilji'č Safo'nov; 6 February 185227 February 1918), also known as Wassily Safonoff, was a Russian pianist, teacher, conductor and composer.

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Vasily Velichko

Vasily Lvovich Velichko (Васи́лий Льво́вич Вели́чко; 14 July 1860, Pryluky, Poltava Governorate, Ukraine, then Russian Empire, – 13 January 1904 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian poet, playwright and publicist, one of the leaders of Russian Assembly, and editor of the semi-official Kavkaz gazette.

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Vasim Mammadaliyev

Vasim Mammadaliyev (Vasim Məmmədəliyev) – is an Azerbaijani scientist of oriental studies, dean of theology faculty at Baku State University, chairman of a cathedra of Arabic philology and full member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences.

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Vedensky District

Vedensky District (Веде́нский райо́н; Веданан кӏошт, Vedanan khoşt) is an administrativeDecree #500 and municipalLaw #14-RZ district (raion), one of the fifteen in the Chechen Republic, Russia.

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Veined rapa whelk

Rapana venosa, common name the veined rapa whelk or Asian rapa whelk, is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or whelk, in the family Muricidae, the rock shells.

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Velvet painting

A velvet painting is a type of painting distinguished by the use of velvet (usually black velvet) as the support, in place of canvas, paper, or similar materials.

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Vera Belik

Vera Belik (12 June 1921 – 25 August 1944) was a link navigator and Guards Lieutenant in the 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment where she worked with pilot Tatyana Makarova.

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Vera D. Rubin

Dr.

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Veratrum

Veratrum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Melanthiaceae.

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Veratrum album

Veratrum Album (commonly known as false helleborine, white hellebore, European white hellebore, or white veratrum; syn. Veratrum lobelianum Bernh) is a poisonous medicinal plant of the Liliaceae or Melanthiaceae.

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Vernacular architecture

Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that is designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions.

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Veronica filiformis

Veronica filiformis is a species of flowering plant in the genus Veronica.

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Veronica gentianoides

Veronica gentianoides ('Gentian speedwell') is a species of flowering perennial plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae found in the Middle East, from Turkey to Iran.

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Viceroy

A viceroy is a regal official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

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Victims of Yalta

Victims of Yalta (British title) or The Secret Betrayal (American title) is a 1977 book by Nikolai Tolstoy that chronicles the fate of Soviet citizens who had been under German control during World War II and at its end fallen into the hands of the Western Allies.

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Victor Motschulsky

Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky (Sometimes Victor von Motschulsky, Виктор Иванович Мочульский, 11 April 1810 in St. Petersburg – 5 June 1871 in Simferopol) was a Russian entomologist mainly interested in beetles.

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Viking metal

Viking metal is a style of heavy metal music characterized by a lyrical and thematic focus on Norse mythology, Norse paganism, and the Viking Age.

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Viktor Kurnatovsky

Victor Kurnatovsky graduated from the Zurich University and was an engineer by trade.

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Viktor Pokrovsky

Viktor Leonidovich Pokrovsky (Покровский Виктор Леонидович) (1889 - 9 November 1922) was a Russian lieutenant general and one of the leaders of anti-communist counterrevolutionary White Army during Russian Civil War.

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Vilém Heckel

Vilém Heckel (21 May 1918 in Plzeň – 31 May 1970 in Huascarán) was a Czech photographer.

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Village

A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand.

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Vinca herbacea

Vinca herbacea, with common name herbaceous periwinkle, is a flowering plant native to eastern and southeastern Europe, from Austria south to Greece, and east to the Crimea, and also in northern Western Asia, in the Caucasus and Alborz mountains.

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Vincent Cochetel

Vincent Cochetel is a French official for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) since 1986.

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Vindija Cave

Vindija Cave is an archaeological site associated with Neanderthals and modern humans, located in the municipality of Donja Voća, northern Croatia.

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Violence against women

Violence against women (VAW), also known as gender-based violence and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is, collectively, violent acts that are primarily or exclusively committed against women and girls.

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Viote Alpine Botanical Garden

The Viote Alpine Botanical Garden (Giardino Botanico Alpino Viote) (10 hectares) is an alpine botanical garden operated by the Museo tridentino di scienze naturali, and located in Viotte di Monte Bondone, southwest of Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy.

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Virgin Lands Campaign

The Virgin Lands Campaign (Освое́ние целины́, Osvoyeniye tseliny; Tyn' i'gery') was Nikita Khrushchev’s 1953 plan to dramatically boost the Soviet Union’s agricultural production in order to alleviate the food shortages plaguing the Soviet populace.

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Vitis vinifera

Vitis vinifera, the common grape vine, is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern Iran.

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Vittorio Sella

Vittorio Sella (28 August 1859 – 12 August 1943) was an Italian photographer and mountaineer, who took photographs of mountains which are regarded as some of the finest ever made.

