Communication

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Marcas, Zarzuela, Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marquess of Ensenada, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, 10 Hygiea, 1260s, 1562 Riots of Toulouse, 1701, 1701 in France, 1707, 1707 in England, 1707 in Ireland, 1707 in Spain, 1710, 1710 in France, 1710 in Great Britain, 1761, 1794 in France, 1814, 1814 in France, 1830s, 1839, 1840s, 1848, 18th century in LGBT rights, 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, 30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot, 6th Infantry Regiment “Saboya”. Expand index (1765 more) » « Shrink index

Abbé de Coulmier

François Simonet de Coulmier (September 30, 1741 – June 4, 1818) was a French Catholic priest, originally a member of the Premonstratensian canons regular, and an active member of the French legislature at the start of the French Revolution and again during the First French Empire.

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Accadia

Accadia (Irpino: Acchedìe) is a town and comune in the province of Foggia in the Apulia region of southeast Italy.

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Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers

Louis-Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, 1st Comte Baraguey d'Hilliers (6 September 1795 – 6 June 1878) was a Marshal of France and politician.

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Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur

The Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur ("Emperor's Demise Act") is a legislative decision taken by the Sénat conservateur on 2 April 1814, recognising the downfall of Napoléon I of France.

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Action of 15 January 1782

The Action of 15 January 1782 was a minor naval engagement that took place near the island of Jamaica during the American Revolutionary War.

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Action of 17 February 1783

The Action of 17 February 1783 was a minor naval engagement fought in between Jamaica & Cuba in the Caribbean sea between a Royal Navy frigate HMS Fox and a Spanish Navy frigate Santa Catalina.

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Action of 18 March 1748

The Action of 18 March 1748 was a naval engagement during the War of Jenkins' Ear in which a fleet of six Royal Naval vessels captured a number of merchantman in a successful engagement against a Spanish convoy escorted by nine ships of the line and frigates.

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Action of 20 November 1779

The Acton of 20 November 1779 was a minor naval engagement of the European theater of the Anglo-Spanish War that took place in the Atlantic.

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Action of 25 February 1781

The Action of 25 February 1781 was a small naval engagement which was fought off Cape Finisterre between a Spanish naval frigate sixth rate Graña of thirty guns and a Royal Naval fifth rate frigate HMS Cerberus of thirty two guns.

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Action of 28 November 1751

The Action of 28 November 1751 was a naval engagement of the Spanish-Algerian conflict, fought off Cape St Vincent between a squadron of two Spanish ships of the line under Captain Pedro Fitz-James Stuart and an Algerian squadron of equal strength.

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Action of 31 May 1762

The Action of 31 May 1762 was a minor naval engagement that took place off the Spanish coast off Cadiz, between a British Royal Naval frigate and a sloop against a Spanish frigate during the recently declared Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63).

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Action of 8 April 1740

The Action of 8 April 1740 was a battle between the Spanish third rate ''Princesa'' (nominally rated at 70 guns, but carrying 64) under the command of Don Parlo Augustino de Gera, and a squadron consisting of three British 70-gun third rates;, and, under the command of Captain Colvill Mayne of Lenox.

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Action of 8 March 1795

The Action of 8 March 1795 was a minor naval engagement in the Mediterranean theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine

Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine (4 February 174028 August 1793) was a French general.

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Adélaïde d'Orléans

Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans (Paris, 23 August 1777 – Paris, 31 December 1847) was a French princess, one of the twin daughters of Philippe d'Orléans, known as Philippe Égalité during the French Revolution, and Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon.

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Adélaïde of France (1732–1800)

Marie Adélaïde de France, (23 March 1732 in Versailles – 27 February 1800 in Trieste), was a French princess, the fourth daughter and sixth child of King Louis XV of France and his consort, Marie Leszczyńska.

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Adrien-Louis de Bonnières, duc de Guînes

Adrien-Louis de Bonnières, comte later duc de Guînes (14 April 1735, Lille — 21 December 1806, Paris) was an aristocrat of the Ancien Régime, who served as a French Army general and diplomat; he was also a favourite of Queen Marie-Antoinette.

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Aeolian Islands

The Aeolian Islands (Isole Eolie,, Ìsuli Eoli, Αιολίδες Νήσοι, Aiolides Nisoi) are a volcanic archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Sicily, named after the demigod of the winds Aeolus.

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Affair of the Diamond Necklace

The Affair of the Diamond Necklace was an incident in 1785 at the court of King Louis XVI of France involving his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette.

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Affair of the Spanish Marriages

The Affair of the Spanish Marriages was a series of intrigues between France, Spain, and the United Kingdom relating to the marriages of Queen Isabella II of Spain and her sister the infanta Luisa Fernanda in 1846.

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Afrancesado

Afrancesado ("Francophiles" or "turned-French", lit. "Frenchified" or "French-alike") were the Spanish and Portuguese partisans of Enlightenment ideas, Liberalism, or the French Revolution, who were supporters of the French occupation of Iberia (Portugal and Spain) and of the First French Empire.

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Age of Napoleon (board game)

Age of Napoleon is a 2003 war and strategy board game created in collaboration between Mayfair Games and Phalanx Games.

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Agerolese

The Agerolese is a breed of dairy cattle from the area of Agerola, in Campania in southern Italy.

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Agnes of Dampierre

Agnes of Dampierre (1237 – 7 September 1288) was Lady of Bourbon and heiress of all Bourbon estates.

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Agostino Depretis

Agostino Depretis (31 January 181329 July 1887) was an Italian statesman and politician.

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Agustín de Iturbide

Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (27 September 178319 July 1824), also known as Augustine of Mexico, was a Mexican army general and politician.

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Alexander Chavchavadze

Prince Alexander Chavchavadze (ალექსანდრე ჭავჭავაძე; Александр Чавчавадзе) (1786 – November 6, 1846) was a notable Georgian poet, public benefactor and military figure.

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Alexander von Humboldt

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 17696 May 1859) was a Prussian polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and influential proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.

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Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth

Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth (20 October 176018 March 1829) was a French soldier and politician.

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Alexis Bonabes, Marquess of Rougé

Bonabes Louis Victurnien, Marquess of Rougé, Peer of France, (31 January 1778 Paris – 29 March 1839 Paris) was a French military officer and statesman.

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Alexis de Tocqueville

Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, Viscount de Tocqueville (29 July 180516 April 1859) was a French diplomat, political scientist and historian.

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Alfonso XII of Spain

Alfonso XII (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo; 28 November 185725 November 1885) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a revolution deposed his mother Isabella II from the throne in 1868, Alfonso studied in Austria and France.

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Alfonso XIII of Spain

Alfonso XIII (Spanish: Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941) was King of Spain from 1886 until the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931.

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Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz

Alfonso, Duke of Anjou, Duke of Cádiz, Grandee of Spain (Alfonso Jaime Marcelino Manuel Víctor María de Borbón y Dampierre, French citizen as Alphonse de Bourbon; 20 April 1936 – 30 January 1989) was a grandson of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, a potential heir to the throne in the event of restoration of the Spanish monarchy, and a Legitimist claimant to the defunct throne of France as Alphonse II.

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Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)

Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, (Alfonso Pío Cristino Eduardo Francisco Guillermo Carlos Enrique Eugenio Fernando Antonio Venancio de Borbón y Battenberg; 10 May 1907 – 6 September 1938), was heir apparent to the throne of Spain from birth until he renounced his rights in 1933.

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Alfred Bate Richards

Alfred Bate Richards (1820–1876) was an English journalist and author.

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Algueña

Algueña or L'Alguenya is a Spanish municipality located in the Alicante province, in the comarca of Vinalopó Mitjà.

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Ali Bey el Abbassi

Domingo Francisco Jorge Badía y Leblich (Domènec Badia i Leblich; 1767–1818), better known by his pseudonym and nom de plume Ali Bey el Abbassi (علي باي العباسي, Alī Bay al-Abasī), was a Spanish explorer, soldier, and spy in the early 19th century.

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Alix, Princess Napoléon

Alix, Princess Napoléon (née de Foresta; born 4 April 1926) was the wife of Louis, Prince Napoléon, claimant to the Imperial throne of France of the House of Bonaparte from 1926 until his death.

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Allier

Allier; is a French department located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France named after the river Allier.

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Altamura

Altamura (Barese: Ialtamùre) is a city and comune of Apulia, in southern Italy.

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Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante

Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante (June 10, 1782November 22, 1866) was a French statesman and historian.

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Amédée Willot

Amédée Willot (31 August 1755 – 17 December 1823) held several military commands during the French Revolutionary Wars but his association with Jean-Charles Pichegru led to his exile from France in 1797.

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Amélie of Orléans

Princess Amélie of Orléans (28 September 1865 – 25 October 1951) was the last Queen consort of Portugal, known to her husband's subjects as "Maria Amélia de Orleães".

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Amilcare Cipriani

Amilcare Cipriani (October 18, 1844 in Anzio – April 30, 1918 in Paris), Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 25 (1981) was an Italian socialist, anarchist and patriot.

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Amy Brown (royal mistress)

Amy Brown (8 April 1783 – 7 May 1876) was the English mistress of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of King Charles X of France and Marie Thérèse of Savoy.

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Ancestry of Felipe VI of Spain

Felipe VI (Philip VI) is the present King of Spain.

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Ancestry of Juan Carlos I of Spain

Juan Carlos reigned as the King of Spain from 1975 until his abdication in 2014.

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Ancien Régime

The Ancien Régime (French for "old regime") was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (circa 15th century) until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the.

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André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat

André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat (30 November 1746 – 14 October 1829) was a French financier, banker and philanthropist.

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Andrea Aguyar

Andrea Aguyar, nicknamed Andrea il Moro, (?, Montevideo, Uruguay - June 30, 1849, Rome, Italy) was a former Black slave from Uruguay who became a follower of Garibaldi in both South America and Italy, and who died in defence of the revolutionary Roman Republic of 1849.

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Andreas Peter Bernstorff

Andreas Peter Bernstorff (28 August 173521 June 1797), also known as Andreas Peter Graf von Bernstorff, was a Danish politician.

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Andria

Andria is a city and comune in Apulia (southern Italy).

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Anglo-French War (1778–1783)

The Anglo-French War was a military conflict fought between France and Great Britain with their respective allies as part of the American Revolutionary War between 1778 and 1783.

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Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)

The Anglo–Spanish War (Spanish: Guerra Anglo-Española) was a military conflict fought between Britain and Spain as part of the Seven Years' War.

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Anita Calvert Lebourgeoise

Anita Calvert Lebourgeois (October 8, 1879 – March 18, 1940) was an attorney, judge, genealogist, biographer and women's suffrage orator.

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Anne de Bourbon

Anne de Bourbon (1380 – September 1408) was a daughter of John I, Count of La Marche and his wife Catherine of Vendôme.

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Anne de Montmorency

Anne, Duke of Montmorency, Honorary Knight of the Garter (15 March 1493, Chantilly, Oise12 November 1567, Paris) was a French soldier, statesman and diplomat.

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Anne Geneviève de Bourbon

Anne Geneviève de Bourbon (28 August 16195 April 1679) was a French princess who is remembered for her beauty and amours, her influence during the civil wars of the Fronde, and her final conversion to Jansenism.

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Anne Marie d'Orléans

Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) was the first Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus II of Savoy.

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Anne Marie de Bourbon

Anne Marie de Bourbon (Anne Marie Victoire; 11 August 1675 – 23 October 1700.) was the daughter of the Prince of Condé and of a Bavarian princess.

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Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier

Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, (–) known as La Grande Mademoiselle, was the eldest daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, and his first wife Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier.

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Anne Marie Martinozzi

Anne Marie Martinozzi, Princess of Conti (1637 – 4 February 1672) was a French aristocrat and court official.

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Anne of Armagnac

Anne of Armagnac, Dame d'Albret, Countess of Dreux (1402 – before March 1473) was a French noblewoman and a member of the powerful Gascon Armagnac family which played a prominent role in French politics during the Hundred Years War and were the principal adversaries of the Burgundians throughout the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War.

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Anne Vallayer-Coster

Anne Vallayer-Coster (21 December 1744 – 28 February 1818) was an 18th-century French painter best known for still lifes.

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Anne, Queen of Great Britain

Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland between 8 March 1702 and 1 May 1707.

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Anne-Adrien-Pierre de Montmorency-Laval

Anne-Adrien-Pierre de Montmorency, duc de Laval (29 October 1768, Paris – 16 June 1837, Paris), was 3rd Duc de Laval and a peer of France.

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Antoine Barnave

Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave (22 October 176129 November 1793) was a French politician, and, together with Honoré Mirabeau, one of the most influential orators of the early part of the French Revolution.

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Antoine Louis de Gourdon

Antoine Louis Gourdon, born in Paris on 20 July 1765 and died there on 28 June 1833, was a vice-amiral of the French Navy.

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Antoine Marie Chamans, comte de Lavalette

Antoine Marie Chamans, comte de Lavalette (14 October 176915 February 1830) was a French politician and general.

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Antoine of Navarre

Antoine (in English, Anthony; 22 April 1518 – 17 November 1562) was the King of Navarre through his marriage (jure uxoris) to Queen Jeanne III, from 1555 until his death.

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Antoine Philippe de La Trémoille

Antoine Philippe de La Trémoïlle, Prince of Talmont (27 September 1765 in Paris - 27 January 1794 in Laval) was a French noble and royalist notable for his military involvement against the French Revolution.

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Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier

Louis Antoine Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier (3 July 1775, Palais-Royal, Paris - 18 May 1807, Salthill, England)The story of his death at the Windmill Inn at Salthill is in doubt.

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Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville

Antoine Quentin Fouquier de Tinville (10 June 17467 May 1795) was a French prosecutor during the Revolution and Reign of Terror periods.

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Antoine VIII de Gramont

Antoine-Louis-Marie de Gramont, 8th Duke of Gramont (17 August 1755 – 28 August 1836), was a French military officer, diplomat and parliamentarian.

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Antoine, Duke of Montpensier

Antoine d'Orléans (Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orléans; 31 July 18245 February 1890) was a member of the French royal family in the House of Orléans.

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Antoinette de Bourbon

Antoinette de Bourbon (25 December 1493 – 22 January 1583) was a French noblewoman of the House of Bourbon.

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Antoni de Villarroel

Antonio de Villarroel y Pelaez (1656, Barcelona – 1726, A Coruña) was a Spanish military commander in the service of Philip V until 1710 in the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Antonio Cánovas del Castillo

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (8 February 18288 August 1897) was a Spanish politician and historian known principally for serving six terms as Spanish Prime Minister, his role in supporting the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy to the Spanish throne and for his death at the hands of an anarchist, Michele Angiolillo.

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Antonio de Benavides

Antonio Benavides Bazán y Molina (December 8, 1678 – January 9, 1762) was a Lieutenant General in the Spanish Army who held administrative positions in the Americas as Royal Governor of Spanish Florida (1718–1734), Governor of Veracruz (1734–1745), Governor and Captain General of Yucatán province (1745 – 1750), as well as Governor of Manila in the Philippines (September 1750 – ?).

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Antonio de Zamora

Antonio de Zamora (Madrid, November 1, 1665 - Ocaña, December 7, 1727) was a Spanish playwright.

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Antonio Joli

Antonio Joli or Ioli (1700 – 29 April 1777) was an Italian painter of ''vedute'' and ''capricci''.

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Antonio Ponz

Antonio Ponz (1725–1792) was a Spanish painter.

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Appel au peuple

The Appel au peuple (Plebiscite) was a Bonapartiste parliamentary group during the early years of the French Third Republic.

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Arbëreshë people

The Arbëreshë (Arbëreshët e Italisë or Shqiptrarët e Italisë), also known as Albanians of Italy or Italo-Albanians, are an Albanian ethnic and linguistic group in Southern Italy, mostly concentrated in scattered villages in the region of Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Molise and Sicily.

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Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria

Maria Clementina of Austria (24 April 1777 – 15 November 1801) was an Austrian archduchess and the tenth child and third daughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Luisa of Spain.

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Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770)

Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (Maria Theresia Elisabeth Philippine Luise Josepha Johanna, Maria Theresa Elisabeth Philippine Louise Josepha Joan; 20 March 176223 January 1770) was a daughter of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, and his first wife, Isabella of Parma.

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Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)

Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (Maria Theresia Beatrix Gaëtane, Erzherzogin von Österreich-Este, Prinzessin von Modena) (14 July 1817, Modena, Duchy of Modena and Reggio – 25 March 1886, Gorizia, Austria–Hungary) was a member of the House of Austria-Este and Archduchess and Princess of Austria, Princess of Hungary, Bohemia, and Modena by birth.

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Archduke Franz Karl of Austria

Archduke Franz Karl Joseph of Austria (17 December 1802 – 8 March 1878) was a member of the House of Habsburg.

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Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany

Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, Prince of Tuscany (4 December 1909 – 24 December 1953), called Carlos Pío de Habsburgo-Lorena y de Borbón in Spain, was a member of the Tuscan branch of the Imperial House of Habsburg and a Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the assumed name of "Carlos VIII".

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Argentine Constitution of 1819

The Argentine Constitution of 1819 was a Constitution drafted by the Congress of Tucumán in 1819.

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Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti

Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti (11 October 162926 February 1666) was a French nobleman, the younger son of Henri II, Prince of Condé and Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, daughter of Henri I, Duke of Montmorency.

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Armand de Kersaint

Armand-Guy-Simon de Coetnempren, comte de Kersaint, in short Armand de Kersaint (29 July 17424 December 1793), was a French sailor and politician.

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Armée des Émigrés

The Armée des Émigrés (English: Army of the Émigrés), were counter-revolutionary armies raised outside France by and out of Royalist Émigrés, with the aim of overthrowing the French Revolution, reconquering France and restoring the monarchy.

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Armenians in India

The association of Armenians with India and the presence of Armenians in India are very old, and there has been a mutual economic and cultural association of Armenians with India for the last several centuries.

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Army of Condé

The Army of Condé (Armée de Condé) was a French field army during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Asiento

The asiento was the license issued by the Spanish crown, they were included in some peace treaties, by which a set of merchants received the monopoly on a trade route or product, an example of it was the payment of a fee, granting legal permission to sell a fixed number of African slaves in the Spanish colonies.

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August 10

The term 'the 10th of August' is widely used by historians as a shorthand for the Storming of the Tuileries Palace on the 10th of August, 1792, the effective end of the French monarchy until it was restored in 1814.

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Auguste de Marmont

Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont (20 July 1774 – 22 March 1852) was a French general and nobleman who rose to the rank of Marshal of France and was awarded the title (duc de Raguse).

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Auguste-Louis Bertin d'Antilly

Auguste-Louis Bertin d'Antilly (1763–1804) was a French dramatist and journalist whose patriotic songs and topical libretti were prominent during the French Revolution, but who emigrated from France under Napoleon.

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Augustin Tuncq

Augustin Tuncq, born in Conteville (Somme) on 27 August 1746 and died in Paris on 9 February 1800, served in the French military during the reign of the House of Bourbon and was a general of the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Augustin-Marie d'Aboville

Baron Augustin-Marie d'Aboville (1776–1843) was a French artillery officer during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars, who rose to the rank of general of brigade.

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Aumont family

The family of Aumont is a French noble house which takes its name from Aumont, a small commune in the department of the Somme.

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Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise

Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph Mortier, 1st Duc de Trévise (13 February 1768 – 28 July 1835) was a French general and Marshal of France under Napoleon I. He was one of 18 people killed in 1835 during Giuseppe Marco Fieschi's assassination attempt on King Louis Philippe I.

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Éléonore de Bourbon

Éléonore de Bourbon (30 April 1587 – 20 January 1619) was the daughter of Henri I de Bourbon and his second wife Charlotte Catherine de la Tremoille.

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Élie, duc Decazes

Élie-Louis, 1st Duke of Decazes and Glücksburg (born Élie-Louis Decazes; 28 September 1780 – 24 October 1860) was a French statesman, leader of the liberal Doctrinaires party during the Bourbon Restoration.

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Élisabeth of France (1764–1794)

Élisabeth of France (Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène de France; 3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794), known as Madame Élisabeth, was a French princess and the youngest sibling of King Louis XVI.

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Étienne-Alexandre Bernier

Étienne-Alexandre Bernier or Abbé Bernier (31 October 1762 – 1 October 1806) was a French religious figure and Royalist politician during the French Revolution.

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Étienne-Denis Pasquier

Étienne-Denis, duc de Pasquier (21 April 1767 – 5 July 1862), Chancelier de France, (a title revived for him by Louis-Philippe in 1837), was a French statesman.

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Background of the Spanish Civil War

The background of the Spanish Civil War dates back to the end of the 19th century, when the owners of large estates, called latifundia, held most of the power in a land-based oligarchy.

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Baldassarre De Caro

Baldassarre De Caro (Naples, 1689- 1750) was an Italian painter of still lifes, mainly of hunted game, but also of flowers.

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Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara

Joaquín Baldomero Fernández-Espartero y Alvarez de Toro, 1st Prince of Vergara, 1st Duke of la Victoria, 1st Duke of Morella, 1st Count of Luchana, 1st Viscount of Banderas (27 February 17938 January 1879) was a Spanish general and politician, who served as the Regent of Spain.

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Balthazar Napoleon IV de Bourbon

Balthazar Napoleon IV de Bourbon claims to be the senior descendant of the House of Bourbon and thus the pretender to the throne of the defunct Kingdom of France.

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Banda (opera)

In opera, a banda (Italian for band) refers to a musical ensemble (normally of wind instruments) which is used in addition to the main orchestra and plays the music which is actually heard by the characters in the opera.

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Bandiera brothers

Palace Soderini, home of Attilio and Emilio Bandiera, facade in Campo Bandiera e Moro, Venice Tombs on Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice The brothers Attilio (1811–1844) and Emilio Bandiera (1819–1844) were Italian nationalists during the Risorgimento.

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Barbara of Portugal

Barbara of Portugal (Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa; 4 December 1711 – 27 August 1758) was an Infanta of Portugal, and a Queen of Spain by marriage to Ferdinand VI of Spain.

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Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto

Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto (Sicilian: Baccialona Pizzaottu) is a town and comune of about 50,000 inhabitants in the north coast of Sicily, Italy, from Messina towards Palermo.

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Bardi, Emilia-Romagna

Bardi (Bàrdi) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about west of Bologna and about southwest of Parma, in the upper Ceno valley at the confluence of the rivers Ceno and Noveglia.

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Baron d'Holbach

Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach, was a French-German author, philosopher, encyclopedist and prominent figure in the French Enlightenment.

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Barra (Naples)

Barra is an eastern quarter of Naples, southern Italy with a population of some 40,000 inhabitants (38,103 in the 2001 census.) Barra occupies the easternmost section of the Naples comunes territory, ranging from the sea to the Vesuvio's slopes, bounding with Poggioreale.

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Basilan

Basilan (Chavacano: Provincia de Basilan; Tausug: Wilaya sin Basilan; Lalawigan sa Basilan) is an island province of the Philippines in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

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Bathilde d'Orléans

Bathilde d'Orléans (Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde; 9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822) was a French princess of the blood of the House of Orléans.

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Battipaglia

Battipaglia is a town and a comune in the province of Salerno, in the Campania region of south-western Italy.

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Battle of Almansa

The Battle of Almansa was one of the most decisive engagements of the War of the Spanish Succession fought on 25 April 1707.

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Battle of Öland

The Battle of Öland was a naval battle between an allied Danish-Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy in the Baltic Sea, off the east coast of Öland on 1 June 1676.

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Battle of Bailén

The Battle of Bailén was fought in 1808 by the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by Generals Francisco Castaños and Theodor von Reding, and the Imperial French Army's II corps d'observation de la Gironde under General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang.

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Battle of Bassignano

The Battle of Bassignana was fought in the Italian campaign of the War of the Austrian Succession on September 27, 1745.

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Battle of Brignais

The Battle of Brignais was fought on 6 April 1362, between forces of the Kingdom of France under Count Jacques de Bourbon, from whom the later royal Bourbons descend, and the Tard-Venus Free Company, led by Petit Meschin and Seguin de Badefol.

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Battle of Calatafimi

The Battle of Calatafimi was fought on May 15, 1860 between Giuseppe Garibaldi's volunteers and the troops of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies at Calatafimi, Sicily, as part of the Expedition of the Thousand (Italian: I Mille).

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Battle of Cape Spartel

The Battle of Cape Spartel was an indecisive naval battle between a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral Luis de Córdova y Córdova and a British fleet under Admiral Richard Howe.

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Battle of Chantonnay

The Battle of Chantonnay (5 September 1793) saw Royalist and Republican French forces clash at Chantonnay during the War in the Vendée.

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Battle of Coron (1793)

The Battle of Coron (18 September 1793) was fought between Royalist and Republican French forces near Coron during the War in the Vendée.

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Battle of Entrames

The Battle of Entrames was fought on 27 October 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Battle of Fontenoy

The Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745,This article uses the Gregorian calendar (unless otherwise stated).

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Battle of Genoa (1795)

The Battle of Genoa (also known as the Battle of Cape Noli and in French as Bataille de Gênes) was a naval battle fought between French and allied Anglo-Neapolitan forces on 14 March 1795 in the Gulf of Genoa, a large bay in the Ligurian Sea off the coast of the Republic of Genoa, during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Battle of Havana (1748)

The Battle of Havana was a naval engagement that took place between the British Caribbean squadron and a Spanish squadron based near Havana during the War of Jenkins' Ear.

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Battle of La Gudina

The Battle of La Gudina, Battle of Val Gudina, or Battle of Campo Maior (Spanish: Batalla de La Gudiña) (Portuguese: Batalha de Caia) was fought on 7 May 1709 near Arronches between the Spanish Bourbon army of Extremadura, under the Marquis de Bay, and the Portuguese and British, under the Huguenot Earl of Galway and the Marquis of Fronteira.

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Battle of Luçon

The final Battle of Luçon was fought on 14 August 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars, between forces of the French Republic under Augustin Tuncq and Royalist forces under Gigot d’Elbée.

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Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo

The Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo or Battle of Cuneo was fought on the outskirts of Cuneo on 30 September 1744, in the War of the Austrian Succession.

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Battle of Malplaquet

The Battle of Malplaquet was a battle of the War of the Spanish Succession, fought on 11 September 1709, which opposed the Bourbons of France and Spain against an alliance whose major members were the Habsburg Monarchy, the United Provinces, Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Battle of Mas Deu

The Battle of Mas Deu or Battle of Mas d'Eu on 19 May 1793 saw the French Revolutionary Army of the Eastern Pyrenees under Louis-Charles de Flers fighting Bourbon Spain's army of Catalonia led by Antonio Ricardos.

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Battle of Mileto

The Battle of Mileto was a battle of the War of the Third Coalition.

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Battle of Montevideo (1807)

The Battle of Montevideo was a battle between the British and Spanish Empires during the Napoleonic Wars, in which British forces captured the city of Montevideo.

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Battle of Murcia

The Battle of Murcia or Battle of the Huerto de las Bombas was a battle on 4 September 1706, between the Bourbons under bishop Luis de Belluga and a combined British and Dutch force.

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Battle of Nantes

The Battle of Nantes was a battle between Royalist and Republican French forces at Nantes on 29 June 1793 during the War in the Vendée.

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Battle of Navarino

The Battle of Navarino was a naval battle fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821–32), in Navarino Bay (modern Pylos), on the west coast of the Peloponnese peninsula, in the Ionian Sea.

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Battle of Piacenza

The Battle of Piacenza was fought between a Franco-Spanish army and the Austrian army near Piacenza, in Northern Italy on June 16, 1746.

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Battle of Pont-Barré

The Battle of Pont-Barré (20 September 1793) saw Royalist Vendeans under Pierre Duhoux and Dominique Piron de La Varenne fighting a Republican French column under Charles François Duhoux near Saint-Lambert-du-Lattay.

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Battle of Ramillies

The Battle of Ramillies, fought on 23 May 1706, was a battle of the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Battle of Saint-Fulgent

The Battle of Saint-Fulgent (22 September 1793) saw Royalist and Republican French forces clash at Saint-Fulgent during the War in the Vendée.

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Battle of Santiago de Cuba (1748)

The 2nd battle of Santiago de Cuba, which took place on 9 April 1748, was a failed attempt by elements of the British Royal Navy under Rear-Admiral Charles Knowles to force the entrance of the port of Santiago de Cuba with the aim of striking a blow to the Spanish trade and privateering, since Santiago was a major base of the Spanish privateers in the Caribbean.

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Battle of Saumur (1793)

The Battle of Saumur was a battle during the Vendee Revolt.

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Battle of Tolentino

The Battle of Tolentino was fought from 2–3 May 1815 near Tolentino, Kingdom of Naples in what is now Marche, Italy: it was the decisive battle in the Neapolitan War, fought by the Napoleonic King of Naples Joachim Murat to keep the throne after the Congress of Vienna.

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Battle of Valmy

The Battle of Valmy was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution.

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Battle of Vigo Bay

The Battle of Vigo Bay, also known as the Battle of Rande, was a naval engagement fought on 23 October 1702 during the opening years of the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Battle of Vihiers

The Battle of Vihiers (18 July 1793) was a battle between Royalist and Republican French forces at Vihiers during the War in the Vendée.

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Battle of Villafranca (1744)

The Battle of Villafranca unfolded on 20 April 1744, during the War of the Austrian Succession.

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Battles of the Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War, 1754–1763, spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines.

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Bayonne Statute

The Bayonne Statute (Estatuto de Bayona)Ignacio Fernández Sarasola,, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.

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Beatrice of Bourbon, Queen of Bohemia

Beatrice of Bourbon (1320 – 23 December 1383) was a French noblewoman.

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Beatrice of Burgundy, Lady of Bourbon

Beatrice of Burgundy (1257 – October 1, 1310) was a ruling Lady of Bourbon in 1288-1310 and, through her mother, heiress of all Bourbon estates.

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Belleperche Castle

Belleperche was a castle, now destroyed, located in the current town of Bagneux (Allier).

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Bellver Castle

Bellver Castle (Castell de Bellver) is a Gothic-style castle on a hill 3 km to the west of the center of Palma on the Island of Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.

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Bertrand Barère

Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (10 September 175513 January 1841) was a French politician, freemason, journalist, and one of the most prominent members of the National Convention during the French Revolution.

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Bertrand Bessières

Bertrand Bessières, 1st Baron Bessières (b. 6 January 1773 in Prayssac; † 15 November 1855 in Chantilly), was a French general of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Betschdorf

Betschdorf is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

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Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III

The Biblioteca nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III (Victor Emmanuel III National Library) is a national library of Italy.

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Bigorre

Bigorre (Gascon: Bigòrra) is a region in southwest France, historically an independent county and later a French province, located in the upper watershed of the Adour, on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees, part of the larger region known as Gascony.

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Binalbal Festival

The Binalbal Festival is an annual festival held on the first of January in Tudela, Misamis Occidental, Philippines.

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Bitonto

Bitonto (Bitontino: Vetònde or Vutònde) is a city and comune in the province of Bari (Apulia region), Italy.

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Blanche of Bourbon

Blanche of Bourbon (1339–1361) was Queen of Castile as the wife of King Peter.

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Blanchet (harpsichord makers)

The Blanchet family were an extended family of French harpsichord-makers from the late-17th century to the mid-19th century, by which time they had become piano makers.

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Bonapartism

Bonapartism is the political ideology of Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors.

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Bonapartiste

A Bonapartiste was a person who either actively participated in or advocated conservative, monarchist and imperial political faction in nineteenth century France.

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Bonne of Bourbon

Bonne of Bourbon (1341 – 19 January 1402) was a daughter of Peter I, Duke of Bourbon, and Isabella of Valois, and hence a sister of Joanna of Bourbon.

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Borbon, Cebu

Borbon is a settlement_text in the province of, Philippines.

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Bordeaux

Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: Bordèu) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.

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Boris Skossyreff

Boris Mikhailovich Skossyreff (Boris Mikhailovich Skosyrev; Borís Mikhàilovitx Skóssirev; born January 12, 1896) was a White Russian adventurer who attempted to seize power in the European state of Andorra during the early 1930s.

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Botanical Garden of Naples

The Botanical Garden of Naples, Italy (in Italian: Orto botanico di Napoli, also Real Orto Botanico) is a research facility of the University of Naples Federico II.

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Botifler

Botiflers was a name given to Philip V of Spain supporters during the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Bourbon

Bourbon may refer to.

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Bourbon biscuit

The Bourbon biscuit (sometimes referred to as a Bourbon cream) is a sandwich style biscuit consisting of two thin rectangular dark chocolate–flavoured biscuits with a chocolate buttercream filling.

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Bourbon claim to the Spanish throne

After the death of the last Habsburg monarch of Spain in 1700, the childless Charles II, the Spanish throne was up for grabs between the various dynasties of Europe despite Charles having left a will naming his heir.

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Bourbon County, Kentucky

Bourbon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky.

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Bourbon Democrat

Bourbon Democrat was a term used in the United States in the later 19th century (1872–1904) to refer to members of the Democratic Party who were ideologically aligned with conservatism or classical liberalism, especially those who supported presidential candidates Charles O'Conor in 1872, Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, President Grover Cleveland in 1884–1888/1892–1896 and Alton B. Parker in 1904.

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Bourbon family tree

This is a simplified family tree of the House of Bourbon.

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Bourbon Reforms

The Bourbon Reforms (Castilian: Reformas Borbónicas) were a set of economic and political legislation promulgated by the Spanish Crown under various kings of the House of Bourbon, mainly in the 18th century.

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Bourbon Street

Bourbon Street (Rue Bourbon, Calle Bourbon) is a street in the heart of New Orleans' oldest neighborhood, the French Quarter, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

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Bourbon Tunnel

The Bourbon Tunnel, Tunnel Borbonico or Bourbon Gallery is an ancient underground passage, constructed for military purposes to connect the Royal Palace to military barracks in Naples, Italy.

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Bourbon whiskey

Bourbon whiskey is a type of American whiskey, a barrel-aged distilled spirit made primarily from corn.

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Bourbon-Busset

The Bourbon-Busset family is an illegitimate branch of the House of Bourbon, being thus agnatic descendants of the Capetian dynasty.

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Bourbon-l'Archambault

Bourbon-l'Archambault is a spa town and a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in central France.

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Bourbon-Lancy

Bourbon-Lancy is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France.

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Bourbon-Penthièvre

The House of Bourbon-Penthièvre was an illegitimate branch of the House of Bourbon, thus descending from the Capetian dynasty.

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Bourbon-Vendôme

The House of Bourbon-Vendôme referred to two branches of the House of Bourbon.

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Bourbonism

Bourbonism has multiple meanings.

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Bourbonnais

Bourbonnais was a historic province in the centre of France that corresponded to the modern département of Allier, along with part of the département of Cher.

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Bourbons of India

The Bourbons of India, in India, claim to be legitimate descendants of the House of Bourbon, descended from Jean Philippe de Bourbon, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, an exiled French noble who served in Mughal Emperor Akbar's court.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.

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Brigandage in southern Italy after 1861

Brigandage in Southern Italy had existed in some form since ancient times.

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Brindisi

Brindisi (Brindisino: Brìnnisi; Brundisium; translit; Brunda) is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Brindisi, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea.

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British general election, 1710

The 1710 British general election produced a landslide victory for the Tories in the wake of the prosecution of Henry Sacheverell and the collapse of the previous Whig government led by Godolphin and the Whig Junto.

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British invasions of the River Plate

The British invasions of the River Plate were a series of unsuccessful British attempts to seize control of areas in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata that were located around the Río de la Plata in South America — in present-day Argentina and Uruguay.

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Brunswick Manifesto

The Brunswick Manifesto was a proclamation issued by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commander of the Allied Army (principally Austrian and Prussian), on 25 July 1792 to the population of Paris, France during the War of the First Coalition.

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Bucks of America

The Bucks of America was a Patriot Massachusetts Militia company, during the American Revolutionary War, that was composed of African-American soldiers.

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Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina.

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Burbank, California

Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States, northwest of downtown Los Angeles.

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Burtscheid, Rhineland-Palatinate

Burtscheid is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Bushy House

Bushy House is a Grade II* listed former royal residence of William IV and then of the dowager queen Adelaide his former queen consort in Teddington, London, which George Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax had constructed for his own enjoyment on the site of a previous house Upper Lodge, Bushy Park, between 1714 and 1715.

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Cadet (genealogy)

In genealogy, a cadet is a younger son, as opposed to the firstborn heir.

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Cadet branch

In history and heraldry, a cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarch or patriarch's younger sons (cadets).

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Calabrese horse

The Calabrese is a breed of horse originating from Italy, generally used for riding.

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Calatafimi-Segesta

Calatafimi-Segesta (Sicilian: Calatafimi-Segesta) is a small town, more popularly known simply as Calatafimi, in the Province of Trapani, in Sicily, southern Italy.

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Caltanissetta

Caltanissetta (Nissa or Cartanisetta) is a comune in the central interior of Sicily, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Caltanissetta.

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Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall

Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, (born Camilla Rosemary Shand, later Parker Bowles; 17 July 1947) is a member of the British royal family.

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Camille de Briey

Camille de Briey (June 27, 1800 - June 3, 1877) was a Belgian industrialist, politician and diplomat.

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Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (10 August 1810 – 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour, was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.

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Campaign in south-west France (1814)

The campaign in south-west France in late 1813 and early 1814 was the final campaign of the Peninsular War.

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Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1794 between Revolutionary France and the First coalition.

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Campania

Campania is a region in Southern Italy.

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Canon de 12 de Vallière

The Canon de 12 de Vallière was a type of cannon designed by French officer Florent-Jean de Vallière (1667–1759), Director-General of the Battalions and Schools of the Artillery.

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Canon de 24 de Vallière

The Canon de 24 de Vallière was a type of cannon designed by the French officer Florent-Jean de Vallière (1667–1759), Director-General of the Battalions and Schools of the Artillery.

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Canon de 4 de Vallière

The Canon de 4 de Vallière was a type of cannon designed by the French officer Florent-Jean de Vallière (1667-1759), Director-General of the Battalions and Schools of the Artillery.

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Cantabria

Cantabria is a historic Spanish community and autonomous community with Santander as its capital city.

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Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty, also known as the House of France, is a dynasty of Frankish origin, founded by Hugh Capet.

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Capetian House of Courtenay

The Capetian House of Courtenay, also known simply as the House of Courtenay, was a royal house and cadet branch of the direct House of Capet.

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Captaincy General of Santo Domingo

The Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (Capitanía General de Santo Domingo) was the first colony in the New World and was claimed for Spain.

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Capture of Gibraltar

The Capture of Gibraltar by Anglo-Dutch forces of the Grand Alliance occurred between 1–3 August 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Cargèse

Cargèse (Greek: Καργκέζε) is a village and commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the west coast of the island of Corsica, 27 km north of Ajaccio.

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Carlism

Carlism (Karlismo; Carlisme) is a Traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon dynasty on the Spanish throne.

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Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo

Count Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo (Charles-André Pozzo di Borgo, Карл Осипович Поццо ди Борго, Karl Osipovich Pozzo di Borgo; 8 March 1764 – 15 February 1842), was a Corsican politician who became a Russian diplomat.

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Carlo Filangieri

Carlo Filangieri (May 10, 1784 – October 9, 1867), prince of Satriano, was a Neapolitan soldier and statesman.

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Carlo, Duke of Calabria

Carlo of Naples and Sicily (Carlo Tito Francesco Giuseppe; 4 January 1775 – 17 December 1778) was Duke of Calabria as heir to Naples and Sicily.

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Carlos Gereda y de Borbón

Don Carlos Gereda y de Borbón, Marquess of Almazán (24 January 1947 – 29 August 2017) was a Spanish aristocrat, engineering entrepreneur and philanthropist.

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Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma

Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (8 April 1930 – 18 August 2010) was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma from 1977 until his death.

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Carlos, Duke of Madrid

Don Carlos, Duke of Madrid (Spanish: Carlos María de los Dolores Juan Isidro José Francisco Quirico Antonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael; 30 March 1848 – 18 July 1909) was the senior member of the House of Bourbon from 1887 until his death.

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Carlota Joaquina of Spain

Doña Carlota Joaquina of Spain (Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana; 25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830), was by birth a member of the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon and Infanta of Spain and by marriage Queen consort of Portugal and the Algarves (and later of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves) and titular Empress consort of Brazil.

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Carmen Polo, 1st Lady of Meirás

María del Carmen Polo y Martínez-Valdés, 1st Lady of Meirás, Grandee of Spain (11 June 1900 – 6 February 1988) was the wife of General and dictator Francisco Franco.

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Carmine Caracciolo, 5th Prince of Santo Buono

Carmine Nicolao Caracciolo, 5th Prince of Santo Buono, Grandee of Spain (July 6, 1671, Bucchianico, Naples – July 26, 1726, Madrid) was Spanish Viceroy of Peru from October 5, 1716 to January 26, 1720.

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Carrickmacross

Carrickmacross is a town in County Monaghan, Ireland.

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Cartagena, Colombia

The city of Cartagena, known in the colonial era as Cartagena de Indias (Cartagena de Indias), is a major port founded in 1533, located on the northern coast of Colombia in the Caribbean Coast Region.

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Cartagena, Spain

Cartagena (Carthago Nova) is a Spanish city and a major naval station located in the Region of Murcia, by the Mediterranean coast, south-eastern Spain.

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Cascais

Cascais is a coastal town and a municipality in Portugal, west of Lisbon.

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Caserta

Caserta is the capital of the province of Caserta in the Campania region of Italy.

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Casertavecchia

Casertavecchia, a frazione of Caserta, is an Italian medieval village that lies at the foot of the Tifatini Mountains located 10 km north-east of the City of Caserta at an altitude of approximately 401 meters.

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Casimir, Comte de Montrond

Casimir, Comte de Montrond (1768–1843) was a French diplomatic agent and the son of a military officer.

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Cassibile (village)

Cassibile (Sicilian: Cassìbbili) is an Italian village and civil parish (frazione) of the city and municipality (comune) of Syracuse (Siracusa), in Sicily.

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Castel del Monte, Apulia

Castel del Monte (Italian for "Castle of the Mountain"; Barese: Castídde d'u Monte) is a 13th-century citadel and castle situated on a hill in Andria in the Apulia region of southeast Italy.

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Castel dell'Ovo

Castel dell'Ovo (in English, Egg Castle) is a seaside castle in Naples, located on the former island of Megaride, now a peninsula, on the Gulf of Naples in Italy.

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Castell'Arquato

Castell'Arquato (Piacentino: Castél Arquä or Castél Arcuà) is an Italian town located on the first hills of Val D’Arda in the province of Piacenza, in Emilia-Romagna, approximately from Piacenza and from Parma.

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Castle of Cardona

The Castle of Cardona (Castell de Cardona) is arguably the most important medieval fortress in Catalonia and one of the most important in Spain.

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Catalan independence movement

The Catalan independence movement (independentisme català; Spanish: independentismo catalán) is a political movement historically derived from Catalan nationalism, which seeks independence of Catalonia from Spain.

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Catalan nationalism

Catalan nationalism is the ideology asserting that the Catalans are a nation.

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Catalans

The Catalans (Catalan, French and Occitan: catalans; catalanes, Italian: catalani) are a Pyrenean/Latin European ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Catalonia (Spain), in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya, Catalonha, Cataluña) is an autonomous community in Spain on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Caterina Sforza

Caterina Sforza (1463 – 28 May 1509) was an Italian noblewoman and Countess of Forlì and Lady of Imola firstly with her husband Girolamo Riario, and after his death as a regent of her son Ottaviano.

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Catharine of Bourbon

Catharine of Bourbon (1440 in Liège – 21 May 1469 in Nijmegen) was Duchess of Guelders from 1465-1469 by her marriage to Adolf, Duke of Guelders.

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Catherine de Bourbon

Catherine de Bourbon (7 February 1559 – 13 February 1604) was the daughter of Queen Joan III and King Anthony of Navarre.

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Catherine de' Medici

Catherine de Medici (Italian: Caterina de Medici,; French: Catherine de Médicis,; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589), daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne, was an Italian noblewoman who was queen of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II.

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Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts

Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts made a significant contribution to the French Renaissance.

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Catherine Henriette de Bourbon

Catherine Henriette de Bourbon (11 November 1596 – 20 June 1663) was an illegitimate daughter of King Henry IV of France and his long-term maîtresse en titre Gabrielle d'Estrées.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; –), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader.

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Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon

Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon, 1st Marquis de Grenade (31 May 1754 – 25 December 1818) was Marshal of France.

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Catholic and Royal Army

The Catholic and Royal Armies (in French: Armées catholique et royale) is the name given to the royalist armies in western France composed of insurgents during the war in the Vendée and the Chouannerie, who opposed the French revolution, hence they were counterrevolutionary by definition.

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Cádiz

Cádiz (see other pronunciations below) is a city and port in southwestern Spain.

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César Berthier

Louis César Gabriel Berthier de Berluy (9 November 1765 Versailles - 17 August 1819 Château de Grosbois (Seine-et-Oise)), was a French Napoleonic War general.

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César, Duke of Vendôme

César de Bourbon, Légitimé de France (3 June 1594 – 22 October 1665) was the son of Henry IV of France and his mistress Gabrielle d'Estrées, and founder of the House of Bourbon-Vendome.

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Centro (Madrid)

Centro is the central district of the city of Madrid, Spain.

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Cervera

Cervera is the capital of the comarca of Segarra, in the province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.

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Cervinara

Cervinara is an Italian town (comune) of 10,188 inhabitants in the province of Avellino, Campania.

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Chant du départ

The "Chant du Départ" (French for "Song of the Departure") is a revolutionary and war song written by Étienne Nicolas Méhul (music) and Marie-Joseph Chénier (words) in 1794.

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Chantal de Chevron-Villette

Chantal Françoise Marie Camille de Chevron-Villette (10 January 1925 in Le Cannet-des-Maures, France – 24 May 2005 in Suresnes, France) was the wife of Prince Ferdinand of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro, a Bourbon prince and claimant to headship of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies, which was deposed in 1860.

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Chapel Royal of Naples

The Chapel Royal of Naples (Italian: Cappella Reale di Napoli) was the sacred musical establishment of the Spanish court in Naples which began with the Aragonese Court of Naples, and continued under the Habsburgs the Bourbons, and Joseph Napoleon.

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Charles

Charles is a masculine given name from the French form Charles of a Germanic name Karl.

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Charles Albert of Sardinia

Charles Albert (2 October 1798 – 28 July 1849) was the King of Sardinia from 27 April 1831 to 23 March 1849.

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Charles de Bonchamps

Charles-Melchior Arthus, Marquis de Bonchamps (10 May 1760 – 18 October 1793) was a French politician and leader of the Vendéan insurrection of Royalists against the Republic during the French Revolution.

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Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron

Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron (156231 July 1602) was a French soldier whose military achievements were accompanied by plotting to dismember France and set himself up as ruler of an independent Burgundy.

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Charles de Tinseau d'Amondans

Charles-Marie-Thérèse-Léon de Tinseau d'Amondans de Gennes (1748-1822) was a military engineer and mathematician from France in the 18th century.

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Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc

Charles Eugène of Lorraine (25 September 1751 – 2 November 1825) was the head of and last male member of the House of Guise, the cadet branch of the House of Lorraine which dominated France during the Wars of Religion, remained prominent as princes étrangers at court throughout the ancien régime, and participated in the émigré efforts to restore the Bourbons to the throne.

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Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, Duke of Berry (24 January 1778 – 14 February 1820) was the third child and youngest son of the future King of France, Charles X, and his wife, Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy.

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Charles I of England

Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

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Charles I, Duke of Bourbon

Charles de Bourbon (1401 – 4 December 1456, Château de Moulins) was the oldest son of John I, Duke of Bourbon and Marie, Duchess of Auvergne.

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Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken

Charles II August Christian (Karl II.; 29 October 1746 – 1 April 1795) was Duke of Zweibrücken from 1775 to 1795.

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Charles II de Bourbon-Vendôme

Charles II of Bourbon (1562–1594), known as Cardinal de Vendôme and later as Cardinal de Bourbon, was a prince of the blood of the House of Bourbon.

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Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans

Charles II of Orléans (22 January 1522 – 9 September 1545) was the third son of Francis I and Claude of France.

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Charles II, Duke of Bourbon

Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (Château de Moulins, 1434–September 13, 1488, Lyon), was Archbishop of Lyon from an early age and a French diplomat under the rule of Louis XI of France.

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Charles II, Duke of Parma

Charles Louis (Carlo Ludovico; 22 December 1799 – 16 April 1883) was King of Etruria (1803–1807; reigned as Louis II), Duke of Lucca (1824–1847; reigned as Charles I), and Duke of Parma (1847–1849; reigned as Charles II).

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Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Spanish: Carlos; Italian: Carlo; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain and the Spanish Indies (1759–1788), after ruling Naples as Charles VII and Sicily as Charles V (1734–1759), kingdoms he abdicated to his son Ferdinand.

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Charles III, Duke of Bourbon

Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (17 February 1490 – 6 May 1527) was a French military leader, the Count of Montpensier, Clermont and Auvergne, and Dauphin of Auvergne from 1501 to 1523, then Duke of Bourbon and Auvergne, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, Forez and La Marche, and Lord of Beaujeu from 1505 to 1521.

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Charles III, Duke of Parma

Charles III (Carlo III di Borbone, Duca di Parma e Piacenza; 14 January 1823 – 27 March 1854) was Duke of Parma from 1849 to 1854.

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Charles IV of Spain

Charles IV (Spanish: Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario Serafín Diego; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788, until his abdication on 19 March 1808.

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Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux

Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux (6 March 1767 – 25 June 1794) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period and Freemason.

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Charles Jules, Prince of Rochefort

Charles Jules de Rohan (Charles Jules Armand; 29 August 1729 – 18 May 1811) was a French nobleman and Prince of Rochefort.

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Charles Lallemand

François Antoine "Charles" Lallemand (23 June 1774 – 9 March 1839) was a French general who served Napoleon I of France, tried to found a colony in what is now Texas, and finally returned to France to serve as governor of Corsica.

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Charles Lock

Charles Lock (1770 – 12 September 1804) was the British consul-general in Naples during the Neapolitan Revolution of 1799.

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Charles Malo François Lameth

Charles Malo François Lameth (5 October 1757 – 28 December 1832) was a French politician and soldier.

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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), 1st Prince of Benevento, then 1st Prince of Talleyrand, was a laicized French bishop, politician, and diplomat.

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Charles Maurras

Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic.

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Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth

Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth GCB, PC (29 May 1752 – 13 May 1825), known as The Lord Whitworth between 1800 and 1813 and as The Viscount Whitworth between 1813 and 1815, was a British diplomat and politician.

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Charles X of France

Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.

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Charles XIV John of Sweden

Charles XIV and III John or Carl John, (Swedish and Norwegian: Karl Johan; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden (as Charles XIV John) and King of Norway (as Charles III John) from 1818 until his death, and served as de facto regent and head of state from 1810 to 1818.

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Charles, Count of Charolais

Charles de Bourbon-Condé, Count of Charolais (19 June 1700 – 23 July 1760), was a French noble.

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Charles, Count of Soissons

Charles de Bourbon (3 November 1566 – 1 November 1612) was a French prince du sang and military commander during the struggles over religion and the throne in late 16th century France.

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Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)

Charles of France, Duke of Berry, (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714) was a grandson of Louis XIV of France.

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Charles, Duke of Vendôme

Charles de Bourbon (2 June 1489 – 25 March 1537) was a French prince du sang and military commander at the court of Francis I of France.

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Charles, Prince Napoléon

Charles, Prince Napoléon (Charles Marie Jérôme Victor Napoléon; born 19 October 1950) is a French politician, and is recognised by some Bonapartists as the head of the Imperial House of France and as heir to the rights and legacy established by his great-great-grand-uncle, Emperor Napoléon I. Other Bonapartists consider his son, Jean-Christophe, to be the current head of the house and heir.

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Charles, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon

Charles de Bourbon, Prince de la Roche-sur-Yon, born 1515, died in 1565 in Beaupré, was a prince of the blood of the House of Bourbon.

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Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance

Charles-François Lebrun, 1st duc de Plaisance (19 March 1739 – 16 June 1824), was a French statesman who served as Third Consul of the French Republic and was later created Arch-Treasurer and Prince of the Empire by Napoleon I.

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Charlotte de Rohan

Charlotte de Rohan (Charlotte Godefride Élisabeth; 7 October 1737 – 4 March 1760) was a French aristocrat who married into the House of Condé, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, during the Ancien Régime.

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Charlotte Louise de Rohan

Princess Charlotte Louise Dorothée de Rohan (25 October 1767 – 1 May 1841) is reputed to have been the secret wife of Louis de Bourbon-Condé, ''Duc d'Enghien'', an important prince du sang and émigré during the French Revolution.

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Charlotte of Bourbon, Queen of Cyprus

Charlotte de Bourbon (1388 – 15 January 1422) was the Queen consort of Cyprus and titular Queen consort of Armenia and Jerusalem through her marriage to King Janus of Cyprus.

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Charolais, France

Charolais (also Charollais) is a historic region of France, named after the central town of Charolles, and located in today's Saône-et-Loire département, in Burgundy.

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Château

A château (plural châteaux; in both cases) is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally—and still most frequently—in French-speaking regions.

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Château d'Ainay-le-Vieil

Château d'Ainay-le-Vieil is a 14th-century castle built on the grounds of an earlier 12th century castle in Ainay-le-Vieil, Cher, France.

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Château d'Amboise

The royal Château at Amboise is a château located in Amboise, in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley in France.

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Château de Billy

The Château de Billy is a ruined 13th – 14th century castle in the town of Billy in the Allier département of France.

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Château de Blois

The Royal Château de Blois (French: "Château Royal de Blois") is located in the Loir-et-Cher département in the Loire Valley, in France, in the center of the city of Blois.

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Château de Chenonceau

The Château de Chenonceau is a French château spanning the River Cher, near the small village of Chenonceaux in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley in France.

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Château de L'Isle-Adam

The Château de L'Isle-Adam, now destroyed, could be found in the town of L'Isle-Adam in the department of Val-d'Oise; it was built on an island called the Île du Prieuré The building was connected with many illustrious families; the Lords of Adams, the Dukes of Villiers, the Dukes of Montmorency, the Princes of Condé and finally the Princes of Conti.

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Château de Laly

The Château de Laly is a château or manor-house in Le Montet in the Allier départment in the Auvergne Region of France.

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Château de Madrid

The Château de Madrid was a Renaissance building in France.

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Château Royal de Collioure

The Château Royal de Collioure (Catalan: Castell Reial de Cotlliure) is a massive French royal castle in the town of Collioure, a few kilometers north of the Spanish border in the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales.

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Chouannerie

The Chouannerie was a royalist uprising or counter-revolution in 12 of the western départements of France, particularly in the provinces of Brittany and Maine, against the French First Republic during the French Revolution.

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Christine of France

Christine Marie of France (10 February 1606 – 27 December 1663) was the sister of Louis XIII and the Duchess of Savoy by marriage.

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Ci-devant

In post-Revolutionary France, ci-devant nobility were those nobles who refused to be reconstituted into the new social order or to accept any of the political, cultural, and social changes brought about in France by the French Revolution.

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Citadel

A citadel is the core fortified area of a town or city.

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Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise

The Civil Order of Alfonso X the Wise (Spanish: Orden Civil de Alfonso X el Sabio) is a Spanish civil order established in 1939, recognising activities in the fields of education, science, culture, higher education and research.

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Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé

Claire Clémence de Maillé (25 February 1628 – 16 April 1694) was a French noblewoman from the Brézé family and a niece of Cardinal Richelieu.

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Claude Antoine Gabriel, duc de Choiseul-Stainville

Claude Antoine Gabriel, duc de Choiseul-Stainville (26 August 1760, Lunéville – 1 December 1838) was a French soldier and émigré Royalist.

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Claude Basire

Claude Basire (1764 – 5 April 1794) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period.

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Claude Dallemagne

Claude Dallemagne (8 November 1754, Peyrieu, Ain – 12 June 1813) started his career in the French army under the Bourbons, fought in the American Revolutionary War, rose in rank to become a general officer during the French Revolutionary Wars, took part in the 1796 Italian campaign under Napoleon Bonaparte, and held military posts during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Claude Fournier (revolutionary)

Claude Fournier L'Héritier (21 December 1745 – 1825) was a French personality of the Revolution, nicknamed l'Americain ("the American").

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Claude Mellan

Claude Mellan (23 May 1598 – 9 September 1688) was a French draughtsman, engraver, and painter.

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Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno

Claude Victor-Perrin, First Duc de Belluno (7 December 1764 – 1 March 1841) was a French soldier and military commander during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

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Claude, Duke of Guise

Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise (20 October 1496, Château de Condé-sur-Moselle, – 12 April 1550, Château de Joinville) was a French aristocrat and general.

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Clémence Royer

Clémence Royer (21 April 1830 – 6 February 1902) was a self-taught French scholar who lectured and wrote on economics, philosophy, science and feminism.

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Clotilde of France, Queen of Sardinia

Marie Clotilde of France (Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière; 23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802), known as Clotilda in Italy, was Queen of Sardinia by marriage to Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia.

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Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile

In Colonial times the Spanish Empire diverted significant resources to fortify the Chilean coast as consequence of Dutch and English raids.

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Coat of arms of Montreal

The first coat of arms of Montreal was designed by Jacques Viger, the city's first mayor, and adopted in 1833 by the city councillors.

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Coat of arms of Réunion

The coat of arms of Réunion represents the island and overseas departement of Réunion.

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Coat of arms of Spain

The coat of arms of Spain represents Spain and the Spanish nation.

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Coat of arms of the King of Spain

The coat of arms of the King of Spain is the heraldic symbol representing the monarch of Spain.

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Coat of arms of the Philippines

The Coat of Arms of the Philippines (Sagisag ng Pilipinas) or sometimes in (Escudo de Filipinas) features the eight-rayed sun of the Philippines with each ray representing the eight provinces (Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac) which were placed under martial law by Governor-General Ramón Blanco during the Philippine Revolution, and the three five-pointed stars representing the three primary geographic regions of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

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Coat of arms of the Prince of Asturias

The blazon of the coat of arms of the Princess of Asturias is given by a Royal Decree 979 on 30 October 2015 which was an amendment of the Royal Decree 1511 dated Madrid 21 January 1977, which also created her guidon (military personal ensign) and her standard.

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Coat of arms of the Prince of Spain

The Coat of arms of the Prince of Spain was set out in the Spanish Decree 814 of 22 April 1971, by which the Rules for Flags, Standards, Guidons, Banners, and Badges were adopted.

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Coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic

The Coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic was the emblem of the Second Spanish Republic, the democratic government that existed in Spain between April 14, 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country, and April 1, 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered to Francoist forces at the end of the Spanish Civil War.

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Coats of arms of Europe

This is a list of the national coats of arms or equivalent emblems used by countries and dependent territories in Europe.

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Cockade

A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colors which is usually worn on a hat.

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Colegio de San Gregorio

The Colegio de San Gregorio is an Isabelline style building located in the city of Valladolid, in Castile and León, Spain, it was formerly a college and now is housing the Museo Nacional de Escultura museum.

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Common sense

Common sense is sound practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge that is shared by ("common to") nearly all people.

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna (Wiener Kongress) also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.

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Conscription in France

France was the first modern nation state to introduce universal military conscription as a condition of citizenship.

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Consequences of War

Consequences of War, also known as Horror of war, was executed between 1638-1639 by Peter Paul Rubens in oil paint on canvas.

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Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum

Pompeii and Herculaneum were once thriving towns, 2,000 years ago, in the Bay of Naples.

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Conservative Order

The Conservative Order is the period in European political history after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815.

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Conspiracy of the Equals

The Conspiracy of the Equals (Conjuration des Égaux) of May 1796 was a failed coup de main during the French Revolution.

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Constantin Denis Bourbaki

Colonel Constantin Denis Bourbaki (Διονύσιος Βούρβαχης, Dionysios Vourvachis), (1787 – 8 February 1827) was a Greek officer educated in France, and serving in the French military.

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Constitution of the Year XII

The Constitution of the Year XII was a national constitution of France adopted during the Year XII of the French Revolutionary Calendar (1804 in the Gregorian calendar).

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Controversies surrounding the Society of Saint Pius X

There have been several controversies surrounding the Society of St.

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Copier family

The House of Copier (Coppier, Coupier or Couppier) is a royal family from Savoy.

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Cornelio Saavedra

Cornelio Judas Tadeo de Saavedra y Rodríguez (September 15, 1759 in Otuyo – March 29, 1829 in Buenos Aires) was a military officer and statesman from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

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Coronation of the French monarch

The accession of the King of France was legitimized by coronation ceremony performed with the Crown of Charlemagne at Notre-Dame de Reims.

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Corregidor (position)

A corregidor was a local administrative and judicial official in Spain and in its overseas empire.

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Corregimiento

Corregimiento (Corregiment) is a Spanish term used for country subdivisions for royal administrative purposes, ensuring districts were under crown control as opposed to local elites.

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Cortes Generales

The Cortes Generales (General Courts) are the bicameral legislature of the Kingdom of Spain, consisting of two chambers: the Congress of Deputies (the lower house) and the Senate (the upper house).

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Cosenza

Cosenza (Cosentino: Cusenze) is a city in the Calabria region of Southern Italy.

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Council of the Indies

The Council of the Indies; officially, the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias), was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and the Philippines.

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Count of Cervera

The title Count of Cervera (Comte de Cervera) is held by Leonor, Princess of Asturias, heiress to Felipe VI.

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Count of Flanders

The Count of Flanders was the ruler or sub-ruler of the county of Flanders, beginning in the 9th century.

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Count of Hainaut

The Count of Hainaut was the ruler of the county of Hainaut, a historical region in the Low Countries (including the modern countries of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and parts of northern France and western Germany).

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Count of Périgord

Count of Périgord (Fr.: comte de Périgord) is a noble title in the peerage of France, first created for Emenon, who was also Count of Poitiers and Count of Angoulême.

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Countess of Dreux

This article is of the Countesses of Dreux; the consorts of the French counts of Dreux.

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Countess of Eu

This is a list of the countesses of Eu, a French fief in the Middle Ages.

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Countess of Holland

During the 'foreign rule' by Burgundy and Habsburg, the county was governed by a stadtholder in name of the count.

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Counts and dukes of Anjou

The Count of Anjou was the ruler of the county of Anjou, first granted by Charles the Bald in the 9th century to Robert the Strong.

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Counts and dukes of Guise

Count of Guise and Duke of Guise were titles in the French nobility.

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Counts and dukes of Penthièvre

In the 11th and 12th centuries the Countship of Penthièvre (Breton: Penteur) in Brittany (now in the department of Côtes-d'Armor) belonged to a branch of the sovereign House of Brittany.

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Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis

The Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis first appear in the early 11th century.

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Counts of Clermont-Tonnerre

Clermont-Tonnerre is the name of a French noble family, members of which played some part in the history of France, especially in Dauphiné, from about 1100 to the French Revolution (1789–99).

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Counts of Dreux

The Counts of Dreux were a noble family of France, who took their title from the chief stronghold of their domain, the château of Dreux, which lies near the boundary between Normandy and the Île-de-France.

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Counts of Ligny

The Lords of Ligny, later Counts of Ligny, ruled the fief of Ligny-en-Barrois during the Middle Ages.

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County of Foix

The County of Foix was an independent medieval fief in southern France, and later a province of France, whose territory corresponded roughly the eastern part of the modern département of Ariège (the western part of Ariège being Couserans).

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County of La Marche

The County of Marche (la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse.

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Cousin Bette

La Cousine Bette (Cousin Bette) is an 1846 novel by French author Honoré de Balzac.

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Couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Jacques

The Couvent Saint-Jacques, Grand couvent des Jacobins or Couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Jacques was a Dominican monastery on rue Saint-Jacques in Paris.

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Craco

Craco is a ghost town and comune in the Province of Matera, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata.

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Creuse

Creuse is a department in central France named after the river Creuse.

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Cross of Burgundy

The Cross of Burgundy (Cruz de Borgoña; Aspa de Borgoña) or the Cross of Saint Andrew (Cruz de San Andrés), a form of St. Andrew's cross, was first used in the 15th century as an emblem by the Valois Dukes of Burgundy, who ruled a large part of eastern France and the Low Countries as effectively an independent state.

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Crosses of Aeronautical Merit

Crosses of Aeronautical Merit (Cruces del Mérito Aeronáutico) are Spain's military award for gallantry or merit in the air.

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Crosses of Military Merit

The Crosses of Military Merit (Cruces del Mérito Militar) are Spain's military awards for gallantry or merit in war or peace.

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Crosses of Naval Merit

Crosses of Naval Merit (Cruces del Mérito Naval) are a Spanish military award for gallantry or merit in war or peace.

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Crown of Aragon

The Crown of Aragon (Corona d'Aragón, Corona d'Aragó, Corona de Aragón),Corona d'AragónCorona AragonumCorona de Aragón) also referred by some modern historians as Catalanoaragonese Crown (Corona catalanoaragonesa) or Catalan-Aragonese Confederation (Confederació catalanoaragonesa) was a composite monarchy, also nowadays referred to as a confederation of individual polities or kingdoms ruled by one king, with a personal and dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy (a state with primarily maritime realms) controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean "empire" which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388). The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each Corts or Cortes. Put in contemporary terms, it has sometimes been considered that the different lands of the Crown of Aragon (mainly the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of Valencia) functioned more as a confederation than as a single kingdom. In this sense, the larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name. In 1469, a new dynastic familial union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as "the Spains" led to what would become the Kingdom of Spain under King Philip II. The Crown existed until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Cuba Palace

The Cuba (La Cubba) is a palace in the Sicilian city of Palermo.

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Currency of Spanish America

This article provides an outline of the currency of Spanish America (las Indias, the Indies) from Spanish colonization in the 15th century until Spanish American independencies in the 19th.

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D. Iacobescu

D.

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Dalberg

Dalberg is the name of an ancient and distinguished German noble family, derived from the hamlet and castle (now in ruins) of Dalberg or Dalburg near Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate.

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Dato Capital

Dato Capital is an online database of business information about companies and directors registered in the United Kingdom, Gibraltar, Spain, Panama, Cayman Islands, Luxembourg and British Virgin Islands.

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Dauphin of France

The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France)—strictly The Dauphin of Viennois (Dauphin de Viennois)—was the dynastic title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830.

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Dauphine of France

The Dauphine of France was the wife of the Dauphin of France (the heir apparent to the French throne).

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De la Rochejacquelein

Vergier de La Rochejacquelein is the name of an ancient French family of the Vendée, celebrated for its devotion to the House of Bourbon during and after the French Revolution.

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Death and funeral of Otto von Habsburg

On 4 July 2011, Otto von Habsburg, also known as Otto of Austria, former head of the House of Habsburg and Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece (1922–2007) and former Crown Prince (1916–1918) and, by pretence, Emperor-King (from 1922), of Austria-Hungary—or formally, of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, Lodomeria and Illyria, and of Jerusalem etc.

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December 23

No description.

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Denis-Luc Frayssinous

Denis-Antoine-Luc, comte de Frayssinous (9 May 176512 December 1841) was a French prelate and statesman, orator and writer.

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Descamisado

Descamisado is a Spanish word that literally means "without shirt" or "shirtless".

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Descendants of Alfonso XIII of Spain

The descendants of Alfonso XIII of Spain, Bourbon monarch of the Kingdom of Spain, are numerous.

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Descendants of Charles I of England

Charles I of England was the second King of the then newly enthroned House of Stuart.

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Descendants of Charles III of Spain

The descendants of Charles III of Spain, the third surviving son of the first Bourbon King of Spain are numerous.

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Descendants of Henry IV of France

Henry IV of France was the first Bourbon king of France.

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Descendants of Louis XIV of France

The descendants of Louis XIV of France (1638–1715), Bourbon monarch of the Kingdom of France, are numerous.

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Descendants of Philip V of Spain

The descendants of Philip V of Spain, Bourbon monarch of the Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of Naples, and Kingdom of Sicily are numerous.

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Descendants of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

Philippe de France, Duke of Orléans was the brother of Louis XIV of France and the younger son of Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria.

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Descent from antiquity

A Descent from Antiquity (DFA or DfA) is a well-researched, historically documented generation-by-generation genealogical descent tracing living persons back to people living in antiquity.

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Diego de Gardoqui

Diego María de Gardoqui y Arriquibar (born November 12, 1735, Bilbao, Spain – d. 1798, Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish politician and diplomat.

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Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War

Diplomacy in the Revolutionary War had an important impact on the Revolution, as the United States evolved an independent foreign policy.

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Doctor Lautrec and the Forgotten Knights

is an adventure game for the Nintendo 3DS.

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Domenico Cimarosa

Domenico Cimarosa (17 December 1749, Aversa, Kingdom of Naples, now Province of Caserta – 11 January 1801, Venice) was an Italian opera composer of the Neapolitan school.

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Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic (República Dominicana) is a sovereign state located in the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region.

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Dominus ac Redemptor

Dominus ac Redemptor is the papal brief promulgated on 21 July 1773 by which Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Society of Jesus.

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Donat Mg

Donat Mg is a natural mineral water from the springs of Rogaška Slatina in Slovenia.

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Dorothea von Schlegel

Dorothea von Schlegel (October 24, 1764 – August 3, 1839) was a German novelist and translator.

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Duchess of Bouillon

There have been duchesses of Bouillon, in present-day Belgium, since the tenth century.

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Duchess of Brabant (by marriage)

*For the a Duchess of Brabant suo jure see Duke of Brabant The Duchess of Brabant refers to a woman married to the Duke of Brabant or a Duchess of Brabant suo jure.

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Duchess of Braganza

The title of Duchess of Braganza has existed in Portugal since the 15th century.

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Duchess of Calabria

Duchess of Calabria was the traditional title of the wife of the heir apparent of the Kingdom of Naples after the accession of Robert of Naples.

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Duchess of Galliera

No description.

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Duchess of Genoa

No description.

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Duchess of Limburg

No description.

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Duchess of Longueville

No description.

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Duchess of Normandy

The Duchess of Normandy was the ruler or sub-ruler of the Duchy of Normandy.

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Duchess of Vendôme

Vendome.

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Duchy of Guastalla

The Duchy of Guastalla was an Italian state which existed between 1621 and 1748.

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Duchy of Montpensier

The French lordship of Montpensier (named after the village of Montpensier, département of Puy-de-Dôme), located in historical Auvergne, became a countship in the 14th century.

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Duchy of Neopatras

The Duchy of Neopatras (Ducat de Neopàtria; Δουκάτο Νέων Πατρών; Ducatus Neopatriae) was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the sacking and conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade.

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Duchy of Parma

The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, which was conquered by the Papal States in 1512.

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Duchy of Rambouillet

The Duchy or Duke of Rambouillet was a French Peerage created in 1711 for Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, ''Légitimé de France'', Count of Toulouse, youngest legitimised son of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.

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Duchy of Württemberg

The Duchy of Württemberg (Herzogtum Württemberg) was a duchy located in the south-western part of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Duke of Berry

The title of Duke of Berry (Duc de Berry) or Duchess of Berry (Duchesse de Berry) in the French nobility was frequently created for junior members of the French royal family.

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Duke of Bourbon

Duke of Bourbon (Duc de Bourbon) is a title in the peerage of France.

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Duke of Brabant

The Duke of Brabant was formally the ruler of the Duchy of Brabant since 1183/1184.

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Duke of Burgundy

Duke of Burgundy (duc de Bourgogne) was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which in 843 was allotted to Charles the Bald's kingdom of West Franks.

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Duke of Cádiz

The Dukedom of Cádiz is a title of Spanish nobility.

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Duke of Chartres

Originally, the Duchy of Chartres (duché de Chartres) was the comté de Chartres, a County.

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Duke of Enghien

The title of Duke of Enghien (or Duke d'Enghien, or Duc d'Enghien, pronounced with a silent i) may, like many noble titles, refer to any of several historical figures.

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Duke of Mercœur

The Seigneurs and Dukes of Mercœur were a line of powerful lords deriving their name from the estate of Mercœur in Auvergne, France.

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Duke of Montblanc

The Duke of Montblanc (Duc de Montblanc) is a noble Catalan title which since the 15th century has been preserved as one of the titles of the heir apparent to, first, the Aragonese crown and, later and currently, the Spanish.

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Duke of Nemours

Duke of Nemours was a title in the Peerage of France.

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Duke of Parma

The Duke of Parma was the ruler of the Duchy of Parma, a small historical state which existed between 1545 and 1802, and again from 1814 to 1859.

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Duke of Seville

The Dukedom of Seville is a title of Spanish nobility that was granted in 1823 by King Ferdinand VII of Spain to his nephew, Infante Enrique of Spain.

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Duke of Villahermosa

The Duke of Villahermosa (in Spanish: Duque de Villahermosa) is a noble and Grandee of Spain.

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Dukes in France

The title of Duke was the highest title in the French nobility during the time of the monarchy in France.

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Duverger

Duverger (also spelt du Vergier, DuVerger and Duvergé) is a French surname, originally a patronymic, meaning Du Verger (English: of the Garden or From Eden).

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Dynastic union

A dynastic union is a kind of federation with only two different states that are governed by the same dynasty, while their boundaries, their laws and their interests remain distinct.

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Dynasty

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.

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Early life of Pedro II of Brazil

The early life of Pedro II of Brazil covers the period from his birth on 2 December 1825 until 18 July 1841, when he was crowned and consecrated.

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Early modern Europe

Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century.

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Early modern France

The Kingdom of France in the early modern period, from the Renaissance (circa 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch).

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Early modern period

The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era.

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Economy of Madrid

After it became the capital of Spain in the 16th century, Madrid was more a centre of consumption than of production or trade.

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Eden Agreement

The Eden Treaty was a treaty signed between Great Britain and France in 1786, named after the British negotiator William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland (1744–1814).

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Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé

Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé (14 October 1747 – 28 June 1814) was a French soldier and politician.

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Edward Draper

Edward Alured Draper (22 October 1776 in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom – 22 April 1841 in Rivière Noire, Mauritius) was a military officer in the British Army and civil servant in Mauritius.

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Eggenberg family

Eggenberg was the name of an Austrian noble family from Styria, who achieved princely rank in the 17th century.

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El Escorial

The Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid), commonly known as El Escorial, is a historical residence of the King of Spain, in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, about northwest of the capital, Madrid, in Spain.

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Elena of Montenegro

Princess Elena of Montenegro, or more commonly known as Queen Elena of Italy (8 January 1871 – 28 November 1952) was the daughter of King Nicholas I of Montenegro and his wife, Milena Vukotić.

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Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel

Eleonora Anna Maria Felice de Fonseca Pimentel (born Leonor da Fonseca Pimentel Chaves; 13 January 1752 – 20 August 1799) was an Italian poet and revolutionary connected with the Neapolitan revolution and subsequent short-lived Neapolitan Republic (also known as the Parthenopean Republic) of 1799, a sister republic of the French Republic and one of many set up in the 1790s in Europe.

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Elijah Craig

Elijah Craig (1738/1743 – May 18, 1808) was a Baptist preacher in Virginia, who became an educator and capitalist entrepreneur in the area of Virginia that later became the state of Kentucky.

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Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)

Elisabeth of France (22 November 1602 – 6 October 1644) was Queen consort of Spain (1621 to 1644) and Portugal (1621 to 1640) as the first spouse of King Philip IV of Spain.

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Elizabeth of Russia

Elizabeth Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́та) Петро́вна) (–), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death.

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Emilio Castelar

Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (7 September 1832 – 25 May 1899) was a Spanish republican politician, and a president of the First Spanish Republic.

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Emmanuel Théaulon

Marie-Emmanuel-Guillaume-Marguerite Théaulon de Lambert (14 August 1787, Aigues-Mortes – 16 November 1841) was a French playwright.

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Emperor

An emperor (through Old French empereor from Latin imperator) is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.

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English Wars (Scandinavia)

The English Wars (Englandskrigene, Englandskrigen) were a series of conflicts between England and Sweden with Denmark-Norway as part of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Epitaph of Altamura

The Epitaph of Altamura (Epitaffio di Altamura) is a monument erected right after the visit to Altamura, on 8 April 1807, of Joseph Bonaparte (the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte), who had just become king of Naples (1806-1808).

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Ernesto Basile

Ernesto Basile (31 January 1857, in Palermo – 26 August 1932, in Palermo) was an Italian architect and an exponent of modernism and Art Nouveau.

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Espagnole sauce

Espagnole sauce is a basic brown sauce, and is one of Auguste Escoffier's five mother sauces of classic French cooking.

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Estates of the realm

The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe.

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Eugenia Silva

Eugenia Silva (born January 13, 1976) is a Spanish model.

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European wars of religion

The European wars of religion were a series of religious wars waged mainly in central and western, but also northern Europe (especially Ireland) in the 16th and 17th century.

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Euxinograd

Euxinograd (Евксиноград, also transliterated as Evksinograd) is a late 19th-century Bulgarian former royal summer palace and park on the Black Sea coast, north of downtown Varna.

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Evacuation of La Romana's division

The Evacuation of La Romana's division in August 1808 was a military operation in which a division of troops belonging to the Kingdom of Spain and commanded by Pedro Caro, 3rd Marquis of la Romana defected from the armies of the First French Empire.

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Expédition de Sardaigne

The Expédition de Sardaigne (Expedition to Sardinia) was a short military campaign fought in 1793 in the Mediterranean Sea in the first year of the War of the First Coalition, during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Expedition of the Thousand

The Expedition of the Thousand (Italian Spedizione dei Mille) was an event of the Italian Risorgimento that took place in 1860.

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Falange Española de las JONS

Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (Spanish for "Spanish Phalanx of the Councils of the National-Syndicalist Offensive"; FE de las JONS for short), or simply called the Falange, was a fascist and national syndicalist political party founded in 1934 in the Spain Republic as merger of the Falange Española (founded in October 1933) and the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (founded in October 1931).

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Falklands Crisis (1770)

The Falklands Crisis of 1770 was a diplomatic standoff between Great Britain and Spain over possession of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean.

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Family tree of the British royal family

This is the British monarchs' family tree, from James VI & I (whose accession united the thrones of England and Scotland) to the present monarch, Elizabeth II.

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Fantastic War

The Spanish–Portuguese War between 1762 and 1763 was fought as part of the Seven Years' War. Because no major battles were fought, even though there were numerous movements of troops and huge losses among the invaders—utterly defeated in the end—the war is known in the Portuguese historiography as the Fantastic War (Portuguese and Spanish: Guerra Fantástica).

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Faubourg Saint-Germain

The Faubourg Saint Germain is a historic district of Paris.

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Fausto Cruzat y Góngora

Fausto Cruzat y Góngora was Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines from 1690 to 1701.

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Federalism in Quebec

Federalism in Quebec (French: Fédéralisme au Québec) revolves around the concept of Quebec remaining within Canada, in opposition to the desires of Quebec sovereigntists and proponents of Quebec independence.

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Federico De Roberto

Federico De Roberto (16 January 1861 Naples – 26 July 1927 Catania) was an Italian writer, who became well known for his novel I Viceré (1894), translated as The Viceroys.

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Felipe de Marichalar y Borbón

Don Felipe Juan Froilán de Todos los Santos de Marichalar y Borbón (born 17 July 1998 in Madrid) is the eldest son of the Duchess of Lugo, Infanta Elena of Spain and Don Jaime de Marichalar.

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Felipe VI of Spain

Felipe VI (Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y de Grecia; born 30 January 1968) is the King of Spain.

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Ferdinand de Bertier de Sauvigny

Ferdinand de Bertier de Sauvigny (1782-1864) was a French aristocrat and politician.

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Ferdinand I of Bulgaria

Ferdinand I (Фердинанд I; 26 February 1861 – 10 September 1948),Louda, 1981, ''Lines of Succession'', Table 149 born Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the second monarch of the Third Bulgarian State, firstly as knyaz (ruling prince) from 1887 to 1908, and later as tsar (emperor) from 1908 until his abdication in 1918.

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Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand I (12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825), was the King of the Two Sicilies from 1816, after his restoration following victory in the Napoleonic Wars.

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Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand II (Ferdinando Carlo; Ferdinannu Carlu; 12 January 1810 – 22 May 1859) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1830 until his early death in 1859.

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Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Ferdinand III (German: Ferdinand Josef Johann Baptist; Italian: Ferdinando Giuseppe Giovanni Baptista; English: Ferdinand Joseph John Baptist; 6 May 1769 – 18 June 1824) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1790 to 1801 and, after a period of disenfranchisement, again from 1814 to 1824.

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Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans

Prince Ferdinand Philippe of Orléans (3 September 1810 – 13 July 1842) was the eldest son of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (the future King Louis Philippe I) and Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily.

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Ferdinand VI of Spain

Ferdinand VI (Spanish: Fernando VI; 23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759), called the Learned, King of Spain from 9 July 1746 until his death in 1759, was the third ruler of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty.

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Ferdinand VII of Spain

Ferdinand VII (Fernando; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death.

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Ferdinand, Duke of Parma

Ferdinand (Ferdinando Maria Filippo Lodovico Sebastiano Francesco Giacomo; 20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) was the Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla from his father's death on 18 July 1765 until he ceded the duchy to France by the Treaty of Aranjuez on 20 March 1801.

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Ferdinando Palasciano

Ferdinando Palasciano (June 13, 1815 – November 28, 1891) was an Italian physician and politician, considered one of the forerunners of the foundation of the Red Cross.

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Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina

Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina (August 28, 1815 - March 29, 1890) was an Italian journalist, patriot and politician.

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Ferdinando Ponzetti

Ferdinando Ponzetti (1444–1527) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Ferlach

Ferlach (Borovlje) in the district of Klagenfurt-Land in Carinthia is the southernmost town in Austria.

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Fernando Ramon Folch, 2nd Duke of Cardona

Fernando Ramon Folch De Cardona, 2nd Duke of Cardona, (circa 1470 – Barcelona, 13 November 1543), was a Spanish noble.

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Ferrol Naval Base

The Naval Base of Ferrol also known as Arsenal of Ferrol is a military base and arsenal of the Spanish Navy located in Ferrol, Spain.

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Ferrol, Galicia

Ferrol (In the neighbourhood of Strabo's Cape Nerium, modern day Cape Prior), is a city in the Province of A Coruña in Galicia, on the Atlantic coast in north-western Spain.

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Feuillant (political group)

The Society of the Friends of the Constitution (Société des Amis de la Constitution), better known as Feuillants Club (Club des Feuillants), was a political grouping that emerged during the French Revolution.

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Fichtel Mountains

The Fichtel Mountains (Fichtelgebirge, Smrčiny), form a small horseshoe-shaped mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany.

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First Carlist War

The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, fought between factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire (Empire Français) was the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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First Mexican Empire

The Mexican Empire (Imperio Mexicano) was a short-lived monarchy and the first independent post-colonial state in Mexico.

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First Spanish Republic

The Republic of Spain (officially in Spanish República de España), commonly known as the First Spanish Republic to distinguish it from the Spanish Republic of 1931–39, was the short-lived political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's pronunciamento marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain.

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FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan

Field Marshal FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan, (30 September 1788 – 28 June 1855), known before 1852 as Lord FitzRoy Somerset, was a British Army officer.

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Flag of Argentina

The flag of Argentina is a triband, composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured Carolina blue and white.

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Flag of France

The flag of France (Drapeau français) is a tricolour flag featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red.

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Flag of Montreal

The flag of Montreal was first displayed in May 1935 and is based on the city's coat of arms.

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Flag of Naples

The flag of Naples is a vexillological symbol of the city of Naples, the capital of the Southern Italian region of Campania.

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Flag of Spain

The flag of Spain (Bandera de España, colloquially known as "la Rojigualda"), as it is defined in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, consists of three horizontal stripes: red, yellow and red, the yellow stripe being twice the size of each red stripe.

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Flag of the Second Spanish Republic

The flag of the Second Spanish Republic, known in Spanish as la tricolor, was the official flag of Spain between 1931 and 1939 and the flag of the Spanish Republican government in exile until 1977.

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Flags of Europe

This is a list of international, national and subnational flags used in Europe.

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Fleur-de-lis

The fleur-de-lis/fleur-de-lys (plural: fleurs-de-lis/fleurs-de-lys) or flower-de-luce is a stylized lily (in French, fleur means "flower", and lis means "lily") that is used as a decorative design or motif, and many of the Catholic saints of France, particularly St. Joseph, are depicted with a lily.

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Flight of the Wild Geese

The Flight of the Wild Geese was the departure of an Irish Jacobite army under the command of Patrick Sarsfield from Ireland to France, as agreed in the Treaty of Limerick on 3 October 1691, following the end of the Williamite War in Ireland.

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Florent-Jean de Vallière

Jean-Florent de Vallière (7 September 1667 – 7 January 1759) was a French artillery officer of the 18th century.

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Florimond-Benjamin MacCurtain

Cornelius MacCurtain was a French Politician and Soldier who gained notoriety during the late 18th and early 19th century.

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Flour War

The Flour War refers to a wave of riots arising from April to May 1775, in the northern, eastern, and western parts of the Kingdom of France.

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Foggia

Foggia (Foggiano: Fògge) is a city and comune of Apulia, in southern Italy, capital of the province of Foggia.

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Foreign relations of Italy

Foreign relations of the Italian Republic are the Italian government's external relations with the outside world.

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François Achille Bazaine

François Achille Bazaine (13 February 181123 September 1888) was an officer of the French army.

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François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas

François-Antoine, Count of Boissy d'Anglas (1756–1828) was a French writer, lawyer and politician during the Revolution and the Empire.

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François Barbé-Marbois

François Barbé-Marbois, marquis de Barbé-Marbois (31 January 1745 – 12 February 1837) was a French politician.

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François Bigot

François Bigot (born Bordeaux, 30 January 1703; died Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 12 January 1778) was a French government official.

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François Buzot

François Nicolas Léonard Buzot (1 March 176018 June 1794) was a French politician and leader of the French Revolution.

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François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti

François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti (19 August 1558 – 3 August 1614) was the third son of Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, a junior line of the House of Bourbon, and his first wife Eléanor de Roucy de Roye). He was given the title of Marquis of Conti and between 1581 and 1597 was elevated to the rank of a prince. The title of Prince of Conti was honorary and did not carry any territorial jurisdiction.

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François de Charette

François Athanase de Charette de la Contrie (2 May 1763 – 26 March 1796) was a French Royalist soldier and politician.

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François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort

François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort (16 January 1616 – 15 June 1669) was the son of César de Vendôme and Françoise de Lorraine.

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François Guizot

François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 – 12 September 1874) was a French historian, orator, and statesman.

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François Lays

François Lay, better known under the stage name Lays (14 February 1758 – 30 March 1831), was a French baritone and tenor opera singer.

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François Louis Bourdon

François Louis Bourdon (January 11, 1758 – June 22, 1798), also known as Bourdon de l'Oise, was a French politician of the Revolutionary period and procureur at the parlement of Paris.

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François Louis, Prince of Conti

François Louis de Bourbon, le Grand Conti (30 April 1664 – 9 February 1709), was Prince de Conti, succeeding his brother, Louis Armand de Bourbon, in 1685.

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François Rude

François Rude (4 January 1784 – 3 November 1855) was a French sculptor.

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François Séverin Marceau

François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers (1 March 1769 – 21 September 1796) was a French general of the Revolutionary Wars.

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François, Duke of Montpensier

François de Bourbon (1542 – 4 June 1592) was the Duke of Montpensier and member of the House of Bourbon.

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François-André Isambert

François-André Isambert (November 30, 1792 – April 13, 1857) was a French lawyer, historian, and politician.

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François-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest

François-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest (12 March 1735 – 26 February 1821), was a French politician and diplomat during the Ancien Régime and French Revolution.

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François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy

François-Marie, Marquess of Barthélemy (20 October 1747, Aubagne3 April 1830 Paris) was a French politician and diplomat, active at the time of the French Revolution.

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François-Noël Babeuf

François-Noël Babeuf (23 November 1760 – 27 May 1797), known as Gracchus Babeuf, was a French political agitator and journalist of the French Revolutionary period.

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François-René de Chateaubriand

François-René (Auguste), vicomte de Chateaubriand (4 September 1768 – 4 July 1848), was a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian who founded Romanticism in French literature.

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Françoise Marie de Bourbon

Françoise Marie de Bourbon, légitimée de France (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre, Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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France in the long nineteenth century

The history of France from 1789 to 1914 (the long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes.

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France in the Middle Ages

The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 9th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions) that had developed following the Viking invasions and through the piecemeal dismantling of the Carolingian Empire and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis of the Hundred Years' War with the Kingdom of England (1337–1453) compounded by the catastrophic Black Death epidemic (1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.

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France–Italy relations

France–Italy relations refer to the interstate relations as well as the historical links between the French Republic and the Italian Republic (since 1946) and its predecessor the Kingdom of Italy (1861—1946).

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France–Mexico relations

France–Mexico relations refers to the diplomatic relations between France and Mexico.

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France–Spain relations

France and Spain neighbour each other, with a long border across the Pyrenees.

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France–United Kingdom relations

France–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK).

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Francesco Bentivegna

Baron Francesco Bentivegna (4 March 1820 – 20 December 1856) was an Italian patriot, who led various revolts in Sicily against the Bourbon rulers between 1848 and 1856.

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Francesco Crispi

Francesco Crispi (4 October 1818 – 12 August 1901) was an Italian patriot and statesman.

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Francis Alexander Shields

Francis Alexander Shields, Jr. (May 16, 1941 – April 25, 2003) was an American businessman and an executive at Revlon in New York City, best known as the father of actress Brooke Shields.

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Francis I of the Two Sicilies

Francis I of the Two Sicilies (Francesco Gennaro Giuseppe; 19 August 1777 – 8 November 1830) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1825 to 1830.

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Francis II of the Two Sicilies

Francis II (Francesco II, christened Francesco d'Assisi Maria Leopoldo, 16 January 1836 – 27 December 1894) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1859 to 1861.

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Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings

Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings, KG, PC (9 December 1754 – 28 November 1826), styled The Honourable Francis Rawdon from birth until 1762, as The Lord Rawdon between 1762 and 1783, and known as The Earl of Moira between 1793 and 1816, was an Anglo-Irish British politician and military officer who served as Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823.

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Francis, Count of Vendôme

Francis de Bourbon or François de Bourbon (Francis I, Count of Vendôme) (1470 – 30 October 1495), was a French prince.

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Francis, Duke of Cádiz

Francisco de Asís María Fernando de Borbón, sometimes anglicised Francis of Assisi (13 May 1822 – 17 April 1902), was the husband of Queen Isabella II of Spain and king consort from 1846 to 1868.

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Francisco Agustín Silvela y Blanco

Francisco Agustín Silvela y Blanco (August 28, 1803 – September 20, 1857) was a Spanish exile who returned to become a prominent lawyer and politician following the turmoil after the Peninsular War and restoration of the House of Bourbon in Spain following the French occupation.

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Francisco de Arango y Parreño

Francisco de Arango y Parreño (1765-1837) was a Cuban planter and intellectual.

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Francisco de Borbón y Borbón

Francisco Enrique de Borbón y Borbón, Grandee of Spain (16 November 1912 - 18 November 1995), was a Spanish aristocrat and a distant relative of the Spanish Royal Family.

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Francisco de Borbón y de la Torre

Francisco de Borbón y de la Torre (Francisco de Paula de Borbón y La Torre; 16 January 1882 – 6 December 1952) was a Spanish aristocrat, military officer (Captaincy General) and member of parliament in Spain.

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Francisco de Borbón y Escasany, 5th Duke of Seville

Francisco de Paula Enrique de Borbón y Escasany, 5th Duke of Seville, Grandee of Spain (born 16 November 1943), is the current Duke of Seville and a distant relative of the Spanish royal family.

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Francisco de Paula de Borbón y Castellví

Francisco de Paula de Borbón y Castellví (Don Francisco de Paula Maria Trinidad Enrique Gabriel Miguel Rafael Edmundo Buenaventura de Borbón y Castellví; 29 March 185328 March 1942) was a younger son of the controversial Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville, grandson of Charles IV of Spain and younger brother of Francis, Duke of Cádiz, King consort of Isabella II of Spain.

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Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939, after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, until his death in 1975.

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Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma

Don Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma (1552/1553 – 17 May 1625), a favourite of Philip III of Spain, was the first of the validos ('most worthy') through whom the later Hapsburg monarchs ruled.

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Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre

Don Francisco Serrano Domínguez Cuenca y Pérez de Vargas, 1st Duke of la Torre Grandee of Spain, Count of San Antonio (es: Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, primer duque de la Torre, conde de San Antonio; 17 December 1810 – 25 November 1885) was a Spanish marshal and statesman.

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Franco-Dutch War

The Franco-Dutch War (1672–78), often simply called the Dutch War (Guerre de Hollande; Hollandse Oorlog), was a war fought by France, Sweden, Münster, Cologne and England against the Dutch Republic, which was later joined by the Austrian Habsburg lands, Brandenburg-Prussia and Spain to form a Quadruple Alliance.

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Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)

The Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) was a military conflict that was the result of French involvement in the Thirty Years' War.

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Francoist Spain

Francoist Spain (España franquista) or the Franco regime (Régimen de Franco), formally known as the Spanish State (Estado Español), is the period of Spanish history between 1939, when Francisco Franco took control of Spain after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War establishing a dictatorship, and 1975, when Franco died and Prince Juan Carlos was crowned King of Spain.

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Franz Joseph, Prince of Hohenzollern-Emden

Franz Joseph Prinz von Hohenzollern-Emden (English: Prince Francis Joseph of Hohenzollern-Emden; 30 August 1891 – 3 April 1964) was a member of the Roman Catholic branch of the House of Hohenzollern.

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Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.

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Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia

The Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia (Spanish: Compañía Franca de Voluntarios de Cataluña, Catalan: Companyia Franca de Voluntaris de Catalunya) was a military company of the Spanish Army serving in the Spanish colonial empire.

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French brig Alerte (1787)

The French brig Alerte was launched in April 1787.

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French Consulate

The Consulate (French: Le Consulat) was the government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire in November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in May 1804.

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French dynastic disputes

The French dynastic disputes refer to a set of disputes in the history of France regarding the person who should inherit the crown.

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French ensigns

A French ensign is the flag flown at sea to identify a vessel as French.

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French Flanders

French Flanders (La Flandre française; Frans-Vlaanderen) is a part of the historical County of Flanders in present-day France where Flemings and the Dutch were traditionally the dominant ethnic groups and where Dutch was or still is traditionally spoken.

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French frigate Méduse (1810)

Méduse was a 40-gun ''Pallas''-class frigate of the French Navy, launched in 1810.

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French heraldry

French heraldry is the use of heraldic symbols in France.

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French monarchs family tree

Below are the family trees of all French monarchs, from Childeric I to Louis Philippe I. For a more simplified view, see French monarchs family tree (simple).

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French monarchs family tree (simple)

This is a simplified family tree of all Frankish and French monarchs, from Chlodio to Napoleon III.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.

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French Revolution from the summer of 1790 to the establishment of the Legislative Assembly

The French Revolution was a period in the history of France covering the years 1789 to 1799, in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring.

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French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution.

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French Royal Army (1652–1830)

The French Royal Army (Armée royale française) served the Bourbon kings beginning with Louis XIV and ending with Charles X with an interlude from 1792 until 1814, during the French Revolution and the reign of the Emperor Napoleon I. After a second, brief interlude when Napoleon returned from exile in 1815, the Royal Army was reinstated.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

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French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion refers to a prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed/Calvinist Protestants) in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598.

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French–Habsburg relations

The term France–Habsburg rivalry describes the rivalry between the House of Habsburg and the Kingdom of France.

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Gabriel Gruber

Gabriel Gruber, S.J. (May 6, 1740 – April 7, 1805) was the second Superior General of the Society of Jesus in Russia.

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Gabriel J. de Yermo

Gabriel J. de Yermo (1757 Sodupe, near Bilbao, Spain – 1813, Mexico City) was a wealthy landowner in New Spain, leader of the anti-independence party, and leader of the coup that overthrew Viceroy José de Iturrigaray in 1808.

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Gabrielle Ricciardelli

Gabriele Ricciardelli (Naples, flourished c. 1743- c. 1777 or 1782), was an Italian painter of the Baroque period.

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Garde du Corps (France)

The Garde du Corps (Bodyguard) was the senior formation of the King of France's Household Cavalry within the Maison militaire du roi de France.

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Gardens of Versailles

The Gardens of Versailles (Jardins du château de Versailles) occupy part of what was once the Domaine royale de Versailles, the royal demesne of the château of Versailles.

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Garibaldi (film)

Garibaldi, the English title of the film originally released as Viva l'Italia!, is a 1961 Italian drama film directed by Roberto Rossellini.

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Gaston, Count of Eu

Prince Gaston of Orleans, Count of Eu (Louis Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston; 28 April 1842 – 28 August 1922), the first son of Louis, Duke of Nemours, and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was a French prince and military commander who fought in the Spanish-Moroccan War and the Paraguayan War.

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Gaston, Duke of Orléans

Gaston, Duke of Orléans (24 April 1608 – 2 February 1660), was the third son of King Henry IV of France and his wife Marie de' Medici.

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Genealogy of the Spanish Royal Family

The genealogy of the Spanish Royal Family runs through the House of Bourbon, the Capetian dynasty, and the House of Oldenburg.

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Gentile di Puglia

The Gentile di Puglia is a breed of domestic sheep indigenous to southern Italy.

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George I of Great Britain

George I (George Louis; Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698 until his death.

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George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon

George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, (12 January 180027 June 1870) was an English diplomat and statesman from the Villiers family.

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Georges Cadoudal

Georges Cadoudal (Jorj Kadoudal; 1 January 1771 – 25 June 1804), sometimes called simply Georges, was a Breton politician, and leader of the Chouannerie during the French Revolution.

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Georges Cuvier

Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology".

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Germaine de Staël

Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein (née Necker; 22 April 176614 July 1817), commonly known as Madame de Staël, was a French woman of letters of Swiss origin whose lifetime overlapped with the events of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era.

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Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Gian Gastone de' Medici (Giovanni Battista Gastone; 24 May 1671 – 9 July 1737) was the seventh and last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany.

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Giovanni Carlo Boschi

Giovanni Carlo Boschi (Faenza, 9 April 1715 – 6 September 1788) was an Italian clergyman who was made a cardinal by Pope Clement XIII in the consistory of 21 July 1766.

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Giovanni Nicotera

Giovanni Nicotera (9 September 1828 – 13 June 1894) was an Italian patriot and politician.

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Girolamo de Rada

Girolamo de Rada (Arbërisht: Jeronim de Rada; 1814–1903) was an Albanian writer of Italo-Albanian literature.

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Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat

Gisela of Burgundy (1075–1135), was a Countess consort of Savoy and a Marchioness consort of Montferrat.

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Giulio Briccialdi

Giulio Briccialdi (1/2 March 1818 – 17 December 1881) was an Italian virtuoso flautist and composer, a technical innovator on his instrument and a professor of music.

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Giuseppa Bolognara Calcagno

Giuseppa Bolognara Calcagno, better known as Peppa la cannoniera (Josie the Cannoneer), in Sicilian: Peppa a cannunera, (Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, 1826–1884), was an Italian patriot.

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Giuseppe Archinto

Giuseppe Archinto (or Archinti, 1651–1712) was an Italian diplomat, Cardinal and Archbishop of Milan from 1699 to 1712.

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Giuseppe Bonito

Giuseppe Bonito (11 January 1707 – 9 May 1789) was a Neapolitan painter of the Rococo period.

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Giuseppe Giusti

Giuseppe Giusti (12 May 1809 – 31 May 1850) was an Italian poet and satirist.

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Giuseppe Govone

Giuseppe Gaetano Maria Govone (Isola d'Asti, 1825 – Alba, Italy, January 1872) was an Italian general and politician of Piedmontese origin, who played a major role in the Italian Risorgimento.

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Giuseppe Marco Fieschi

Giuseppe Marco Fieschi (13 December 1790 – 19 February 1836) was the chief conspirator in an attempt on the life of King Louis-Philippe of France in July 1835.

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Giuseppe Millico

Vito Giuseppe Millico, called "Il Moscovita" (19 January 1737 – 2 October 1802) was an Italian soprano castrato, composer, and music teacher of the 18th century who is best remembered for his performances in the operas of Christoph Willibald Gluck.

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Giuseppina Vadalà

Giuseppina Vadalà (Messina, 1824–Santiago de Chile, October 7, 1914) was an Italian patriot.

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Glossary of the French Revolution

This is a glossary of the French Revolution.

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Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine

Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine (5 June 1937 – 27 May 2000) (Gonzalo Víctor Alfonso José Bonifacio Antonio María y Todos los Santos de Borbón y Dampierre, was a grandson of King Alfonso XIII of Spain.

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Gorizia

Gorizia (Gorica, colloquially stara Gorica 'old Gorizia'; Görz, Standard Friulian: Gurize; Southeastern Friulian: Guriza; Bisiacco: Gorisia) is a town and comune in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia.

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Government in exile

A government in exile is a political group which claims to be a country or semi-sovereign state's legitimate government, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in another state or foreign country.

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Governorate of the Río de la Plata

The Governorate of the Río de la Plata (1549−1776) (Gobernación del Río de la Plata) was one of the governorates of the Spanish Empire.

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Graham Island (Mediterranean Sea)

Graham Island (also Graham Bank or Graham Shoal; Isola Ferdinandea) is a submerged volcanic island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Gramont family

Gramont is the name of an old French noble family, whose name is connected to the castle of Gramont (Agramont in Spanish) Basque province of Lower Navarre, France.

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Grand Constable of France

The Grand Constable of France (Grand Connétable de France, from Latin comes stabuli for 'count of the stables'), as the First Officer of the Crown, was one of the original five Great Officers of the Crown of France (along with seneschal, chamberlain, butler, and chancellor) and Commander in Chief of the army.

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Grand Duchy of Tuscany

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana, Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence.

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Grand Master of France

The Grand Master of France (French: Grand Maître de France) was, during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration in France, one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France and head of the "Maison du Roi", the king's royal household.

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Great Britain in the Seven Years' War

Great Britain was one of the major participants in the Seven Years' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763.

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Great Siege of Gibraltar

The Great Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from the British during the American War of Independence.

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Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814

The Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814 was a hoax or fraud centered on false information about the Napoleonic Wars, affecting the London Stock Exchange in 1814.

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Gregorio Mayans

Gregorio Mayans y Siscar (1699–1781) was a Spanish historian, linguist and writer of the Enlightenment in Spain.

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Grigore Filipescu

Grigore N. Filipescu (Francized Grégoire Filipesco; October 1, 1886 – August 25, 1938) was a Romanian politician, journalist and engineer, the chief editor of Epoca daily between 1918 and 1938.

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Guardia Lombardi

Guardia Lombardi, known as La Uàrdia in the Guardiese dialect or Guardiae Longobardorum in Latin, is a small town and comune in the Province of Avellino in Campania, Italy.

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Guignen

Guignen (Gallo: Ginyen) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

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Guillaume Brune

Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune, 1st Comte Brune (13 March 1763 – 2 August 1815) was a French soldier and political figure who rose to Marshal of France.

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Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie

Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie (April 30, 1775 – February 28, 1851) was a Marshal of France.

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Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Prince Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg (given names: Guillaume Jean Joseph Marie; born 11 November 1981), has been heir apparent to the crown of Luxembourg since his father's accession in 2000.

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Habsburg Spain

Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516–1700), when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central Europe).

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Haemophilia

Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.

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Haemophilia in European royalty

Haemophilia figured prominently in the history of European royalty in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (Révolution haïtienne) was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation of Haiti.

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Harold Acton

Sir Harold Mario Mitchell Acton, CBE (5 July 1904 – 27 February 1994) was a British writer, scholar, and aesthete.

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Hôtel de Condé

The Hôtel de Condé was the main Paris seat of the princes of Condé, a cadet branch of the Bourbons, from 1612 to 1764/70.

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Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon

The Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon, a former Parisian town house of the royal family of Bourbon, was located on the right bank of the Seine on the rue d'Autriche, between the Louvre to the west and the Church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois to the east.

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Henri de la Rochejaquelein

Henri du Vergier, comte de la Rochejaquelein (30 August 1772 – 28 January 1794), was the youngest general of the Royalist Vendéan insurrection during the French Revolution.

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Henri François Delaborde

Henri-François Delaborde (21 December 17643 February 1833) was a French general in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars.

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Henri Jules, Prince of Condé

Henri Jules de Bourbon (Paris, 29 July 1643 – Paris, 1 April 1709) was prince de Condé, from 1686 to his death.

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Henri, Count of Chambord

Henri, Count of Chambord (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord); 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883) was disputedly King of France from 2 to 9 August 1830 as Henry V, although he was never officially proclaimed as such. Afterwards, he was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France from 1844 to 1883. He was nearly received as King in 1871 and 1873. Henri was the posthumous son of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of Charles X of France, by his wife, Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies. As the grandson of the King Charles X of France, Henri was a Petit-Fils de France. He also was the last legitimate descendant in the male line of Louis XV of France (His grandfather Charles X was a grandson of Louis XV).

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Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)

Henri of Orléans, Count of Paris (Henri Robert Ferdinand Marie Louis Philippe d'Orléans; 5 July 1908 – 19 June 1999), was the Orléanist claimant to the throne of France as Henry VI from 1940 until his death.

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Henri, Count of Paris (born 1933)

Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris, Duke of France (Henri Philippe Pierre Marie d'Orléans; born 14 June 1933), is head of the House of Orléans, and one of the current pretenders to the defunct French crown as Henry VII.

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Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Henri (Henri Albert Gabriel Félix Marie Guillaume,; born 16 April 1955) is the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, reigning since 7 October 2000.

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Henri, Prince of Condé (1552–1588)

Henri de Bourbon-Condé (Henry I, Prince of Condé; 29 December 1552 – 5 March 1588) was a French Prince du Sang and Huguenot general like his more prominent father, Louis I, Prince of Condé.

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Henri, Prince of Condé (1588–1646)

Henri de Bourbon (1 September 1588 – 26 December 1646) was Prince of Condé (as Henri II) for nearly all his life.

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Henri-Paul Mottez

Henri-Paul Mottez (1855–1937) was a French portrait painter and artist.

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Henrietta Maria of France

Henrietta Maria of France (Henriette Marie; 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I. She was mother of his two immediate successors, Charles II and James II/VII.

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Henriette Louise de Bourbon

Henriette Louise de Bourbon (Henriette Louise Marie Françoise Gabrielle; 15 January 1703 – 19 September 1772) was a French princess by birth and a member of the House of Bourbon.

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Henriette of France (1727–1752)

Anne Henriette of France(14 August 1727 – 10 February 1752) was a French princess, the twin of Louise Élisabeth of France, and the second child of King Louis XV of France and queen consort Marie Leszczyńska.

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Henry Clifford (opera)

Henry Clifford is a grand opera in three acts composed by Isaac Albéniz to an English libretto written by Francis Money-Coutts (under the pseudonym "Mountjoy").

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Henry II, Duke of Lorraine

Henry II (French: Henri II; 8 November 1563 – 31 July 1624), known as "the Good (le Bon)", was Duke of Lorraine from 1608 until his death.

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Henry III of France

Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589; born Alexandre Édouard de France, Henryk Walezy, Henrikas Valua) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1573 to 1575 and King of France from 1574 until his death.

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Henry IV of France

Henry IV (Henri IV, read as Henri-Quatre; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.

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Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses

Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses played a significant role in the politics of his reign.

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Henry M. Mathews

Henry Mason Mathews (March 29, 1834April 28, 1884) was the 7th Attorney General and 5th Governor of West Virginia.

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Herculaneum papyri

The Herculaneum papyri are more than 1,800 papyri found in the Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri, in the 18th century, carbonized by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79.

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Hercule Mériadec, Duke of Rohan-Rohan

Hercule Mériadec de Rohan (8 May 1669 – 26 January 1749), styled Duke of Rohan-Rohan (from 1717), was a member of the princely House of Rohan.

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Hervé Pinoteau

Baron Hervé Pinoteau (born 19 July 1927) is a French historian and royalist apologist.

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Hidalgo (nobility)

An hidalgo or a fidalgo is a member of the Spanish or Portuguese nobility; the feminine forms of the terms are hidalga, in Spanish, and fidalga, in Portuguese and Galician.

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Highness

Highness (abbreviation HH, oral address Your Highness) is a formal style used to address (in second person) or refer to (in third person) certain members of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty.

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History of Baden-Württemberg

The history of Baden-Württemberg covers the area included in the historical state of Baden, the former Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg, part of the region of Swabia since the 9th century.

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History of Basilan

Basilan is an island province of the Philippines.

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History of Belgium

The history of Belgium predates the founding of the modern state of that name in 1830.

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History of Bolivia

After the fall of Tiwanaku empire, the many Aymara Lake Titicaca were conquered by the Inca empire.

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History of Bolivia (1809–1920)

The invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1807-08 by Napoleon Bonaparte's forces proved to be critical for the independence struggle in South America, during which the local elites of Upper Peru remained mostly loyal to Spain, supporting Junta Central, a government which ruled in the name of the overthrown king Ferdinand VII of Spain.

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History of Bolivia to 1809

Francisco Pizarro and his fellow conquistadors from the rapidly growing Spanish Empire first arrived in the New World in 1524.

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History of Catalonia

The territory that now constitutes the nationality and autonomous community of Catalonia was first settled during the Middle Palaeolithic era.

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History of Costa Rica

The first natives in Costa Rica were hunters and gatherers, and Costa Rica served as an intermediate region between Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures.

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History of early modern period domes

The construction of domes in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries relied primarily on empirical techniques and oral traditions rather than the architectural treatises of the times, which avoided practical details.

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History of Europe

The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present.

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History of France

The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.

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History of French-era Tunisia

The History of French-era Tunisia commenced in 1881 with the French protectorate and ended in 1956 with Tunisian independence.

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History of Gibraltar

The history of Gibraltar, a small peninsula on the southern Iberian coast near the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea, spans over 2,900 years.

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History of Honduras

Honduras was already occupied by many indigenous peoples when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century.

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History of Honduras (to 1838)

Honduras was originally inhabited by indigenous tribes, the most powerful of which were the Maya.

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History of liberalism

Liberalism, the belief in freedom and human rights, is historically associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu.

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History of Lima

The history of Lima, the capital of Peru, began with its foundation by Francisco Pizarro on January 6, 1535.

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History of Luxembourg

The history of Luxembourg consists of the history of the country of Luxembourg and its geographical area.

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History of Málaga

The history of Málaga, shaped by the city's location in the south of Spain on the western shore of the Mediterranean Sea, spans about 2,800 years, making Málaga one of the oldest cities in the world.

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History of Naples

The history of Naples is long and varied.

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History of Palermo

Palermo is one of the major cities of Italy, and the historical and administrative capital of Sicily.

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History of Panama (to 1821)

In the history of Panama, the earliest known inhabitants were the Cueva and Coclé tribes, but they were drastically reduced by disease and fighting when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century.

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History of Pensacola, Florida

The history of Pensacola, Florida begins long before the Spanish claimed founding of the modern city in 1698.

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History of Provence

The historic French province of Provence, located in the southeast corner of France between the Alps, the Mediterranean, the Rhone River and the upper reaches of the Durance River, was inhabited by Ligures since Neolithic times; by the Celtic since about 900 BC, and by Greek colonists since about 600 BC.

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History of Sicily

The history of Sicily has been influenced by numerous ethnic groups.

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History of Spain

The history of Spain dates back to the Middle Ages.

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History of Spain (1810–73)

Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil.

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History of the Catholic Church in Mexico

The history of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico dates from the period of the Spanish conquest (1519–21) and has continued as an institution in Mexico into the twenty-first century.

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History of the Dominican Republic

The recorded history of the Dominican Republic began when the Genoa-born navigator Christopher Columbus, working for the Spanish Crown, happened upon a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean.

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History of the French Foreign Legion

The French Foreign Legion has had a long and unique history amongst the units of the French Army.

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History of the Jews in France

The history of the Jews in France deals with the Jews and Jewish communities in France.

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History of Tuscany

Tuscany is named after its pre-Roman inhabitants, the Etruscans.

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HMS Agamemnon (1781)

HMS Agamemnon was a 64-gun third-rate ship of the line of the British Royal Navy.

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HMS Colossus (1787)

HMS Colossus was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy.

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HMS Enterprise (D52)

HMS Enterprise was one of two light cruisers of the Royal Navy.

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HMS Lutine (1779)

Lutine was a frigate which served in both the French Navy and the Royal Navy.

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HMS Polyphemus (1782)

HMS Polyphemus, a 64-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 27 April 1782 at Sheerness.

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HMS Topaze

Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Topaze, after the French word for the gemstone Topaz.

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Honoré de Balzac

Honoré de Balzac (born Honoré Balzac, 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright.

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Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta

Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta (Oraziu Francescu Bastianu Sebastiani De A Porta; 11 November 1771 – 20 July 1851) was a French soldier, diplomat, and politician, who served as Naval Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of State under the July Monarchy.

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Horace Walpole

Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (24 September 1717 – 2 March 1797), also known as Horace Walpole, was an English art historian, man of letters, antiquarian and Whig politician.

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Horatio Hornblower

Horatio Hornblower is a fictional Napoleonic Wars-era Royal Navy officer who is the protagonist of a series of novels by C. S. Forester.

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Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson

Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronté, (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy.

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House of Balliol

The House of Balliol (de Bailleul) was a noble family originating from the village of Bailleul in Picardy.

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House of Bonaparte

The House of Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) was an imperial and royal European dynasty founded in 1804 by Italian noble Carlo Buonaparte and his son Napoleon I, a French military leader of Italian heritage who had risen to notability out of the French Revolution and who in 1804 transformed the First French Republic into the First French Empire, five years after his ''coup d'état'' of November 1799.

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House of Bourbon-Braganza

The House of Bourbon-Braganza (Spanish: Casa de Borbón-Braganza; Portuguese: Casa de Bourbon-Bragança) was an Iberian noble house that had its origins in a royal marriage arranged in 1785 between Infante Gabriel of Spain (1752–1788) and Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal (1768–1788).

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House of Bourbon-Dampierre

The House of Bourbon-Dampierre refers to a noble dynasty emerged from the marriage of Guy II of Dampierre with Mathilde of Bourbon in 1197.

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House of Bourbon-Maine

The House of Bourbon-Maine was an illegitimate branch of the House of Bourbon, being thus part of the Capetian dynasty.

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House of Bourbon-Montpensier

The House of Bourbon-Montpensier or Maison de Bourbon-Montpensier was a semi royal family.

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House of Bourbon-Parma

The House of Bourbon-Parma (Casa di Borbone di Parma) is an Italian royal and ducal family and cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, whose members once ruled as King of Etruria and as Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Guastalla, and Lucca.

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House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies is a cadet branch of the Spanish royal family which ruled parts of southern Italy for more than a century in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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House of Capet

The House of Capet or the Direct Capetians (Capétiens directs, Maison capétienne), also called the House of France (la maison de France), or simply the Capets, ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328.

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House of Courtenay

House of Courtenay is the name of two distinct noble families, both of which descended from Athon.

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House of Croÿ

The House of Croÿ is a family of European mediatized nobility, which held a seat in the Imperial Diet from 1486, and was elevated to the rank of Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1594.

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House of France

The term House of France refers to the branch of the Capetian dynasty which provided the Kings of France following the election of Hugh Capet.

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House of Guise

The House of Guise was a French noble family, partly responsible for the French Wars of Religion.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

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House of Harcourt

The House of Harcourt is a Norman family, descended from the Viking Bernard the Dane and named after its seigneurie of Harcourt in Normandy.

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House of Ibelin

The House of Ibelin was a noble family in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century.

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House of Longe

Longe (Old Norman: le Longe or le Long) is a surname of Anglo-Norman origin.

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House of Lorraine

The House of Lorraine (Haus Lothringen) originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz.

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House of Medici

The House of Medici was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century.

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House of Montmorency

Montmorency, pronounced, is one of the oldest and most distinguished noble families in France.

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House of Orange-Nassau

The House of Orange-Nassau (Dutch: Huis van Oranje-Nassau), a branch of the European House of Nassau, has played a central role in the politics and government of the Netherlands and Europe especially since William the Silent organized the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, which after the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) led to an independent Dutch state.

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House of Orléans

The 4th House of Orléans, sometimes called House of Bourbon-Orléans (Maison de Bourbon-Orléans) to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the Royal House of France, all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's founder, Hugh Capet.

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House of Rochechouart

The House of Rochechouart is an ancient noble family in France.

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House of Urach

The House of Urach is a morganatic cadet branch of the formerly royal House of Württemberg.

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House of Valois

The House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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House of Württemberg

The Württemberg family is a German royal family and dynasty from Württemberg.

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Hudson Lowe

Sir Hudson Lowe (28 July 176910 January 1844) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and colonial administrator who is best known for his time as Governor of St Helena, where he was the "gaoler" of the Emperor Napoléon.

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Huguenots

Huguenots (Les huguenots) are an ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition.

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Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano

Hugues-Bernard Maret, 1st Duc de Bassano (1 May 1763 – 13 May 1839), was a French statesman, diplomat and journalist.

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Humbert II, Count of Savoy

Umberto II, nicknamed the Fat (1065, Carignano, Piedmont – 19 October 1103,C.W. Previte-Orton, The Early History of the House of Savoy, (Cambridge University Press, 1912), 276-277.), was Count of Savoy from 1080 until his death in 1103.

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Hundred Days

The Hundred Days (les Cent-Jours) marked the period between Napoleon's return from exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).

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Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis

The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII to help the Spanish Royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium.

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Hyacinthe Rigaud

Hyacinthe Rigaud (18 July 1659 – 29 December 1743) was a French baroque painter most famous for his portraits of Louis XIV and other members of the French nobility.

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I Viceré (film)

I Viceré is a 2007 Italian historical drama film directed by Roberto Faenza.

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Il Canto degli Italiani

"Il Canto degli Italiani" ("The Song of the Italians" or "The Chant of the Italians") is the national anthem of Italy.

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Imperial election, 1711

The imperial election of 1711 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial election, 1742

The imperial election of 1742 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial House of France (First French Empire)

The Imperial House of France during the First French Empire consisted of the family members of Napoleon, including the House of Bonaparte, who held imperial titles as Emperor, Empress, Imperial Prince or French Prince, and who were in the order of succession to the French imperial throne in accordance with the French constitution of 1804.

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Inbreeding

Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically.

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Incest

Incest is sexual activity between family members or close relatives.

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Indio Mariano

Indio Mariano was an Indigenous rebel against Spain in 1801 in Tepic, Nueva Galicia, now in the Mexican state of Nayarit.

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Infanta Amelia Philippina of Spain

Infanta Amalia of Spain (Amalia de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 12 October 1834 – 27 August 1905) was the youngest daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain.

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Infanta Beatriz of Spain

Infanta Beatriz of Spain, Princess di Civitella-Cesi (Doña Beatriz Isabel Federica Alfonsa Eugénie Cristina Maria Teresia Bienvenida Ladislàa de Borbón y Battenberg; 22 June 1909 – 22 November 2002) was a daughter of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, wife of Alessandro Torlonia, 5th Prince di Civitella-Cesi.

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Infanta Blanca of Spain

Infanta Blanca of Spain (7 September 1868 – 25 October 1949) was the eldest child of Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain and his wife Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma.

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Infanta Cristina of Spain

Infanta Cristina of Spain (Cristina Federica Victoria Antonia de la Santísima Trinidad de Borbón y de Grecia, born 13 June 1965) is the younger daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía.

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Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo

Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo (Elena María Isabel Dominica de Silos de Borbón y de Grecia; born 20 December 1963) is the first child and elder daughter of King Juan Carlos I of Spain and Queen Sofía of Spain, and third in the line of succession to the Spanish throne.

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Infanta Eulalia of Spain

Infanta Eulalia, Duchess of Galliera (María Eulalia Francisca de Asís Margarita Roberta Isabel Francisca de Paula Cristina María de la Piedad) (12 February 1864 – 8 March 1958) was the youngest and last surviving child of Queen Isabella II of Spain and the youngest sister of King Alfonso XII.

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Infanta Isabel Fernanda of Spain

Infanta Isabel Fernanda of Bourbon (18 May 1821 – 8 May 1897), was a Spanish princess and the eldest child of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain and of his niece, Princess Louise Charlotte of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

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Infanta Josefina Fernanda of Spain

Infanta Josefina Fernanda of Spain (English: Josephine Ferdinanda; 25 May 1827 - 10 June 1910) was an Infanta of Spain.

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Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier

Infanta María Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpensier (30 January 1832 – 2 February 1897) was Infanta of Spain and Duchess of Montpensier.

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Infanta Luisa Teresa of Spain

Infanta Luisa Teresa of Spain (11 June 1824 - 27 December 1900), was a Spanish infanta.

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Infanta María Amalia of Spain (1779–1798)

María Amalia of Bourbon, Infanta of Spain (Madrid, 9 January 1779 – Madrid, 22 July 1798), was a Spanish princess.

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Infanta María de la Paz of Spain

Infanta María de la Paz of Spain (María de la Paz de Borbón y Borbón; Madrid, 23 June 1862 – Schloss Nymphenburg, Munich, 4 December 1946) was an infanta of Spain.

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Infanta María del Pilar of Spain

Infanta María del Pilar of Spain (María del Pilar Berenguela Isabel Francisca de Asís Cristina Sebastiana Gabriela Francisca Caracciolo Saturnina de Borbón y Borbón; 4 June 1861 - 5 August 1879) was an infanta of Spain.

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Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria

Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria, Duchess of Hernani, Grandee of Spain (Margarita María de la Victoria Esperanza Jacoba Felicidad Perpetua de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; born 6 March 1939), is the younger sister of King Juan Carlos and aunt of the reigning King Felipe VI of Spain.

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Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain

Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain, Countess Marone (Doña María Cristina Teresa Alejandra María de Guadalupe María de la Concepción Ildefonsa Victoria Eugenia de Borbón y Battenberg; 12 December 1911 – 23 December 1996) was the fourth child of Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg and paternal aunt of King Juan Carlos I.

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Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain (1833–1902)

Maria Cristina, Infanta of Portugal and Spain (5 June 1833 – 19 January 1902) was a daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain and his wife Princess Luisa Carlotta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

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Infanta Maria Josefa of Spain

Maria Josefa of Spain (María Josefa Carmela; 6 July 1744 – 8 December 1801) was a Princess of Naples and Sicily by birth.

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Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain

Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (María Teresa Isabel Eugenia del Patrocinio Diega de Borbón y Habsburgo, Infanta de España; 12 November 1882 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain – 23 September 1912 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain) was the second eldest child and daughter of Alfonso XII of Spain and his second wife Maria Christina of Austria.

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Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz

Infanta Pilar of Spain, Duchess of Badajoz, Dowager Viscountess of la Torre (Spanish: María del Pilar Alfonsa Juana Victoria Luisa Ignacia y Todos los Santos de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; born 30 July 1936), sometimes known more simply as Pilar de Borbón is the elder daughter of Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona and Princess María Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, and older sister of King Juan Carlos I. She has also a younger sister, Infanta Margarita of Spain.

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Infanta Sofía of Spain

Infanta Sofía of Spain (Sofía de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Ortiz; born 29 April 2007) is the second child of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia.

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Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime

Alfonso Carlos, Infante of Spain, Duke of San Jaime (Alfonso Carlos Fernando José Juan Pío; London, 12 September 1849 – Vienna, 29 September 1936) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Alfonso Carlos I (though some Carlists who supported Alfonso XIII as his heir later referred to him as Alfonso XII) and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France under the name Charles XII.

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Infante Alfonso of Spain

Infante Alfonso of Spain (Don Alfonso Cristino Teresa Ángelo Francisco de Asís y Todos los Santos de Borbón y Borbón Dos-Sicilias; 3 October 1941 – 29 March 1956) was the younger brother of King Juan Carlos of Spain.

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Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria

Infante Alfonso of Spain, Prince of the Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria (30 November 1901 – 3 February 1964) was one of two claimants to the title of the head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies from 1960 until his death in 1964.

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Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera

Alfonso de Orleans y Borbón, Infante of Spain, Duke of Galliera (12 November 1886 – 6 August 1975) was a Spanish military aviator and first cousin of Alfonso XIII of Spain.

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Infante Alvaro, Duke of Galliera

Prince Álvaro Antonio Fernando Carlos Felipe de Orleans y Sajonia-Coburgo-Gotha, Duke of Galliera (20 April 1910 – 22 August 1997) was the 6th Duke of Galliera. He was born at Coburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, German Empire. The first son of Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera (elder son of Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera and of Infanta Eulalia of Spain) and Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (youngest daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and of Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia). Prince Alvaro, succeeded to the title of Duke of Galliera on 14 July 1937. He died at the age of 87, making him the last surviving child of Infante Alfonso and Princess Beatrice, as well the last surviving grandchild of Prince Alfred and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. As his son Alonso died in 1975 at the age of 34, his grandson Alfonso inherited the Dukedom of Galliera.

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Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain

Infante Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Raimundo Silvestre of Spain (31 December 1755 – 20 April 1817) was a son of King Charles III of Spain and younger brother of King Charles IV of Spain and King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.

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Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera

Antonio Maria Luis Felipe Juan Florencio de Orléans y Borbon (23 February 1866 in Seville – 24 December 1930 in Paris) was an Infante of Spain and the fourth Duke of Galliera in the Kingdom of Italy.

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Infante Carlos, Count of Molina

Infante Carlos of Spain (29 March 178810 March 1855) was an Infante of Spain and the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma.

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Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin

Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolín (31 January 1818 – 13 January 1861), was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos VI after his father's renouncement in 1845, when he took the title of Conde de Montemolín (Count of Montemolín).

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Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria

Don Carlos Maria Alfonso Marcelo de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y de Borbón-Parma, Infante of Spain, Duke of Calabria (16 January 1938 – 5 October 2015) was, at his death, the last infante of Spain during the reigns of his cousins King Juan Carlos I and King Felipe VI.

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Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville

Infante Enrique, 1st Duke of Seville (Infante Enrique María Fernando Carlos Francisco Luis de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, Duque de Sevilla; 17 April 182312 March 1870), was an Infante of Spain and a member of the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Infante Fernando of Bourbon and Braganza

Infante Fernando of Bourbon and Braganza (full name: Fernando Maria Jose) (19 October 1824 – 2 January 1861) was a member of the Spanish Royal Family, and a supporter Carlist.

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Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain

Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain (10 March 1794 – 13 August 1865) was an Infante of Spain and the youngest son of Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma.

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Infante Gabriel of Spain

Infante Gabriel of Spain (12 May 1752 – 23 November 1788) was a son of King Charles III of Spain and his wife Maria Amalia of Saxony.

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Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia

Infante Jaime of Spain, Duke of Segovia, Duke of Anjou, (Jaime Leopoldo Isabelino Enrique Alejandro Alberto Alfonso Víctor Acacio Pedro Pablo María de Borbón y Battenberg) (23 June 1908 – 20 March 1975), was the second son of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and his wife Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg.

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Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona

Infante Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona (Juan Carlos Teresa Silverio Alfonso de Borbón y Battenberg; 20 June 1913 – 1 April 1993), was the third son and designated heir of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg.

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Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria

Philip of Naples and Sicily, "Duke of Calabria", Infante of Spain (13 June 1747 – 19 September 1777) was the eldest son and heir of Charles III of Spain, but was excluded from the succession to the thrones of Spain and Naples due to his imbecility.

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Intendant

The title of intendant (intendant, Portuguese and intendente) has been used in several countries through history.

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Invasion of France (1795)

The invasion of France in 1795 or the Battle of Quiberon was a major landing on the Quiberon peninsula by émigré, counter-revolutionary troops in support of the Chouannerie and Vendée Revolt, beginning on 23 June and finally definitively repulsed on 21 July.

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Ioannis Kapodistrias

Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias (10 or 11 February 1776 – 9 October 1831), sometimes anglicized as John Capodistrias (Κόμης Ιωάννης Αντώνιος Καποδίστριας Komis Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias; граф Иоанн Каподистрия Graf Ioann Kapodistriya; Giovanni Antonio Capodistria Conte Capo d'Istria), was a Greek statesman who served as the Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire and was one of the most distinguished politicians and diplomats of Europe.

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Ippolito Nievo

Ippolito Nievo (30 November 1831 – 4 March 1861) was an Italian writer, journalist and patriot.

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Isabella Colbran

Isabella Angela Colbran (2 February 1785 – 7 October 1845) was a Spanish opera singer known in her native country as Isabel Colbrandt.

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Isabella II of Spain

Isabella II (Isabel; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868.

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Isabella of Bourbon

Isabella of Bourbon, Countess of Charolais (1434 – 25 September 1465) was the second wife of Charles the Bold, Count of Charolais and future Duke of Burgundy.

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Isabella, Princess of Asturias (1851–1931)

Isabella, Princess of Asturias (María Isabel Francisca de Asís Cristina Francisca de Paula Dominga; 20 December 1851 – 22 April 1931), was the eldest daughter of Queen Isabella II and her husband Francis, Duke of Cádiz, twice recognized as the heir presumptive to the Spanish throne and given the title Princess of Asturias, which was reserved for the heir to the Spanish crown.

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Ischia

Ischia is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

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Italian Americans in the Civil War

Italian Americans in the Civil War are the Italian people and people of Italian descent, living in the United States, who served and fought in the American Civil War on both the Union and Confederate sides, though the "Italian" Confederate soldiers were descendants from Bourbons who fought against Giuseppe Garibaldi.

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Italian frigate Giuseppe Garibaldi

The Italian frigate Giuseppe Garibaldi was a steam frigate of the Regia Marina of Italy.

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Italian unification

Italian unification (Unità d'Italia), or the Risorgimento (meaning "the Resurgence" or "revival"), was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.

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Itri

Itri is a small city and comune the province of Latina, Lazio, central Italian.

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Jacob Philipp Hackert

Jacob Philipp Hackert (15 September 1737 – 28 April 1807) was a landscape painter from Brandenburg, who did most of his work in Italy.

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Jacques Cathelineau

Jacques Cathelineau, Generalissimo of the Catholic and Royal Army (5 January 1759 – 14 July 1793) was a French Vendéan insurrection leader during the French Revolution.

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Jacques Claude Beugnot

Jacques Claude, comte de Beugnot (25 July 1761 – 24 June 1835) was a French politician before, during, and after the French Revolution.

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Jacques Crétineau-Joly

Jacques Crétineau-Joly (23 September 1803 – 1 January 1875) was a French Catholic journalist and historian.

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Jacques d'Amboise (bishop)

Jacques d'Amboise (between 1440 and 1450 – 27 December 1516) was a French religious dignitary and patron of medieval France.

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Jacques de Châtillon

Jacques de Châtillon (died 11 July 1302) was Seigneur de Leuze, de Condé, de Carency, de Huquoy et d'Aubigny, the son of Guy III, Count of Saint-Pol and Matilda of Brabant.

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Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne

Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (23 April 17563 June 1819), also known as Jean Nicolas, was a French personality of the Revolutionary period.

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Jacques-Louis David

Jacques-Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.

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Jaime Marquet

Jaime Marquet (born Jacques Marquet, in París, 1710–1782) was a French architect who worked extensively in Bourbon Spain, and whose most important work includes the central plaza of Madrid known as Puerta del Sol and the adjacent monumental building, the Real Casa de Correos or Royal Mail Headquarters, now the offices of the President of the Community of Madrid.

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Jaime, Duke of Madrid

Jaime de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma, known as Duke of Madrid and as Jacques de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou in France (27 June 1870 – 2 October 1931), was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Jaime III and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France as Jacques I.

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James Baillie (c. 1737–1793)

James Baillie (1737 – 7 September 1793) was a British West Indies plantation owner and merchant, and a Member of the Great British Parliament from 1792 to 1793.

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James I, Count of La Marche

James I of Bourbon (1319 – 6 April 1362; also translated as Jacob (I) of Bourbon) was the son of Louis I, Duke of Bourbon and Mary of Avesnes.

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James II, Count of La Marche

James II of Bourbon-La Marche (1370 – 1438 in Besançon) was the first son of John I, Count of La Marche and Catherine of Vendôme.

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James Lacaita

Sir James Lacaita (1813 - 1895) K.C.M.G was an Anglo-Italian politician and writer.

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James Losh

James Losh (1763–1833) was an English lawyer, reformer and Unitarian in Newcastle upon Tyne.

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Jan van Kessel the Younger

Jan van Kessel the Younger or Jan van Kessel II (Antwerp, 23 November 1654 - Madrid, 1708), known in Spain as Juan Vanchesel el Mozo or el Joven, was a Flemish painter who after training in Antwerp worked in Spain.

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January 12

No description.

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Javier de Burgos

Francisco Javier de Burgos y del Olmo (October 22, 1778, Motril—January 22, 1848, Madrid) was a Spanish jurist, politician, journalist, and translator.

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Jean Augustin Ernouf

Jean Augustin Ernouf (Manuel Louis Jean Augustin or Auguste Ernouf) (29 August 1753 – 12 September 1827) was a French general and colonial administrator of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.

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Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent

Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent (6 July 177822 December 1846) was a French naturalist.

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Jean Chouan

Jean Chouan was the nom de guerre of the Frenchman, Jean Cottereau, who was born at Saint-Berthevin, near Laval, in the department of Mayenne on 30 October 1757 and died 18 July 1794 at Olivet, also in Mayenne.

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Jean François Cornu de La Poype

Jean François Cornu de La Poype (31 May 1758 – 27 January 1851) was a French military leader.

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Jean Gabriel Maurice Rocques

Jean Gabriel Maurice Rocques, comte de Montgaillard (November 16, 1761 – February 8, 1841) was a French political agent of the Revolution and First Empire era.

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Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois

Jean Gaston d'Orléans, petit-fils de France, Duke of Valois (17 August 1650 – 10 August 1652) was a French Prince and Grandson of France.

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Jean Joseph Marius Diouloufet

Jean Joseph Marius Diouloufet (19 September 1771, in Éguilles – 19 May 1840, in Cucuron) was a Provençal poet.

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Jean Louis Barthélemy O'Donnell

Comte Jean Louis Barthelemy O'Donnell (1783–1836), was born in Maine-et-Loire, France, and was a Hiberno-French count who survived the French Revolution, campaigned in Italy and Spain under Napoleon Bonaparte, and played a prominent role in local government in France.

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Jean Marie, Duke of Châteauvillain

Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Châteauvillain (17 July 1748 – 19 May 1755) was a French Duke and nobleman.

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Jean Maximilien Lamarque

Jean Maximilien Lamarque (1770–1832) was a French commander during the Napoleonic Wars who later became a member of French Parliament.

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Jean Nocret

Jean Nocret (December 1615/17, Nancy- November 1672, Paris) was a French painter who is best known for his portraits of the French Royal Family.

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Jean Philippe Eugène de Mérode

Jean-Philippe-Eugène, Count de Mérode, 5th Marquis van Westerloo (22 June 1674 in Brussels – 12 September 1732 in Merode castle) was a Belgian military and Feldmarschall of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Jean Raspail

Jean Raspail (born 5 July 1925) is a French author, traveler and explorer.

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Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Jean (given names: Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano; born 5 January 1921) reigned as Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1964 until his abdication in 2000.

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Jean-Baptiste Capefigue

Jean-Baptiste Honoré Raymond Capefigue (1801 – December 1872) was a French historian and biographer.

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Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy

Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy (14 September 1665 – 2 September 1746), generally called Colbert de Torcy, was a French diplomat, who negotiated some of the most important treaties towards the end of Louis XIV's reign, notably the treaty (1700) that occasioned the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), in which the dying Charles II of Spain named Louis XIV's grandson, Philippe, duc d'Anjou, heir to the Spanish throne, eventually founding the line of Spanish Bourbons.

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Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny

Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny, 1st Duc de Cadore (4 August 1756 – 3 July 1834) was a French admiral and politician.

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Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon

Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon (29 July 176525 January 1844) was a marshal of France and a soldier in Napoleon's Army.

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Jean-Baptiste Kléber

Jean-Baptiste Kléber (9 March 1753 – 14 June 1800) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai

Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai (12 June 1760 – 25 August 1797) was a French novelist, playwright, journalist, politician, and diplomat.

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Jean-Baptiste Lynch

Jean-Baptiste Lynch (3 June 1749 – 15 August 1835) was a Count of the First French Empire, Mayor of Bordeaux and a peer of France, sitting in the upper house of the French Senate.

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Jean-Charles Pichegru

Jean-Charles Pichegru (16 February 1761 – 5 April 1804) was a distinguished French general of the Revolutionary Wars.

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Jean-François Rewbell

Jean-François Reubell or Rewbell (6 October 1747 – 24 November 1807) was a French lawyer, diplomat, and politician of the Revolution.

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Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville

Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville (24 January 177628 May 1857) was a French aristocrat, diplomat, and politician.

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Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles

Jean-Joseph Paul Augustin, 1er Marquis Dessolles (3 July 1767 – 3 November 1828) was a French soldier and statesman.

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Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois

Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois (19 June 1749 – 8 June 1796) was a French actor, dramatist, essayist, and revolutionary.

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Jean-Nicolas Stofflet

Jean-Nicolas Stofflet (3 February 1751 – 25 February 1796) was a French leader of the Revolt in the Vendée against the First French Republic.

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Jeanne d'Albret

Jeanne d'Albret (Basque: Joana Albretekoa; Occitan: Joana de Labrit; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also known as Jeanne III, was the queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572.

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Jeanne de Bar, Countess of Marle and Soissons

Jeanne de Bar, suo jure Countess of Marle and Soissons, Dame d'Oisy, Viscountess of Meaux, and Countess of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano (1415 – 14 May 1462) was a noble French heiress and Sovereign Countess.

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Jeanne de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon

Jeanne de Bourbon (1465 – 22 January 1511) was a daughter of John II, Count of Vendôme and Isabelle de Beauvau.

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Jesus bloodline

The Jesus bloodline is a hypothetical sequence of lineal descendants of the historical Jesus, often by Mary Magdalene, usually portrayed as his wife.

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Joanna of Bourbon

Joanna of Bourbon (3 February 1338 – 6 February 1378) was Queen of France by marriage to King Charles V. She acted as his political adviser and was appointed potential regent in case of a minor regency.

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Joanna of Castile

Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), known historically as Joanna the Mad (Juana la Loca), was Queen of Castile from 1504, and of Aragon from 1516.

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Johann Fust

Johann Fust or Faust (c. 1400 – October 30, 1466) was an early German printer.

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John Adams

John Adams (October 30 [O.S. October 19] 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the first Vice President (1789–1797) and second President of the United States (1797–1801).

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John Bull

John Bull is a national personification of the United Kingdom in general and England in particular, especially in political cartoons and similar graphic works.

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John Byng

Admiral John Byng (baptised 29 October 1704 – 14 March 1757) was a Royal Navy officer who was notoriously court-martialled and shot dead by a firing squad.

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John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough

General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, 1st Prince of Mindelheim, 1st Count of Nellenburg, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, (26 May 1650 – 16 June 1722 O.S.) was an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs.

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John I, Count of La Marche

John of Bourbon (John I/VII, Count of La Marche and of Vendôme), (1344 – 11 June 1393, Vendôme) was the second son of James I, Count of La Marche and Jeanne of Châtillon.

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John I, Duke of Bourbon

Jean de Bourbon (1381–1434) was Duke of Bourbon, from 1410 to his death and Duke of Auvergne since 1416.

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John of Burgundy (1231–68)

John of Burgundy (Jean de Bourgogne; 1231 – 29 September 1268) was a Count of Charolais and Lord of Bourbon.

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John Rawdon, 1st Earl of Moira

John Rawdon, 1st Earl of Moira (17 March 1720 – 20 June 1793), known as Sir John Rawdon, Bt, between 1724 and 1750 and as The Lord Rawdon between 1750 and 1762, was an Irish peer.

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John Stuart, Count of Maida

Sir John Stuart, Count of Maida GCB (1759–1815), was a British Lieutenant-General during the Napoleonic Wars.

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John V of Portugal

Dom John V (Portuguese: João V; 22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750), known as the Magnanimous (Portuguese: o Magnânimo) and the Portuguese Sun King (Portuguese: o Rei-Sol Português), was a monarch of the House of Braganza who ruled as King of Portugal and the Algarves during the first half of the 18th century.

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John VIII, Count of Vendôme

John VIII de Bourbon (1425 - 6 January 1477) was Count of Vendôme from 1466 until his death.

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John Weatherhead

John Weatherhead (1775 – 29 July 1797) was an officer of the Royal Navy.

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José Agustín de Lecubarri

José Agustín de Lecubarri y Gorostiza, KB, OL, OIC, OCIII (born 25 June 1802), was a British diplomat, naval officer and peer, who was noted for being the youngest person ever to be named Consul General and hold office for foreign affairs.

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José de Torres

José de Torres y Martínez Bravo (16701738) was a Spanish composer, organist, music theorist and music publisher.

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José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda

José Antonio Manso de Velasco y Sánchez de Samaniego (José Antonio Manso de Velasco y Sánchez de Samaniego, primer Conde de Superunda) (1688 – May 6, 1767) was a Spanish soldier and politician who served as governor of Chile and viceroy of Peru.

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José Patiño

Don José Patiño y Rosales (April 11, 1666 – November 3, 1736) was a Spanish statesman who served as acting First Secretary of State of Spain from 1734 to 1736.

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Joseph Bonaparte

Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte, born Giuseppe Buonaparte (7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844) was a French diplomat and nobleman, the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily (1806–1808, as Giuseppe I), and later King of Spain (1808–1813, as José I).

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Joseph de Jouvancy

Joseph de Jouvancy (also Jouvency; Latinised Josephus Juvencius) (14 September 1643 – 29 May 1719 Rome) was a French poet, pedagogue, philologist, and historian.

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Joseph de Maistre

Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre (1 April 1753 – 26 February 1821) was a French-speaking Savoyard philosopher, writer, lawyer, and diplomat, who advocated social hierarchy and monarchy in the period immediately following the French Revolution.

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Joseph Fesch

Joseph Fesch, Prince of France (3 January 1763 – 13 May 1839) was a French cardinal and diplomat, Prince of France and a member of the Imperial House of the First French Empire, Peer of France, Roman Prince, and the uncle of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Joseph Fouché

Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d'Otrante, 1st Comte Fouché (21 May 1759 – 25 December 1820) was a French statesman and Minister of Police under First Consul Bonaparte, who later became Emperor Napoleon.

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Joseph François Michaud

Joseph François Michaud (19 June 1767 – 30 September 1839) was a French historian and publicist.

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Joseph Lakanal

Joseph Lakanal (July 14, 1762 – February 14, 1845) was a French politician, and an original member of the Institut de France.

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Joseph Marie, Count Dessaix

Joseph Marie, Count Dessaix (24 September 1764, Thonon-les-Bains, Haute-Savoie – 26 October 1834) was a French general of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Joseph Marshall de Brett Maréchal, Baron d'Avray

Joseph Marshall de Brett Maréchal, Baron d'Avray (30 November 1811 – 26 November 1871) was a member of the French nobility who became an educator in the Province of New Brunswick.

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Joseph Matthias Gérard de Rayneval

Joseph-Mathias Gérard de Rayneval (24 February 1736, Masevaux, Haut-Rhin – 31 December 1812, Paris), was a French diplomat and government minister of the Ancien Régime.

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Joseph Napoleon's Regiment (France)

Joseph Napoleon's Regiment (Régiment Joseph Napoléon) or Spanish Regiment (Régiment Espagnol) was a regiment formed from Spanish prisoners of war, which served in the French Army from 1809 until 1813, participating in the 1812 Russian campaign and 1813 campaign in Germany.

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Juan Bautista Basset y Ramos

Juan Bautista Basset y Ramos, also known as Joan Baptista Basset (Alboraya, ca. 1654 — Segovia, January 15, 1728) was a Valencian military man who led the revolt of the Kingdom of Valencia against Philip of Anjou during the War of the Spanish Succession as leader of the Maulets, Valencian supporters of Archduke Charles of Austria.

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Juan Bautista Topete

Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo (24 May 1821 – 29 October 1885), Spanish admiral and politician.

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Juan Carlos I of Spain

Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, born 5 January 1938) reigned as King of Spain from 1975 until his abdication in 2014.

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Juan, Count of Montizón

Don Juan Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, Count of Montizón (Jean Charles Marie Isidore de Bourbon, comte de Montizón) (15 May 1822 – 18 November 1887) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain from 1860 to 1868, and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France from 1883 to 1887.

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Jules de Polignac

Jules de Polignac, Count of Polignac (Jules Auguste Armand Marie; 14 May 17802 March 1847), then Prince of Polignac, and briefly 3rd Duke of Polignac in 1847, was a French statesman and ultra-royalist politician after the Revolution.

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Juliana of the Netherlands

Juliana (Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina; 30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1948 until her abdication in 1980.

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Juliette Récamier

Jeanne-Françoise Julie Adélaïde Récamier (4 December 1777 – 11 May 1849), known as Juliette, was a French socialite, whose salon drew Parisians from the leading literary and political circles of the early 19th century.

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July 9

No description.

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July Monarchy

The July Monarchy (Monarchie de Juillet) was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848.

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July Revolution

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Third French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French ("Three Glorious "), led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would be overthrown in 1848.

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June Rebellion

The June Rebellion or the Paris Uprising of 1832 (French: Insurrection républicaine à Paris en juin 1832), was an anti-monarchist insurrection of Parisian republicans on 5 and 6 June 1832.

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Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia

The Junta, Junta General, Juntas, or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia was the representative assembly of the Kingdom of Galicia from the 15th century —when it originated as a general assembly of all the powers of the Kingdom aimed at the constitution of hermandades (brotherhood)— and until 1834, when the Kingdom and its General Assembly were officially disbanded by a Royal decree.

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Jus exclusivae

Jus exclusivae (Latin for "right of exclusion"; sometimes called the papal veto) was the right claimed by several Catholic monarchs of Europe to veto a candidate for the papacy.

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Just de Noailles

Antonin Claude Dominique Just de Noailles (22 August 1777 in Paris – 1 August 1846 in Paris), 7th Prince of Poix then (from 1834) 4th Spanish Duke of Mouchy, 3rd French Duke of Mouchy and Duke of Poix, was a French politician.

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King

King, or King Regnant is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.

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Kingdom of Etruria

The Kingdom of Etruria (Regno di Etruria) was a kingdom between 1801 and 1807 which made up a large part of modern Tuscany.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.

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Kingdom of France (1791–92)

The Kingdom of France as remnant of the preceding absolute Kingdom of France, was a constitutional monarchy that governed France from 3 September 1791 until 21 September 1792, when this constitutional monarchy was succeeded by the First Republic.

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Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was a crusader state established in the Southern Levant by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 after the First Crusade.

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Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples (Regnum Neapolitanum; Reino de Nápoles; Regno di Napoli) comprised that part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816.

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Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)

The Kingdom of Naples (Italian: Regno di Napoli) was a French client state in southern Italy created in 1806 when the Bourbon Ferdinand IV & VII of Naples and Sicily sided with the Third Coalition against Napoleon and was in return ousted from his kingdom by a French invasion.

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Kingdom of Navarre

The Kingdom of Navarre (Nafarroako Erresuma, Reino de Navarra, Royaume de Navarre, Regnum Navarrae), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona (Iruñeko Erresuma), was a Basque-based kingdom that occupied lands on either side of the western Pyrenees, alongside the Atlantic Ocean between present-day Spain and France.

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Kingdom of Sardinia

The Kingdom of SardiniaThe name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica.

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Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)

From 1700 to 1720, the Kingdom of Sardinia, as a part of the Spanish empire, was disputed between two dynasties, the Habsburgs and the Bourbons.

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Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae, Regno di Sicilia, Regnu di Sicilia, Regne de Sicília, Reino de Sicilia) was a state that existed in the south of the Italian peninsula and for a time Africa from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816.

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Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte

Napoleonic Spain was the part of Spain loyal to Joseph I during the Peninsular War (1808–1813) after the country was partially occupied by French forces.

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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Regno dê Doje Sicilie, Regnu dî Dui Sicili, Regno delle Due Sicilie) was the largest of the states of Italy before the Italian unification.

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Kingdom of Valencia

The Kingdom of Valencia (Regne de València,; Reino de Valencia; Regnum Valentiae), located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon.

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Kings of Navarre family tree

This is a Family tree of the Kings of Navarre from Íñigo Arista until the accession of Henry III of Navarre to the throne of France.

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Klemens von Metternich

Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein (15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859) was an Austrian diplomat and statesman who was one of the most important of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation.

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Knights of Cardone

The Knights of Cardone were a Medieval order of chivalry.

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Known and Unknown: A Memoir

Known and Unknown: A Memoir is an autobiographical book by Donald Rumsfeld, an American politician and businessman who served as Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 and again from 2001 to 2006 (among many other positions).

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Kostanjevica Monastery

Kostanjevica Monastery (Castagnevizza) is a Franciscan monastery in Pristava near Nova Gorica, Slovenia.

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Krzysztof Korwin Gosiewski

Krzysztof Korwin Gosiewski ''de armis'' Ślepowron (died 1643) – Palatine-Governor of Smolensk from 1639, Secretary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1638, Lithuanian Great-Quartermaster since 1625, diplomat, District-Governor of Velizh.

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L'Alcúdia

L'Alcúdia is a town and municipality in the province of Valencia, Spain.

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L'Olimpiade (Pergolesi)

L'Olimpiade is an opera in the form of a dramma per musica in three acts by the Italian composer Giovanni Battista Pergolesi.

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La Civiltà Cattolica

La Civiltà Cattolica (Italian for Catholic Civilization) is a periodical published by the Jesuits in Rome, Italy.

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La Magione, Palermo

The Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity (Italian: Basilica della Santissima Trinità), commonly known as Basilica del Cancelliere, Basilica La Magione or simply La Magione, is a Norman church of Palermo.

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La nacionalitat catalana

La nacionalitat catalana (in English "The Catalan nationality") is a book and political manifesto written by the Conservative politician Enric Prat de la Riba in 1906.

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La Trémoille family

The House of La Trémoille is an old French family which derives its name from a village (now La Trimouille) in the department of Vienne.

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Lake Avernus

Lake Avernus (Lago d'Averno) is a volcanic crater lake located in the Avernus crater in the Campania region of southern Italy, around west of Pozzuoli.

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Lampedusa e Linosa

Lampedusa e Linosa (Lampidusa e Linusa) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region of Sicily.

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Lancelot-Théodore Turpin de Crissé

Lancelot-Théodore, Comte de Turpin de Crissé (9 July 1782, Paris – 15 May 1859, Paris) was a French writer and painter.

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Lanciano

Lanciano (Abruzzese: Langiàne) is a town and comune in the province of Chieti, part of the Abruzzo region of central Italy.

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Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg

Princess Caroline of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (18 August 1714 – 14 June 1741) was Princess of Condé by marriage to Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon.

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Laticauda sheep

The Laticauda is a breed of domestic sheep from Campania and Calabria, in southern Italy.

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Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr

Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, 1st Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (13 April 1764 – 17 March 1830) was a French commander in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars who rose to Marshal of France and Marquis.

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Lauria

Lauria is an Italian town and comune of the province of Potenza, in Basilicata, situated near the borders of Calabria.

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Lazare Carnot

Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, Count Carnot (13 May 1753 – 2 August 1823) was a French mathematician, physicist and politician.

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Lazzaroni (Naples)

In the Age of Revolution, the Lazzaroni (or Lazzari) of Naples were the poorest of the lower class (Italian lazzaroni or lazzari) in the city and kingdom of Naples, Italy.

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Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine

Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine (Léopold Clément Charles; 25 April 1707 – 4 June 1723) was heir apparent to the throne of the sovereign Duchy of Lorraine.

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Le Cuisinier Impérial

André Viard's Le Cuisinier Impérial (Paris: J.-N. Barba, 1806) was a culinary encyclopedia that passed through at least thirty-two editions in its long career as the essential reference work for the French professional chef during the nineteenth century.

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Le Retour des Princes français à Paris

"Le Retour des Princes français à Paris" was the de facto national anthem of France during the Bourbon Restoration.

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Le Roy et fils

Le Roy et fils was a French watchmaker.

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Leandro Fernández de Moratín

Leandro Fernández de Moratín (March 10, 1760 – June 21, 1828) was a Spanish dramatist, translator and neoclassical poet.

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Least of the Great Powers

The least of the Great Powers is a label used to conceptualize Italy's international status.

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Legion of Honour

The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.

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Legitimists

The Legitimists (Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution.

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Leonor, Princess of Asturias

Leonor, Princess of Asturias (born 31 October 2005) is the heir presumptive to the throne of Spain as the elder daughter of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia.

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Leopold III of Belgium

Leopold III (3 November 1901 – 25 September 1983) reigned as the fourth King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951, when he abdicated in favour of the heir apparent, his son Baudouin.

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Leopold, Prince of Salerno

Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Michele of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Prince of Salerno (2 July 1790, Naples, Kingdom of Naples – 10 March 1851, Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) was a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and a Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

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Les Chouans

Les Chouans (The Chouans) is an 1829 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850) and included in the Scènes de la vie militaire section of his novel sequence La Comédie humaine.

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Licata

Licata (Greek: Φιντίας; Latin: Phintias or Plintis; formerly also Alicata) is a city and comune located on the south coast of Sicily, at the mouth of the Salso River (the ancient Himera), about midway between Agrigento and Gela.

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Liceo Classico Quinto Orazio Flacco

Liceo Classico “Quinto Orazio Flacco” is the oldest institution for secondary education in the city of Bari, Apulia.

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Linguistic imperialism

Linguistic imperialism, or language imperialism, is defined as "the transfer of a dominant language to other people".

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List of Andalusians

The following table groups the list of famous Andalusians listed in alphabetical order within categories.

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List of Angevin consorts

The Countesses and Duchesses of Anjou were the wives of the ruling counts of Anjou and later the nominal French counts and dukes of Anjou.

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List of Aquitanian consorts

The Consorts of Aquitaine were the spouses of the Aquitanian Monarchs.

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List of Aragonese monarchs

This is a list of the kings and queens of Aragon.

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List of Armenian consorts

No description.

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List of Austrian consorts

This is a list of the Austrian empresses, archduchesses, duchesses and margravines, wives of the rulers of Austria.

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List of battles involving France in modern history

This is a chronological list of the battles involving France in modern history.

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List of Brazilian consorts

The consorts of Brazil were the spouses of the reigning monarchs, using the titles of Queen of Brazil or Empress of Brazil from the establishment of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815 to the abolition of the Empire of Brazil in 1889.

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List of Burgundian consorts

This article lists queens, countesses, and duchesses consort of the Kingdom, County, Duchy of Burgundy.

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List of burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery

No description.

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List of Canadian monarchs

Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over the French and British colonies of Canada, followed by the Dominion of Canada, and finally the present-day sovereign state of Canada.

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List of Castilian consorts

This is a list of the queens consort of the Kingdom of Castile.

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List of Castilian monarchs

This is a list of kings and queens of the Kingdom and Crown of Castile.

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List of Catalans

This is a list of notable people from Catalonia, Spain.

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List of Co-Princes of Andorra

This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra.

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List of coats of arms of French peers

The peerage of France consists of the great officers, direct vassals of the Crown of France, with the title peer of France.

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List of coats of arms of Spain

File:Coat of Arms of Spanish Monarch.svg|Coat of arms of the King of Spain(2014–present) File:Coat of Arms of Leonor, Princess of Asturias.svg|Coat of Arms ofthe Princess of Asturias(2015–present) File:Coat of Arms of Juan Carlos I of Spain.svg|Coat of arms ofKing Juan Carlos(1975–present) File:Coat of Arms of Letizia Ortiz, Queen of Spain.svg|Coat of arms of the Queen of Spain(2014-)This coat of arms has no official status.

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List of coats of arms of the Capetian dynasty

Most of the members of the Capetian dynasty bore a version of the arms of France.

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List of consorts of Étampes

No description.

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List of consorts of Bourbon

No description.

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List of consorts of Elbeuf

No description.

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List of consorts of Guise

Afterwards, the title was extinghuished and no longer bestowed.

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List of consorts of Lorraine

No description.

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List of consorts of Luxembourg

No description.

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List of consorts of Maine

No description.

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List of consorts of Mayenne

No description.

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List of consorts of Montpensier

No description.

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List of consorts of Naples

This is a list of consorts of Naples.

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List of consorts of Neuchâtel

No description.

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List of consorts of Nevers

No description.

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List of consorts of Orléans

The Orléans part of the title comes from the city of Orléans, which was the capital of these kings.

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List of consorts of Portugal

Throughout its history, the Portuguese monarchy has had only two queens regnant: Maria I and Maria II of Portugal (and, arguably, Beatriz for a short period of time in the 14th century).

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List of consorts of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The following is a list of consorts of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

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List of consorts of the Savoyard monarchs

Between 1859 and 1861 the Kingdom of Sardinia incorporated the majority of Italian states.

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List of consorts of Transylvania

No description.

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List of consorts of Tuscany

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was founded in 1569.

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List of countesses of Flanders by marriage

No description.

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List of countesses of Hainaut by marriage

No description.

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List of counties in Kentucky

This is a list of the one hundred and twenty counties in the U.S. state of Kentucky.

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List of counts and dukes of Vendôme

Count of Vendôme, and, later, Duke of Vendôme, were French titles of nobility.

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List of Counts of Namur

The following is a list of Counts or Margraves of Namur.

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List of coups d'état and coup attempts by country

This is a list by country of coups d'état and coup attempts, in chronological order.

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List of cultural icons of France

This List of cultural icons of France is a list of links to potential cultural icons of France.

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List of cultural icons of Spain

This List of cultural icons of Spain is a list of links to potential cultural icons of Spain.

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List of current Grandees of Spain

Grandees of Spain (Grandes de España) are the highest-ranking members of the Spanish nobility.

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List of current pretenders

A pretender is an aspirant or claimant to a monarchy that either has been abolished or suspended, or is occupied by another.

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List of current sovereign monarchs

A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.

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List of Cypriot consorts

No description.

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List of fictional monarchs

This is a list of fictional Monarchs – characters who appear in fiction as the monarch of a fictional or real country.

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List of foods named after places

Lists of foods named after places have been compiled by writers, sometimes on travel websites or food-oriented websites, as well as in books.

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List of French client states

France had several client states between 1792–1815 (the French First Republic and the First French Empire) and 1852–1870 (the Second French Empire).

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List of French consorts

This is a list of the women who have been queens consort or empresses consort of the French monarchy.

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List of French monarchs

The monarchs of the Kingdom of France and its predecessors (and successor monarchies) ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of the Franks in 486 until the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.

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List of French peerages

For an explanation of the French peerage, see the article Peerage of France.

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List of German queens

German queen is the informal title used when referring to the wife of the ruler of the Kingdom of Germany.

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List of governors in the Viceroyalty of New Spain

Governors in the various provinces of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In addition to governors, the following list (under construction) intends to give an overview of colonial units of the provincial level; therefore it also includes some offices of similar rank, especially the intendant.

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List of Governors in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

Governors in the various Provinces of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata.

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List of heads of state of France

Below is a list of all French heads of state.

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List of heads of state of Mauritius

This is a list of the heads of state of Mauritius, from the foundation of the Mauritius in 1968 to the present day.

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List of heads of state of Spain

This is a list of Spanish Heads of State; that is, kings and presidents that governed the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word.

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List of heirs to the Spanish throne

From the personal union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon until the accession of the first Bourbon monarch in 1700, the heir to the Spanish throne was the person closest to the Spanish monarch according to the male-preference cognatic primogeniture.

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List of Holy Roman Empresses

Holy Roman Empress or Empress of the Holy Roman Empire is the title given to the consort (wife) or regent of the Holy Roman Emperor.

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List of honours of France awarded to heads of state and royalty

This article serves as an index – as complete as possible – of all the honorific orders or similar decorations awarded by France, classified by Monarchies chapter and Republics chapter, and, under each chapter, recipients' countries and the detailed list of recipients.

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List of Hungarian consorts

This is a list of the queens consorts of Hungary, the consorts of the kings of Hungary.

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List of islands of the Falkland Islands

The following is a list of islands that form the Falkland Islands.

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List of Italian queens

Queen of Italy (regina Italiae in Latin and regina d'Italia in Italian) is a title adopted by many spouses of the rulers of the Italian peninsula after the fall of the Roman Empire.

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List of last scions

This is a list of last scions or individuals who were the last member of a ruling house, or other prominent family, where heredity is the prime form of inheritance.

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List of Leonese consorts

This is a list of the royal consort of the Kingdom of León.

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List of living legitimate male Capetians

The Capetian dynasty is the largest dynasty in Europe, with over 120 living male members descended in the legitimate agnatic line.

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List of lords and princes of Carency

The lordship of Carency belonged to a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

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List of mayors of Naples

The Mayor of Naples is an elected politician who, along with the Naples’s City Council of 50 members, is accountable for the strategic government of Naples.

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List of Milanese consorts

The name wives and consorts of the early Della Torre lords of Milan are not known.

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List of military alliances

This is the list of military alliances.

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List of monarchs of Luxembourg

The territory of Luxembourg was ruled successively by counts, dukes and grand dukes.

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List of monarchs of Naples

In 1382, the Kingdom of Naples was heired by Charles III, King of Hungary, Great grandson of King Charles II of Naples After this, the House of Anjou of Naples was renamed House of Anjou-Durazzo, like Charles III married his first cousin Margaret of Durazzo, member of a prominent Neapolitan noble family.

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List of monarchs of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The following is a list of rulers of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, until the fusion into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

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List of movements that dispute the legitimacy of a reigning monarch

This is a list of movements that dispute the legitimacy of a reigning monarch.

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List of Navarrese consorts

This is a list of those men and women who have been royal consorts of the Kingdom of Navarre.

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List of Navarrese monarchs

This is a list of the kings and queens of Pamplona, later Navarre.

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List of orphans and foundlings

Notable orphans and foundlings include world leaders, celebrated writers, entertainment greats, figures in science and business, as well as innumerable fictional characters in literature and comics.

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List of palaces in Italy

This is a list of the most important palaces in Italy, sorted by city.

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List of Parmese consorts

No description.

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List of people from Madrid

This article is a list of notable people from Madrid, the capital of Spain.

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List of Peter Simple characters

These are characters created by the columnist Peter Simple (1913–2006) from 1957 onwards.

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List of place names of French origin in the United States

Several thousand place names in the United States have names of French origin, some a legacy of past French exploration and rule over much of the land and some in honor of French help during the American Revolution and the founding of the country (see also: New France and French in the United States).

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List of political groups in the French Revolution

This is a list of political groups in the French Revolution.

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List of royal consorts of Partitioned Poland

No description.

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List of royal visits to Worthing

Worthing, a seaside town on the West Sussex coast in southeast England, has received many royal visits since Princess Amelia spent five months recovering from an injured knee in 1798.

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List of rulers of Auvergne

This is a list of the various rulers of Auvergne.

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List of Scottish consorts

The consorts of the monarchs of Scotland bore titles derived from their marriage.

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List of ships of the line of France

This is a list of French battlefleet warships of the period 1621–1870 (plus some from the period before 1621). Battlefleet units in the French Navy (Marine Royale before the French revolution established a republic) were categorised as vaisseaux (literally "vessels") as distinguished from lesser warships such as frigates (frégates).

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List of shortest-reigning monarchs

A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy, normally ruling for life, or until abdication or deposition.

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List of Sicilian consorts

This is a list of consorts of the Kingdom of Sicily.

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List of sieges of Gibraltar

There have been fourteen recorded sieges of Gibraltar.

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List of Spanish consorts

No description.

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List of Spanish flags

This is a list of Spanish flags, with illustrations.

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List of Spanish monarchs

This is a list of Spanish monarchs, that is, rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word.

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List of Spanish regents

This is a list of Spanish regents, a regent, from the Latin regens "one who reigns", is a person selected to act as head of state (ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated.

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List of state leaders in 1750

No description.

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List of Toulousain consorts

No description.

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List of U.S. county name etymologies (A–D)

This is a list of U.S. county name etymologies, covering the letters A to D.

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List of Valencian monarchs

For the majority of the Middle Ages, Valencia was a constituent part of larger polities.

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List of wars 1500–1799

This is a list of wars that began between 1500 to 1799. Other wars can be found in the historical lists of wars and the list of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity.

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List of wars 1800–1899

This articles provides a list of wars occurring between 1800 and 1899.

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List of wars involving Austria

This article is an incomplete list of wars and conflicts involving Austria.

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List of wars involving Denmark

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Denmark.

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List of wars involving France

The following is an incomplete list of French wars and battles from the Gauls to modern France.

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List of wars involving Haiti

This is a list of wars involving Haiti.

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List of wars involving Poland

This is a chronological list of military conflicts in which Polish armed forces won or took place on Polish territory from the reign of Mieszko I (960–992) to the ongoing military operations.

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List of wars involving Portugal

This is an incomplete list of wars and conflicts involving Portugal since end of the Leonese rule in 1139.

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List of wars involving Russia

The following is an incomplete list of armed conflicts and wars fought by Russia, by Russian people, from antiquity to the present day.

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List of wars involving Spain

This is a list of wars fought by the Kingdom of Spain or on Spanish territory.

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List of wars involving Switzerland

This article is an incomplete list of wars and conflicts involving Switzerland, since the creation of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

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List of wars involving the Netherlands

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of the Netherlands since its independence in 1581.

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List of wars involving the United Kingdom

This is a list of wars involving the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Great Britain and generally the British Isles.

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List of World Heritage Sites in Italy

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.

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Lleida

Lleida (Lérida) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain.

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Loire

The Loire (Léger; Liger) is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world.

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Longe

Longe (Old Norman: le Longe or le Long) is an English and French aristocratic household, descending from the House of Bourbon-Préaux, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Lord Hornblower

Lord Hornblower (published 1946) is a Horatio Hornblower novel written by C. S. Forester.

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Lord of the World

Lord of the World is a 1907 dystopian science fiction novel by Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson that centers upon the reign of the Anti-Christ and the End of the World.

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Lord William Bentinck

Lieutenant-General Lord William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck (14 September 1774 – 17 June 1839), known as Lord William Bentinck, was a British soldier and statesman.

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Lords of Brandon

The Lords of Brandon (Raguet-Brancion) had their origin in a small town in Burgundy, four leagues from Tournus.

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Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse

Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse (1681), duc de Penthièvre (1697), (1711), (6 June 1678 – 1 December 1737), a legitimated prince of the blood royal, was the son of Louis XIV and of his mistress Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan.

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Louis Aloysius, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein

Louis Aloysius, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein (Ludwig Aloysius Prinz zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein) (August 18, 1765 – May 30, 1829) was a German prince and Marshal of France.

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Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou

Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou (Luis Alfonso Gonzalo Víctor Manuel Marco de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú, Louis Alphonse Gonzalve Victor Emmanuel Marc de Bourbon;Eilers, Marlene A. Queen Victoria's Descendants. Princess Beatrice. Rosvall Royal Books, Falkoping, Sweden, 1997. pp. 166, 181; Enache, Nicolas. La Descendanace de Marie-Therese de Habsburg Reine de Hongrie and Boheme. Maison royale regnante d'Espagne. ICC/Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris, 1999, p. 535. (French)..Willis, Daniel A. The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain. The Descendants of Princess Anne, The Princess of Orange. Clearfield, Baltimore, 2002. p. 231. born 25 April 1974 in Madrid) is a member of the Royal House of Bourbon, and one of the current pretenders to the defunct French throne as Louis XX.

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Louis Ange Pitou

Louis Ange Pitou (April 1767 in Valainville, a commune of Moléans from Châteaudun – 8 May 1846 in Paris) was a French author and counterrevolutionary.

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Louis Antoine de Saint-Just

Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just (25 August 176728 July 1794) was a military and political leader during the French Revolution.

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Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême

Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the eldest son of Charles X of France and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830.

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Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien

Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien (duc d'Enghien pronounced) (Louis Antoine Henri; 2 August 1772 – 21 March 1804) was a relative of the Bourbon monarchs of France.

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Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti

Louis Armand de Bourbon (30 April 1661 – 9 November 1685) was Prince of Conti from 1666 to his death, succeeding his father, Armand de Bourbon.

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Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti

Louis Armand de Bourbon (10 November 1695 – 4 May 1727) was Prince of Conti, from 1709 to his death, succeeding his father, François Louis de Bourbon.

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Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil

Louis Charles Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de Breteuil, Baron de Preuilly (7 March 1730 – 2 November 1807) was a French aristocrat, diplomat and statesman.

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Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine

Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine (31 March 1670 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye – 14 May 1736 in Sceaux) was a legitimised son of the French king Louis XIV and his official mistress, Madame de Montespan.

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Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes

Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Prince of Dombes (4 March 1700 in Palace of Versailles – 1 October 1755 in Palace of Fontainebleau) was a grandson of Louis XIV of France and of his maîtresse-en-titre Françoise-Athénaïs de Montespan.

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Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais

Louis Charles Alphonse Léodgard d'Orléans, Count of Beaujolais (17 October 1779 – 30 May 1808) was a French prince of the blood, son of Philippe Égalité and the younger brother of King Louis-Philippe I of the French.

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Louis Charles, Count of Eu

Louis Charles de Bourbon, Count of Eu (October 15, 1701 – July 13, 1775) was a grandson of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre Madame de Montespan.

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Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin (1707–1743)

Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin (9 November 1707 – 9 December 1743), Duke of Antin (duc d'Antin), was a French courtier, freemason and male-line great-grandson of Madame de Montespan.

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Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, duc de Mahon

Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon (22 February 1717 – June 1796) was the 4th Duke of Crillon and 1st Duke of Mahon.

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Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti

Louis François Joseph de Bourbon or Louis François II, Prince of Conti (1 September 1734 – 13 March 1814), was the last Prince of Conti, scion of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, whose senior branches ruled France until 1848.

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Louis François, Prince of Conti

Louis François de Bourbon, or Louis François I, Prince of Conti (13 August 1717 – 2 August 1776), was a French nobleman, who was the Prince of Conti from 1727 to his death, following his father, Louis Armand II de Bourbon.

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Louis Franchet d'Espèrey

Louis Félix Marie François Franchet d'Espèrey (25 May 1856 – 8 July 1942) was a French general during World War I. As commander of the large Allied army based at Salonika, he conducted the successful Macedonian campaign, which caused the collapse of the Southern Front and contributed to the armistice.

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Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant

Louis Gustave le Doulcet, comte de Pontécoulant (17 November 1764 – 3 April 1853) was a French politician.

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Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon

Louis Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon, or Louis Henri I, Prince of Condé (18 August 1692 – 27 January 1740), was head of the Bourbon-Condé cadet branch of the France's reigning House of Bourbon from 1710 to his death, and served as prime minister to his kinsman Louis XV from 1723 to 1726.

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Louis Henri, Prince of Condé

Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon or Louis Henri II, Prince of Condé (13 April 1756 - 30 August 1830) was the Prince of Condé from 1818 to his death.

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Louis I of Etruria

Louis I (5 July 1773 – 27 May 1803) was the first of the two kings of Etruria.

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Louis I of Spain

Louis I (Luis Felipe; 25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was King of Spain from 15 January 1724 until his death in August the same year.

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Louis I, Count of Montpensier

Louis de Bourbon (1405 – May 1486) was the third son of John I, Duke of Bourbon and Marie, Duchess of Auvergne.

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Louis I, Duke of Bourbon

Louis I, called the Lame (1279 – 22 January 1341) was Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis and La Marche and the first Duke of Bourbon.

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Louis II, Duke of Bourbon

Louis de Bourbon, called the Good (4 February 1337 – 10 August 1410), son of Peter de Bourbon and Isabella de Valois (the sister of French King Philip VI), was the third Duke of Bourbon.

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Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre

Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon (16 November 1725 – 4 March 1793) was the son of Louis Alexandre de Bourbon and his wife Marie Victoire de Noailles.

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Louis Jean Marie de La Trémoille

Louis Jean Marie de La Trémoïlle (8 February 1910 – 9 December 1933), prince and 12th duc de La Trémoïlle, 13th duc de Thouars and premier duke of France, 13th prince de Tarente and 17th prince de TalmondAlmanach de Gotha, La Trémoïlle.

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Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France

Louis Joseph de France (Louis Joseph Xavier François; 22 October 1781 – 4 June 1789) was the second child and elder son of King Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette.

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Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme

Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme (Louis Joseph; 1 July 165411 June 1712) was a Marshal of France and one of the most successful French military commanders during the War of the Grand Alliance and War of the Spanish Succession.

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Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé

Louis Joseph de Bourbon (9 August 1736 – 13 May 1818) was Prince of Condé from 1740 to his death.

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Louis Legendre

Louis Legendre (22 May 1752 – 13 December 1797) was a French politician of the Revolution period.

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Louis Marie de la Haye, Vicomte de Cormenin

Louis Marie de la Haye, Vicomte de Cormenin (January 6, 1788 in Paris – May 6, 1868 in Paris) was a French jurist and political pamphleteer.

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Louis Marie de Lescure

Louis-Marie de Salgues, marquis de Lescure (13 October 1766 – 4 November 1793) was a French soldier and opponent of the French Revolution, the cousin of Henri de la Rochejaquelein.

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Louis Marie, Duke of Rambouillet

Louis Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Rambouillet (2 January 1746 – 13 November 1749) was a French prince who died before his fourth birthday.

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Louis Napoléon Lannes

Louis Napoléon Auguste Lannes, 2nd duc de Montebello (30 July 1801, Paris – 18 July 1874, Chateau de Mareuil-sur-Ay (Marne)) was a French diplomat and politician.

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Louis Philippe I

Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 as the leader of the Orléanist party.

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Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

Louis Philippe d'Orléans known as le Gros (the Fat) (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785), was a French prince, a member of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the dynasty then ruling France.

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Louis Pierre Manuel

Louis Pierre Manuel (1751 – 17 November 1793) was a French writer and political figure of the Revolution.

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Louis XII of France

Louis XII (27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples from 1501 to 1504.

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Louis XIII of France

Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.

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Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis XV of France

Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774.

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Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly

The French Revolution was a period in the history of France covering the years 1789 to 1799, in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church in France perforce underwent radical restructuring.

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Louis XVI of France

Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793), born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

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Louis XVII of France

Louis XVII (27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795), born Louis-Charles, was the younger son of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette.

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Louis XVIII of France

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.

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Louis, Count of Clermont

Louis de Bourbon (15 June 1709 – 16 June 1771) was a member of the cadet branch of the then reigning House of Bourbon.

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Louis, Count of Vendôme

Louis de Bourbon (Louis I, Count of Vendôme) (1376 – December 21, 1446, Tours), younger son of John I, Count of La Marche and Catherine de Vendôme, was Count of Vendôme from 1393, and Count of Castres from 1425 until his death.

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Louis, Count of Vermandois

Louis de Bourbon, Légitimé de France, Count of Vermandois (2 October 1667 – 18 November 1683) was the eldest surviving son of Louis XIV of France and his mistress Louise de La Vallière.

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Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)

Louis, Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the elder and only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, Queen Marie Leszczyńska.

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Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)

Louis, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712), was the first son of Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy, and Marie Adélaïde of Savoy.

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Louis, Duke of Burgundy

Louis, Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712) was the eldest son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and father of Louis XV, and briefly heir to the throne from his father's death in April 1711 to his own death 10 months later.

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Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)

Louis Joseph Xavier, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 – 22 March 1761), was a French prince of the House of Bourbon.

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Louis, Duke of Montpensier

Louis de Bourbon (10 June 1513 – 23 September 1582) was the second Duke of Montpensier.

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Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)

Louis, Duke of Orléans (4 August 1703 – 4 February 1752) was a member of the royal family of France, the House of Bourbon, and as such was a prince du sang.

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Louis, Grand Condé

Louis de Bourbon or Louis II, Prince of Condé (8 September 1621 – 11 December 1686) was a French general and the most famous representative of the Condé branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Louis, Grand Dauphin

Louis of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV, King of France, and his spouse, Maria Theresa of Spain.

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Louis, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine

Louis, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine (28 January 170410 May 1711) was heir apparent to the throne of the sovereign Duchy of Lorraine.

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Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)

Louis de Bourbon or Louis I, Prince of Condé (7 May 1530 – 13 March 1569) was a prominent Huguenot leader and general, the founder of the House of Condé, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Louis, Prince of Condé (1668–1710)

Louis de Bourbon, or Louis III, Prince of Condé (10 November 1668 - 4 March 1710), was a prince du sang as a member of the reigning House of Bourbon at the French court of Louis XIV.

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Louis, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon

Louis de Bourbon (1473 – 1520) styled as the Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon was born in 1473.

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Louis-Alexandre de Launay, comte d'Antraigues

Emmanuel Henri Louis Alexandre de Launay, comte d'Antraigues (25 December 1753 Montpellier – 22 July 1812 Barnes, London) was a French pamphleteer, diplomat, spy and political adventurer during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

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Louis-André de Grimaldi

Louis-André Grimaldi d'Antibes (17 December 173628 December 1804) was a French nobleman and bishop.

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Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont

Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont (2 September 1773 – 27 October 1846) emigrated from France soon after the outbreak of the French Revolution.

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Louis-François Bertin

Louis-François Bertin, also known as Bertin l'Aîné (Bertin the Elder; 14 December 176613 September 1841), was a French journalist.

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Louis-Gabriel Suchet

Louis-Gabriel Suchet (2 March 1770 – 3 January 1826), Duke of Albufera (Duc d'Albuféra), was a French Marshal of the Empire and one of the most successful commanders of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

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Louis-Jérôme Gohier

Louis-Jérôme Gohier (27 February 1746 – 29 May 1830) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period.

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Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron

Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron (17 August 1754 – 15 July 1802) was a French politician, journalist, representative to the National Assembly, and a representative on mission during the French Revolution.

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Louis-Mathias, Count de Barral

Louis-Mathias, Count de Barral (26 April 1746 – 7 June 1816) was a French church figure.

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Louis-Nicolas Davout

Louis-Nicolas d'Avout (10 May 17701 June 1823), better known as Davout, 1st Duke of Auerstaedt, 1st Prince of Eckmühl, was a French general who was Marshal of the Empire during the Napoleonic era.

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Louis-Xavier de Ricard

Louis-Xavier de Ricard (January 25, 1843July 2, 1911) was a French poet, author and journalist of the 19th century.

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Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans

Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (Marie Louise Adélaïde; 13 August 1698 – 10 February 1743) was the third daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, and Françoise Marie de Bourbon, a legitimised daughter of Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan.

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Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (1696–1750)

Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (2 November 1696 – 20 November 1750) was a French princess of the Blood and member of the courts of Louis XIV and his successor Louis XV of France.

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Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (1757–1824)

Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (5 October 1757 – 10 March 1824) was a French nun.

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Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans

Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (Luisa Isabel; 11 December 1709 – 16 June 1742) was Queen of Spain from January to August 1724 as the wife of King Louis I.

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Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon

Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon (Louise Élisabeth; 22 November 1693–27 May 1775) was a daughter of Louis III de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, and his wife, Louise Françoise de Bourbon, ''légitimée de France'', a legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his famous mistress, Madame de Montespan.

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Louise Élisabeth of France

Marie Louise Élisabeth of France (Marie Louise Élisabeth; 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was a French princess, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and his Queen consort, Maria Leszczyńska, and the elder twin of Anne Henriette de France.

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Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon

Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon (Anne Louise Bénédicte; 8 November 167623 January 1753), was the daughter of Henri Jules de Bourbon, Prince of Condé and Anne Henriette of Bavaria.

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Louise de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier

Louise de Bourbon (1482 – 15 July 1561) was the Duchess of Montpensier, suo jure from February 1538 to 1561.

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Louise de La Fayette

Louise Angélique Motier de la Fayette (8 November 1618 – 11 January 1665) was a French courtier and close friend and confidant of King Louis XIII.

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Louise de Maisonblanche

Louise Mary-Antoinette Josèphe Jane de Bourbon-Maisonblanche, Baroness of La Queue (Paris, 17 June 1676 – La Queue-les-Yvelines, 12 September 1718), was an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France and Claude de Vin des Œillets, the called Mademoiselle des Œillets, who was the lady-in-waiting to Madame de Montespan, Louis' long term mistress.

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Louise Diane d'Orléans

Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 – 26 September 1736) was the sixth daughter and last child of Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723) and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan.

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Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon

Louise Françoise de Bourbon, ''Légitimée de France'' (1 June 1673 – 16 June 1743) was the eldest surviving legitimised daughter of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre, Madame de Montespan.

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Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle du Maine

Louise Françoise de Bourbon (4 December 1707 – 19 August 1743) was a grand daughter of Louis XIV of France and his mistress Françoise Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, better known as Madame de Montespan.

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Louise Henriette de Bourbon

Louise Henriette de Bourbon (20 June 1726 – 9 February 1759), Mademoiselle de Conti at birth, was a French princess, who, by marriage, became Duchess of Chartres (1743–1752), then Duchess of Orléans (1752–1759) upon the death of her father-in-law.

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Louise Marguerite of Lorraine

Louise Marguerite of Lorraine (1588 – 30 April 1631) was a daughter of the Duke of Guise and a member of the House of Lorraine.

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Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans

Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans (13 March 1753 – 23 June 1821), was the daughter of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre and of Princess Maria Theresa Felicitas of Modena.

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Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois

Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois (Louise Marie Thérèse; 21 September 1819 – 1 February 1864) was a duchess and later a regent of Parma.

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Louise of France (1737–1787)

The Venerable Louise-Marie of France (15 July 1737 – 23 December 1787) was a French princess and Carmelite, the youngest of the ten children of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.

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Louise of Orléans

Louise of Orléans (Louise-Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle; 3 April 1812 – 11 October 1850) was a French princess who became the first Queen of the Belgians as the second wife of King Leopold I. She was also known as Louise-Marie.

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Louise of Savoy

Louise of Savoy (11 September 1476 – 22 September 1531) was a French noble and regent, Duchess suo jure of Auvergne and Bourbon, Duchess of Nemours, and the mother of King Francis I. She was politically active and served as the Regent of France in 1515, in 1525–1526 and in 1529.

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Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel

Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel (Louise Élisabeth Félicité Françoise Armande Anne Marie Jeanne Joséphine de Croÿ de Tourzel) 11 June 1749 – 15 May 1832), the Marquise de Tourzel (later Duchess) was a French noble and courtier. She was the Governess of the Children of France from 1789 until 1792. Decades after the French Revolution, de Tourzel published widely read memoirs, which presented a unique perspective on the royal family.

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Louisiana (New France)

Louisiana (La Louisiane; La Louisiane française) or French Louisiana was an administrative district of New France.

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Louisiana State Capitol

The Louisiana State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. state of Louisiana and is located in downtown Baton Rouge.

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Lubomirski

Lubomirski is a Polish princely family.

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Lucca

Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio, in a fertile plain near the Tyrrhenian Sea.

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Lucia Migliaccio

Lucia Migliaccio, Duchess di Floridia (19 July 1770, Syracuse, Sicily - 26 April 1826, Naples) was the second wife of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.

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Lucien Bonaparte

Lucien Bonaparte, Prince Français, 1st Prince of Canino and Musignano (born Luciano Buonaparte; 21 May 1775 – 29 June 1840), the third surviving son of Carlo Bonaparte and his wife Letizia Ramolino, was a French statesman, who served as the final President of the Council of Five Hundred at the end of the French Revolution.

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Ludwik Mierosławski

Ludwik Adam Mierosławski (January 17, 1814 in Nemours, Seine-et-Marne – November 22, 1878 in Paris) was a Polish general, writer, poet, historian and political activist.

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Luigi Lambruschini

Luigi Lambruschini (6 March 1776 – 12 May 1854) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in the mid nineteenth century.

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Luigi Pirandello

Luigi Pirandello (28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays.

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Luigi Settembrini

Luigi Settembrini (17 April 1813, Naples – 3 November 1877, Florence) was an Italian man of letters and politician.

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Luigi Vassalli

Luigi Vassalli (also Luigi Vassalli-bey) (January 8, 1812 – June 13, 1887) was an Italian Egyptologist and patriot.

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Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada

Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada (30 November 1662 – 22 February 1743) was a prominent Spanish churchman and statesman during the 18th century.

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Luis González-Bravo y López de Arjona

Luis González Bravo y López de Arjona (Cádiz, Spain, 8 July 1811 – Biarritz, France, 1 September 1871) was a Spanish politician, diplomat, intellectual, speaker, author, philanthropist and journalist graduated from law school, who served twice as Prime Minister of Spain, or President of the Government of Spain (Spanish terminology for Prime Minister), from 1843 to 1844 and in 1868.

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Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga

Don Luis María Cardinal de Borbón y Vallabriga, Farnesio y Rozas (Cadalso de los Vidrios, 22 May 1777 – Madrid, 19 March 1823), son of a morganatic marriage of Luis de Borbón y Farnesio, Infante of Spain and 13th Count of Chinchón, and wife María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas, Español y Drummond, was the 14th Count of Chinchón (1785–1803), Grandee of Spain First Class (4 August 1799), with a coat of arms of Bourbon, and 1st Marqués de San Martín de la Vega.

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Luis of Spain, Count of Chinchón

Luis Antonio Jaime of Spain (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785), Infante of Spain, Cardinal Deacon of the titular church of Santa Maria della Scala in Rome, Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain, 13th Count of Chinchón, Grandee of Spain First Class, known as the Cardinal Infante, was a son of Philip V, King of Spain and his second wife, Elisabeth Farnese.

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Luis Sánchez de Tagle, 1st Marquis of Altamira

Don Luis Sánchez de Tagle y de la Rasa, 1st Marquis of Altamira (1642 - 1710) was a Spanish aristocrat who gained great wealth and influence in New Spain during the 17th century.

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Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxembourg, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe.

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Madame d'Oettlinger

Madame d'Oettlinger or Baroness d'Oettlinger (fl. 1815) was the name used by a woman who was talked about as one of the agents of Napoleon.

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Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset

Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset (23 March 1898 – 1 September 1984 in Paris) was the titular Duchess of Parma (from 1974) and was also Carlist queen of Spain (from 1952) as the consort of Xavier of Bourbon, the Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne.

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Madeleine de l’Aubespine

Madeleine de l'Aubespine (1546 Villeroy, Burgundy – 1596) was a French aristocrat, lady in waiting to Catherine de Medicis, poet, and literary patron.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole.

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Maine de Biran

François-Pierre-Gontier Maine de Biran (29 November 176620 July 1824), usually known simply as Maine de Biran, was a French philosopher.

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Malet coup of 1812

The Malet coup of 1812 was an attempted coup d'état in Paris, France, aimed at removing Napoleon I, then campaigning in Russia, from power.

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Mallorca

Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean.

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Man in the Iron Mask

The Man in the Iron Mask (French: L'Homme au Masque de Fer; c. 1640 – 19 November 1703) is the name given to an unidentified prisoner who was arrested in 1669 or 1670 and subsequently held in a number of French prisons, including the Bastille and the Fortress of Pignerol (modern Pinerolo, Italy).

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Manuel Belgrano

Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano y González (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820), usually referred to as Manuel Belgrano, was an Argentine economist, lawyer, politician, and military leader.

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Manuel de Oms, 1st Marquis of Castelldosrius

Don Manuel de Oms y Santa Pau, 1st Marquis of Castelldosrius, Grandee of Spain (sometimes marqués de Castell dos Rius) (1651 – 24 April 1710) was a Spanish diplomat, man of letters, and colonial official.

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Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha

Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha e Irigoyen, known also as the Marqués del Duero, was a 19th-century Spanish military man and Liberal-Moderate politician, noted for opposing the Carlist rebellions.

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Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque

Manuel Pavia y Rodriguez de Alburquerque (August 2, 1828 – January 4, 1895) was a Spanish general, born in Cadiz.He was a general that took part in the main events of the Spanish political life during the second half of the 19th century.

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Maratea

Maratea (Marateota: Marathia) is a town and comune of Basilicata, in the province of Potenza.

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María Isabella of Spain

Maria Isabella of Spain (María Isabel de Borbón y Borbón-Parma 6 July 1789 – 13 September 1848) was an infanta of Spain and Queen consort of the Two Sicilies.

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María Teresa de Borbón, 15th Countess of Chinchón

María Teresa de Borbón y Vallabriga, 15th Countess of Chinchón (María Teresa Carolina; 6 March 1779 – 23 November 1828), was a Spanish noblewoman and grandee.

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Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero

Marcelo de Azcárraga Ugarte y Palmero-Versosa de Lizárraga, hidalgo del condado de Lizárraga (September 1, 1832 – May 30, 1915) was the thirteenth Prime Minister of Spain following the restoration of the Spanish monarchy.

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March (territorial entity)

A march or mark was, in broad terms, a medieval European term for any kind of borderland, as opposed to a notional "heartland".

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Marche Henri IV

"Marche Henri IV", alternatively "Vive Henri IV" or "Vive le roi Henri", is a popular French song celebrating King Henry IV of France (also known as Le Bon Roi Henri, "Good King Henry").

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Mare Nubium

Mare Nubium ("sea of clouds") is a lunar mare in the Nubium basin on the Moon's near side.

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Margaret of Bourbon (1438–1483)

Margaret of Bourbon (5 February 1438 – 24 April 1483) was the daughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (1401–1456) and Agnes of Burgundy (1407–1476).

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Margaret of Bourbon, Lady of Albret

Marguerite de Bourbon, Lady of Albret (1344 – 1416) was a daughter of Peter I, Duke of Bourbon, and his wife Isabella of France, who was a daughter of Charles of France.

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Margaret of Geneva

Margaret of Geneva (1180?-1252), countess of Savoy, was the daughter of William I, Count of Geneva, and Beatrice de Faucigny (1160-1196).

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Margaret of Provence

Margaret of Provence (Marguerite; 1221 – 20 December 1295) was Queen of France by marriage to King Louis IX.

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Margaret Theresa of Spain

Margaret Theresa of Spain (Margarita Teresa, Margarete Theresia; 12 July 1651 – 12 March 1673) was, by marriage, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia.

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Marguerite de Navarre

Marguerite de Navarre (Marguerite d'Angoulême, Marguerite d'Alençon; 11 April 149221 December 1549), also known as Marguerite of Angoulême and Margaret of Navarre, was the princess of France, Queen of Navarre, and Duchess of Alençon and Berry.

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Marguerite Louise d'Orléans

Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721), a Princess of France who became Grand Duchess of Tuscany, as the wife of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici.

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Marguerite-Élie Guadet

Marguerite-Élie Guadet (20 July 1758 – 17 June 1794) was a French political figure of the Revolutionary period.

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Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily

Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily (Maria Amalia Teresa; 26 April 1782 – 24 March 1866) was a French queen by marriage to Louis Philippe I, King of the French.

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Maria Anna of Austria

Maria Anna of Austria (Maria Anna Josepha Antonia Regina; 7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754) was Queen consort of Portugal by marriage to King John V of Portugal.

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Maria Anna of Naples and Sicily

Maria Anna (Maria Anna Giuseppa Antonietta Francesca Gaetana Teresa Amalia Clementina; 23 November 1775 – 22 February 1780) was a member of the French Royal Family (branched out to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies).

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Maria Anna of Neuburg

Maria Anna of Neuburg (Mariana; 28 October 1667 – 16 July 1740), was the second wife of Charles II and Queen Consort of Spain from 1689 to 1700.

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Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain

Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (María Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) was a Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

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Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies

Princess Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda di Borbone, Principessa delle Due Sicilie, María Cristina de Borbón, Princesa de las Dos Sicilias; 27 April 1806 – 22 August 1878) was queen consort of Spain (1829 to 1833) and Regent of Spain (1833 to 1840).

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Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily

Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily (Maria Cristina Amelia Teresa; 17 January 1779 – 11 March 1849) was a Princess of Naples and Sicily and later Queen of Sardinia as wife of King Charles Felix.

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Maria d'Este

Maria d'Este (8 December 1644 – 20 August 1684) was a Modenese princess and Duchess of Parma as the wife of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma.

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Maria de las Mercedes of Bavaria and Bourbon

María de las Mercedes de Baviera y Borbón (3 October 1911 – 11 September 1953) was a granddaughter of Alfonso XII and niece of Alfonso XIII.

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Maria Henrietta of Naples and Sicily

Maria Henrietta (Maria Enrichetta Carmel; 31 July 1787 – 10 September 1792) was a member of the House of Bourbon and a princess of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

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Maria Isabelle of Naples and Sicily

Maria Isabelle of Naples and Sicily (2 December 1793 – 23 April 1801) was a member of the Bourbons of Naples and Sicily (itself descended from the Bourbons of France).

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Maria Luisa of Parma

Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) was Queen consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 by marriage to King Charles IV of Spain.

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Maria Luisa of Spain

Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (Spanish: María Luisa, German: Maria Ludovika) (24 November 1745 – 15 May 1792) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca

Maria Luisa of Spain (6 July 1782 – 13 March 1824) was a Spanish infanta, daughter of King Charles IV and his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma.

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Maria Padilla

Maria Padilla is a melodramma, or opera, in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti.

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Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain

Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (María Teresa Antonia Rafaela; 11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and Dauphine of France by marriage to Louis, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France.

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

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Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily

Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807) was the last Holy Roman Empress and the first Empress of Austria by marriage to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Maria Theresa of Spain

Maria Theresa of Spain (María Teresa de Austria; Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until 1640) and Archduchess of Austria as member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Queen of France.

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Mariana Victoria of Spain

Mariana Victoria of Spain (Mariana Vitória; 31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese, she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven.

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Mariano Luis de Urquijo

Mariano Luis de Urquijo y Muga (1769 in Bilbao, Spain – 1817 in Paris, France) was Secretary of State (Prime Minister) of Spain from 12 February 1799 to 13 December 1800, during the reign of King Carlos IV of Spain, and between 7 July 1808 and 27 June 1813 under the King Joseph Bonaparte.

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Marie Anne Éléonore de Bourbon

Marie Anne Éléonore de Bourbon (Marie Anne Éléonore Gabrielle; 22 December 1690 – 30 August 1760) was a daughter of Louis III de Bourbon, Prince of Condé.

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Marie Anne d'Orléans

Marie Anne d'Orléans, petite-fille de France (Marie Anne; 9 November 1652 – 17 August 1656) was a French Princess and youngest daughter of Gaston d'Orléans.

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Marie Anne de Bourbon

Marie Anne de Bourbon, Légitimée de France (2 October 1666 – 3 May 1739) was the eldest legitimised daughter (fille légitimée de France) of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress Louise de La Vallière.

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Marie Anne de Bourbon (1689–1720)

Marie Anne de Bourbon (18 April 1689 – 21 March 1720) was a princess of the blood at the French court of Versailles.

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Marie Anne de Bourbon, Duchess of Vendôme

Marie Anne de Bourbon (24 February 1678 – 11 April 1718) was the daughter of the Prince of Condé and a Bavarian princess by birth.

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Marie Anne de La Trémoille, princesse des Ursins

Marie Anne de La Trémoille, princesse des Ursins (1642 – 5 December 1722), was a French courtier and royal favourite known for her political influence, being a de facto ruler of Spain from 1701 until 1714.

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Marie de Bourbon, Countess of Soissons

Marie de Bourbon (3 May 1606 – 3 June 1692) was the wife of Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano and thus a Savoyard princess by marriage.

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Marie de' Medici

Marie de' Medici (Marie de Médicis, Maria de' Medici; 26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642) was Queen of France as the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon.

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Marie I de Coucy, Countess of Soissons

Marie I de Coucy (April 1366 – after 3 March 1405) was Dame de Coucy and d'Oisy, and Countess of Soissons from 1397.

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Marie Joséphine Louise, duchesse de Gontaut

Marie Joséphine Louise, duchesse de Gontaut (1773–1857) was a French court office holder.

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Marie Louise d’Orléans

Marie Louise of Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) was Queen consort of Spain from 1679 to 1689 as the first wife of King Charles II of Spain.

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Marie Louise of France (1728–1733)

Marie Louise of France (28 July 1728 – 19 February 1733) was a French princess, daughter of Louis XV of France and queen Marie Leszczyńska.

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Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma

Marie Louise (Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia; Italian: Maria Luigia Leopoldina Francesca Teresa Giuseppa Lucia; 12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 1814 until her death.

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Marie Marguerite, Duchess of Anjou

Marie Marguerite, Duchess of Anjou (née María Margarita Vargas Santaella; born 21 October 1983) is a Venezuelan heiress and wife of Louis Alphonse of Bourbon, Duke of Anjou, who is considered by Legitimists to be the head of the French Royal House, making Marie Marguerite the Legitimist titular Queen Consort of France.

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Marie Nicolas Sylvestre Guillon

Marie Nicolas Sylvestre Guillon (January 1, 1760 – 1847), French ecclesiastic, was born in Paris.

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Marie of Luxembourg, Countess of Vendôme

Marie of Luxembourg (died 1 April 1547) was a French princess, the elder daughter and principal heiress of Peter II of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol and Soissons, and Margaret of Savoy, a daughter of Louis I, Duke of Savoy.

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Marie Thérèse de Bourbon

Marie Thérèse de Bourbon (1 February 1666 – 22 February 1732) was the titular Queen consort of Poland in 1697.

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Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe

Princess Marie-Louise Thérèse of Savoy-Carignan (8 September 1749 – 3 September 1792) was a member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy.

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Marie Thérèse of France

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), Madame Royale, was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11).

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Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)

Marie Thérèse of France (2 January 1667 – 1 March 1672) was the fourth child and third daughter of Louis XIV of France and his wife, Maria Theresa of Spain.

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Marie Zéphyrine of France

Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 – 2 September 1755) was a French princess, the daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France, and Maria Josepha of Saxony.

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Marie, Duchess of Auvergne

Marie of Berry (c. 1375 – June 1434) was suo jure Sovereign Duchess of Auvergne and Countess of Montpensier in 1416-1434.

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Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry

Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry (Maria Carolina Ferdinanda Luise; 5 November 1798 – 17 April 1870) was an Italian princess of the House of Bourbon who married into the French royal family, and was the mother of Henri, Count of Chambord.

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Marina di Camerota

Marina di Camerota is an Italian town, the largest Civil parish (frazione) of Camerota, situated in the province of Salerno, Campania.

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Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre

Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre or Malbrook s'en va-t-en guerre ("Marlborough Has Left for the War" also known as Mort et convoi de l'invincible Malbrough, "The Death and Burial of the Invincible Marlbrough") is one of the most popular folk songs in French.

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Martello tower

Martello towers, sometimes known simply as Martellos, are small defensive forts that were built across the British Empire during the 19th century, from the time of the French Revolutionary Wars onwards.

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Martin's cruise of 1794

Martin's cruise of 1794 was the only significant French naval operation of the year in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Mary of Avesnes

Marie of Hainaut (1280–1354) was the daughter of John II, Count of Holland and Philippa of Luxembourg, her brother was William I, Count of Hainaut.

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Mary of Bourbon

Mary of Bourbon or Marie de Bourbon (29 October 1515 – 28 September 1538) was a daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme and Françoise d'Alençon, daughter of René, Duke of Alençon.

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Matese Legion

The Matese Legion was a group of 240 Italian volunteers that joined Giuseppe Garibaldi in the war for Italian unification in 1861.

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Mathilde of Bourbon

Mathilde of Bourbon (Mahaut de Bourbon; Theodore Evergates, The Aristocracy in the County of Champagne, 1100-1300, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 217. – 18 June 1228) was a French noblewoman.

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Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Artois

Matilda of Brabant (14 June 1224 – 29 September 1288) was the eldest daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant and his first wife Marie of Hohenstaufen.

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Maulets (history)

The Maulets was a partisan group of Valencian supporters of Archduke Charles, who claimed the Spanish throne as Charles III during the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Maxi Trial

The Maxi Trial (Italian: Maxiprocesso) was a criminal trial against the Sicilian Mafia that took place in Palermo in Sicily.

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Maxime de Redon des Chapelles

Marquis Charles-François-Jean-Maxime de Redon des Chapelles was a theatrically-obsessed aristocrat under the French ancien régime, and a former French cavalry officer, who in Napoleon's France became one of the more prolific authors for the popular stage, writing melodramas and vaudevilles for the boulevard theatres.

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Mazara del Vallo

Mazara del Vallo is a town and comune in southwestern Sicily, Italy, which lies mainly on the left bank at the mouth of the Mazaro river, administratively part of the province of Trapani.

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Melfi

Melfi (Lucano: Mèlfe) is a town and comune in the Vulture area of the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata.

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Mercedes, Princess of Asturias

María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias (María de las Mercedes de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena) (11 September 1880 – 17 October 1904), was the eldest child of King Alfonso XII of Spain and his second wife, Maria Christina of Austria.

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Mercenaries in India

During the 16th and 17th centuries, a number of mercenaries, arriving from several countries found employment in India.

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Messina

Messina (Sicilian: Missina; Messana, Μεσσήνη) is the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina.

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Metrication

Metrication or metrification is conversion to the metric system of units of measurement.

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Mexican nobility

The Mexican nobility includes elite indigenous families from the pre-columbian era; indigenous elites recognized as nobles in the colonial era (1521–1821); and hereditary nobles and economic elites who acquired noble titles in the colonial era; and the First Mexican Empire (1821–23), immediately after independence from Spain, and the Second Mexican Empire 1862–67.

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Michel de l'Hôpital

Michel de l'Hôpital (or l'Hospital) (1507 – 13 March 1573) was a French statesman.

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Michel Ney

Marshal of the Empire Michel Ney, 1st Duke of Elchingen, 1st Prince of the Moskva (10 January 1769 – 7 December 1815), popularly known as Marshal Ney, was a French soldier and military commander during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

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Michele Carrascosa

Michele Carrascosa (1774–1853) was a Neapolitan general and politician.

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Midshipman

A midshipman is an officer of the junior-most rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies.

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Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte

The military career of Napoleon Bonaparte spanned over 20 years.

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Military history of France

The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas including modern France, the European continent, and a variety of regions throughout the world.

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Military history of Luxembourg

The military history of Luxembourg is central to the formation of Luxembourg as a nation from its formation around Luxembourg Castle in 963.

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Military history of Mexico

The military history of Mexico consists of several millennia of armed conflicts within what is now that nation's territory and includes activities of the Mexican military in peacekeeping and combat related affairs worldwide.

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Military history of the Netherlands

The Netherlands, as a nation-state, dates to 1568, when the Dutch Revolt created the Dutch Empire.

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Military order (monastic society)

A military order (Militaris ordinis) is a chivalric order with military elements.

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Miquelet lock

Miquelet lock is a modern term used by collectors and curators, largely in the English-speaking world, for a type of firing mechanism used in muskets and pistols.

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Modern history of Spain

Articles on the modern history of Spain.

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Monarchiens

The Friends of the Monarchist Constitution (Amis de la Constitution Monarchique), commonly known as Monarchist Club (Club monarchique) or Monarchiens, were one of the revolutionary factions in the earliest stages of the French Revolution.

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Monarchies in Europe

Monarchy was the prevalent form of government in the history of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the Maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy.

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Monarchies in the Americas

There are 13 monarchies in the Americas (self-governing states and territories that have a monarch as head of state).

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Monarchism in France

Monarchism in France is the advocacy of restoring the monarchy (mostly constitutional monarchy) in France, which was abolished after the 1870 defeat by Prussia, arguably before that in 1848 with the establishment of the French Second Republic.

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Monarchs of Spain family tree

The following is the family tree of the Spanish monarchs starting from Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon till the present day.

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Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, generally a family representing a dynasty (aristocracy), embodies the country's national identity and its head, the monarch, exercises the role of sovereignty.

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Monasteries in Spain

Monasteries in Spain have a rich artistic and cultural tradition, and serve as testament to Spain's religious history and political-military history, from the Visigothic Period to the Middle Ages.

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Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823.

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Montréjeau

Montréjeau (Occitan: Montrejau) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

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Morganatic marriage

Morganatic marriage, sometimes called a left-handed marriage, is a marriage between people of unequal social rank, which in the context of royalty prevents the passage of the husband's titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage.

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Mount St Bernard Abbey

Mount St Bernard Abbey is a Catholic (Cistercian) monastery of the Strict Observance (Trappists) near Coalville in Leicestershire, England, formerly in the parish of Whitwick and now of that in Charley, in Charnwood Forest, founded in 1835.

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Mozart in Mirrorshades

"Mozart in Mirrorshades" is a short science fiction story by Bruce Sterling and Lewis Shiner first published September 1985 in Omni.

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Musée Fesch

The musée Fesch (officially, Palais Fesch-musée des beaux-arts) is the central museum of fine arts in Ajaccio on Corsica.

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Museo di Capodimonte

Museo di Capodimonte is an art museum located in the Palace of Capodimonte, a grand Bourbon palazzo in Naples, Italy.

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Museo Glauco Lombardi

The Museo Lombardi is a museum displaying an eclectic collection of 19th-century art and cultural works from Parma.

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Museum of Farnese Garments

The Museum of Farnese Garments is on the third and fourth floor of Palazzo Farnese in Gradoli, Viterbo, Italy.

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Music of Abruzzo

The Music of Abruzzo is a style of music in Abruzzo, Italy.

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Music of Naples

Naples has played an important and vibrant role over the centuries not just in the music of Italy, but in the general history of western European musical traditions.

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Naples

Naples (Napoli, Napule or; Neapolis; lit) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy after Rome and Milan.

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Napoléon Louis Bonaparte

Napoléon-Louis Bonaparte (11 October 1804 – 17 March 1831), also known as Louis II of Holland, was the middle son of Louis I of Holland and Hortense de Beauharnais.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom

Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom at the start of the War of the Third Coalition, although never carried out, was a major influence on British naval strategy and the fortification of the coast of southeast England.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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National and regional identity in Spain

Both the perceived nationhood of Spain, and the perceived distinctions between different parts of its territory are said to derive from historical, geographical, linguistic, economic, political and social factors.

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National emblem of France

The French Republic currently uses two emblems.

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National University of San Marcos

The National University of San Marcos (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, UNMSM) is a public research university in Lima, capital of Peru.

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Nativity scene

In the Christian tradition, a nativity scene (also known as a manger scene, crib, crèche (or, or in Italian presepio or presepe) is the special exhibition, particularly during the Christmas season, of art objects representing the birth of Jesus.Berliner, R. The Origins of the Creche. Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 30 (1946), p. 251. While the term "nativity scene" may be used of any representation of the very common subject of the Nativity of Jesus in art, it has a more specialized sense referring to seasonal displays, either using model figures in a setting or reenactments called "living nativity scenes" (tableau vivant) in which real humans and animals participate. Nativity scenes exhibit figures representing the infant Jesus, his mother, Mary, and her husband, Joseph. Other characters from the nativity story, such as shepherds, sheep, and angels may be displayed near the manger in a barn (or cave) intended to accommodate farm animals, as described in the Gospel of Luke. A donkey and an ox are typically depicted in the scene, and the Magi and their camels, described in the Gospel of Matthew, are also included. Several cultures add other characters and objects that may or may not be Biblical. Saint Francis of Assisi is credited with creating the first live nativity scene in 1223 in order to cultivate the worship of Christ. He himself had recently been inspired by his visit to the Holy Land, where he'd been shown Jesus's traditional birthplace. The scene's popularity inspired communities throughout Catholic countries to stage similar pantomimes. Distinctive nativity scenes and traditions have been created around the world, and are displayed during the Christmas season in churches, homes, shopping malls, and other venues, and occasionally on public lands and in public buildings. Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy, and in the United States their inclusion on public lands or in public buildings has provoked court challenges.

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Nébouzan

Nébouzan (Gascon: Nebosan) was a small province of France located in the foothills of the Pyrenees mountains, in the southwest of France.

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Neapolitan cuisine

Neapolitan cuisine has ancient historical roots that date back to the Greco-Roman period, which was enriched over the centuries by the influence of the different cultures that controlled Naples and its kingdoms, such as that of Aragon and France.

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Neapolitan lira

The lira was the currency of the mainland part of the Kingdom of the Sicily, known as the Kingdom of Naples, between 1812 and 1813.

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Neapolitan piastra

The piastra was the most common silver coin of the mainland Kingdom of Sicily, also known as the Kingdom of Naples.

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Neapolitan War

The Neapolitan War was a conflict between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire.

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New Bourbon, Missouri

New Bourbon (French: Nouvelle Bourbon) is an abandoned village located in Ste. Genevieve Township in Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri.

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New Cathedral of Lleida

The New Cathedral of Lleida (Catalan Catedral Nova de Lleida) or Seu Nova is the seat of the Bishop of Lleida.

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New Orleans Saints

The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team based in New Orleans, Louisiana.

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Nicolas de Fer

Nicolas de Fer (1646–25 October 1720) was a French cartographer and geographer.

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Nicolas de Thou

Nicolas de Thou (1528 – 5 November 1598) was an eminent French cleric, Bishop of Chartres, and in politics a figure instrumental in the coronation of Henry IV of France, the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in France.

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Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans

The Duke of Orléans (April 16, 1607 – November 17, 1611) was the second son and fourth child of Henry IV of France and his Italian queen Marie de' Medici.

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Nikita Ivanovich Panin

Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin (Ники́та Ива́нович Па́нин) was an influential Russian statesman and political mentor to Catherine the Great for the first 18 years of her reign (1762-1780). In that role, he advocated the Northern Alliance, closer ties with Frederick the Great of Prussia and the establishment of an advisory privy council.

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Nisida

Nisida is a volcanic islet of the Flegrean Islands archipelago, in southern Italy.

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Nobility of Italy

The Nobility of Italy (Nobiltà italiana) comprises individuals and their families of the Italian peninsula, and the islands linked with it, recognized by sovereigns, such as the Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy See, the Kings of Italy, and certain other Italian kings and sovereigns, as members of a class of persons officially enjoying hereditary privileges which distinguished them from other persons and families.

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Noble House

A Noble House is an aristocratic family or kinship group, usually British or European, either currently or historically of national or international significance, and usually associated with one or more hereditary titles, the most senior of which will be held by the "Head of the House" or patriarch.

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Nontraditional Love

Nontraditional Love is a dystopian novel written by the Russian writer Rafael Grugman and describes an alternative future where heterosexuality is outlawed.

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Nootka Crisis

The Nootka Crisis also known as the Spanish Armamment was an international incident and political dispute between the Spanish Empire, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the fledgling United States of America triggered by a series of events that took place during the summer of 1789 at Nootka Sound in present-day British Columbia, Canada.

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Nootka Sound

Nootka Sound is a sound of the Pacific Ocean on the rugged west coast of Vancouver Island, in the Canadian province of British Columbia, historically known as King George's Sound.

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Norma (opera)

Norma is a tragedia lirica or opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini with libretto by Felice Romani after Norma, ou L'infanticide (Norma, or The Infanticide) by Alexandre Soumet.

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Noto

Noto (Sicilian: Notu; Latin: Netum) is a city and comune in the Province of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy.

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Nova Gorica

Nova Gorica (population: 13,852 (town); 21,082 (incl. suburbs); 31,000 (municipality)) is a town and a municipality in western Slovenia, on the border with Italy.

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November 1975

The following events occurred in November 1975.

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Nueva Planta decrees

The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta, Decrets de Nova Planta) were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V—the first Bourbon King of Spain—during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession by the Treaty of Utrecht.

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Oceanic dolphin

Oceanic dolphins or Delphinidae are a widely distributed family of dolphins that live in the sea.

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Operations plan

Operations plan (in Spanish, "Plan de Operaciones") is a secret document attributed to Mariano Moreno, that set harsh ways for the Primera Junta, the first de facto independent government of Argentina in the 19th century, to achieve its goals.

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Order of Calatrava

The Order of Calatrava (Orden de Calatrava Ordem de Calatrava) was the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval.

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Order of Charles III

The Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III (Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos III) was established by the King of Spain Carlos III by means of the Royal Decree of 19 September 1771, with the motto Virtuti et mérito.

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Order of Civil Merit

The Order of Civil Merit (Orden del Mérito Civil) was established by King Alfonso XIII of Spain in 1926.

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Order of Queen Maria Luisa

The Royal Order of Noble Ladies of Queen Maria Luisa is an Order created by King Charles IV of Spain by royal decree in April 21, 1792 at the request of his wife Queen Maria Luisa, to reward noble women who distinguished themselves for their services and talents.

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Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit

The Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Ferdinand and Merit is an order of knighthood of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

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Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)

The Order of St John, formally the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (l'ordre très vénérable de l'Hôpital de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem) and also known as St John International, is a British royal order of chivalry first constituted in 1888 by royal charter from Queen Victoria.

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Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)

The Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem (Latin: Ordo Militaris et Hospitalis Sancti Lazari Hierosolymitani) is a Christian ecumenical lay order statuted in 1910 by a council of Catholics in Paris, France, initially under the protection of Patriarch Cyril VIII Jaha of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.

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Order of St. Raymond of Peñafort

The Order of St.

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Order of the Golden Fleece

The Order of the Golden Fleece (Orden del Toisón de Oro, Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry founded in Bruges by the Burgundian duke Philip the Good in 1430, to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Isabella.

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Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See

The orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See include titles, chivalric orders, distinctions and medals honoured by the Holy See, with the Pope as the fount of honour, for deeds and merits of their recipients to the benefit of the Holy See, the Catholic Church, or their respective communities, societies, nations and the world at large.

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Ordinary (heraldry)

In heraldry, an ordinary (or honourable ordinary) is a simple geometrical figure, bounded by straight lines and running from side to side or top to bottom of the shield.

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Orléanist

The Orléanists were a French right-wing (except for 1814–1830) faction which arose out of the French Revolution as opposed to Legitimists.

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Otto von Habsburg

Otto von Habsburg (20 November 1912 4 July 2011), also known by his traditional royal title of Archduke Otto of Austria, was the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in 1919, a realm which comprised modern-day Austria, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and parts of Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine.

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Outline of France

The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide of France: France – country in Western Europe with several overseas regions and territories.

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Pacte de Famille

The Pacte de Famille (Family Compact; Pacto de Familia) is one of three separate, but similar alliances between the Bourbon kings of France and Spain.

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Palace of Capodimonte

The Royal Palace of Capodimonte is a grand Bourbon palazzo in Naples, Italy, formerly the summer residence and hunting lodge of the kings of the Two Sicilies, and was one of the two Royal Palaces in Napoli.

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Palacio de la Ribera

The Palacio de la Ribera (also known as "Palace of the Bank") was the summer residence of Philip III in Valladolid.

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Palazzo Adriano

Palazzo Adriano (Pallaci in arbëresh, U Palàzzu in sicilian) is a town and comune of Arbëresh origin in the province of Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Palazzo Farnese

Palazzo Farnese or Farnese Palace is one of the most important High Renaissance palaces in Rome.

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Palazzo Tezzano

The Palazzo Tezzano is a historic building in Piazza Stesicoro, which is in the center of Catania, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Palermo

Palermo (Sicilian: Palermu, Panormus, from Πάνορμος, Panormos) is a city of Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo.

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Pallagorio

Pallagorio (Puhëriu, Calabrese: Paragùriu) is a comune and town in the province of Crotone, in Calabria, Italy.

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Papal conclave, 1721

The papal conclave of 1721, convoked after the death of Pope Clement XI, it elected Cardinal Michelangelo de' Conti who took the name of Innocent XIII.

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Papal conclave, 1724

The papal conclave of 1724 was called upon the death of Pope Innocent XIII.

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Papal conclave, 1740

The papal conclave of 1740 (18 February – 17 August), convoked after the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, was one of the longest conclaves since the 13th century.

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Papal conclave, 1758

The papal conclave of 1758 (May 15 – July 6), convoked after the death of Pope Benedict XIV, it elected Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico of Venice, who took the name Clement XIII.

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Papal conclave, 1769

The papal conclave of 1769 (15 February – 19 May), was convoked after the death of Pope Clement XIII.

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Papal conclave, 1774–75

The papal conclave of 1774–75 (October 5 – February 15), was convoked after the death of Pope Clement XIV and ended with the election of Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi, who took the name of Pius VI.

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Papal conclave, 1799–1800

The papal conclave of 1799–1800 followed the death of Pope Pius VI on 29 August 1799 and led to the selection as pope of Giorgio Barnaba Luigi Chiaramonti, who took the name Pius VII, on 14 March 1800.

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Papal States

The Papal States, officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa,; Status Ecclesiasticus; also Dicio Pontificia), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope, from the 8th century until 1870.

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Papal States under Pope Pius IX

The Papal States under Pope Pius IX assumed a much more modern and secular character than had been seen under previous pontificates, and yet this progressive modernization was not nearly sufficient in resisting the tide of political liberalization and unification in Italy during the middle of the 19th century.

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Parabiago

Parabiago is a town located in the north-western part of the Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, northern Italy.

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Parfums Lubin

Parfums Lubin is one of the oldest perfume houses in the world List of oldest companies.

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Parliament

In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.

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Parma

Parma (Pärma) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its prosciutto (ham), cheese, architecture, music and surrounding countryside.

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Parman lira

The lira (plural: lire) was the distinct currency of Parma before 1802 and again from 1815 to 1859.

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Parterre (theater audience)

The word parterre comes from the French par and terre and literally translated means “on the ground.” Originally, the term was used in the 16th century to refer to a formal ornamental garden, but by the mid-17th century, it was increasingly used to refer both to the ground level of a theatre where spectators stood to watch performances and to the group of spectators who occupied that space.

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Parthenopean Republic

The Parthenopean Republic (Repubblica Partenopea) was a French First Republic-supported republic in the territory of the Kingdom of Naples, formed during the French Revolutionary Wars after King Ferdinand IV fled before advancing French troops.

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Pasquale Stanislao Mancini

Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, 8th Marquess of Fusignano (17 March 1817 – 26 December 1888) was an Italian jurist and statesman.

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Pasquale Villari

Pasquale Villari (3 October 1827 – 11 December 1917) was an Italian historian and politician.

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Paths of War

Paths of War (Franco e Ciccio sul sentiero di guerra) is a 1970 Italian western-comedy film directed by Aldo Grimaldi.

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Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan

Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan (ca. 1660 – 21 August 1693), was an Irish Jacobite and soldier, belonging to an Anglo-Norman family long settled in Ireland.

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Patronato real

The Patronato (literally: "Patronage") system in Spain (and a similar padroado system in Portugal) was the expression of royal patronage controlling major appointments of Church officials and the management of Church revenues, under terms of concordats with the Holy See.

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Paul Barras

Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras (30 June 1755 – 29 January 1829), commonly known as Paul Barras, was a French politician of the French Revolution, and the main executive leader of the Directory regime of 1795–1799.

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Paul Louis Courier

Paul Louis Courier (4 January 177210 April 1825), French Hellenist and political writer, was born in Paris.

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Père Goriot

Le Père Goriot (Old Goriot or Father Goriot) is an 1835 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850), included in the Scènes de la vie privée section of his novel sequence La Comédie humaine.

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Pebble Island

Pebble Island (Isla Borbón) is one of the Falkland Islands, lying north of West Falkland.

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Pedagogical Centre of Xàtiva

The Pedagogical Centre of Xàtiva, or Teacher's House (Casa de l'Ensenyança; Casa de la Enseñanza) is a museum in Xàtiva, Valencia (Spain).

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Pedro García Cabrera

Pedro García Cabrera (19 August 1905 – 20 March 1981) was a Spanish writer and poet.

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Pedro Gómez Labrador

Don Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador (1755—1852) was a Spanish diplomat and nobleman who served as Spain's representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815).

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Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes

Pedro Rodríguez, Conde de Campomanes (1 July 1723 – 3 February 1802), Spanish statesman, economist, and writer, was born at Santa Eulalia de Sorribia, in Asturias.

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Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire (as well as the allied powers of the Spanish Empire), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Portugal, for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Personal union

A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.

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Pescara

Pescara (Abruzzese: Pescàrë; Pescarese: Piscàrë) is the capital city of the Province of Pescara, in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

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Peter I, Duke of Bourbon

Peter I of Bourbon (1311 – 19 September 1356, Poitiers) was the second Duke of Bourbon, from 1342 to his death.

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Peter II, Duke of Bourbon

Peter II, Duke of Bourbon (1 December 1438 – 10 October 1503 in Moulins), was the son of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, and Agnes of Burgundy, and a member of the House of Bourbon.

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Peter Lacy

Count Peter von Lacy, or Pyotr Petrovich Lacy (Пётр Петро́вич Ла́сси), as he was known in Russia (26 September 1678 – 30 April 1751), was one of the most successful Russian imperial commanders before Rumyantsev and Suvorov.

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Philip of Spain (1712–1719)

Infante Philip Peter Gabriel of Spain (Infante Felipe Pedro Gabriel de España; 7 June 171229 December 1719) was a Spanish infante as the third child and third of four sons born to King Philip V of Spain and his first queen consort, Maria Luisa of Savoy.

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Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe V, Philippe, Filippo; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to his abdication in favour of his son Louis on 15 January 1724, and from his reascendancy of the throne upon his son's death on 6 September 1724 to his own death on 9 July 1746.

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Philip, Duke of Parma

Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Infante of Spain by birth, and Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765.

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Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou

Philippe-Charles of France, Duke of Anjou (5 August 1668 - 10 July 1671) was the fifth child and second son of Louis XIV of France, King of France and his wife, the Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain, and as such was a Fils de France.

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Philippe d'Auvergne

Philippe d'Auvergne (13 November 1754 – 18 September 1816) was a British naval officer and the adopted son of Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne the sovereign Duke of Bouillon.

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Philippe de Vitry

Philippe de Vitry (31 October 1291 – 9 June 1361) was a French composer, music theorist and poet.

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Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

Philippe, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife, Anne of Austria.

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Philippe, Duke of Anjou

Philippe de France, Duke of Anjou (30 August 1730 – 7 April 1733) was a French prince and second son of king Louis XV of France and Marie Leszczyńska.

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Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai

Philippe-Antoine Merlin, known as Merlin de Douai (30 October 1754 – 26 December 1838) was a French politician and lawyer.

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Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans

Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans known as Mademoiselle de Beaujolais (Philippine Élisabeth Charlotte; 18 December 1714 – 21 May 1734) was the daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, duc d'Orléans (Regent from 1715 to 1723) and his wife, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV and his mistress, Madame de Montespan.

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Piacenza

Piacenza (Piacentino: Piaṡëinsa) is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.

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Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte Daru

Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte Daru (12 January 1767 – 5 September 1829) was a French soldier, statesman, historian, and poet.

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Pierre Charles Chesnelong

Pierre Charles Chesnelong (24 April 1820 – 22 July 1899) was a French politician, born at Orthez in the départment of the Basses-Pyrénées.

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Pierre Choderlos de Laclos

Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos (18 October 1741 – 5 September 1803) was a French novelist, official, freemason and army general, best known for writing the epistolary novel Les Liaisons dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons) (1782).

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Pierre Claude François Daunou

Pierre Claude François Daunou (18 August 176120 June 1840) was a French statesman and historian of the French Revolution and Empire.

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Pierre Claude Pajol

Claude-Pierre, Comte de Pajol (3 February 1772 – 20 March 1844), was a French cavalry general and military commander during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and political figure.

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Pierre-Antoine Berryer

Pierre-Antoine Berryer (4 January 179029 November 1868) was a French advocate and parliamentary orator.

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Pierre-Augustin Hulin

Pierre-Augustin Hulin (September 6, 1758 – January 9, 1841) was a French general under Napoleon Bonaparte who took part in the storming of the Bastille, the trial of the Duke d'Enghien, and the foiling of the Malet coup.

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Pierre-Denis, Comte de Peyronnet

Pierre-Denis, comte de Peyronnet (Bordeaux, 9 October 1778) was the President of the Bordeaux Court in France in 1815, Minister of Justice from 1821 to 1828 and four times Minister of Interior.

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Pierre-Simon Laplace

Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar whose work was important to the development of mathematics, statistics, physics and astronomy.

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Pietrabbondante

Pietrabbondante is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Isernia in the Italian region Molise, located about northwest of Campobasso and about northeast of Isernia.

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Piracy in the Caribbean

The era of piracy in the Caribbean began in the 1500s and phased out in the 1830s after the navies of the nations of Western Europe and North America with colonies in the Caribbean began combating pirates.

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Plombières Agreement

The Plombières Agreement (Accordi di Plombières, Entrevue de Plombières) of 1858 was a secret verbal agreement concluded at Plombières-les-Bains between the chief minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, Count Cavour, and the French Emperor, Napoleon III.

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Poitou

Poitou, in Poitevin: Poetou, was a province of west-central France whose capital city was Poitiers.

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Political colour

Political colours are colours used to represent a political party, either officially or unofficially.

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Pont Neuf

The Pont Neuf ("New Bridge""Neuf" when used as a NOUN is a number (nine or 9). When describing a noun (adjective) it means new or unused. (http://translate.google.com/translate_t#fr|en|Neuf)-->) is the oldest standing bridge across the river Seine in Paris, France.

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Pope Clement XIII

Pope Clement XIII (Clemens XIII; 7 March 1693 – 2 February 1769), born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 July 1758 to his death in 1769.

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Pope Clement XIV

Pope Clement XIV (Clemens XIV; 31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 May 1769 to his death in 1774.

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Pope Gregory XVI

Pope Gregory XVI (Gregorius; 18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846), born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari EC, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1831 to his death in 1846.

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Portuguese name

A Portuguese name is typically composed of one or two given names, and a number of family names (rarely one, but often two or three, seldom more).

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Pragmatic Sanction of 1830

The Pragmatic Sanction of 1830, issued on 29 March 1830 by King Ferdinand VII of Spain, ratified a Decree of 1789 by Charles IV of Spain, which had replaced the semi-Salic system established by Philip V of Spain with the mixed succession system that predated the Bourbon monarchy (see also Carlism).

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President of the Regency Council

During the Spanish State, caudillo Francisco Franco he created the Regency Council on 26 July 1947 and became its president.

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President of the Republic (Spain)

President of the Republic (Presidente de la República) was the title of the head of state during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39).

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Primogeniture

Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the paternally acknowledged, firstborn son to inherit his parent's entire or main estate, in preference to daughters, elder illegitimate sons, younger sons and collateral relatives; in some cases the estate may instead be the inheritance of the firstborn child or occasionally the firstborn daughter.

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Prince

A prince is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family ranked below a king and above a duke.

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Prince Alberto of Naples and Sicily

Alberto of Naples and Sicliy (Alberto Lodovico Maria Filipo Gaetano; 2 May 1792 – 25 December 1798) was a Prince of Naples and Sicily.

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Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta

Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (28 March 1841 – 26 May 1934) was the third son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria.

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Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza

Captain Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza MC (Antônio Gastão de Orléans e Bragança; 9 August 1881 – 29 November 1918) was a Brazilian prince who served in the forces of the British Empire during World War I.

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Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Prince Antoine of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Antoine Marie Joseph Alphonse Adam et omnes sancti;de Badts de Cugnac, Chantal. Coutant de Saisseval, Guy. Le Petit Gotha. Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris 2002, p. 562-563 (French) 20 January 1929 –) is a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies which ruled the defunct Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until 1860.

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Prince Antonio, Count of Lecce

Prince Antonio of the Two Sicilies (23 September 1816 – 12 January 1843) was a son of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and a brother of Ferdinand II King of the Two Sicilies.

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Prince étranger

Prince étranger (English: "foreign prince") was a high, though somewhat ambiguous, rank at the French royal court of the ancien régime.

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Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro

Prince Carlo of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro (born 24 February 1963) is a claimant to the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

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Prince Charles Louis, Duke of Chartres

Prince Charles Louis of Orléans, Duke of Chartres (Charles Louis Henri Foulques Benoît Elzéar Jean Marie; born 28 July 1972) is the elder son of Prince Jacques, Duke of Orléans and Gersende de Sabran-Pontevès.

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Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou

Prince Charles-Philippe Marie Louis of Orléans, Duke of Anjou (Charles Philippe Marie Louis d’Orléans; born 3 March 1973 in Paris, France) is a Prince and member of the House of Orléans.

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Prince du sang

A prince du sang (Prince of the Blood) is a person legitimately descended in dynastic line from any of a realm's hereditary monarchs.

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Prince Edmond de Polignac

Prince Edmond Melchior Jean Marie de Polignac (19 April 18348 August 1901) was a French composer.

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Prince Edouard de Lobkowicz

Prince Edouard de Lobkowicz (12 June 1926, New York City - 2 April 2010, Paris) was a member of the House of Lobkowicz, an investment banker, and an ambassador of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

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Prince Eudes, Duke of Angoulême

Prince Eudes Thibaut Joseph Marie of Orléans, Duke of Angoulême (born 18 March 1968) is the youngest son of Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France, Orleanist claimant to the throne of France, and of Duchess Marie Therese of Württemberg.

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Prince Eugene of Savoy

Prince Eugene of Savoy (French: François-Eugène de Savoie, Italian: Principe Eugenio di Savoia-Carignano, German: Prinz Eugen von Savoyen; 18 October 1663 – 21 April 1736) was a general of the Imperial Army and statesman of the Holy Roman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria and one of the most successful military commanders in modern European history, rising to the highest offices of state at the Imperial court in Vienna.

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Prince Félix of Luxembourg

Prince Félix of Luxembourg (Félix Léopold Marie Guillaume; born 3 June 1984) is the second son of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa.

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Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma

Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma (Félix Marie Vincent; 28 September 1893 – 8 April 1970), later Prince Félix of Luxembourg, was the husband of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and the father of her six children, including her successor: Grand Duke Jean.

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Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria

Prince Ferdinand Pius (Ferdinando Pio Maria), Duke of Calabria (25 July 1869, Rome – 7 January 1960, Lindau), was head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and pretender to the throne of the extinct Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1934 to 1960.

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Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Castro

Prince Ferdinando of the Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro (Ferdinando Maria Andrea Alfonso Marcus; 28 May 1926 – 20 March 2008) was a claimant to the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

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Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti

Prince Gaetan of the Two Sicilies, Count of Girgenti (Gaetano Maria Federico, Principe di Borbone delle Due Sicilie, Conte di Girgenti) (12 January 1846, Naples, Two Sicilies – 26 November 1871, Lucerne, Switzerland) was the seventh child of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his wife Maria Theresa of Austria.

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Prince Gennaro of Naples and Sicily

Gennaro of Naples and Sicily (Gennaro Carlo Francesco; 12 April 1780 – 1 January 1789) was a Prince of Naples and Sicily.

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Prince Giuseppe of Naples and Sicily

Giuseppe of Naples and Sicily (Giuseppe Carlo Gennaro; 18 June 1781 – 19 February 1783) was Prince of Naples and Sicily.

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Prince Jacques, Duke of Orléans

Prince Jacques of Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Fils de France (Jacques Jean Jaroslaw Marie; born 25 June 1941 in Rabat, Morocco), is the son of Henri, Count of Paris (the Orléanist claimant to the French throne from 1940 until his death) and his wife, Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza.

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Prince Jaime, Count of Bardi

Prince Jaime Bernardo of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi (born 13 October 1972) is the second son and third child of Princess Irene of the Netherlands and Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma.

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Prince Januarius, Count of Caltagirone

Prince Januarius Maria Immaculata Louis of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Caltagirone (Full Italian name: Gennaro Maria Immacolata Luigi, Principe di Borbone delle Due Sicilie, Conte di Caltagirone) (28 February 1857 – 13 August 1867) was the twelfth and youngest child of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his wife Maria Theresa of Austria.

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Prince Jean, Duke of Guise

Prince Jean of Orléans, Duke of Guise (Jean Pierre Clément Marie; 4 September 1874 – 25 August 1940), was the son of Robert, Duke of Chartres (1840–1910), grandson of Prince Ferdinand Philippe and great-grandson of Louis Philippe I, King of the French.

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Prince Jean, Duke of Vendôme

Prince Jean of Orléans, Duke of Vendôme (Jean Charles Pierre Marie; born 19 May 1965 in Paris, France), also called Jean d’Orléans, is the second son of Prince Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France, the Head of the House of Orléans, and Duchess Marie Therese of Württemberg.

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Prince Louis, Count of Trani

Prince Louis Maria of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Trani (1 August 1838, Naples – 8 June 1886, Paris) was the eldest son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his second wife Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria.

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Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours

Prince Louis of Orleans, Duke of Nemours (Louis Charles Philippe Raphaël d'Orléans; 25 October 1814 – 26 June 1896) was the second son of King Louis-Philippe I of France, and his wife Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily.

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Prince Michel, Count of Évreux

Prince Michel of Orléans, fils de France, Count of Évreux (Michel Joseph Benoît Marie; born 25 June 1941, Rabat, Morocco) is a member of the House of Orléans which reigned over France between 1830 and 1848, a cadet branch of the royal House of Bourbon.

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Prince of Asturias

Prince or Princess of Asturias (Príncipe/Princesa de Asturias) is the main substantive title used by the heir apparent or heir presumptive to the throne of Spain.

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Prince Pasquale, Count of Bari

Prince Pasquale of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Bari, full Italian name: Pasquale Baylen Maria del Carmine Giovanni-Battista Vincenzo-Ferreri Michele Arcangel Francesco di Paola Ferdinando Francesco di Assisi Luigi-Re Alfonso Gaetano Giuseppe Pietro Paolo Gennaro Luigi-Gonzaga Giovanni Giuseppe della Croce Gaspare Melchiore Baldassare Alberto Sebastiano Giorgio Venanzio Emanuele Placido Andrea-Avelino Rocco Pacifico Francesco di Geronimo Felice Teziano Ana Filomena Sebazia Lucia Luitgarda Apollina, Principe di Borbone delle Due Sicilie, Conte di Bari (15 September 1852, Caserta Palace, Caserta, Two Sicilies – 21 December 1904, Château de Malmaison, Rueil-Malmaison, France) was the eleventh child of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his second wife Maria Theresa of Austria.

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Prince Pedro Luiz of Orléans-Braganza

Prince Pedro Luiz of Orléans-Braganza (12 January 19831 June 2009) was the son of Prince Antônio of Orléans-Braganza, and was third in the line of succession to the former Brazilian throne, abolished in 1889.

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Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria

Prince Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria (Spanish: Pedro Juan María Alejo Saturnino y Todos los Santos; 16 October 1968) is the son of Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (1938–2015) and his wife Princess Anne of Orléans.

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Prince Philippe, Count of Paris

Prince Philippe of Orléans, Count of Paris (Louis Philippe Albert; 24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894), was the grandson of Louis Philippe I, King of the French.

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Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926)

Prince Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (Louis Philippe Robert d'Orléans; 6 February 1869 – 28 March 1926) was the Orléanist claimant to the throne of France from 1894 to 1926.

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Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro

Prince Ranieri Maria Gaetano, Duke of Castro (3 December 1883 – 13 January 1973) was a claimant to the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

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Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma

Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma (Don Sixto Enrique de Borbón-Parma y Borbón-Busset; Sisto Enrico di Borbone Parma; born 22 July 1940) is considered Regent of Spain by some Carlists who accord him the titles Duke of Aranjuez, Infante of Spain, and Standard-bearer of Tradition.

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Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma

Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma (1 August 1886 – 14 March 1934) was a son of Robert I, the last reigning Duke of Parma.

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Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma

Xavier, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, known in France before 1974 as Prince Xavier de Bourbon-Parme, known in Spain as Francisco Javier de Borbón-Parma y de Braganza or simply as Don Javier (25 May 1889 – 7 May 1977), was the head of the ducal House of Bourbon-Parma.

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Prince's Palace of Monaco

The Prince's Palace of Monaco is the official residence of the Sovereign Prince of Monaco.

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Princes of Condé

The Most Serene House of Condé (named after Condé-en-Brie, now in the Aisne département) was a French princely house and a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Princes of Conti

The title of Prince of Conti (French: prince de Conti) was a French noble title, assumed by a cadet branch of the princely house of Bourbon-Condé.

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Princes of Orléans

This is a list of Princes of Orléans, male line descendants of the House of Orléans, headed by the Duke of Orléans.

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Princess Alice of Parma (1849–1935)

Princess Alice of Bourbon-Parma (Alicia Maria Carolina Ferdinanda Rachael Giovanna Filomena; 27 December 1849 in Parma, Duchy of Parma – 16 November 1935 in Schwertberg, Austria) was the youngest daughter of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France, the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry and Princess Caroline Ferdinande Louise of the Two Sicilies.

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Princess Anne Charlotte of Lorraine

Anne Charlotte of Lorraine (17 May 1714 – 7 November 1773) was the Abbess of Remiremont and Mons.

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Princess Anne of Orléans

Princess Anne of Orléans (Anne Hélène Marie; 5 August 1906, Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache, Aisne – 19 March 1986, Sorrento) was a member of the House of Orléans and the Duchess of Aosta by marriage.

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Princess Anne, Duchess of Calabria

Princess Anne of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Dowager Duchess of Calabria (née Princess Anne of Orléans; born 4 December 1938) is the widow of Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria.

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Princess Élisabeth Charlotte of Lorraine

Élisabeth Charlotte of Lorraine (Élisabeth Charlotte Gabrièle; 21 October 1700 – 4 May 1711) was a Princess of Lorraine.

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Princess Cecylia Lubomirska

Princess Cecylia Lubomirska (28 June 1907 – 20 September 2001) was a member of the House of Lubomirski by birth and a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies through her marriage to Prince Gabriel of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

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Princess Hélène of Orléans

Princess Hélène of Orléans (Princesse Hélène Louise Henriette d'Orléans; 13 June 1871 in York House, Twickenham – 21 January 1951 in Castellammare di Stabia, Italy) was a member of the deposed Orléans royal family of France and, by marriage to the head of a cadet branch of the Italian royal family, the Duchess of Aosta.

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Princess Irene of the Netherlands

Princess Irene of the Netherlands (Irene Emma Elisabeth; born 5 August 1939) is the second child of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.

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Princess Isabel Alfonsa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Princess Isabel Alfonsa María Teresa Antonia Cristina Mercedes Carolina Adelaida Rafaela of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Infanta of Spain, Isabel Alfonsa Maria Teresa Antonia Cristina Mercedes Carolina Adelaide Raphaela, Princesa de Borbón-Dos Sicilias, Infanta de España (10 October 1904 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain – 18 July 1985 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain) was a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth.

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Princess Lucia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Princess Lucia Maria Raniera of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Lucia Maria Raniera, Principessa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie; 9 July 1908 in Munich – 3 November 2001 in São Paulo) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth.

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Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily

Luisa of Naples and Sicily (Luisa Maria Amalia Teresa; 27 July 1773 – 19 September 1802), was a Neapolitan and Sicilian princess and the wife of the third Habsburg Grand Duke of Tuscany.

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Princess Malgorzata Izabella Czartoryska

Princess Malgorzata Izabella Maria Magdalene Antoinette Hyacinthe Josephe Luise Marie Czartoryska, Małgorzata Izabella Maria Magdalena Antonina Hiacynta Józefina Ludwika Czartoryska (17 August 1902, Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland – 8 March 1929, Cannes, French Republic) was a princess of the House of Czartoryski by birth.

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Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

María de las Mercedes de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y Orléans, Countess of Barcelona (Spanish: Doña María de las Mercedes Cristina Genara Isabel Luisa Carolina Victoria y Todos los Santos de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y Orléans (23 December 1910 – 2 January 2000) was the mother of Juan Carlos I, King of Spain from 1975 to 2014.

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Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma

Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma (Margherita Maria Teresa Enrichetta, Principessa di Parma; 1 January 1847 – 29 January 1893) was the eldest child and daughter of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France, the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry and Princess Caroline Ferdinande Louise of the Two Sicilies.

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Princess Maria Amalia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1818–1857)

Princess Maria Amalia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Italian: Maria Amalia di Borbone, Principessa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie) (25 February 1818 in Pozzuoli, Two Sicilies – 6 November 1857 in Madrid, Spain) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and an Infanta of Portugal and Spain through her marriage to Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain.

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Princess Maria Antonia of Parma

Maria Antonia of Parma (Maria Antonia Giuseppa Walburga Anna Luisa Vicenza Margherita Caterina; 28 November 1774 – 20 February 1841) was a Princess of Parma, daughter of Duke Ferdinand I of Parma and his wife, Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria.

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Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies

Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies (Maria Antonietta Giuseppa Anna; 19 December 1814 – 7 November 1898) was the Grand Duchess of Tuscany from 1833 to 1859 as the consort of Leopold II.

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Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Maria Antonietta Giuseppina Leopoldina; 16 March 1851 – 12 September 1938) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and by her marriage to Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta, claimant to the defunct throne of the Two Sicilies.

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Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1820–1861)

Princess Maria Carolina Ferdinanda of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (29 November 1820 – 14 January 1861) was a princess of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and an infanta of Spain through her marriage to Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin, Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos VI.

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Princess Maria Cristina Amelia of Naples and Sicily

Maria Cristina Amelia of Naples and Sicily (17 January 1779 – 26 February 1783) was a Princess of Naples and Sicily and twin sister of the future Queen of Sardinia.

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Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Full Italian name: Maria Cristina Carolina Pia Carmela Giuseppa Antonia Anna Luitgarda Speranza Lucia Caterina Apollonia Cecilia Agata di Borbone; 10 April 1877 – 4 October 1947) was the titular Grand Duchess of Tuscany from 28 February 1942 to 4 October 1947 as wife of Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, the titular Grand Duke.

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Princess Maria da Glória, Duchess of Segorbe

Princess Dona Maria da Glória Henriqueta Dolores Lúcia Miguela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga of Orléans-Braganza, Duchess of Segorbe, Countess of Rivadavia (Dona Maria da Glória Henriqueta Dolores Lúcia Miguela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga de Orléans e Bragança e Bourbon, princesa de Orléans e Bragança, duquesa de Segorbe, condesa de Rivadavia; Марија да Глорија од Орлеана и Браганце; born 13 December 1946) is a descendant of the Brazilian Imperial Family and the second wife of the Duke of Segorbe.

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Princess Maria de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Princess Maria de la Esperanza Amalia Raniera Maria Rosario Luisa Gonzaga of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (14 June 1914, Madrid, Spain – 8 August 2005, Villamanrique de la Condesa, Spain) was the youngest daughter of Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and his wife Princess Louise of Orléans.

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Princess Maria de los Dolores of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Princess Dolores of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (15 November 1909, Madrid, Spain - 11 May 1996, Madrid, Spain) was a daughter of Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and his wife Princess Louise of Orléans.

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Princess Maria di Grazia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Princess Maria di Grazia (Full Italian name: Maria delle Grazie Pia Chiara Anna Teresa Isabella Luitgarda Apollonia Agata Cecilia Filomena Antonia Lucia Cristina Caterina di Borbone) (12 August 1878 – 20 June 1973) was a princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and princess of Orléans-Braganza through her marriage to Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza.

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Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1874–1947)

Princess Maria Immaculata Cristina Pia Isabella of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Full Italian name: Maria Immacolata Speranza Pia Teresa Cristina Filomena Lucia Anna Isabella Cecilia Apollonia Barbara Agnese Zenobia, Principessa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie) (30 October 1874, Cannes, France – 28 November 1947, Muri, Switzerland) was the fourth child and eldest daughter of Prince Alfonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Caserta and his wife Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

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Princess Maria Luisa Carlota of Parma

Maria Luisa Carlota of Parma (2 October 1802 – 18 March 1857) was a Princess of Parma and member of the House of Bourbon.

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Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1867–1909)

Princess Maria Teresa Maddalena of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Full Italian name: Principessa Maria Teresa Maddalena di Borbone delle Due Sicilie) (15 January 1867, Zürich, Switzerland – 1 March 1909, Cannes, France) was the only child of Prince Louis of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Trani (heir apparent of the defunct throne of the Two Sicilies) and his wife Duchess Mathilde Ludovika in Bavaria.

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Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans

Marie Isabelle d’Orléans (María Isabel de Borbón; 21 September 1848 – 23 April 1919) was born an infanta of Spain and a Princess of Orléans and became the Countess of Paris by marriage.

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Princess of Achaea

This is a list of the princess consorts of Achaea, the consorts of the Princes of Achaea.

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Princess of Brazil

This is a list of Princesses of Brazil, from 1645 to 1815, both by marriage and birth.

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Princess of Carignano

The Princess of Carignano was a woman married to the Prince of Carignano of the House of Savoy.

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Princess of Condé

No description.

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Princess of Conti

Category:House of Bourbon-Conti Category:French princesses Category:Lists of princesses Category:1582 establishments in France.

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Princess of Joinville

No description.

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Princess of Orange (by marriage)

This is a list of women who held the title Princess of Orange by marriage.

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Princess of Piedmont

No description.

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Princess of Portugal (by marriage)

This is a list of Princesses of Portugal, since 1388, by marriage.

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Princess Royal of Portugal

This is a list of Princesses Royal of Portugal (or more formally Princess Royal of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves) is, since 1815, both by marriage and birth.

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Principality of Catalonia

The Principality of Catalonia (Principat de Catalunya, Principatus Cathaloniæ, Principautat de Catalonha, Principado de Cataluña) was a medieval and early modern political entity or state in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula.

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Project of Filippo Juvarra for the Royal Palace of Madrid

The Project of Filippo Juvarra for the Royal Palace of Madrid was the ambitious and first project for the Royal Palace of Madrid.

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Provence

Provence (Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône River to the west to the Italian border to the east, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

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Province of Albacete

Albacete (Provincia de Albacete) is a province of central Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha.

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Province of Chieti

The province of Chieti (provincia di Chieti; Abruzzese: pruvìngie de Chjìte) is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

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Province of Frosinone

The Province of Frosinone (Provincia di Frosinone) is a province in the Lazio region of Italy, with 91 comuni (singular: comune; see Comuni of the Province of Frosinone).

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Province of Pescara

The province of Pescara (provincia di Pescara; Abruzzese: pruvìngie de Pescàre) is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

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Province of Teramo

The Province of Teramo (provincia di Teramo; Abruzzese: pruvìngie de Tèreme) is located in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

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Queen Anne of Romania

Queen Anne of Romania (née Princess Anne Antoinette Françoise Charlotte Zita Marguerite of Bourbon-Parma; 18 September 1923 – 1 August 2016) was the wife of Michael I, former King of Romania.

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Queen Letizia of Spain

Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano (born 15 September 1972) is the current Queen of Spain as the wife of King Felipe VI.

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Queen Sofía of Spain

Sofía of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Σοφία; born 2 November 1938) is a member of the Spanish royal family who served as Queen of Spain during the reign of her husband, King Juan Carlos I, from 1975 to 2014.

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Rafael Casanova

Rafael Casanova i Comes (Moià, 1660 – Sant Boi de Llobregat, 2 May 1743) was a Catalan jurist, and supporter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor as a claimant to the Crown of Spain during the War of the Spanish succession.

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Raid on Nassau

The Raid on Nassau, on the Bahamian island of New Providence, was a privately raised Franco-Spanish expedition against the English taking place in October, 1703, during the War of the Spanish Succession; it was a Franco-Spanish victory, leading to Nassau's brief occupation, then its destruction.

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Raimondo di Sangro

Raimondo di Sangro, Prince of Sansevero (30 January 1710 – 22 March 1771) was an Italian nobleman, inventor, soldier, writer, scientist, alchemist and freemason best remembered for his reconstruction of the Chapel of Sansevero in Naples.

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Ray Bourbon

Ray (or Rae) Bourbon (c.1892 – July 19, 1971) was the stage name of an American female impersonator and comic entertainer noted for his "outrageous" risqué monologues.

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Raymond Desèze

Raymond Romain, Comte de Sèze or Desèze (26 September 17502 May 1828) was a French advocate.

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Réunion

Réunion (La Réunion,; previously Île Bourbon) is an island and region of France in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar and southwest of Mauritius.

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Réunion ibis

The Réunion ibis or Réunion sacred ibis (Threskiornis solitarius) is an extinct species of ibis that was endemic to the volcanic island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean.

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Reactionary

A reactionary is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporary status quo of a society.

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Real Felipe Fortress

The Real Felipe Fortress was built to defend the main Peruvian port and the city of Lima from pirates and corsairs during colonial times.

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Real Palace

The now vanished Del Real Palace or Real Palace (in Valencian, Palau del Real; in Spanish, Palacio del Real) was the former residence of the kings of Valencia in the «Cap i Casal» (head and home) of the Kingdom, as the city of Valencia was then called.

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Regenerationism

Regenerationism (Regeneracionismo) was an intellectual and political movement in late 19th century and early 20th century Spain.

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Regent Terrace

Regent Terrace is a residential street of 34 classical 3-bay townhouses built on the tail of Calton Hill in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Reggio Calabria

Reggio di Calabria (also; Reggino: Rìggiu, Bovesia Calabrian Greek: script; translit, Rhēgium), commonly known as Reggio Calabria or simply Reggio in Southern Italy, is the largest city and the most populated comune of Calabria, Southern Italy.

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Reign (season 2)

The second season of Reign, an American historical fantasy, consisted of 22 episodes which aired between October 2, 2014 and May 14, 2015.

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Reign (TV series)

Reign is an American historical romantic drama television series following the early exploits of Mary, Queen of Scots.

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Reinosa

Reinosa is a municipality in Cantabria, Spain.

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Renée Bordereau

Renée Bordereau (1776 Soulaines-sur-Aubance – 1822 Vezins, Maine-et-Loire), nicknamed The Angevin, was a French woman who followed her father, disguised herself as a man, and fought as a Royalist cavalier in the troops of Charles Melchior Artus de Bonchamps during the Vendéan insurrection against the French Revolution (in 1793) and took part in all battles of the war.

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Renée of Bourbon

Renée of Bourbon, Duchess of Lorraine also called, Renée, Lady of Mercœur, (1494 – 26 May 1539), was a Duchess consort of Lorraine.

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Resistance movement

A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability.

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Reus

Reus is the capital of Baix Camp, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain.

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Revolutionary republic

A revolutionary republic is a form of government whose main tenets are popular sovereignty, rule of law, and representative democracy.

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Revolutions of 1830

The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830.

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Revolutions of 1848

The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, People's Spring, Springtime of the Peoples, or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848.

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Ricardo Wall

Richard Wall y Devereux (5 November 1694 – 26 December 1777) was a Spanish-Irish cavalry officer, diplomat and minister who rose in Spanish royal service to become Chief Minister.

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Rinaldo d'Este (1655–1737)

Rinaldo d'Este (26 April 1655 – 26 October 1737) was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1694 until his death, as well as a member of the House of Este.

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Robert de Wendel

Robert de Wendel (9 May 1847 – 27 August 1903) was a French steelmaker, heir of a long line of Lorraine industrialists.

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Robert I, Duke of Parma

Robert I (Italian: Roberto I Carlo Luigi Maria di Borbone, Duca di Parma e Piacenza; 9 July 1848 – 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 to 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento.

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Robert II, Count of Artois

Robert II (September 1250 – 11 July 1302) was the Count of Artois, the posthumous son and heir of Robert I and Matilda of Brabant.

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Robert II, Count of Hesbaye

Robert II (Rodbert, Chrodobert) (died 12 July 807) was a Frankish nobleman who was count of Worms and of Rheingau and Count of Hesbaye around the year 800.

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Robert, Count of Clermont

Robert of Clermont (1256 – 7 February 1317) was created Count of Clermont in 1268.

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Robertians

The Robertians, or Robertines, was the Frankish predecessor family of origin to the ruling houses of France; it emerged to prominence in the ancient Frankish kingdom of Austrasia as early as the eighth centuryin roughly the same region as present-day Belgiumand later emigrated to West Francia, between the Seine and the Loire rivers.

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Roccamonfina

Roccamonfina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about northwest of Naples and about northwest of Caserta.

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Roderigue Hortalez and Company

Roderigue Hortalez and Company was a shell corporation created by Spain and France in 1775 in order to provide arms and financial assistance to American Revolutionaries in anticipation of the American Revolutionary War against Britain.

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Rolando Mosca Moschini

Rolando Mosca Moschini, (born 9 March 1939) is an Italian army general.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Orléans

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Orléans (Latin: Dioecesis Aurelianensis; French: Diocèse d'Orléans) is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France.

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Royal chapel

A royal chapel is a chapel associated with a monarch, a royal court, or located in a royal palace.

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Royal family

A royal family is the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, and sometimes his or her extended family.

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Royal Fortress of the Concepcion

The fortress of Real Fuerte de la Concepción (English: Royal Fortress of the Conception) is a star fortress built in the Vaubanesque style.

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Royal intermarriage

Royal intermarriage is the practice of members of ruling dynasties marrying into other reigning families.

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Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force.

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Royal Opera of Versailles

The Royal Opera of Versailles is the main theatre and opera house of the Palace of Versailles.

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Royal Palace of Aranjuez

The Royal Palace of Aranjuez (Palacio Real de Aranjuez) is a former Spanish royal residence.

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Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso

The Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso (Spanish: Palacio Real de La Granja de San Ildefonso), known as La Granja, is an early 18th-century palace in the small town of San Ildefonso, located in the hills near Segovia and north of Madrid, within the Province of Segovia in central Spain.

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Royal Palace of Madrid

The Royal Palace of Madrid (Palacio Real de Madrid) is the official residence of the Spanish Royal Family at the city of Madrid, but it is only used for state ceremonies.

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Royal Palace of Naples

The Royal Palace of Naples (italic, Palazzo Riale ‘e Napule) is a palace, museum, and historical tourist destination located in central Naples, southern Italy.

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Royal Standard of Spain

The Royal Standard of Spain (Estandarte Real or Estandarte del Rey) is the official flag of the King of Spain.

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Royal touch

The royal touch (also known as the king's touch) was a form of laying on of hands, whereby French and English monarchs touched their subjects, regardless of social classes, with the intent to cure them of various diseases and conditions.

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Royalist

A royalist supports a particular monarch as head of state for a particular kingdom, or of a particular dynastic claim.

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Ruggero Bonghi

Ruggero Bonghi (20 March 1826 – 22 October 1895) was an Italian scholar, writer and politician.

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Ruggero Settimo

Ruggero Settimo (19 May 1778 – 12 May 1863) was an Italian politician, diplomat, and patriotic activist from Sicily.

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Rule, Britannia!

"Rule, Britannia!" is a British patriotic song, originating from the poem "Rule, Britannia" by James Thomson and set to music by Thomas Arne in 1740.

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Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

The Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George (Sacro militare ordine costantiniano di San Giorgio) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood founded 1520–1545 by two brothers belonging to the Angeli Comneni family.

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Saint-Gérand-le-Puy

Saint-Gérand-le-Puy is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

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Salemi

Salemi is a town and comune in South-Western Sicily, Italy, administratively part of the province of Trapani.

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Salvatore Di Giacomo

Salvatore Di Giacomo (12 March 1860 – 5 April 1934) was an Italian poet, songwriter, playwright and fascist intellectual, one of the signers of the Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals.

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San Carlo all'Arena

San Carlo all'Arena is a neighbourhood of Naples, southern Italy, to the north-east of the old historic center of the city.

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San Domenico Maggiore

San Domenico Maggiore is a church in Naples, founded by the friars of the Dominican Order, located in the square of the same name.

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San Giorgio a Cremano

San Giorgio a Cremano is a primarily residential town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Naples, in Italy.

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San Lorenzo de El Escorial

San Lorenzo de El Escorial, also known as El Escorial de Arriba is a town and municipality in the Community of Madrid, Spain, located to the northwest of the region in the southeastern side of the Sierra de Guadarrama, at the foot of Mount Abantos and, from Madrid.

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San Pietro Apostolo

San Pietro Apostolo (Calabrian: San Piatru) is a comune and town in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of Italy.

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San Pietro Martire, Naples

San Pietro Martire (Italian: "St. Peter, the Martyr") is a Roman Catholic church in Naples, Italy.

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San Vito Lo Capo Lighthouse

San Vito Lo Capo Lighthouse (Faro di San Vito Lo Capo) is an active lighthouse located in the municipality of San Vito Lo Capo on the western coast of Sicily at the end of the promontory, with the same name, between the Gulf of Macari and that of Castellammare.

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Sanctuary of Maria Santissima del Fiume

The Sanctuary of Maria Santissima del Fiume is located in the territory of Alcamo (Province of Trapani, in the Trunk Road 113 (strada statale 113), just after the junction Alcamo Ovest of Autostrada A29 (Italy).

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Sans-culottes

The sans-culottes (literally "without breeches") were the common people of the lower classes in late 18th century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the Ancien Régime.

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Sant'Andrea Apostolo dello Ionio

Sant'Andrea Apostolo dello lonio is a comune and town in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of Italy.

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Santa Chiara, Naples

Santa Chiara is a religious complex in Naples, Italy, that includes the Church of Santa Chiara, a monastery, tombs and an archeological museum.

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Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife (commonly abbreviated as Santa Cruz is a global city (with Sufficiency status) and capital (jointly with Las Palmas) of the Canary Islands, the capital of Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and of the island of Tenerife. Santa Cruz has a population of 206,593 (2013) within its administrative limits. The urban zone of Santa Cruz extends beyond the city limits with a population of 507,306 and 538,000 within urban area. It is the second largest city in the Canary Islands and the main city on the island of Tenerife, with nearly half the island population living in or around it. Santa Cruz is located in northeast quadrant of Tenerife, about off the northwestern coast of Africa within the Atlantic Ocean. The distance to the nearest point of mainland Spain is about. Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands, until 1927 when a decree ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared, as it remains at present. on wikisource at the official website of the Canary Islands Government The port is of great importance and is the communications hub between Europe, Africa and Americas, with cruise ships arriving from many nations. The city is the focus for domestic and inter-island communications in the Canary Islands. The city is home to the Parliament of the Canary Islands, the Canarian Ministry of the Presidency (shared on a four-year cycle with Las Palmas), one half of the Ministries and Boards of the Canarian Government, (the other half being located in Gran Canaria), the Tenerife Provincial Courts and two courts of the Superior Court of Justice of the Canary Islands. There are several faculties of the La Laguna University in Santa Cruz, including the Fine Arts School and the Naval Sciences Faculty. Its harbour is one of Spain's busiest; it comprises three sectors. It is important for commercial and passenger traffic, as well as for being a major stopover for cruisers en route from Europe to the Caribbean. The city also has one of the world's largest carnivals. The Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife now aspires to become a World Heritage Site, and is the most important of Spain and the second largest in the world. The main landmarks of the city include the Auditorio de Tenerife (Auditorium of Tenerife), the Santa Cruz Towers (Torres de Santa Cruz) and the Iglesia de la Concepción. Santa Cruz de Tenerife hosts the first headquarters of the Center UNESCO in the Canary Islands. In recent years the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife has seen the construction of a significant number of modern structures and the city's skyline is the sixth in height across the country, only behind Madrid, Benidorm, Barcelona, Valencia and Bilbao. In 2012, the British newspaper The Guardian included Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the list of the five best places in the world to live. The 82% of the municipal territory of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is considered a natural area, this is due in large part to the presence of the Anaga Rural Park. This fact makes Santa Cruz the third largest municipality in Spain with the highest percentage of natural territory, after Cuenca (87%) and Cáceres (83%).

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Santo Stefano Island

Santo Stefano is an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the west coast of Italy, and part of the Pontine Islands.

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Saverio Fava

Baron Saverio Fava (1832–1913) was known for his founding of the Italian Ministry in Washington, D.C..

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Señorío de Sanlúcar

The Señorío de Sanlúcar or Lordship of Sanlúcar was an independent Christian lordship in the Kingdom of Castile located in and around the modern day city of Sanlúcar de Barrameda.

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Second Battle of Châtillon

The Second Battle of Châtillon (11 October 1793) was fought between Royalist and Republican French forces at Châtillon-sur-Sèvre during the War in the Vendée.

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Second Hundred Years' War

The Second Hundred Years' War (c. 1689 - c. 1815) is a periodization or historical era term used by some historians to describe the series of military conflicts between Great Britain and France that occurred from about 1689 (or some say 1714) to 1815.

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Secret Princes

Secret Princes is an American reality television series that premiered on TLC on September 21, 2012.

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Sectarian violence among Christians

Sectarian violence among Christians has been noted from the time of the first Christian schisms to the present day.

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See Delphi and Die

See Delphi and Die is a 2005 historical mystery crime novel by Lindsey Davis and the 17th book of the Marcus Didius Falco Mysteries series.

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Segovia Viaduct

The Segovia Viaduct is a viaduct in the La Latina neighborhood in Madrid, Spain.

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Semyon Vorontsov

Count Semyon Romanovich Vorontsov (Семён Романович Воронцо́в; 26 June 1744 – 9 July 1832) was a Russian diplomat from the aristocratic Russian Vorontsov family, whose siblings included Alexander Vorontsov, Elizaveta Vorontsova and Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova.

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Sept-Fons Abbey

Sept-Fons Abbey, Notre-Dame de Sept-Fons or Notre-Dame de Saint-Lieu Sept-Fons is a Trappist monastery at Diou in Bourbonnais in the diocese of Moulins in France.

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Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.

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Seychelles community in EU

The Seychelles Community in the European Union is composed of former citizens of the Seychelles who now live in the European Union (EU).

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Sicilian Baroque

Sicilian Baroque is the distinctive form of Baroque architecture which evolved on the island of Sicily, off the southern coast of Italy, in the 17th and 18th centuries, when it was part of the Spanish Empire.

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Sicilian language

Sicilian (sicilianu; in Italian: Siciliano; also known as Siculo (siculu) or Calabro-Sicilian) is a Romance language spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.

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Sicilian nobility

The Sicilian nobility was a privileged hereditary class in the Kingdom of Sicily, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Kingdom of Italy, whose origins may be traced to the 11th century AD.

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Sicilian Parliament

The Sicilian Parliament was the legislature of the Kingdom of Sicily.

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Sicilian revolution of 1848

The Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848 occurred in a year replete with revolutions and popular revolts.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia; Sicìlia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Siege of Angers

The Siege of Angers was a siege of the French town of Angers on 3 December 1793 in the War in the Vendée.

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Siege of Capua (1734)

The Siege of Capua was the last major military action of the War of the Polish Succession in the Kingdom of Naples.

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Siege of Fort Mose

The Battle of Fort Mose (often called Bloody Mose, or Bloody Moosa at the time) was a significant action of the War of Jenkins' Ear, and it took place on June 26 of 1740.

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Siege of Gaeta (1734)

The Siege of Gaeta was a siege during the War of Polish Succession fought at Gaeta, Italy.

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Siege of St. Augustine (1740)

The Siege of St.

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Siege of Toulon

The Siege of Toulon (29 August – 19 December 1793) was a military operation by Republican forces against a Royalist rebellion in the southern French city of Toulon.

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Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)

The Sieges of Ceuta (also known as the Thirty-year Siege) were a series of blockades by Moroccan forces of the Spanish-held city of Ceuta on the North African coast.

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Simon Bernard

Baron Simon Bernard (28 April 1779 – 5 November 1839) was a French general of engineers.

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Sire de Bourbon

The Sire de Bourbon or Seigneur de Bourbon, meaning Lord of Bourbon, was the title by which the rulers of the Bourbonnais were known, from 913 to 1327, and from which the cognomen of the illustrious royal House of the same name derives.

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Society of Ephors

The Society of Ephors, or Société des Ephores, was a late 19th century French political group established in the aftermath of the defeat of the Second Empire in the Franco-Prussian War under the aegis of the second President of the Republic, Marshal Patrice MacMahon.

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Society of Mary (Marists)

The Society of Mary (Marists), commonly known as simply the Marist Fathers, is an international Roman Catholic religious congregation, founded by Father Jean-Claude Colin and a group of other seminarians in Lyon, France, in 1816.

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Sophie d'Artois

Sophie d'Artois (5 August 1776 – 5 December 1783) was a French princess of the House of Bourbon.

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Sophie Hélène Beatrix of France

Sophie Hélène Béatrix of France (9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787) was a French princess, the daughter of Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette.

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Sophie of France (1734–1782)

Sophie Philippine Élisabeth Justine de France, (27 July 1734 – 2 March 1782) was a French princess, a fils de France; she was the sixth daughter and eighth child of Louis XV of France and his queen consort Marie Leszczyńska.

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Southern Italy

Southern Italy or Mezzogiorno (literally "midday") is a macroregion of Italy traditionally encompassing the territories of the former Kingdom of the two Sicilies (all the southern section of the Italian Peninsula and Sicily), with the frequent addition of the island of Sardinia.

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Souvigny

Souvigny is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

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Sovereign default

A sovereign default is the failure or refusal of the government of a sovereign state to pay back its debt in full.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Spain in the 17th century

Habsburg Spain was at the height of its power and cultural influence at the beginning of the 17th century, but military, political, and economic difficulties were already being discussed within Spain.

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Spain national rugby union team

The Spain national rugby union team, nicknamed Los Leones, is administered by the Spanish Rugby Federation.

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Spain–United Kingdom relations

Spain–United Kingdom relations, also called Spanish-British relations, are the bilateral international relations between the Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

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Spanish Armed Forces

The Spanish Armed Forces are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of Spain, defender of its territorial integrity and the constitutional order, according to the functions entrusted in the Constitution of 1978.

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Spanish Army

The Spanish Army (Ejército de Tierra; "Army of the Land/Ground") is the terrestrial army of the Spanish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations.

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Spanish art

Spanish art has been an important contributor to Western art and Spain has produced many famous and influential artists including Velázquez, Goya and Picasso.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.

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Spanish Constitution of 1812

The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy (Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española), also known as the Constitution of Cádiz (Constitución de Cádiz) and as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest constitutions in world history.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español; Imperium Hispanicum), historically known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Monarquía Hispánica) and as the Catholic Monarchy (Monarquía Católica) was one of the largest empires in history.

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Spanish Enlightenment literature

Spanish Enlightenment literature is the literature of Spain written during the Age of Enlightenment.

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Spanish gallery

The Spanish gallery, also called Spanish museum was a gallery of Spanish painting created by French King Louis Philippe I in 1838, shown in the Louvre, then dismantled in 1853.

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Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)

The Spanish invasion of Portugal between 5 May and 24 November 1762 was a main military episode of the wider Seven Years' War, where Spain and France were heavily defeated by the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (including broad popular resistance). It initially involved the forces of Spain and Portugal, before the French and British intervened in the conflict on the side of their respective allies. The war was also strongly marked by a national guerilla warfare in the mountainous country, cutting off supplies from Spain and a hostile peasantry that enforced a scorched earth policy as the invading armies approached, leaving the invaders starving and short of military supplies. During the first invasion, 22,000 Spaniards commanded by Nicolás de Carvajal, Marquis of Sarria, entered the Province of Alto Trás-os-Montes (northeast of Portugal) having Oporto as their ultimate goal. After occupying some fortresses, they were confronted with a national uprising. Taking advantage of the mountainous terrain, the guerrilla bands inflicted heavy losses on the invaders and practically cut off their communication lines with Spain, causing a shortage of essential supplies. Near starvation, the Spaniards tried to conquer Oporto quickly, but were defeated in the battle of the Douro and at Montalegre before retreating to Spain. After this failure, the Spanish commander was replaced by Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda. Meanwhile, 7,104 British troops landed in Lisbon, leading a massive reorganization of the Portuguese army under the Count of Lippe, the supreme allied commander-in-chief. During the second invasion of Portugal (Province of Beira), 42,000 Franco-Spaniards under Aranda took Almeida and several other strongholds, while the Anglo-Portuguese army stopped another Spanish invasion of Portugal by the province of Alentejo, attacking at Valencia de Alcántara (Spanish Extremadura), where a third Spanish corps was assembling for invasion. The allies managed to stop the invading army in the mountains east of Abrantes, where the slope of the heights facing the Franco-Spanish army was abrupt but very soft on the side of the allies, which facilitated the supply and movements of the allies but acted as a barrier for the Franco-Spaniards. The Anglo-Portuguese also prevented the invaders from crossing the river Tagus and defeated them at Vila Velha. The Franco-Spanish army (which had their supply lines from Spain cut off by the guerrillas) was virtually destroyed by a deadly scorched earth strategy: peasants abandoned all the villages around, taking with them or destroying the crops, food and all that could be used by the invaders, including the roads and houses. The Portuguese government also encouraged desertion among the invaders offering large sums to all deserters and defectors. The invaders had to choose between stay and starve or withdraw.The final outcome was the disintegration of the Franco-Spanish army, which was compelled to retreat to Castelo Branco (closer to the frontier) when a Portuguese force under Townshend made an encircling movement towards its rearguard. According to a British observer, the invaders suffered 30,000 losses (almost three-quarters of the original army), mainly caused by starvation, desertion and capture during the chase of the Franco-Spanish remnants by the Anglo-Portuguese army and peasantry. Finally the allied army took the Spanish headquarters, Castelo Branco, capturing a large number of Spaniards, wounded and sick – who Aranda had abandoned when he fled to Spain, after a second allied encircling movement. During the third invasion of Portugal, the Spaniards attacked Marvão and Ouguela but were defeated with casualties. The allied army left their winter quarters and chased the retreating Spaniards, taking some prisoners; and a Portuguese corps entered Spain taking more prisoners at Codicera. On 24 November, Aranda asked for a truce which was accepted and signed by Lippe on 1 December 1762.

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Spanish nationalism

Spanish nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that the Spaniards are a nation, and promotes the cultural unity of the Spanish.

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Spanish Navy

The Spanish Navy (Armada Española) is the maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces and one of the oldest active naval forces in the world.

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Spanish playing cards

Cartas or naipes ("cards"), also known as Baraja española ("Spanish deck"), are the playing cards associated with Spain.

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Spanish Realist literature

Spanish Realist literature is the literature written in Spain during the second half of the 19th century, following the Realist movement which predominated in Europe.

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Spanish royal family

The House of Bourbon-Anjou (or simply House of Bourbon-Spain) is the current Spanish Royal Family.

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Spanish Steps

The Spanish Steps (Scalinata di Trinità dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinità dei Monti, dominated by the Trinità dei Monti church at the top.

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Spanish treasure fleet

The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet from Spanish Flota de Indias, also called silver fleet or plate fleet (from the Spanish plata meaning "silver"), was a convoy system adopted by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790, linking Spain with its territories in America across the Atlantic.

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Spires of Naples

The Spires of Naples ("spire" in Italian: guglia; plural, guglie) are monumental columns in the historic center of the city of Naples, Italy.

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Stanislas Marie Adélaïde, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre

Stanislas Marie Adélaïde, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre (October 10, 1747 – August 10, 1792) was a French nobleman, military officer, and politician during the French Revolution.

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State of the Presidi

The State of the Presidi (Italian Stato dei Presidi, meaning "state of the garrisons") was a small state (300 km2) in Italy between 1557 and 1801.

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Stephen F. Austin

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836) was an American empresario.

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Stowe House

Stowe House is a grade I listed country house in Stowe, Buckinghamshire, England.

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Street or road name

A street or road name or odonym is an identifying name given to a street.

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Succession of Henry IV of France

Henry IV of France's succession to the throne in 1589 was followed by a four-year war of succession to establish his legitimacy.

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Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon

Suzanne de Bourbon (10 May 1491 – 28 April 1521) was suo jure Duchess of Bourbon and Auvergne from 1503 to her death alongside her co-regent and spouse Charles de Bourbon.

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Sylvain Charles Valée

Sylvain-Charles, comte Valée (17 December 1773 – 16 August 1846), born in Brienne-le-Château, was a Marshal of France.

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Symbolism in the French Revolution

Symbolism in the French Revolution was a device to distinguish and celebrate (or vilify) the main features of the French Revolution and ensure public identification and support.

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Syracuse, Sicily

Syracuse (Siracusa,; Sarausa/Seragusa; Syrācūsae; Συράκουσαι, Syrakousai; Medieval Συρακοῦσαι) is a historic city on the island of Sicily, the capital of the Italian province of Syracuse.

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Taburno Camposauro

Taburno Camposauro is a massif located in the Apennines, to the west of Benevento, in the Campania region of Southern Italy.

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Tamara Czartoryska

Princess Tamara Laura Czartoryska (Spanish: Tamara Laura Maria de los Dolores Luisa Fernanda Victoria y Todos los Santos Czartoryski y Picciotto; born 23 April 1978) is a Polish-Spanish former model, television star, and noblewoman.

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Taormina

Taormina (Sicilian: Taurmina; Latin: Tauromenium; Ταυρομένιον, Tauromenion) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina, on the east coast of the island of Sicily, Italy.

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Tarn-et-Garonne

Tarn-et-Garonne (Occitan: Tarn e Garona) is a department in the southwest of France.

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Tarragona

Tarragona (Phoenician: Tarqon; Tarraco) is a port city located in northeast Spain on the Costa Daurada by the Mediterranean Sea.

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Teatro di San Carlo

The Real Teatro di San Carlo (Royal Theatre of Saint Charles), its original name under the Bourbon monarchy but known today as simply the Teatro di San Carlo, is an opera house in Naples, Italy.

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Temple (Paris)

The Square du Temple is a garden in Paris, France in the 3rd arrondissement, established in 1857.

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Teodoro de Croix

Teodoro de Croix (June 20, 1730, Prévoté Castle, near Lille, France – 1792, Madrid) was a Spanish soldier and colonial official in New Spain and Peru.

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Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies

Dona Teresa Cristina (14 March 1822 – 28 December 1889), nicknamed "the Mother of the Brazilians", was the Empress consort of Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil, who reigned from 1831 to 1889.

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Territorial evolution of the Caribbean

This is a timeline of the territorial evolution of the Caribbean and nearby areas of North, Central, and South America, listing each change to the internal and external borders of the various countries that make up the region.

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Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles

When the Imperial Circles (Circuli imperii Reichskreise) — comprising a regional grouping of territories of the Holy Roman Empire — were created as part of the Imperial Reform at the 1500 Diet of Augsburg, many Imperial territories remained unencircled.

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Thérèse of France (1736–1744)

Thérèse de France, (Marie Thérèse Félicité; 16 May 1736 – 28 September 1744) was a French princess, daughter of Louis XV of France and Marie Leszczyńska.

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The Affair of the Necklace

The Affair of the Necklace is a 2001 American historical drama film directed by Charles Shyer.

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The American (novel)

The American is a novel by Henry James, originally published as a serial in The Atlantic Monthly in 1876–77 and then as a book in 1877.

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The Apotheosis of Homer (Ingres)

The Apotheosis of Homer is a grand 1827 painting by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, now exhibited at the Louvre as INV 5417.

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The Bronze Eagle

Written by Baroness Orczy and first published in 1915, The Bronze Eagle: A Story of the Hundred Days, is a romance set in France following the period of the Revolution and the expulsion of the Bourbons.

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The Captain from Connecticut

The Captain from Connecticut is a novel by C. S. Forester, the author of the novels about fictional Royal Navy officer Horatio Hornblower.

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The Disasters of War

The Disasters of War (Spanish: Los desastres de la guerra) is a series of 8280 prints in the first published edition (1863), for which the last two plates were not available.

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The Domination

The Domination of the Draka is an alternate history series, generally regarded as dystopian, by S. M. Stirling.

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The Execution of Marshal Ney

The Execution of Marshal Ney is an 1868 painting by the French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme.

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The Family of Philip V (1743)

The Family of Felipe V is an oil on canvas painting by the French artist Louis Michel van Loo, completed in 1743.

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The Historians' History of the World

The Historians' History of the World, subtitled A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of Nations as Recorded by over two thousand of the Great Writers of all Ages, is a 25-volume encyclopedia of world history originally published in English near the beginning of the 20th century.

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The History of England (Hume)

The History of England (1754–61) is David Hume's great work on the history of England, which he wrote in installments while he was librarian to the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh.

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The Leopard

The Leopard (Il Gattopardo) is a novel by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa that chronicles the changes in Sicilian life and society during the Risorgimento.

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The Leopard (1963 film)

The Leopard (Il Gattopardo, "The Serval"; alternative title: Le Guépard) is a 1963 Italian epic period drama film by director Luchino Visconti, based on Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa's novel of the same title.

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The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film)

The Man in the Iron Mask is a 1998 American action drama film directed, produced, and written by Randall Wallace, and starring Leonardo DiCaprio in a dual role as the title character and villain, Jeremy Irons as Aramis, John Malkovich as Athos, Gerard Depardieu as Porthos, and Gabriel Byrne as D'Artagnan.

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The Mauritius Command

The Mauritius Command is the fourth naval historical novel in the Aubrey-Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian, first published in 1977.

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The Mountain (1849)

The Mountain (La Montagne), with its members collectively called Democratic Socialists (Démocrate-socialistes), was a political group of the Second French Republic.

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The New Moon

The New Moon is the name of an operetta with music by Sigmund Romberg and book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, Frank Mandel, and Laurence Schwab.

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The Raft of the Medusa

The Raft of the Medusa (Le Radeau de la Méduse) is an oil painting of 1818–1819 by the French Romantic painter and lithographer Théodore Géricault (1791–1824).

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The Spirit of the Age

The Spirit of the Age (full title The Spirit of the Age: Or, Contemporary Portraits) is a collection of character sketches by the early 19th century English essayist, literary critic, and social commentator William Hazlitt, portraying 25 men, mostly British, whom he believed to represent significant trends in the thought, literature, and politics of his time.

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The Terrace, Barnes

The Terrace, Barnes is a street in Barnes, London, with houses only on one side, all overlooking the River Thames.

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The Third of May 1808

The Third of May 1808 (also known as El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid or Los fusilamientos de la montaña del Príncipe Pío, or Los fusilamientos del tres de mayoThe Museo del Prado entitles the work) is a painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish painter Francisco Goya, now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid.

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The Trap (TV series)

The Trap: What Happened to Our Dream of Freedom is a BBC television documentary series by English filmmaker Adam Curtis, well known for other documentaries including The Century of the Self and The Power of Nightmares.

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The two Spains

The two Spains (Ser de España) is a phrase from a short poem by Spanish poet Antonio Machado.

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Third Carlist War

The Third Carlist War (Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

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Thomas Billon

Thomas Billon (fl. 1617–1647) was a celebrated French anagrammatist.

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Thomas de Mahy, marquis de Favras

Thomas de Mahy, marquis de Favras (March 26, 1744 – February 19, 1790) was a French aristocrat and supporter of the House of Bourbon during the French Revolution.

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Timeline of Catalan history

The following is a timeline of Catalan history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Catalonia and its predecessor states and entities.

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Timeline of French history

This is a timeline of French history, comprising important legal changes and political events in France and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of German history

This is a timeline of German history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Germany and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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Timeline of Mexican history

This is a timeline of Mexican history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events and improvements in Mexico and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Portuguese history

This is a timeline of Portuguese history.

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Timeline of Portuguese history (Fourth Dynasty)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

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Timeline of the English Civil War

This is a timeline of events leading up to, culminating in, and resulting from the English Civil Wars.

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Tommaso Traetta

Tommaso Michele Francesco Saverio Traetta (30 March 1727 – 6 April 1779) was an Italian composer.

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Trani

Trani is a seaport of Apulia, in southern Italy, on the Adriatic Sea, by railway West-Northwest of Bari.

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Treaty of London (1700)

The Treaty of London (1700) or Second Partition Treaty was the second of two attempts by France, Great Britain and the United Provinces or Dutch Republic to impose a diplomatic solution to the issues that resulted in the 1701-1714 War of the Spanish Succession.

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Treaty of Paris (1814)

The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 April between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies.

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Treaty of Ryswick

The Treaty or Peace of Ryswick, also known as The Peace of Rijswijk was a series of agreements signed in the Dutch city of Rijswijk between 20 September and 30 October 1697, ending the 1689-97 Nine Years War between France and the Grand Alliance of England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic.

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Treaty of The Hague (1698)

The 1698 Treaty of The Hague, also known as the 1698 Treaty of Den Haag or First Partition Treaty was the first of two attempts by France, Britain and the Dutch Republic to achieve a diplomatic solution to the issues that led to the 1701-1714 War of the Spanish Succession.

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Treaty of The Hague (1701)

The Treaty of Den Haag (1701) or Treaty of The Hague (1701) was signed on 7 September, 1701 between Great Britain, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, and the United Provinces.

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Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo

The Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo was a territorial and dynastic treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Denmark.

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Treaty of Versailles (1757)

The Treaty of Versailles was a diplomatic agreement signed between Austria and France at the Palace of Versailles on 1 May 1757 during the Seven Years' War.

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Triple Alliance (1717)

The Triple Alliance was a treaty between the Dutch Republic, France and Great Britain, against Spain, attempting to maintain the agreement of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht.

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Triumphal arch

A triumphal arch is a monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road.

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Troy

Troy (Τροία, Troia or Τροίας, Troias and Ἴλιον, Ilion or Ἴλιος, Ilios; Troia and Ilium;Trōia is the typical Latin name for the city. Ilium is a more poetic term: Hittite: Wilusha or Truwisha; Truva or Troya) was a city in the far northwest of the region known in late Classical antiquity as Asia Minor, now known as Anatolia in modern Turkey, near (just south of) the southwest mouth of the Dardanelles strait and northwest of Mount Ida.

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Turchessa

The Turchessa or Turchesca is a rare Italian breed of domestic sheep.

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Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar

The Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar was fought between September 1704 and May 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Two Sicilies (disambiguation)

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies is a historic country.

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Ultra-royalist

An Ultra-royalist (Ultraroyaliste, collectively Ultras) was a French political label used from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration.

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University of Barcelona

The University of Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona, UB;; Universidad de Barcelona) is a public university located in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia in Spain.

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University of La Laguna

The University of La Laguna (in Spanish: Universidad de La Laguna), also known as the ULL, is situated in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, on the island of Tenerife.

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University of Lleida

The University of Lleida (Universitat de Lleida) is a university based in Lleida (Catalonia), Spain.

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University of Orihuela

The University of Orihuela was located at the Convent of Santo Domingo, in Orihuela.

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University of the Andes Library Services

The University of the Andes Library Services, officially known as SERBIULA (from the acronym in Spanish for Servicios Bibliotecarios de la Universidad de Los Andes), is the organization responsible for managing and directing all the different libraries of its parent institution, the University of the Andes, one of the main universities in Venezuela.

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Upper Brittany

Upper Brittany (Haute-Bretagne; Breizh-Uhel; Gallo: Haùtt-Bertaèyn) is the eastern part of Brittany France, which is predominantly of a Romance culture and is associated with the Gallo language.

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Usages of Barcelona

The Usages of Barcelona (Usatges de Barcelona,; Latin: Usatici Barchinonae) were the customs that form the basis for the Catalan Constitutions.

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USS Bourbon

USS Bourbon was a frigate in the Continental Navy, named for the House of Bourbon.

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Val-de-Grâce

The Val-de-Grâce (Hôpital d'instruction des armées du Val-de-Grâce or HIA Val-de-Grâce) is a military hospital located at 74 boulevard de Port-Royal in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France.

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Valdemoro

Valdemoro is a municipal district, located in the Southern zone of the autonomous community of Madrid, Spain.

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Valencian Community

The Valencian Community, or the Valencian Country, is an autonomous community of Spain.

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Valentí Serra de Manresa

Valentí Serra i Fornell (Manresa, Bages, 1959), is a Spanish Capuchin and priest, whose religious name is Valentí Serra de Manresa.

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Van Blerk

Van Blerk is a Dutch noble surname.

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Vanilla extract

Vanilla extract is a solution made by macerating and percolating vanilla pods in a solution of ethanol and water.

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Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)

Vatican during the Savoyard Era 1870-1929 describes the relation of the Vatican to Italy, after 1870, which marked the end of the Papal State and 1929, when the papacy regained autonomy in the Lateran Treaty, a period dominated by the Roman Question.

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Vaughan

Vaughan (2016 population 306,233) is a city in Ontario, Canada.

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Velletri

Velletri (Velitrae, Velester) is an Italian comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, on the Alban Hills, in Lazio, central Italy.

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Vendôme

Vendôme is a town in central France and is a subprefecture of the department of Loir-et-Cher.

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Vendome (disambiguation)

Vendôme, Loir-et-Cher) is a town in central France. Most other uses of Vendome or Vendôme commemorate the famous French general Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme (1654 – 1712).

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Ventotene

Ventotene (Pandataria or Pandateria, from translit or Πανδατωρία translit. Pandatoría; locally Vientutene), is one of the Pontine Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Gaeta right at the border between Lazio and Campania, Italy.

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Ventura Rodríguez

Ventura Rodríguez Tizón (July 14, 1717 – September 26, 1785) was a Spanish architect and artist.

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Vicente Bacallar

Vicente Bacallar y Sanna, Marquis of Saint Philip and Viscount of Fuentehermosa, later italianized into Vincenzo Bacallar Sanna (Cagliari - Sardinia, island now belonging to Italy), 6 February 1669 – The Hague (Netherlands), 11 June 1726). He was a Sardinian nobleman, military officer, linguist, historian, politician and ambassador of the Spanish Empire. He was born to a noble Sardinian family when the kingdom of Sardinia was part of the Spanish crown.

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Viceroy

A viceroy is a regal official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

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Vichy

Vichy (Vichèi in Occitan) is a city in the Allier department of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais.

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Victoire of France (1733–1799)

Victoire de France, (Marie Louise Thérèse Victoire; 11 May 1733 – 7 June 1799) was a French princess, the seventh child and fifth daughter of King Louis XV of France and his Queen consort Maria Leszczyńska.

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Victor Hugo

Victor Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement.

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Victor Hugues

Jean-Baptiste Victor Hugues sometimes spelled Hughes (born in Marseille July 20, 1762 and died in Cayenne August 12, 1826) was a French politician and colonial administrator during the French Revolution, who governed Guadeloupe from 1794 to 1798, emancipating the island's slaves under orders from the National Convention.

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Victor Mottez

Victor-Louis Mottez (13 February 1809 – 7 June 1897) was a French fresco painter, painter and portraitist.

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Victoria de Marichalar y Borbón

Doña Victoria Federica de Todos los Santos de Marichalar y de Borbón (born 9 September 2000 in Madrid) is the daughter of the Spanish Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo and Don Jaime de Marichalar.

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Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (Victoria Eugenie Julia Ena; 24 October 1887 – 15 April 1969) was Queen of Spain as the wife of King Alfonso XIII.

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Victoria, Princess Royal

Victoria, Princess Royal (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa; 21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was German empress and queen of Prussia by marriage to German Emperor Frederick III.

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Vidame de Chartres

Vidame de Chartres was a title in the French nobility.

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Villa Farnesina

The Villa Farnesina is a Renaissance suburban villa in the Via della Lungara, in the district of Trastevere in Rome, central Italy.

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Villa Floridiana

The Villa Floridiana is a large park in the Vomero quarter in Naples, southern Italy.

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Villa Poppaea

The Villa Poppaea is an ancient Roman seaside villa (villa maritima) situated between Naples and Sorrento, in southern Italy.

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Vincent de Bourbon, Count of Guingamp

Vincent de Bourbon, Count of Guingamp (Vincent Marie Louis; 22 June 1750 – 14 March 1752) was a son of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre and died before his second birthday.

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Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc

Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc (2 March 1756 – 21 August 1845) was a French royalist politician, writer and artist.

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Vincenzo Russo

Vincenzo Russo (1770 - 1799) was an Italian patriot, who was a leading supporter of the short-lived Parthenopean Republic.

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Visayans

The Visayans (Visayan: Mga Bisaya) is an umbrella term for the Philippine ethnolinguistic groups native to the whole Visayas, the southernmost islands of Luzon and most parts of Mindanao.

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Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples

Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Naples (Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria di Savoia;Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XIV. "Haus Italien". C.A. Starke Verlag, 1997, pp. 33, 38–39..Willis, Daniel, The Descendants of Louis XIII, Clearfield Co., Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, 1999, p. 673.. born 12 February 1937) is the only son of Umberto II, the last King of Italy, and his wife, Marie-José of Belgium.

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Vomero

Vomero is a central district of Naples, with a population of about 48,000.

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Voyage of the Glorioso

The voyage of the Glorioso involved four naval engagements fought in 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession between the Spanish 70-gun ship of the line Glorioso and several British squadrons of ships of the line and frigates which tried to capture it.

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Vulcano

Vulcano (Vurcanu) is a small volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, about north of Sicily and located at the southernmost end of the eight Aeolian Islands.

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War in the Vendée

The War in the Vendée (1793; Guerre de Vendée) was an uprising in the Vendée region of France during the French Revolution.

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War of the Austrian Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg Monarchy.

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War of the Fifth Coalition

The War of the Fifth Coalition was fought in 1809 by a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and Bavaria.

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War of the First Coalition

The War of the First Coalition (Guerre de la Première Coalition) is the traditional name of the wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against the French First Republic.

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War of the Oranges

The War of the Oranges (Guerra das Laranjas; Guerre des Oranges; Guerra de las Naranjas) was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal.

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War of the Reunions

The War of the Reunions (1683–84) was a short conflict between France and Spain and its allies.

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War of the Second Coalition

The War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) was the second war on revolutionary France by the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, various German monarchies and Sweden.

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War of the Sixth Coalition

In the War of the Sixth Coalition (March 1813 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the War of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and a number of German states finally defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba.

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War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700.

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War of the Third Coalition

The War of the Third Coalition was a European conflict spanning the years 1803 to 1806.

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White

White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue), because it fully reflects and scatters all the visible wavelengths of light.

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White flag

White flags have had different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale.

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William Hazlitt

William Hazlitt (10 April 1778 – 18 September 1830) was an English writer, drama and literary critic, painter, social commentator, and philosopher.

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William Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford

William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford, KG, PC (17 September 1717 O.S. – 29 September 1781) was a British courtier, diplomat and statesman of Anglo-Dutch descent.

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William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham

William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, (15 November 1708 – 11 May 1778) was a British statesman of the Whig group who led the government of Great Britain twice in the middle of the 18th century.

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William Windham

William Windham PC, PC (Ire) (– 4 June 1810) was a British Whig statesman.

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Women's March on Versailles

The Women's March on Versailles, also known as The October March, The October Days, or simply The March on Versailles, was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution.

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Woodbine Parish

Sir Woodbine Parish KCH (14 September 1796, London – 16 August 1882, St. Leonards, Sussex) was a British diplomat, traveller and scientist.

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Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine

Xavier Marie Joseph de France (8 September 1753 – 22 February 1754) was a fils de France of the House of Bourbon.

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Xueta

The Xuetes (singular Xueta, also known as Xuetons and spelled as Chuetas) were a social group on the island of Majorca, the descendants of Majorcan Jews who either were conversos (forcible converts to Christianity) or were Crypto-Jews, forced to keep their religion hidden.

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Z. Marcas

Z.

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Zarzuela

Zarzuela is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular song, as well as dance.

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Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marquess of Ensenada

Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea, 1st Marquess of Ensenada, KOGF, KOC, KOM, OSJ (April 20, 1702 in Alesanco near LogroñoDecember 2, 1781), commonly known as the Marquess of Ensenada, was a Spanish statesman.

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Zita of Bourbon-Parma

Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the wife of Charles, the last monarch of Austria-Hungary.

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10 Hygiea

10 Hygiea is the fourth-largest asteroid in the Solar System by volume and mass, and it is located in the asteroid belt.

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1260s

The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.

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1562 Riots of Toulouse

The 1562 Riots of Toulouse are a series of events (occurring largely in the span of a week) that pitted members of the Reformed Church of France (often called Huguenots) against members of the Roman Catholic Church in violent clashes that ended with the deaths of between 3,000–5,000 citizens of the French city of Toulouse.

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1701

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Tuesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

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1701 in France

Events from the year 1701 in France.

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1707

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Tuesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

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1707 in England

Events from the year 1707 in the kingdom of England, then England.

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1707 in Ireland

Events from the year 1707 in Ireland.

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1707 in Spain

Events from the year 1707 in Spain.

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1710

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Saturday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

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1710 in France

Events from the year 1710 in France.

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1710 in Great Britain

Events from the year 1710 in Great Britain.

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1761

No description.

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1794 in France

The following lists events that happened during 1794 in the French Republic.

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1814

No description.

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1814 in France

Events from the year 1814 in France.

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1830s

The 1830s decade ran from January 1, 1830, to December 31, 1839.

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1839

No description.

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1840s

The 1840s was a decade that ran from January 1, 1840, to December 31, 1849.

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1848

It is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the political and philosophical landscape and had major ramifications throughout the rest of the century.

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18th century in LGBT rights

No description.

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1975 Australian constitutional crisis

The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, also known simply as the Dismissal, has been described as the greatest political and constitutional crisis in Australian history.

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30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot

The 30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1702.

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6th Infantry Regiment “Saboya”

The 6th Mechanized Infantry Regiment “Saboya” (Regimiento de Infantería Mecanizada "Saboya" nº 6) is a mechanized infantry unit in the Spanish Army.

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Redirects here:

Borbonic, Bourbon Dynasty, Bourbon Spain, Bourbon dynasty, Bourbon family, Bourbon house, Bourbon kings, Bourbon kings of France, Bourbon monarchy, Bourbon of Naples, Bourbones, Bourbons, Bourbons of Naples, Capetian House of Bourbon, Family of Bourbon, France: Wars of Religion - Bourbon Dynasty, France: Wars of Religion – Bourbon Dynasty, France: Wars of Religion/Bourbon Dynasty, House Of Bourbon, House of Borbon, House of Borbón, House of bourbon, Maison de Bourbon, Prince of Bourbon, Prince of bourbon, Royal family of Bourbon, The Bourbons.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon