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270 relations: Absorption (chemistry), Absorption refrigerator, Acid–base homeostasis, Activity coefficient, Aerosol, Aerospace physiology, Aerostatics, Altitude, Altitude tent, Altitude training, Alveolar air equation, Alveolar gas equation, Anaesthetic vaporizer, Apnea, Armstrong limit, Arterial blood gas test, Arthropleura, Atmosphere of Titan, Autoclave (industrial), Autoignition temperature, Barotrauma, Bicarbonate buffer system, Biological pump, Blood gas tension, Blood gas test, Bonnor–Ebert mass, Breathing, Breathing gas, Bright beer, Brine rejection, Buoyancy compensator (diving), Cabin pressurization, Calcium carbonate, Calcium hydroxide, Capnography, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide (data page), Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Carbonate compensation depth, Carbonic acid, Carotid body, Catalytic reforming, Ceramic matrix composite, Chemical equilibrium, Cheyne–Stokes respiration, Choking game, Cinereous vulture, Clermont-Ferrand, Climatotherapy, CO2 content, ..., Common raven physiology, Cooperative binding, Dalton's law, Davenport diagram, Decompression practice, Decompression sickness, Decompression theory, Deep diving, Defining equation (physical chemistry), Degasification, Denis Jourdanet, Density of air, Deoxidization, Depth gauge, Diffusing capacity, Discontinuous gas exchange, Dissociation (chemistry), Distillation, Dive computer, Diver rescue, Diving bell, Diving bell spider, Diving disorders, Diving medicine, Diving physics, Diving safety, DLCO, Double-walled pipe, Drowning, Dynamic equilibrium, Effects of high altitude on humans, Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor, Electrochemical hydrogen compressor, Enceladus, Energy recovery ventilation, Equilibrium chemistry, Equilibrium constant, Equimolar counterdiffusion, Equivalent air depth, Equivalent narcotic depth, Erythrocyte deformability, Eurytherm, Faint young Sun paradox, Fetal hemoglobin, Fizz keeper, Fraction of inspired oxygen, Fractional crystallization (geology), Freediving blackout, Fugacity, G-suit, Gas blending, Gas blending for scuba diving, Gas detector, Gas gangrene, Gas laws, Gas slug, Gemella, General anaesthetic, Glossary of fuel cell terms, Glossary of underwater diving terminology, Green rust, Haldane's decompression model, Heat index, Hemoglobin, Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, Henry adsorption constant, Henry's law, Hepatic portal system, Hepatopulmonary syndrome, Heterogeneous gold catalysis, Hiccup, High-altitude military parachuting, History of decompression research and development, History of underwater diving, Homeostasis, Humidity, Hydreliox, Hydrostatics, Hygroscopic cycle, Hyperbaric medicine, Hyperbaric treatment schedules, Hyperoxia, Hyperoxia test, Hypocapnia, Hypoxemia, Hypoxia (environmental), Hypoxia (medical), Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention, Hypoxic ventilatory response, Igneous differentiation, In-water recompression, Index of biochemistry articles, Index of chemistry articles, Index of physics articles (P), Index of underwater diving, Inhalational anaesthetic, Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar, Jockey box, Kammerlader, Komatiite, Langmuir adsorption model, Laser drilling, Le Chatelier's principle, Leukostasis, Life support system, Lime kiln, List of diving hazards and precautions, List of eponymous laws, List of MeSH codes (H01), List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders, Marbled electric ray, Marcellin Berthelot, Maximum operating depth, Measuring instrument, Membrane reactor, Metalloprotein, Methoxyflurane, Minimum alveolar concentration, Mole fraction, Mount Everest, Multiple inert gas elimination technique, Nitrogen, Nitrogen laser, Nitrogen narcosis, Nitrous oxide engine, Nitrox, Notonecta glauca, Oceanic carbon cycle, Outer space, Outline of underwater diving, Oxygen, Oxygen bar, Oxygen plant, Oxygen sensor, Oxygen toxicity, Oxygen window in diving decompression, Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve, P50 (pressure), Partial volume, PCO2, Peripheral chemoreceptors, Perm (unit), Pervaporation, Phosphorus, Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2, Physiology of decompression, Pikes Peak, Po2, Potential theory of Polanyi, PP, Pressure, Properties of water, Pseudallescheria boydii, Psychrometric constant, Pulmonary gas pressures, Raoult's law, Ratio decompression, Rüppell's vulture, Reaction rate, Rebreather, Rebreather diving, Reduction potential, Relative humidity, Renewable hydrocarbon fuels via decarboxylation/decarbonylation, Residual gas analyzer, Residual sodium carbonate index, Respiratory failure, Respiratory system, Respirometry, Roche limit, Rotating locomotion in living systems, Sand casting, Saturation diving, Scuba skills, Self-experimentation in medicine, Sieverts's law, Solubility, Solubility pump, Space medicine, Space suit, Squib (explosive), Stirling engine, Sublimation (phase transition), Superposition theorem, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Talc carbonate, Technical diving, Thermodynamic activity, Total pressure, Tracheal intubation, Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water, Travertine, Trimix (breathing gas), Triple point, Trompe, Tufa, Tumor microenvironment, Types of volcanic eruptions, Urea, Vapor, Vapor pressure, Vapor–liquid equilibrium, Vaporization, Vapour pressure of water, Vapour-pressure deficit, Vasa vasorum, Viper (rebreather), Virtual temperature, Volatility (chemistry), Volume (thermodynamics), Volume corrector, Water activity, Water on Mars, Water vapor, Wingtip vortices, Writing in space, 100 metres, 1801 in science, 1801 in the United Kingdom, 2010 AAA 400. 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Absorption (chemistry)
In chemistry, absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter some bulk phase – liquid or solid material.
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Absorption refrigerator
An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process.
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Acid–base homeostasis
Acid–base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF).
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Activity coefficient
An activity coefficient is a factor used in thermodynamics to account for deviations from ideal behaviour in a mixture of chemical substances.
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Aerosol
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas.
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Aerospace physiology
Aerospace physiology is the study of the effects of high altitudes on the body, such as different pressures and levels of oxygen.
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Aerostatics
A subfield of fluid statics, aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion with respect to the coordinate system in which they are considered.
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Altitude
Altitude or height (sometimes known as depth) is defined based on the context in which it is used (aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, atmospheric pressure, and many more).
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Altitude tent
An altitude tent is a sealed tent used to simulate a higher altitude with reduced oxygen.
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Altitude training
Altitude training is the practice by some endurance athletes of training for several weeks at high altitude, preferably over above sea level, though more commonly at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable high-altitude locations.
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Alveolar air equation
The alveolar air equation is the method for calculating partial pressure of alveolar gas (PAO2).
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Alveolar gas equation
The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the pulmonary alveoli is required to calculate both the alveolar-arterial gradient of oxygen and the amount of right-to-left cardiac shunt, which are both clinically useful quantities.
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Anaesthetic vaporizer
An anaesthetic vaporizer is a device generally attached to an anaesthetic machine which delivers a given concentration of a volatile anaesthetic agent.
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Apnea
Apnea or apnoea is suspension of breathing.
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Armstrong limit
The Armstrong limit or Armstrong's line is a measure of altitude above which atmospheric pressure is sufficiently low that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body.
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Arterial blood gas test
An arterial-blood gas (ABG) test measures the amounts of arterial gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Arthropleura
Arthropleura (Greek for jointed ribs) is a genus of extinct millipede arthropods that lived in what is now northeastern North America and Scotland around 315 to 299 million years ago, during the late Carboniferous Period.
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Atmosphere of Titan
The atmosphere of Titan is the layer of gases surrounding Titan, the largest moon of Saturn.
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Autoclave (industrial)
Industrial autoclaves are pressure vessels used to process parts and materials which require exposure to elevated pressure and temperature.
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Autoignition temperature
The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it spontaneously ignites in normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark.
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Barotrauma
Barotrauma is physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between a gas space inside, or in contact with the body, and the surrounding gas or fluid.
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Bicarbonate buffer system
The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function.
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Biological pump
The biological pump, in its simplest form, is the ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere to deep sea water and sediment.
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Blood gas tension
Blood gas tension refers to the partial pressure of gases in blood.
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Blood gas test
A blood gas test or blood gas analysis tests blood to measure blood gas tension values, it also measures blood pH, and the level and base excess of bicarbonate.
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Bonnor–Ebert mass
In astrophysics, the Bonnor–Ebert mass is the largest mass that an isothermal gas sphere embedded in a pressurized medium can have while still remaining in hydrostatic equilibrium.
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Breathing
Breathing (or respiration, or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide.
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Breathing gas
A breathing gas is a mixture of gaseous chemical elements and compounds used for respiration.
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Bright beer
Bright beer is beer in which yeast is no longer in suspension.
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Brine rejection
Brine rejection is a process that occurs when salty water freezes.
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Buoyancy compensator (diving)
A buoyancy compensator, also called a buoyancy control device, BC, BCD, stabilizer, stabilisor, stab jacket, wing or ABLJ depending on design, is a piece of diving equipment with an inflatable bladder which is worn by divers to establish neutral buoyancy underwater and positive buoyancy on the surface, when needed.
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Cabin pressurization
Cabin pressurization is a process in which conditioned air is pumped into the cabin of an aircraft or spacecraft, in order to create a safe and comfortable environment for passengers and crew flying at high altitudes.
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Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.
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Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2.
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Capnography
Capnography is the monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the respiratory gases.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbon dioxide (data page)
and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide.
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Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Carbon dioxide is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.
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Carbonate compensation depth
Calcite compensation depth (CCD) is the depth in the oceans below which the rate of supply of calcite (calcium carbonate) lags behind the rate of solvation, such that no calcite is preserved.
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Carbonic acid
Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2CO3 (equivalently OC(OH)2).
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Carotid body
The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork (bifurcation) of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat).
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Catalytic reforming
Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil (typically having low octane ratings) into high-octane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for high-octane gasoline.
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Ceramic matrix composite
Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials as well as a subgroup of ceramics.
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Chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.
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Cheyne–Stokes respiration
Cheyne–Stokes respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper, and sometimes faster, breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea.
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Choking game
The choking game (also known as the fainting game and a wide variety of slang terms) refers to intentionally cutting off oxygen to the brain with the goal of inducing temporary loss of consciousness and euphoria.
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Cinereous vulture
The cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) is a large raptorial bird that is distributed through much of Eurasia.
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Clermont-Ferrand
Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergnat Clharmou, Augustonemetum) is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, with a population of 141,569 (2012).
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Climatotherapy
Climatotherapy refers to temporary or permanent relocation of a patient to a region with a climate more favourable to recovery from or management of a condition.
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CO2 content
content (also known as "Total ") is a blood test that usually appears on a "Chem 19" or an electrolyte panel.
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Common raven physiology
The common raven (Corvus corax), also known as the northern raven, is a large, all-black passerine bird.
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Cooperative binding
Molecular binding is an interaction between molecules that results in a stable physical association between those molecules.
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Dalton's law
In chemistry and physics, Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.
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Davenport diagram
In acid base physiology, the Davenport Diagram is a graphical tool, developed by Horace W. Davenport, that allows a clinician or investigator to describe blood bicarbonate concentrations and blood pH following a respiratory and/or metabolic acid-base disturbance.
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Decompression practice
The practice of decompression by divers comprises the planning and monitoring of the profile indicated by the algorithms or tables of the chosen decompression model, to allow asymptomatic and harmless release of excess inert gases dissolved in the tissues as a result of breathing at ambient pressures greater than surface atmospheric pressure, the equipment available and appropriate to the circumstances of the dive, and the procedures authorized for the equipment and profile to be used.
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Decompression sickness
Decompression sickness (DCS; also known as divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, or caisson disease) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation.
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Decompression theory
Decompression theory is the study and modelling of the transfer of the inert gas component of breathing gases from the gas in the lungs to the tissues and back during exposure to variations in ambient pressure.
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Deep diving
Deep diving is underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm accepted by the associated community.
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Defining equation (physical chemistry)
In physical chemistry, there are numerous quantities associated with chemical compounds and reactions; notably in terms of amounts of substance, activity or concentration of a substance, and the rate of reaction.
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Degasification
Degasification is the removal of dissolved gases from liquids, especially water or aqueous solutions.
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Denis Jourdanet
Denis Jourdanet (1 May 1815 – 6 May 1892) was a French physician and physiologist born in Juillan, Hautes-Pyrénées.
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Density of air
The density of air ρ (Greek: rho) (air density) is the mass per unit volume of Earth's atmosphere.
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Deoxidization
Deoxidization is a method used in metallurgy to remove the oxygen content during steel manufacturing.
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Depth gauge
A depth gauge is a pressure gauge that displays the equivalent depth in water.
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Diffusing capacity
Diffusing capacity of the lung (DL) measures the transfer of gas from air in the lung, to the red blood cells in lung blood vessels.
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Discontinuous gas exchange
Discontinuous gas-exchange cycles (DGC), also called discontinuous ventilation or discontinuous ventilatory cycles, follow one of several patterns of arthropod gas exchange that have been documented primarily in insects; they occur when the insect is at rest.
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Dissociation (chemistry)
Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.
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Distillation
Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by selective boiling and condensation.
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Dive computer
A dive computer, personal decompression computer or decompression meter is a device used by an underwater diver to measure the time and depth of a dive so that a safe ascent profile can be calculated and displayed so that the diver can avoid decompression sickness.
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Diver rescue
Beaching a casualty while providing artificial respiration Diver rescue, following an accident, is the process of avoiding or limiting further exposure to diving hazards and bringing a diver to a place of safety.
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Diving bell
A diving bell is a rigid chamber used to transport divers from the surface to depth and back in open water, usually for the purpose of performing underwater work.
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Diving bell spider
The diving bell spider or water spider (Argyroneta aquatica) is the only species of spider known to live almost entirely under water.
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Diving disorders
Diving disorders, or diving related medical conditions, are conditions associated with underwater diving, and include both conditions unique to underwater diving, and those that also occur during other activities.
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Diving medicine
Diving medicine, also called undersea and hyperbaric medicine (UHB), is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of conditions caused by humans entering the undersea environment.
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Diving physics
Diving Physics are the aspects of physics which directly affect the underwater diver and which explain the effects that divers and their equipment are subject to underwater which differ from the normal human experience out of water.
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Diving safety
The safety of underwater diving depends on four factors: the environment, the equipment, behaviour of the individual diver and performance of the dive team.
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DLCO
DLCO or TLCO ('''d'''iffusing capacity or transfer factor of the '''l'''ung for carbon monoxide (CO)) is the extent to which oxygen passes from the air sacs of the lungs into the blood.
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Double-walled pipe
A double-walled pipe is a secondary contained piping system.
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Drowning
Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment from being in or under a liquid.
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Dynamic equilibrium
In chemistry, a dynamic equilibrium exists once a reversible reaction ceases to change its ratio of reactants/products, but substances move between the chemicals at an equal rate, meaning there is no net change.
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Effects of high altitude on humans
The effects of high altitude on humans are considerable.
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Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
An electro-galvanic fuel cell is an electrochemical device which consumes a fuel to produce an electrical output by a chemical reaction.
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Electrochemical hydrogen compressor
An electrochemical hydrogen compressor is a hydrogen compressor where hydrogen is supplied to the anode, and compressed hydrogen is collected at the cathode with an exergy efficiency up to and even beyond 80% for pressures up to 10,000 psi or 700 bars.
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Enceladus
Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn.
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Energy recovery ventilation
Energy recovery ventilation (ERV) is the energy recovery process of exchanging the energy contained in normally exhausted building or space air and using it to treat (precondition) the incoming outdoor ventilation air in residential and commercial HVAC systems.
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Equilibrium chemistry
Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium.
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Equilibrium constant
The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change.
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Equimolar counterdiffusion
Equimolar Counterdiffusion There are three different types of Diffusion Molecular, Brownian and Turbulent.
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Equivalent air depth
The equivalent air depth (EAD) is a way of approximating the decompression requirements of breathing gas mixtures that contain nitrogen and oxygen in different proportions to those in air, known as nitrox.
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Equivalent narcotic depth
Equivalent narcotic depth (END) is used in technical diving as a way of estimating the narcotic effect of a breathing gas mixture, such as heliox and trimix.
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Erythrocyte deformability
Erythrocyte deformability refers to the ability of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBC) to change shape under a given level of applied stress, without hemolysing (rupturing).
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Eurytherm
A eurytherm is an organism, often an endotherm, that can function at a wide range of ambient temperatures.
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Faint young Sun paradox
The faint young Sun paradox or faint young Sun problem describes the apparent contradiction between observations of liquid water early in Earth's history and the astrophysical expectation that the Sun's output would be only 70 percent as intense during that epoch as it is during the modern epoch.
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Fetal hemoglobin
Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin, (also hemoglobin F, HbF, or α2γ2) is the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus during the last seven months of development in the uterus and persists in the newborn until roughly 6 months old.
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Fizz keeper
The Fizz Keeper is a device that is sold as a means for preserving the carbonation in soft drinks.
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Fraction of inspired oxygen
Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) is the fraction of oxygen in the volume being measured.
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Fractional crystallization (geology)
Fractional crystallization, or crystal fractionation, is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth's crust and mantle.
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Freediving blackout
Freediving blackout, breath-hold blackout or apnea blackout is a class of hypoxic blackout, a loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoxia towards the end of a breath-hold (freedive or dynamic apnea) dive, when the swimmer does not necessarily experience an urgent need to breathe and has no other obvious medical condition that might have caused it.
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Fugacity
In chemical thermodynamics, the fugacity of a real gas is an effective partial pressure which replaces the mechanical partial pressure in an accurate computation of the chemical equilibrium constant.
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G-suit
A g-suit, or the more accurately named anti-g suit, is a flight suit worn by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration force (g).
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Gas blending
Gas blending is the process of mixing gases for a specific purpose where the composition of the resulting mixture is specified and controlled.
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Gas blending for scuba diving
Gas blending for scuba diving (or Gas mixing) is the filling of diving cylinders with non-air breathing gases such as nitrox, trimix and heliox.
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Gas detector
A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as part of a safety system.
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Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis and myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene.
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Gas laws
The gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases.
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Gas slug
A gas slug is a conglomerate of high pressure gas bubbles that forms within certain volcanoes, the agittation of which is a key driving factor in Strombolian eruptions.
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Gemella
Gemella is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that thrive best at high partial pressure of CO2.
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General anaesthetic
General anaesthetics (or anesthetics, see spelling differences) are often defined as compounds that induce a reversible loss of consciousness in humans or loss of righting reflex in animals.
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Glossary of fuel cell terms
The Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry.
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Glossary of underwater diving terminology
This is a glossary of technical terms, jargon, diver slang and acronyms used in underwater diving.
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Green rust
Green rust is a generic name for various green crystalline chemical compounds containing iron(II) and iron(III) cations, the hydroxide anion, and another anion such as carbonate, chloride, or sulfate, in a layered double hydroxide structure.
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Haldane's decompression model
Haldane's decompression model is a decompression table for diving at sea level that was proposed in 1908 by the eminent Scottish physiologist, John Scott Haldane (2 May 1860 – 14/15 March 1936), who was famous for intrepid self-experimentation.
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Heat index
The heat index (HI) or humiture is an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity, in shaded areas, to posit a human-perceived equivalent temperature, as how hot it would feel if the humidity were some other value in the shade.
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.
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Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
In chemistry, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation describes the derivation of pH as a measure of acidity (using, the negative log of the acid dissociation constant) in biological and chemical systems.
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Henry adsorption constant
The Henry adsorption constant is the constant appearing in the linear adsorption isotherm, which formally resembles Henry's law; therefore, it is also called Henry's adsorption isotherm.
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Henry's law
In chemistry, Henry's law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure in the gas phase.
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Hepatic portal system
In human anatomy, the hepatic portal system is the system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries.
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Hepatopulmonary syndrome
In medicine, hepatopulmonary syndrome is a syndrome of shortness of breath and hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood of the arteries) caused by vasodilation (broadening of the blood vessels) in the lungs of patients with liver disease.
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Heterogeneous gold catalysis
Heterogeneous gold catalysis refers to the catalysis of chemical reactions by gold nanoparticles, typically supported on metal oxide substrates.
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Hiccup
A hiccup (also spelled hiccough) is an involuntary contraction (myoclonic jerk) of the diaphragm that may repeat several times per minute.
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High-altitude military parachuting
High-altitude military parachuting (or military free fall (MFF)) is a method of delivering military personnel, military equipment, and other military supplies from a transport aircraft at a high altitude via free-fall parachute insertion.
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History of decompression research and development
Decompression in the context of diving derives from the reduction in ambient pressure experienced by the diver during the ascent at the end of a dive or hyperbaric exposure and refers to both the reduction in pressure and the process of allowing dissolved inert gases to be eliminated from the tissues during this reduction in pressure.
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History of underwater diving
The history of underwater diving starts with freediving as a widespread means of hunting and gathering, both for food and other valuable resources such as pearls and coral, By classical Greek and Roman times commercial applications such as sponge diving and marine salvage were established, Military diving also has a long history, going back at least as far as the Peloponnesian War, with recreational and sporting applications being a recent development.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.
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Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air.
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Hydreliox
Hydreliox is an exotic breathing gas mixture of helium, oxygen and hydrogen.
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Hydrostatics
Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest.
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Hygroscopic cycle
The Hygroscopic Cycle is a thermodynamic cycle converting thermal energy into mechanical power by the means of a steam turbine.
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Hyperbaric medicine
Hyperbaric medicine is medical treatment in which an ambient pressure greater than sea level atmospheric pressure is a necessary component.
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Hyperbaric treatment schedules
Hyperbaric treatment schedules or hyperbaric treatment tables, are planned sequences of events in chronological order for hyperbaric pressure exposures specifying the pressure profile over time and the breathing gas to be used during specified periods, for medical treatment.
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Hyperoxia
Hyperoxia occurs when cells, tissues and organs are exposed to an excess supply of oxygen (O2) or higher than normal partial pressure of oxygen.
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Hyperoxia test
A hyperoxia test is a test that is performed—usually on an infant—to determine whether the patient's cyanosis is due to lung disease or a problem with blood circulation.
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Hypocapnia
Hypocapnia or hypocapnea (from the Greek words υπό meaning below normal and καπνός kapnós meaning smoke), also known as hypocarbia, sometimes incorrectly called acapnia, is a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood.
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Hypoxemia
Hypoxemia (or hypoxaemia in British English) is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood.
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Hypoxia (environmental)
Hypoxia refers to low oxygen conditions.
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Hypoxia (medical)
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.
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Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention, also known as oxygen reduction system, is an active fire protection technique based on a permanent reduction of the oxygen concentration in the protected rooms.
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Hypoxic ventilatory response
Hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is the increase in ventilation induced by hypoxia that allows the body to intake and process oxygen at higher rates.
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Igneous differentiation
In geology, igneous differentiation, or magmatic differentiation, is an umbrella term for the various processes by which magmas undergo bulk chemical change during the partial melting process, cooling, emplacement, or eruption.
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In-water recompression
In-water recompression (IWR) or underwater oxygen treatment is the emergency treatment of decompression sickness (DCS) of sending the diver back underwater to allow the gas bubbles in the tissues, which are causing the symptoms, to resolve.
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Index of biochemistry articles
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.
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Index of chemistry articles
Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
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Index of physics articles (P)
The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.
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Index of underwater diving
The following index is provided as an overview of and topical guide to underwater diving: Underwater diving can be described as all of the following.
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Inhalational anaesthetic
An inhalational anaesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anaesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation.
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Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, abbreviated InSAR (or deprecated IfSAR), is a radar technique used in geodesy and remote sensing.
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Jockey box
A jockey box is an insulated container containing ice and water, as well as a long coil of hollow tubing.
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Kammerlader
The Kammerlader, or "chamber loader", was the first Norwegian breech-loading rifle, and among the very first breech loaders adopted for use by an armed force anywhere in the world.
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Komatiite
Komatiite is a type of ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock.
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Langmuir adsorption model
The Langmuir adsorption model explains adsorption by assuming an adsorbate behaves as an ideal gas at isothermal conditions.
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Laser drilling
Laser drilling is the process of creating thru-holes, referred to as “popped” holes or “percussion drilled” holes, by repeatedly pulsing focused laser energy on a material.
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Le Chatelier's principle
Le Chatelier's principle, also called Chatelier's principle or "The Equilibrium Law", can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on some chemical equilibria.
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Leukostasis
Leukostasis (also called symptomatic hyperleukocytosis) is a medical emergency most commonly seen in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
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Life support system
In human spaceflight, a life support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in space.
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Lime kiln
A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate) to produce the form of lime called quicklime (calcium oxide).
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List of diving hazards and precautions
Divers face specific physical and health risks when they go underwater with scuba or other diving equipment, or use high pressure breathing gas.
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List of eponymous laws
This list of eponymous laws provides links to articles on laws, principles, adages, and other succinct observations or predictions named after a person.
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List of MeSH codes (H01)
The following is a list of the "H" codes for MeSH.
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List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
Diving disorders are medical conditions specifically arising from underwater diving.
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Marbled electric ray
The marbled electric ray (Torpedo marmorata) is a species of electric ray in the family Torpedinidae found in the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the North Sea to South Africa.
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Marcellin Berthelot
Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot FRS FRSE (25 October 1827 – 18 March 1907) was a French chemist and politician noted for the ThomsenendashBerthelot principle of thermochemistry.
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Maximum operating depth
In underwater diving activities such as saturation diving, technical diving and nitrox diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD) of a breathing gas is the depth below which the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) of the gas mix exceeds an acceptable limit.
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Measuring instrument
A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity.
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Membrane reactor
A membrane reactor is a physical device that combines a chemical conversion process with a membrane separation process to add reactants or remove products of the reaction.
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Metalloprotein
Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor.
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Methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane, formerly marketed as Penthrane, is a halogenated ether that was in clinical use as a volatile inhalational anesthetic from its introduction in 1960 until the late 1970s.
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Minimum alveolar concentration
Minimum alveolar concentration or MAC is the concentration of a vapour in the lungs that is needed to prevent movement (motor response) in 50% of subjects in response to surgical (pain) stimulus.
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Mole fraction
In chemistry, the mole fraction or molar fraction (xi) is defined as the amount of a constituent (expressed in moles), ni, divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture (also expressed in moles), ntot: The sum of all the mole fractions is equal to 1: The same concept expressed with a denominator of 100 is the mole percent or molar percentage or molar proportion (mol%).
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Mount Everest
Mount Everest, known in Nepali as Sagarmāthā and in Tibetan as Chomolungma, is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas.
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Multiple inert gas elimination technique
The multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET) is a medical technique used mainly in pulmonology that involves measuring the concentrations of various infused, inert gases in mixed venous blood, arterial blood, and expired gas of a subject.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Nitrogen laser
A nitrogen laser is a gas laser operating in the ultraviolet rangeC.
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Nitrogen narcosis
Narcosis while diving (also known as nitrogen narcosis, inert gas narcosis, raptures of the deep, Martini effect) is a reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs while diving at depth.
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Nitrous oxide engine
A nitrous oxide engine is an engine in which the oxygen required for burning the fuel to create power mainly stems from the decomposition of nitrous oxide (N2O) rather than air.
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Nitrox
Nitrox refers to any gas mixture composed (excepting trace gases) of nitrogen and oxygen.
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Notonecta glauca
Notonecta glauca is a species of aquatic insect, and a type of backswimmer.
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Oceanic carbon cycle
The oceanic carbon cycle (or marine carbon cycle) is composed of processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the seafloor.
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Outer space
Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.
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Outline of underwater diving
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to underwater diving: Underwater diving – as a human activity, is the practice of descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Oxygen bar
An oxygen bar is an establishment, or part of one, that sells oxygen for recreational use.
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Oxygen plant
Oxygen plants are industrial systems designed to generate oxygen.
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Oxygen sensor
An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor) is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O2) in the gas or liquid being analysed.
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Oxygen toxicity
Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen at increased partial pressures.
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Oxygen window in diving decompression
In diving, the oxygen window is the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2) in arterial blood and the ppO2 in body tissues.
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Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
2-Hb dissociation curve is a sigmoidal curve that represents the relationship between O2 concentration and the percentage saturation of Hb.
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P50 (pressure)
In biochemistry, p50 represents the partial pressure of a gas required to achieve 50% saturation of a particular protein's binding sites.
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Partial volume
Partial volume may refer to.
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PCO2
The pCO2, PCO2, p_\ceor P_\ce is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2), often used in reference to blood, but also used in oceanography to describe the partial pressure of CO2 in the Ocean, and in life support systems engineering and underwater diving to describe the partial pressure in a breathing gas.
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Peripheral chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors (of the carotid and aortic bodies) are so named because they are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations.
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Perm (unit)
A perm is a unit of permeance or "water vapor transmission" given a certain differential in partial pressures on either side of a material or membrane.
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Pervaporation
Pervaporation (or pervaporative separation) is a processing method for the separation of mixtures of liquids by partial vaporization through a non-porous or porous membrane.
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.
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Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2
Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 is a chemical process whereby carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons by the energy of incident light.
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Physiology of decompression
The physiology of decompression involves a complex interaction of gas solubility, partial pressures and concentration gradients, diffusion, bulk transport and bubble mechanics in living tissues.
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Pikes Peak
Pikes Peak is the highest summit of the southern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, in North America.
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Po2
Po2, pO2 or PO2 may refer to.
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Potential theory of Polanyi
The potential theory of Polanyi, also called Polanyi adsorption potential theory, is a model of adsorption proposed by Michael Polanyi where adsorption can be measured through the equilibrium between the chemical potential of a gas near the surface and the chemical potential of the gas from a large distance away.
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PP
PP, pp or Pp may refer to.
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Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
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Properties of water
Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on Earth and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar. This polarity allows it to separate ions in salts and strongly bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar mass, and a high heat capacity. Water is amphoteric, meaning that it is both an acid and a base—it produces + and - ions by self-ionization.
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Pseudallescheria boydii
Pseudallescheria boydii is a species of fungus classified in the Ascomycota.
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Psychrometric constant
The psychrometric constant \gamma relates the partial pressure of water in air to the air temperature.
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Pulmonary gas pressures
The factors that determine the values for alveolar pO2 and pCO2 are.
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Raoult's law
Raoult's law (law) is a law of thermodynamics established by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887.
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Ratio decompression
Ratio decompression (usually referred to in abbreviated form as ratio deco) is a technique for calculating decompression schedules for scuba divers engaged in deep diving without using dive tables, decompression software or a dive computer.
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Rüppell's vulture
Rüppell's vulture or Rüppell's griffon vulture (Gyps rueppelli) is a large vulture that can be found throughout the Sahel region of central Africa.
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Reaction rate
The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into products.
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Rebreather
A rebreather is a breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user's exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused oxygen content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath.
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Rebreather diving
Rebreather diving is underwater diving using rebreathers, which recirculate the breathing gas already used by the diver after replacing oxygen used by the diver and removing the carbon dioxide metabolic product.
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Reduction potential
Reduction potential (also known as redox potential, oxidation / reduction potential, ORP, pE, ε, or E_) is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced.
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Relative humidity
Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature.
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Renewable hydrocarbon fuels via decarboxylation/decarbonylation
Renewable hydrocarbon fuels via decarboxylation/decarbonylation.
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Residual gas analyzer
A residual gas analyzer (RGA) is a small and usually rugged mass spectrometer, typically designed for process control and contamination monitoring in vacuum systems.
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Residual sodium carbonate index
The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) index of irrigation water or soil water is used to indicate the alkalinity hazard for soil.
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Respiratory failure
Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide or both cannot be kept at normal levels.
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Respiratory system
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.
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Respirometry
Respirometry is a general term that encompasses a number of techniques for obtaining estimates of the rates of metabolism of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, tissues, cells, or microorganisms via an indirect measure of heat production (calorimetry).
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Roche limit
In celestial mechanics, the Roche limit, also called Roche radius, is the distance in which a celestial body, held together only by its own gravity, will disintegrate due to a second celestial body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's gravitational self-attraction.
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Rotating locomotion in living systems
Several organisms are capable of rolling locomotion; however, true wheels and propellers—despite their utility in human vehicles—do not appear to play a significant role in the movement of living things (with the exception of certain flagella, which function like corkscrews).
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Sand casting
Sand casting, also known as sand molded casting, is a metal casting process characterized by using sand as the mold material.
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Saturation diving
Saturation diving is a diving technique that allows divers to reduce the risk of decompression sickness ("the bends") when they work at great depths for long periods of time.
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Scuba skills
Scuba skills are the skills required to dive safely using self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, (scuba).
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Self-experimentation in medicine
Self-experimentation refers to scientific experimentation in which the experimenter conducts the experiment on her- or himself.
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Sieverts's law
Sieverts' law, in physical metallurgy and in chemistry, is a rule to predict the solubility of gases in metals.
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Solubility
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.
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Solubility pump
In oceanic biogeochemistry, the solubility pump is a physico-chemical process that transports carbon (as dissolved inorganic carbon) from the ocean's surface to its interior.
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Space medicine
Space medicine is the practice of medicine on astronauts in outer space whereas astronautical hygiene is the application of science and technology to the prevention or control of exposure to the hazards that may cause astronaut ill health.
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Space suit
A space suit is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space, vacuum and temperature extremes.
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Squib (explosive)
A squib is a miniature explosive device used in a wide range of industries, from special effects to military applications.
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Stirling engine
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.
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Sublimation (phase transition)
Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.
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Superposition theorem
The superposition theorem for electrical circuits states that for a linear system the response (voltage or current) in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit having more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent source acting alone, where all the other independent sources are replaced by their internal impedances.
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Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an inflammatory state affecting the whole body.
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Talc carbonate
Talc carbonates are a suite of rock and mineral compositions found in metamorphic ultramafic rocks.
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Technical diving
Technical diving (also referred to as tec diving or tech diving) is scuba diving that exceeds the agency-specified limits of recreational diving for non-professional purposes.
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Thermodynamic activity
In chemical thermodynamics, activity (symbol) is a measure of the "effective concentration" of a species in a mixture, in the sense that the species' chemical potential depends on the activity of a real solution in the same way that it would depend on concentration for an ideal solution.
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Total pressure
In physics, the term total pressure may indicate two different quantities, both having the dimensions of a pressure.
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Tracheal intubation
Tracheal intubation, usually simply referred to as intubation, is the placement of a flexible plastic tube into the trachea (windpipe) to maintain an open airway or to serve as a conduit through which to administer certain drugs.
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Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
Certain species of fish and birds are able to locomote in both air and water, two fluid media with very different properties.
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Travertine
Travertine is a form of limestone deposited by mineral springs, especially hot springs.
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Trimix (breathing gas)
Trimix is a breathing gas consisting of oxygen, helium and nitrogen and is often used in deep commercial diving, during the deep phase of dives carried out using technical diving techniques, and in advanced recreational diving.
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Triple point
In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Trompe
A trompe is a water-powered air compressor, commonly used before the advent of the electric-powered compressor.
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Tufa
Tufa is a variety of limestone formed when carbonate minerals precipitate out of ambient temperature water.
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Tumor microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the cellular environment in which the tumor exists, including surrounding blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells, lymphocytes, signaling molecules and the extracellular matrix (ECM).
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Types of volcanic eruptions
Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists.
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Urea
Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2.
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Vapor
In physics a vapor (American) or vapour (British and Canadian) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature,R.
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Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.
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Vapor–liquid equilibrium
In thermodynamics and chemical engineering, the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) describes the distribution of a chemical species between the vapor phase and a liquid phase.
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Vaporization
Vaporization (or vapourisation) of an element or compound is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor.
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Vapour pressure of water
The vapour pressure of water is the pressure at which water vapour is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state.
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Vapour-pressure deficit
Vapour-pressure deficit, or VPD, is the difference (deficit) between the amount of moisture in the air and how much moisture the air can hold when it is saturated.
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Vasa vasorum
The vasa vasorum is a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries (aorta) and large veins (venae cavae).
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Viper (rebreather)
Viper is a make of electronic-control closed circuit mixture rebreather originally manufactured by Carleton Life Support (subsequently acquired by British defense contractor Cobham plc) and fitted with the Juergensen Defense Corporation Mark V Electronic Control System.
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Virtual temperature
In atmospheric thermodynamics, the virtual temperature (T_v) of a moist air parcel is the temperature at which a theoretical dry air parcel would have a total pressure and density equal to the moist parcel of air.
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Volatility (chemistry)
In chemistry and physics, volatility is quantified by the tendency of a substance to vaporize.
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Volume (thermodynamics)
In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its thermodynamic state.
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Volume corrector
A Volume corrector is a device for calculating, summing and determining an increase of gas volume measured by the gas meter in terms equivalent to the base terms.
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Water activity
Water activity or aw is the partial vapor pressure of water in a substance divided by the standard state partial vapor pressure of water.
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Water on Mars
Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice, though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere and occasionally as low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil.
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Water vapor
No description.
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Wingtip vortices
Wingtip vortices are circular patterns of rotating air left behind a wing as it generates lift.
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Writing in space
Several instruments have been used to write in outer space, including different types of pencils and pens.
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100 metres
The 100 metres, or 100-metre dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions.
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1801 in science
The year 1801 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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1801 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1801 in the United Kingdom.
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2010 AAA 400
The 2010 AAA 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on September 26, 2010, at Dover International Speedway in Dover, Delaware.
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Redirects here:
Gas pressure, Gas pressure relative to its compression, Low gas pressure, Oxygen pressure, Partial Pressure, Partial gas volume, Partial pressures.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_pressure