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Vladas Vitkauskas

Vladas Vitkauskas (born May 7, 1953 in Viduklė, Raseiniai district in Lithuania) became the first Lithuanian and the first mountaineer from the Baltic states to climb the world‘s highest mountain, Mt. Everest (8,848 m, May 10, 1993).

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Vladikavkaz

Vladikavkaz (p, lit. ruler of the Caucasus; translit, lit. Dzaug's settlement), formerly known as Ordzhonikidze (Орджоники́дзе) and Dzaudzhikau (Дзауджика́у), is the capital city of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia.

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Vladimir Bobrovsky

Vladimir Semyonovich Bobrovsky (Владимир Семёнович Бобровский; 15 October 187330 March 1924) was a Russian revolutionary Marxist active in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and the Russian Bolshevik Party.

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Vladimir Darchiashvili

Vladimir "Lado" Darchiashvili (ვლადიმერ დარჩიაშვილი) (1872 – May 7, 1916) was a Georgian journalist and politician involved with the social democratic movement early in the 1900s.

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Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky

Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky or Volodymyr Ipolytovych Lypsky (Владимир Ипполитович Липский; Володимир Іполитович Липський; 11 March 1863 – 24 February 1937) was a Ukrainian scientist, botanist; a member of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (in 1922—1928, its President) and corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and the Director of the Botanical Gardens of the Odessa University.

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Vladimir Komarov

Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov (p; 16 March 192724 April 1967) was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer and cosmonaut.

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Vladimir Kovalevsky

Vladimir Ivanovich Kovalevsky (Владимир Иванович Ковалевский) (10 November 1848, Novo-Serpukhov, Russian Empire – 2 November 1935, Leningrad, USSR) was a Russian statesman, scientist and entrepreneur.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Vladimir Minorsky

Vladimir Fedorovich Minorsky (Владимир Фёдорович Минорский; – March 25, 1966) was a Russian Orientalist best known for his contributions to the study of Kurdish (as one of the foremost Kurdologists of his time) and Persian history, geography, literature, and culture.

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Vladimir Viardo

Vladimir Viardo (born 1949 at Krasnia Polana in the Caucasus, USSR), is a Russian pianist.

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Vladimir Zherikhin

Vladimir Vasilevich Zherikhin (Russian: Владимир Васильевич Жерихин), of the Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, was one of the world's leading paleoentomologists and coleopterists.

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Vladivostok

Vladivostok (p, literally ruler of the east) is a city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, located around the Golden Horn Bay, not far from Russia's borders with China and North Korea.

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Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

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Voiceless velar lateral affricate

The voiceless velar lateral affricate is an uncommon speech sound found as a phoneme in the Caucasus and as an allophone in several languages of eastern and southern Africa.

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Voiceless velar lateral fricative

The voiceless velar lateral fricative is a very rare speech sound.

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Volga Se Ganga

Volga Se Ganga (वोल्गा से गंगा, A journey from the Volga to the Ganges) is a 1943 collection of 20 historical fiction short-stories by scholar and travel writer Rahul Sankrityayan.

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Volga Tatars

The Volga Tatars are a Turkic ethnic group, native to the Volga-Ural region, Russia.

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Volgograd

Volgograd (p), formerly Tsaritsyn, 1589–1925, and Stalingrad, 1925–1961, is an important industrial city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast, Russia, on the western bank of the Volga River.

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Vologases I of Parthia

Vologases I of Parthia (ولاش يکم) sometimes called Vologaeses or Vologeses or following Parthian usage, Walagash (بلاش Balāsh) was king of the Parthian Empire from about 51 until his death in 78.

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Volucella inflata

Volucella inflata is a large species of European hoverfly.

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Voronezh

Voronezh (p) is a city and the administrative center of Voronezh Oblast, Russia, straddling the Voronezh River and located from where it flows into the Don.

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Vorontsov

Vorontsov, also spelled Woronzow or Woroncow (Воронцо́в), is the name of a celebrated Russian noble family whose members attained the dignity of Counts of the Holy Roman Empire in 1744 and became Princes of the Russian Empire in 1852 with the style of Serene Highness.

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Vugar Aslanov

Vugar Aslanov (born 1964 in Goranboy, Azerbaijan) is a writer and journalist from Azerbaijan.

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Vulcaniella caucasica

Vulcaniella caucasica is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae.

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Vund Point

Vund Point (нос Вунд, ‘Nos Vund’ \'nos 'vund\) is the point forming the east extremity of Rugged Island off the west coast of Byers Peninsula of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

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Wahidullah Waissi

Wahidullah Waissi (born April 18, 1975) is an Afghan diplomat.

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Waldemar Belck

Waldemar Belck (25 February 1862, in Danzig – 6 September 1932, in Frankfurt am Main) was a German chemist and amateur archaeologist.

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Walloon Legion

The Walloon Legion (28. was a collaborationist volunteer unit recruited from Belgium's French-speaking population in Wallonia and Brussels during the German occupation of World War II. The Walloon Legion served in the Wehrmacht, later in the Waffen-SS, on the Eastern Front on both front line and reserve duties.

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Walter Krupinski

Walter Krupinski (11 November 1920 – 7 October 2000) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace in World War II and a senior West German Air Force officer during the Cold War.

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Walter von Loë

Baron Friedrich Karl Walter Degenhard von Loë (1828-1908), was a Prussian soldier and aristocrat.

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War between Armenia and Iberia

The War between Armenia and Iberia (AD 51) is known chiefly through its description in Tacitus' Annals.

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War in Donbass

The War in Donbass is an armed conflict in the Donbass region of Ukraine.

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War of Dagestan

The War of Dagestan began when the Chechnya-based Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB), an Islamist group, led by warlords Shamil Basayev and Ibn al-Khattab, invaded the neighboring Russian republic of Dagestan, on 7 August 1999, in support of the Shura of Dagestan separatist rebels.

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War of Laws

The War of Laws (Война законов, Voyna zakonov) was the series of conflicts between the central government of the Soviet Union, and the governments of the Russian Federation and other constituent republics during the last years of the USSR (1988-1991), which eventually contributed to the dissolution of the union.

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Warlord

A warlord is a leader able to exercise military, economic, and political control over a subnational territory within a sovereign state due to their ability to mobilize loyal armed forces.

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Wartime sexual violence

Wartime sexual violence is rape or other forms of sexual violence committed by combatants during armed conflict or war or military occupation often as spoils of war; but sometimes, particularly in ethnic conflict, the phenomenon has broader sociological motives.

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Water pipit

The water pipit (Anthus spinoletta) is a small passerine bird which breeds in the mountains of Southern Europe and Southern Asia eastwards to China.

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Władysław Studnicki

Władysław Gizbert-Studnicki, a Polish politician and publicist, was born on November 15, 1867 in Daugavpils, Russian Empire (current Latvia), into a patriotic Polish noble family of the Kresy region.

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Weaver beetle

The weaver beetle Taxon profile — species Weaver Beetle Lamia textor (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamia textor) is a species of beetle from Lamiinae subfamily in long-horned beetle family; it is a North Asia species.

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Wehib Pasha

Wehib Pasha also known as Vehip Pasha, Mehmed Wehib Pasha, Mehmet Vehip Pasha (modern Turkish: Kaçı Vehip Paşa or Mehmet Vehip (Kaçı), 1877–1940), was a general in the Ottoman Army.

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Werwolf (Wehrmacht headquarters)

Führerhauptquartier Werwolf was the codename used for one of Adolf Hitler's World War II Eastern Front military headquarters located in a pine forest about north of Vinnytsia, in Ukraine, which was used between 1942 and 1943.

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Western Asia

Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia.

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Western Caucasus

The Western Caucasus is a western region of the Caucasus in Southern Russia, extending from the Black Sea to Mount Elbrus.

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Western imperialism in Asia

Western imperialism in Asia as presented in this article pertains to Western European entry into what was first called the East Indies.

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Western Iranian languages

The Western Iranian languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median.

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Western jackdaw

The western jackdaw (Coloeus monedula), also known as the Eurasian jackdaw, European jackdaw, or simply jackdaw, is a passerine bird in the crow family.

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Western Persia campaign of 1730

Nader's Western Persia campaign of 1730 was his first against perhaps his most formidable of adversaries, namely the Ottomans, where he proved triumphant in conquest.

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Wheel

A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing.

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Wheel and axle

The wheel and axle are one of six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists drawing from Greek texts on technology.

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Whisky

Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash.

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White Tights

"White Tights" (also "White Pantyhose" or White Stockings; the beliye kolgotki, белые колготки; baltosios pėdkelnės; baltās zeķbikses; valged sukkpüksid) is a Russian urban myth surrounding the alleged participation of female sniper mercenaries in combat against Russian forces in various armed conflicts from late 1980s.

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Wild boar

The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine,Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffman, R. S. (1988), Volume I, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, pp.

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Wild Russia

Wild Russia is a six-episode series of documentaries about the wilderness in Russia (original title in German: Wildes Russland) made by the German NDR Naturfilm/Studio Hamburg Doclights (executive producer: Jörn Röver) for NDR/WDR/S4C/Animal Planet and National Geographic in 2009.

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Wildcat

The wildcat is a small cat species complex comprising ''Felis silvestris'' and the ''Felis lybica''.

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Wildlife of Armenia

The wildlife of Armenia includes wild boars, porcupines, various lizards, snakes and numerous species of birds.

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Wildlife of Azerbaijan

Wildlife of Azerbaijan consists of its flora and fauna and their natural habitats.

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Wildlife of Russia

The wildlife of Russia inhabits terrain that extends across 12 time zones and from the tundra region in the far north to the Caucasus Mountains and prairies in the south, including temperate forests which cover 70% of the country's territory.

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Wilhelm Loewenthal

Wolff Wilhelm Lowenthal (–) was a Polish-born, naturalized French Doctor of Medicine.

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Willem Sassen

Wilhelmus Antonius Sassen (born 16 April 1918 – died 2002) was a Dutch collaborator, Nazi journalist and a member of the Waffen-SS.

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Willemetia

Willemetia is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family.

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William Edward David Allen

William Edward David Allen (6 January 1901 – 18 September 1973) was a British scholar, Foreign Service officer, politician and businessman, best known as a historian of the South Caucasus—notably Georgia.

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William Henry Beach

William Henry Beach (1871 – 22 July 1952) was a senior British Army officer who played an important role in the campaign in Mesopotamia 1915 to 1918.

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William Horwood Stuart

William Horwood Stuart (1857 – May 20, 1906) was a British diplomat.

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Wine

Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients.

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Winter moth

The winter moth (Operophtera brumata) is a moth of the family Geometridae.

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Winter War

The Winter War was a military conflict between the Soviet Union (USSR) and Finland.

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Withdrawal through Andalal (1741)

The Withdrawal through Andalal by the Persian army under Nader Shah took place after he broke off the siege of the last Lezgian fortress in order to return to Derbent for winter quarters.

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Witold Zglenicki

Witold Zglenicki, rus.

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Wojciech Cejrowski

Wojciech Cejrowski (born 27 June 1964 Elbląg) is a Polish traveler, television and radio journalist, writer, Catholic publicist, satirist, and photographer.

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Wojciech Jagielski (journalist)

Wojciech Jagielski (born 12 September 1960) is a Polish journalist and correspondent.

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Wolfgang F. Danspeckgruber

Wolfgang F. Danspeckgruber (born February 4, 1956) is the Founding Director of the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University and has been teaching on issues of state, international security, self-determination, diplomacy, and crisis diplomacy at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Department of Politics since 1988.

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Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen

Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen (10 October 1895 – 12 July 1945) was a German field marshal of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) during World War II.

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Women in Europe for a Common Future

Women Engage for a Common Future (former Women in Europe for a Common Future) (WECF) is a non-governmental organization established in 1994 following the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, to give women a stronger voice in the field of sustainable development and environment.

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Women in the Sasanian Empire

In the Sassanid Empire, the state religion Zoroastrianism created the policy that dictated relationships between men and women.

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Woodblock printing on textiles

Woodblock printing on textiles is the process of printing patterns on textiles, usually of linen, cotton or silk, by means of incised wooden blocks.

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World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions

The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) is a biogeographical system developed by the international Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) organization, formerly the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases.

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World government

World government or global government is the notion of a common political authority for all of humanity, yielding a global government and a single state that exercises authority over the entire Earth.

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World Heritage site

A World Heritage site is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties.

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World Land Trust

World Land Trust (WLT) (formerly the World Wide Land Conservation Trust) is a UK-based non-profit environmental organization established in 1989.

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World war

A world war, is a large-scale war involving many of the countries of the world or many of the most powerful and populous ones.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II by country

Nearly every country in the world participated in World War II, with the exception of a few countries that remained neutral.

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World Youth Day 1997

The World Youth Day 1997 took place from 19 to 24 August 1997 in Paris, France.

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Wrestling in Armenia

Wrestling (ըմբշամարտ əmbšamart) has deep historical roots in Armenia.

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Xanthochlorus

Xanthochlorus is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae.

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Xanthorhoe decoloraria

Xanthorhoe decoloraria, the red carpet, is a moth of the Geometridae family.

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Xanthorhoe ferrugata

Xanthorhoe ferrugata, the dark-barred twin-spot carpet, is a moth of the genus Xanthorhoe in the family Geometridae.It has a Holarctic distribution.

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Xavier de Maistre

Xavier de Maistre (10 October 1763 – 12 June 1852) of Savoy (then part of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia) lived largely as a military man, but is known as a French writer.

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Xestia baja

Xestia baja, the dotted clay, is a species of moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Xestia ditrapezium

The triple-spotted clay (Xestia ditrapezium) is a moth of the Noctuidae family found in most of Europe, northern Turkey, northern Iran, Transcaucasia, Caucasus, central Asia, from the Altai to Ussuri, Amur, Kuril Islands, northern Mongolia, Tibet, China, Korea, and Japan.

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Xestia sareptana

Xestia sareptana is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Xestia stigmatica

Xestia stigmatica, the square-spotted clay, is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Xinjiang conflict

The Xinjiang conflict is an ongoing separatist conflict in China's far-west province of Xinjiang, whose northern region is known as Dzungaria and whose southern region (the Tarim Basin) is known as East Turkestan.

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Xionites

Xionites, Chionites, or Chionitae (Middle Persian: Xiyōn or Hiyōn; Avestan: Xiiaona; Sogdian xwn; Pahlavi Xyon) are Romanisations of the ethnonym of a nomadic people who were prominent in Transoxania, Bactria and Iran during the 4th and 7th centuries CE.

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Xman

Xman (sometimes referred to as XMAN) is Michael Brodsky's third novel.

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Xorazm Region

Xorazm Region (خارەزم ۋىلايەتى) or Khorezm Region as it is still more commonly known, is a viloyat (region) of Uzbekistan located in the northwest of the country in the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya River.

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XXI Corps (India)

XXI Corps is a corps-sized formation of the Indian Army.

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XXXX Panzer Corps

XXXX Panzer Corps was a tank corps in the German Army during World War II.

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Xylocopa valga

Xylocopa valga is a species of carpenter bee common to: western, central and southern Europe, except for far northern latitudes; the Caucasus; Middle East; Central Asia; and Mongolia.

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Xylota segnis

Xylota segnis is a common species of hoverfly.

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Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group

The various ethnolinguistic groups found in the Caucasus, Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and/or South Asia demonstrate differing rates of particular Y-DNA haplogroups.

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Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus

Various Y-DNA haplogroups have differing frequencies within each ethnolinguistic group in the Caucasus region.

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Yafa Yarkoni

Yafa Yarkoni (יפה ירקוני, also Yaffa Yarqoni, 24 December 1925 – 1 January 2012) was an Israeli singer, winner of the Israel Prize in 1998 for Hebrew song.

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Yamna culture

The Yamna people or Yamnaya culture (traditionally known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture) was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BC.

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Yanis Kanidis

Yanis Kanidis (Γιάννης Κανίδης, also Ivan Constantinovich Kanidis, Иван Константинович Каниди) (January 1, 1930 – September 3, 2004) was a Russian physical education teacher, born in Georgia of Caucasus Greek origin.

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Yaprak (food)

Yaprak (Slavic: japrak; from yaprak, "leaf") is a generic name for meals made of grape (especially Sultana grape) leaves (a kind of kale), stuffed with meat (pork or lamb) and rice, or more rarely rice only.

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Yasin Aslan

Yasin Aslan is a Turkish author.

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Yassir al-Sudani

Yassir al-Sudani (ياسر السوداني, Ясир аль-Судани), also known as Yasser Youssef Amarat or Abu Yassir, was a Mujahid Emir (commander) fighting in Chechnya.

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Yazid II

Yazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II (687 – 26 January 724) (يزيد بن عبد الملك) was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724.

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Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova

Princess Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova (Екатери́на Рома́новна Воронцо́ва-Да́шкова; 28 March 1743 – 15 January 1810) was the closest female friend of Empress Catherine the Great and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment.

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Yekutiel Adam

Yekutiel "Kuti" Adam (יקותיאל "קותי" אדם) (November 3, 1927 – June 10, 1982) was an Israeli general and former Deputy Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.

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Yelizavetpolsky Uyezd

Elisabethpol Uyezd (Елизаветпольский уезд), also transliterated as Yelizabethpolsky Uyezd, and known as Ganja Uyezd (Gəncə qəzası) was one of the uyezds (administrative units) of Elisabethpol Governorate of the Russian Empire and then of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with its center in Elisabethpol (Ganja) from 1840 until its formal abolition in 1929 by Soviet authorities.

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Yellowhammer

The yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) is a passerine bird in the bunting family that is native to Eurasia and has been introduced to New Zealand and Australia.

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Yenikend reservoir

The Yenikend reservoir (Yenikənd su anbarı) is a large reservoir in the Shamkir Rayon of northwestern Azerbaijan.

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Yerahmiel Assa

Yerahmiel Assa (ירחמיאל אסא, 7 March 1919 – 11 October 2011) was an Israeli politician who served as member of the Knesset for Ahdut HaAvoda between 1958 and 1959.

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Yerevan

Yerevan (Երևան, sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia as well as one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.

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Yerevan Botanical Garden

The Yerevan Botanical Garden (Երևանի բուսաբանական այգի) of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences, is the body responsible for plant collections in Armenia.

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Yerevan TV Tower

Yerevan TV Tower (Երևանի հեռուստաաշտարակ, Yerevani herustaashtarak) is a high lattice tower built in 1977 on Nork Hill near downtown Yerevan, Armenia.

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Yessentuki

Yessentuki (Ессентуки́) is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located at the base of the Caucasus Mountains.

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Yevdokiya Nagrodskaya

Yevdokiya Nagrodskaya (Евдокия Нагродская; 1866–1930), was a Russian novelist in fin-de-siècle Russia whose first novel was titled The Wrath of Dionysus.

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Yevgeni Pakhomov

Yevgeni Alexandrovich Pakhomov (Евгений Александрович Пахомов) (1880–1965) was a Russian, Georgian and Azerbaijani numismatist and archaeologist and a recognized authority in the numismatics of the Caucasus.

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Yevgeny Semyonovich Kuznetsov

Yevgeny Semyonovich Kuznetsov (Russian Евгений Семенович Кузнецов) (27 December 1938 in Stavropol – 2 November 2005) was a Soviet and Russian political activist.

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Yevhen Pluzhnyk

Yevhen Pavlovych Pluzhnyk (Плужник Євген Павлович;, Kantemirovka, Voronezh Governorate, Russian Empire — 2 February 1936, Solovki, USSR) is Ukrainian poet, playwright and translator from Eastern Sloboda Ukraine.

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Yogurt

Yogurt, yoghurt, or yoghourt (or; from yoğurt; other spellings listed below) is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.

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Ypsolopha persicella

Ypsolopha persicella is a moth of the family Ypsolophidae.

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Yuri Temirkanov

Yuri Khatuevich Temirkanov (Ю́рий Хату́евич Темирка́нов; Темыркъан Юрий; born December 10, 1938) is a Russian conductor of Circassian (Kabardian) origin.

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Yuriy Tyutyunnyk

Yuriy (Yurko) Yosipovich Tyutyunnyk (Юрій Тютюнник) (20 April 1891 in Budyshche, Pendivsky district, Zvenyhorodka county, Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire (currently Zvenyhorodka Raion, Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine) – 20 October 1930 in Moscow, Soviet Union) was a general of the Ukrainian People's Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) during the Ukrainian–Soviet War.

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Yury Nikolaevich Voronov

Yury Nikolaevitch Voronov (Юрий Николаевич Воронов; 1 June 1874 in Tiflis – 10 December 1931 in Leningrad) was a Russian botanist.

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Zakatal Okrug

The Zakatal Okrug was an okrug (district) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire.

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Zapovednik

Zapovednik (заповедник, plural заповедники, from the Russian заповедный, "sacred, prohibited from disturbance, committed, committed ") is an established term on the territory of the former Soviet Union for a protected area which is kept "forever wild".

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Zarzian culture

Zarzian culture is an archaeological culture of late Paleolithic and Mesolithic in Southwest Asia.

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Zduhać

A zduhać (Cyrillic: здухаћ) and vetrovnjak (ветровњак) in Serbian tradition, and a dragon man in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbian traditions, were men believed to have an inborn supernatural ability to protect their estate, village, or region against destructive weather conditions, such as storms, hail, or torrential rains.

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Zekelita antiqualis

Zekelita antiqualis is a moth of the Noctuidae family.

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Zelkova

Zelkova is a genus of six species of deciduous trees in the elm family Ulmaceae, native to southern Europe, and southwest and eastern Asia.

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Zelkova carpinifolia

Zelkova carpinifolia, known as Caucasian elm, Caucasian zelkova or just zelkova, is a species of Zelkova, native to the Caucasus, Kaçkar, and Alborz mountains in the extreme southeast of Europe and southwest Asia.

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Zemarchus

Zemarchus (Ζήμαρχος, fl. c. 569) was a Byzantine official, diplomat and traveller in the reign of Justin II.

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Zerynthia polyxena

Zerynthia polyxena, the southern festoon, is a striking butterfly belonging to the butterfly family Papilionidae.

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Zethes insularis

Zethes insularis is a species of moth in the Erebidae family.

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Zeynalabdin Taghiyev

Hajji Zeynalabdin Taghi oglu Taghiyev (Zeynalabdin Tağıyev; Зейналабдин Тагиев) (25 January 1821 – 1823, or 1838 – 1 September 1924) was an Azerbaijani national industrial magnate and philanthropist.

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Zhanna Vasil'yevna Pliyeva

Zhanna Vasil'yevna Pliyeva (born 10 February 1949) is an Ossetian composer and pianist.

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Zinaida Botschantzeva

Zinaida Petrovna Botschantzeva (10 August 1907 – 17 August 1973) was a Russian botanist and embryologist, professor of the Tashkent university.

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Zinfandel

Zinfandel (also known as Primitivo) is a variety of black-skinned wine grape.

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Zingeria

Zingeria is a genus of Asian and European plants in the grass family.

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Zippy Kidstore

Zippy is a Portuguese brand specialized in babies and infants, that serves parents and children from birth to preteen.

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Ziziphora capitata

Ziziphora capitata is an annual herb in the Lamiaceae family.

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Zorba the Greek

Zorba the Greek (Βίος και Πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά, Víos kai Politeía tou Aléxē Zorbá, Life and Times of Alexis Zorbas) is a novel written by the Cretan author Nikos Kazantzakis, first published in 1946.

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, which is monotheistic in having a single creator god, has dualistic cosmology in its concept of good and evil, and has an eschatology which predicts the ultimate destruction of evil.

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Zoroastrians in Iran

Zoroastrians are the oldest religious community of Iran.

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Zurab Avalishvili

Zurab Avalishvili (ზურაბ ავალიშვილი) (1876 – May 21, 1944) was a Georgian historian, jurist and diplomat in the service of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921).

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Zurna

The zurna (also called surnay, birbynė, lettish horn, zurla, surla, sornai, dili tuiduk, zournas, or zurma), is a wind instrument played in central Eurasia, ranging from the Balkans to Central Asia.

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Zygaena lonicerae

Zygaena lonicerae, the narrow-bordered five-spot burnet, is a moth of the Zygaenidae family.

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Zygaena purpuralis

Zygaena purpuralis, the transparent burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.

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`Abdu'l-Bahá

`Abdu’l-Bahá' (Persian: عبد البهاء‎, 23 May 1844 – 28 November 1921), born `Abbás (عباس), was the eldest son of Bahá'u'lláh and served as head of the Bahá'í Faith from 1892 until 1921.

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10th century

The 10th century is the period from 901 to 1000 in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the last century of the 1st millennium.

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11th Army (Wehrmacht)

The 11th Army (11.) was a World War II field army.

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1237

Year 1237 (MCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1260s

The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.

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1263

Year 1263 (MCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1346

Year 1346 (MCCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

The 13th Panzer Division (13th Tank Division) was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1940.

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140th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)

The 140th Rifle Division was a Red Army rifle division that saw service during the Great Patriotic War.

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162nd Turkoman Division

The 162nd Turkistan Division was a military division that was formed by the German Army during the Second World War.

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1667

No description.

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16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 16th Infantry Division of the German Army was formed in 1934.

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1770–1772 Russian plague

The Russian plague epidemic of 1770–1772, also known as the Plague of 1771, was the last massive outbreak of plague in central Russia, claiming between 52 and 100 thousand lives in Moscow alone (1/6 to 1/3 of its population).

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1810

No description.

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1828

No description.

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18th century

The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800 in the Gregorian calendar.

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1905 Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government.

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1920 Georgian coup attempt

The Georgian coup in May 1920 was an unsuccessful attempt to take power by the Bolsheviks in the Democratic Republic of Georgia.

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1973 oil crisis

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo.

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1980s

The 1980s (pronounced "nineteen-eighties", commonly shortened as the "'80s", pronounced "eighties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989.

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1988 Armenian earthquake

The 1988 Armenian earthquake, also known as the Spitak earthquake (Սպիտակի երկրաշարժ Spitaki yerkrašarž), occurred on December 7 at with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X (Devastating).

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1990s

The 1990s (pronounced "nineteen-nineties" and abbreviated as the "Nineties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1990, and ended on December 31, 1999.

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1990s Post-Soviet aliyah

The 1990s Post-Soviet aliyah began en masse in late 1980s when the government of Mikhail Gorbachev opened the borders of the USSR and allowed Jews to leave the country for Israel.

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1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown

On January 28, 1992, the Azerbaijani transport helicopter Mil Mi-8 was reportedly shot down by a heat-seeking missile near the town of Shusha.

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1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt

The 1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt, also known as the Turkish coup in Baku, was a coup d'état attempt by members of the Azerbaijani military, led by Colonel Rovshan Javadov at the head of a unit of Special Purpose Police Unit ("OPON").

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1999 in paleontology

No description.

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19th century

The 19th century was a century that began on January 1, 1801, and ended on December 31, 1900.

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19th Motor Rifle Division

The 19th Motor Rifle Division appears to have been formed originally in July 1922 at Tambov in the Moscow Military District as a territorial formation.

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1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers

The 1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery from 1860 to 1956.

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1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)

The 1st Mountain Division (1.) was an elite formation of the German Wehrmacht during World War II, and is remembered for its involvement in multiple large-scale war crimes.

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1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers

The 1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers was a unit of Britain's Volunteer Force raised in the County of Norfolk in 1859 as a response to a French invasion threat.

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1st Panzer Army

The 1st Panzer Army (1.) was a German tank army which was a large armoured formation of the Wehrmacht during World War II.

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2/10th Battalion (Australia)

The 2/10th Battalion ("The Adelaide Rifles") was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that was raised for overseas service as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) during World War II.

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2/17th Battalion (Australia)

The 2/17th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army.

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2/8th Battalion (Australia)

The 2/8th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during World War II.

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2002 Tbilisi earthquake

The 2002 Tbilisi earthquake occurred on April 25 in the Caucasus country of Georgia.

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2004 Istanbul summit

The 2004 Istanbul summit was held in Istanbul, Turkey from June 28 to June 29, 2004.

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2006 deportation of Georgians from Russia

The 2006 deportation of Georgians from Russia refers to the deaths, unlawful arrests, expulsions and overall mistreatment of several thousand ethnic Georgians by the Russian government during the 2006 Georgian–Russian espionage controversy.

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2006 ethnic tensions in Kondopoga

On the night of August 29–30, two ethnic Russians were killed and several others badly injured by Chechens in a restaurant in the town of Kondopoga in the Republic of Karelia, Russia.

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2006 Moscow market bombing

The 2006 Moscow market bombing occurred on August 21, 2006, when a self-made bomb of the power of more than 1 kg of TNT exploded at Moscow's Cherkizovsky Market frequented by foreign merchants.

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2007 Georgia missile incident

The 2007 Georgia missile incident refers to the landing of a missile in the Georgian village of Tsitelubani in the Gori district near the Georgian-Ossetian conflict zone, some north-west of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, on 7 August 2007.

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2008 EU–Ukraine Summit

The Paris summit of September 2008 was a major event in the EU-Ukraine bilateral relations.

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2008 in the United States

Events from the year 2008 in the United States.

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2009 in Azerbaijan

The following details notable events from the year 2009 in Azerbaijan.

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2011 in Russia

Events in the year 2011 in Russia.

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2017 Stockholm attack

On 7 April 2017, in central Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, a hijacked lorry was deliberately driven into crowds along Drottninggatan (Queen Street) before being crashed through a corner of an Åhléns department store.

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20th-century events

The 20th-century events include many notable events which occurred throughout the 20th century, which began on January 1, 1901, and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar.

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25th century BC

The 25th century BC was a century which lasted from the year 2500 BC to 2401 BC.

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27th Division (United Kingdom)

The 27th Division was an infantry division of the British Army raised during the Great War, formed in late 1914 by combining various Regular Army units that had been acting as garrisons about the British Empire.

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2nd Guards Army

The 2nd Guards Army was a field army of the Soviet Union's Red Army that fought in World War II, most notably at Stalingrad.

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2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division

The 2nd Guards Motor Rifle "Tamanskaya" Division named after M.I. Kalinin (2-я гвардейская мотострелковая Таманская ордена Октябрьской Революции Краснознаменная ордена Суворова дивизия имени М. И. Калинина.), commonly known as the Taman Division, is an elite Guards armoured division of the Russian Ground Forces.

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2nd Kent Artillery Volunteers

The 2nd Kent Artillery Volunteers, later 4th London Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, popularly known as the Lewisham Gunners, was a volunteer unit of the British Army from 1860 until 1967.

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30th Rifle Division

The 30th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union, formed three times.

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347th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 347th Infantry Division (347.) was an infantry division of the German Army during the Second World War, active from 1942 to 1945.

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35th century BC

The 35th century BC in the Near East sees the gradual transition from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age.

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377

Year 377 (CCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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389th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 389th Infantry Division was a German division of the Wehrmacht in the Second World War, which fought for example in the Battle of Stalingrad.

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404

Year 404 (CDIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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45th parallel north

The 45th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 45 degrees north of Earth's equator.

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4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)

4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (4 AA Bde) was an air defence formation of the British Army during World War II.

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4th millennium BC

The 4th millennium BC spanned the years 4000 through 3001 BC.

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4th Panzer Army

The 4th Panzer Army (German: 4. Panzerarmee) was, before being designated a full army, the Panzer Group 4 (Panzergruppe 4), a German panzer army during World War II.

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4th Rifle Division (Poland)

The Polish 4th Rifle Division (4.) was a Polish military unit, forming, together with the Polish 5th Rifle Division of the Blue Army, the only part of the Polish military which took part in the Russian Civil War.

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505

Year 505 (DV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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532

Year 532 (DXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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545

Year 545 (DXLV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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557

Year 557 (DLVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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574

Year 574 (DLXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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585

Year 585 (DLXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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591

Year 591 (DXCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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5th Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany)

The 5th Luftwaffe Field Division (5.) was an infantry division of the Luftwaffe branch of the Wehrmacht that fought in World War II.

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61st Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)

The 61st Cavalry Division was a cavalry division of the Red Army that served in the first years of the Great Patriotic War.

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638

Year 638 (DCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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710

Year 710 (DCCX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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737

Year 737 (DCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division

The 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division is an elite guards division of the Russian Airborne Troops.

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7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

The 7th Panzer Division was an armored formation of the German Army in World War II.

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82nd Guards Rifle Division

The 82nd Guards Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army and the Soviet Army.

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89th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)

The 89th Infantry Rifle Division (89-я стрелковая дивизия), or the Tamanyan Division, was a distinguished division in the Soviet Red Army during the Second World War.

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943

Year 943 (CMXLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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963

Year 963 (CMLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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Redirects here:

Caucase, Caucasia (geographic region), Caucasian isthmus, Caucasus (geographic region), Caucasus Region, Caucasus region, Kaukasus, The Caucasian countries, The Caucasus, Кавказ, კავკასია.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus