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288 relations: Akira Suzuki (chemist), Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen, Alaotra grebe, Albert Kligman, Alice Miller (psychologist), Alma Ata Declaration, André Bouchard, Andre Geim, Angus Maddison, Animal echolocation, Antihydrogen, Antimatter, Arachnophobia, Archaic human admixture with modern humans, Arnall Patz, Arsenic, Artery, Arthur H. Hayes Jr., Artificial life, Asian people, Aspirin, Assassination of Masoud Alimohammadi, Assyriology, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Australopithecus sediba, Automated teller machine, B2FH paper, Barack Obama, Benoit Mandelbrot, Biological Psychiatry (journal), Birth defect, Blood cell, Blood sugar level, Borneo, Botany, Breast cancer, Brian Flowers, Baron Flowers, Bruce Mitchell (scholar), California, Carbon nanotube, Carl Adam Petri, Carl E. Taylor, Cédric Villani, Charles B. Moore, Charles Darwin, Charles Thomas Beer, Chicken, Chile, Chimpanzee, China, ..., Cho Gyeong-chul, Circumstellar habitable zone, Clement Finch, Coal mining, Colin Wells (historian), Colombia, Comet, Consumer Electronics Show, Convention on Biological Diversity, Cosmic microwave background, Craig Venter, Crocodile, Crocodilia, D. Van Holliday, David Blackwell, David Halliday (physicist), Devendra Singh, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Donald Acheson, Donald Wiseman, Dwarf planet, Earth, Edward Brinton, Ei-ichi Negishi, Electric aircraft, Electron, Eli Fischer-Jørgensen, Elon Lindenstrauss, Embryo, England, Enzyme, Europe, Exoplanet, Extinction, Feces, Fossil, Fractal, Francis Gillingham, Fred Plum, Fritz Sennheiser, Fuel cell, Galaxy, Günter Wendt, Gel, Genetic analysis, Genetic engineering, Genome, Geoffrey Burbidge, George C. Williams (biologist), Georgiy Zatsepin, Gerson Goldhaber, Gliese 581g, Greenland, Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit, Grey matter, Guy Kewney, Guyford Stever, Hadi Soesastro, Hair, Hans Ørberg, Harry B. Whittington, Helen Ranney, Herbert Giersch, High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector, Hilbert's thirteenth problem, HIV, Hominidae, Homo, Homo sapiens, Howard Lotsof, Hubble Space Telescope, Hugh Ford (engineer), Human brain, Human genome, Hydrogen, Hydrogen vehicle, Ian Axford, Ibogaine, Ice, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Insomnia, International Monetary Fund, International Space Station, International Standard Payload Rack, International Year of Biodiversity, Iran, Jacek Karpiński, Jacques J. Polak, Jagiellonian University, James Black (pharmacologist), James F. Masterson, Jerrold E. 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Clarke, Paul Garabedian, Paul Malliavin, Paul Müller (biologist), Permafrost, Pesticide, Phylum, Pitcher plant, Pluto, Poland, Polymer, President of the United States, Private spaceflight, Pseudoscience, Qian Weichang, Quantum computing, Quantum state, Radio astronomy, Raymond Allchin, Reptile, Richard F. Heck, Richard Gregory, Richard Keynes, Richard Lashof, Rinderpest, Robert Edwards (physiologist), Robert Galambos, Robert H. Burris, Robin Milner, Rodent, Science (journal), Sheldon Gilgore, Siberia, Sickle cell disease, Siddhartha Mukherjee, Silicon dioxide, Skin, Snow leopard, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, Solar Impulse, South Africa, Space Shuttle Discovery, SpaceX, SpaceX Dragon, Stanislav Smirnov, Stanley Greenspan, Stem cell, Stephen Schneider, Stereotactic surgery, Stroke, STS-131, Stuttering, Svetozar Kurepa, Switzerland, Tattoo removal, TED (conference), Tennessine, Thalidomide, Thomas C. Peebles, Tiger, Titanoboa, UDFy-38135539, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, United Nations, University College Dublin, University of Cambridge, University of Leicester, Vagina, Valentin Turchin, VISTA (telescope), Vladimir Arnold, Walkman, Walter Plowright, Walter Rudin, Woodwardian Professor of Geology, Zheng Ji (biochemist), 1969 in science, 2010 in spaceflight, 2010 Jupiter impact event, 332P/Ikeya–Murakami, 3D television. Expand index (238 more) »
Akira Suzuki (chemist)
is a Japanese chemist and Nobel Prize Laureate (2010), who first published the Suzuki reaction, the organic reaction of an aryl- or vinyl-boronic acid with an aryl- or vinyl-halide catalyzed by a palladium(0) complex, in 1979.
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Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen
Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen (17 February 1924 – 26 April 2010) was a Danish professor of meteorology at University of Copenhagen, University of Michigan, Director of the ECMWF, and Secretary-General of WMO.
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Alaotra grebe
The Alaotra grebe (Tachybaptus rufolavatus), also known as Delacour's little grebe or rusty grebe, is an extinct grebe that was endemic to Lake Alaotra and surrounding lakes in Madagascar.
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Albert Kligman
Albert Montgomery Kligman (March 17, 1916 – February 9, 2010) was a dermatologist who co-invented Retin-A, the acne medication, with James Fulton in 1969.
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Alice Miller (psychologist)
Alice Miller, born as Alicija Englard (12 January 1923 – 14 April 2010), was a Swiss psychologist, psychoanalyst and philosopher of Polish-Jewish origin, who is noted for her books on parental child abuse, translated into several languages.
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Alma Ata Declaration
The Declaration of Alma-Ata was adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care (PHC), Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), Kazakhstan (formerly Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic), 6–12 September 1978.
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André Bouchard
André Bouchard (January 26, 1946 – 4 March 2010) was a Canadian ecologist and environmentalist who spent most of his career at Université de Montréal (UdeM) and the Montreal Botanical Garden.
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Andre Geim
Sir Andre Konstantin Geim, FRS, HonFRSC, HonFInstP (born 21 October 1958) is a Soviet-born Dutch-British physicist working in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.
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Angus Maddison
Angus Maddison (6 December 1926 – 24 April 2010) was a British economist specialising in quantitative macroeconomic history, including the measurement and analysis of economic growth and development.
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Animal echolocation
Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is the biological sonar used by several kinds of animals.
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Antihydrogen
Antihydrogen is the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen.
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Antimatter
In modern physics, antimatter is defined as a material composed of the antiparticle (or "partners") to the corresponding particles of ordinary matter.
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Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia is the irrational fear of spiders and other arachnids such as scorpions.
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Archaic human admixture with modern humans
There is evidence for interbreeding between archaic and modern humans during the Middle Paleolithic and early Upper Paleolithic.
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Arnall Patz
Arnall Patz (June 14, 1920 – March 11, 2010) was an American medical doctor and research professor at Johns Hopkins University.
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Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.
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Artery
An artery (plural arteries) is a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart to all parts of the body (tissues, lungs, etc).
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Arthur H. Hayes Jr.
Arthur Hull Hayes Jr. (July 18, 1933 – February 11, 2010) was an American pharmacologist, medical educator and administrator who served as Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 1981 to 1983.
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Artificial life
Artificial life (often abbreviated ALife or A-Life) is a field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations with computer models, robotics, and biochemistry.
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Asian people
Asian people or Asiatic peopleUnited States National Library of Medicine.
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Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.
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Assassination of Masoud Alimohammadi
Masoud Alimohammadi (مسعود علیمحمدی, 24 August 1959 – 12 January 2010) was an Iranian quantum field theorist and elementary-particle physicist and a distinguished professor of elementary particle physics at the University of Tehran's Department of Physics.
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Assyriology
Assyriology (from Greek Ἀσσυρίᾱ, Assyriā; and -λογία, -logia) is the archaeological, historical, and linguistic study of not just Assyria, but the entirety of ancient Mesopotamia (a region encompassing what is today modern Iraq, north eastern Syria, south eastern Turkey, and north western and south western Iran) and of related cultures that used cuneiform writing.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type.
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Australopithecus sediba
Australopithecus sediba is a species of Australopithecus of the early Pleistocene, identified based on fossil remains dated to about 2 million years ago.
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Automated teller machine
An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic telecommunications device that enables customers of financial institutions to perform financial transactions, such as cash withdrawals, deposits, transfer funds, or obtaining account information, at any time and without the need for direct interaction with bank staff.
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B2FH paper
The B2FH paper, named after the initials of the authors of the paper, Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle, is a landmark paper on the origin of the chemical elements published in Reviews of Modern Physics in 1957.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.
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Benoit Mandelbrot
Benoit B.  Mandelbrot  (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-born, French and American mathematician and polymath with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as "the art of roughness" of physical phenomena and "the uncontrolled element in life".
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Biological Psychiatry (journal)
Biological Psychiatry is a biweekly, peer-reviewed, scientific journal of psychiatric neuroscience and therapeutics, published by Elsevier since 1985 on behalf of the Society of Biological Psychiatry, of which it is the official journal.
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Birth defect
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.
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Blood cell
A blood cell, also called a haematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte, is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood.
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Blood sugar level
The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals.
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Borneo
Borneo (Pulau Borneo) is the third largest island in the world and the largest in Asia.
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Botany
Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.
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Breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.
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Brian Flowers, Baron Flowers
Brian Hilton Flowers, Baron Flowers FRS (13 September 1924 – 25 June 2010) was a British physicist, academician and public servant.
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Bruce Mitchell (scholar)
Raymond Bruce Mitchell (8 January 1920 – 30 January 2010) was a scholar of Old English.
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California
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.
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Carbon nanotube
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.
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Carl Adam Petri
Carl Adam Petri (12 July 1926 – 2 July 2010) was a German mathematician and computer scientist.
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Carl E. Taylor
Carl Ernest Taylor, MD, DrPH (July 26, 1916 – February 4, 2010) founder of the academic discipline of international health who dedicated his life to the well-being of the world's marginalized people.
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Cédric Villani
Cédric Patrice Thierry Villani (born 5 October 1973) is a French mathematician working primarily on partial differential equations, Riemannian geometry and mathematical physics.
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Charles B. Moore
Charles Bachman Moore, Jr. (October 28, 1920 – March 2, 2010) was an American physicist, engineer and meteorologist, known for his research atmospheric physics and his work with gas balloons.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Charles Thomas Beer
Charles Thomas Beer, (18 November 1915 – 15 June 2010) was a Canadian organic chemist who helped in the discovery of Vinblastine.
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Chicken
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
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Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
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Chimpanzee
The taxonomical genus Pan (often referred to as chimpanzees or chimps) consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Cho Gyeong-chul
Cho Gyeong-chul (조경철, April 4, 1929 – March 6, 2010) was a South Korean astronomer.
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Circumstellar habitable zone
In astronomy and astrobiology, the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ), or simply the habitable zone, is the range of orbits around a star within which a planetary surface can support liquid water given sufficient atmospheric pressure.
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Clement Finch
Clement Alfred Finch (July 4, 1915 – June 28, 2010), often deemed “The Iron Man”, was a Physician specializing in Hematology whose research on iron metabolization in the bloodstream at the University of Washington led to significant advancements in accurately diagnosing and treating anemia during a time period in which little was known about this aspect of the body.
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Coal mining
Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground.
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Colin Wells (historian)
Colin Michael Wells (15 November 1933 in West Bridgford – 11 March 2010 in North Wales) was a British historian of ancient Rome, as well as scholar and archaeologist of classical antiquities.
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Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.
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Comet
A comet is an icy small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing.
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Consumer Electronics Show
CES (formerly an acronym for Consumer Electronics Show but now the official name) is an annual trade show organized by the Consumer Technology Association.
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Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty.
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Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR) is electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology.
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Craig Venter
John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is an American biotechnologist, biochemist, geneticist, and businessman.
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Crocodile
Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia.
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Crocodilia
Crocodilia (or Crocodylia) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic archosaurian reptiles, known as crocodilians.
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D. Van Holliday
Dr.
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David Blackwell
David Harold Blackwell (April 24, 1919 – July 8, 2010) was an American statistician and mathematician who made significant contributions to game theory, probability theory, information theory, and Bayesian statistics.
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David Halliday (physicist)
David Halliday (March 3, 1916 – April 2, 2010) was an American physicist known for his physics textbooks, Physics and Fundamentals of Physics, which he wrote with Robert Resnick.
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Devendra Singh
Devendra Singh (January 12, 1938 – May 18, 2010) was a professor of Psychology at the University of Texas, known largely for his research regarding the evolutionary significance of human attraction.
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Diabetes mellitus type 1
Diabetes mellitus type 1, also known as type 1 diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced.
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Donald Acheson
Sir (Ernest) Donald Acheson (17 September 1926 – 10 January 2010) was an Irish-born physician and epidemiologist who served as Chief Medical Officer of the United Kingdom from 1983 to 1991.
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Donald Wiseman
Donald John Wiseman (25 October 1918 – 2 February 2010) was a biblical scholar, archaeologist and Assyriologist.
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Dwarf planet
A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object that is neither a planet nor a natural satellite.
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Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
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Edward Brinton
Edward Brinton (January 12, 1924 – January 13, 2010) was a professor of oceanography and research biologist.
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Ei-ichi Negishi
is a Manchurian-born Japanese chemist who has spent most of his career at Purdue University in the United States.
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Electric aircraft
An electric aircraft is an aircraft powered by electric motors.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Eli Fischer-Jørgensen
Eli Fischer-Jørgensen (11 February 1911, Nakskov, Denmark – 27 February 2010, Virum) was professor emeritus of linguistics at the University of Copenhagen, she was a member of the Danish resistance movement fighting against the German occupation of Denmark.
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Elon Lindenstrauss
Elon Lindenstrauss (אילון לינדנשטראוס, born August 1, 1970) is an Israeli mathematician, and a winner of the 2010 Fields Medal.
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Embryo
An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Exoplanet
An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside our solar system.
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Extinction
In biology, extinction is the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species.
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Feces
Feces (or faeces) are the solid or semisolid remains of the food that could not be digested in the small intestine.
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Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
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Fractal
In mathematics, a fractal is an abstract object used to describe and simulate naturally occurring objects.
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Francis Gillingham
Professor Francis John Gillingham (15 March 1916 – 3 January 2010) was a British neurosurgeon.
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Fred Plum
Fred Plum (January 10, 1924 – June 11, 2010) was an American neurologist who developed the terms "persistent vegetative state" and "locked-in syndrome" as part of his continuing research on consciousness and comas and care of the comatose.
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Fritz Sennheiser
Fritz Sennheiser (May 9, 1912 – May 17, 2010) was a German inventor and entrepreneur who founded and served as chairman of Sennheiser Electronic, a manufacturer of audio equipment.
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Fuel cell
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen fuel with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.
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Galaxy
A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.
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Günter Wendt
Günter F. Wendt (also spelled Guenter Wendt; August 28, 1923 – May 3, 2010) was a German-born American mechanical engineer noted for his work in the U.S. manned spaceflight program.
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Gel
A gel is a solid jelly-like material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough.
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Genetic analysis
Genetic analysis is the overall process of studying and researching in fields of science that involve genetics and molecular biology.
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Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Geoffrey Burbidge
Geoffrey Ronald Burbidge FRS (24 September 1925 – 26 January 2010) was an English astronomy professor and theoretical astrophysicist, most recently at the University of California, San Diego.
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George C. Williams (biologist)
George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.
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Georgiy Zatsepin
Georgiy Timofeyevich Zatsepin (Гео́ргий Тимофе́евич Заце́пин) (– 8 March 2010) was a Soviet/Russian astrophysicist known for his works in cosmic rays physics and neutrino astrophysics.
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Gerson Goldhaber
Gerson Goldhaber (February 20, 1924 – July 19, 2010) was a German-born American particle physicist and astrophysicist.
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Gliese 581g
Gliese 581g, unofficially known as Zarmina (or Zarmina's World), is an unconfirmed (and frequently disputed) exoplanet claimed to orbit within the Gliese 581 system, twenty light-years from Earth.
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Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
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Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit
The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit (GZK limit) is a theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons traveling from other galaxies through the intergalactic medium to our galaxy.
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Grey matter
Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.
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Guy Kewney
Guy Johan Kewney (30 April 1946 – 8 April 2010) was a British journalist, regarded by some as the first UK technology journalist.
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Guyford Stever
Horton Guyford Stever (October 24, 1916 – April 9, 2010) was an American administrator, physicist, educator, and engineer.
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Hadi Soesastro
Hadi Soesastro (Born Tan Yueh Ming April 30, 1945 – May 4, 2010) was an Indonesian economist, academic and public intellectual.
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Hair
Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis.
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Hans Ørberg
Hans Henning Ørberg (21 April 1920 – 17 February 2010) was a Danish linguist and teacher.
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Harry B. Whittington
Harry Blackmore Whittington FRS (24 March 1916 – 20 June 2010) was a British palaeontologist who made a major contribution to the study of fossils of the Burgess Shale and other Cambrian fauna.
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Helen Ranney
Helen Margaret Ranney (April 12, 1920 – April 5, 2010) was an American doctor and hematologist who made significant contributions to research on sickle-cell anemia.
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Herbert Giersch
Herbert Giersch (11 May 1921 – 22 July 2010) was a German economist.
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High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector
The High Resolution Fly's Eye or HiRes detector was an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray observatory that operated in the western Utah desert from May 1997 until April 2006.
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Hilbert's thirteenth problem
Hilbert's thirteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by David Hilbert.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Hominidae
The Hominidae, whose members are known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, which includes modern humans and its extinct relatives (e.g., the Neanderthal), and ancestors, such as Homo erectus.
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Homo
Homo (Latin homō "human being") is the genus that encompasses the extant species Homo sapiens (modern humans), plus several extinct species classified as either ancestral to or closely related to modern humans (depending on a species), most notably Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis.
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Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens is the systematic name used in taxonomy (also known as binomial nomenclature) for the only extant human species.
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Howard Lotsof
Howard Lotsof (March 1, 1943 – January 31, 2010) was an American scientific researcher who discovered and pioneered the use of ibogaine as a medicine for the treatment of substance addictions.
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Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.
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Hugh Ford (engineer)
| name.
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Human brain
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
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Human genome
The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen vehicle
A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power.
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Ian Axford
Sir William Ian Axford, FRS (2 January 1933 – 13 March 2010) was a New Zealand space scientist who was director of Germany's Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy from 1974 to 1990.
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Ibogaine
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the Apocynaceae family such as Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana and Tabernaemontana undulata.
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Ice
Ice is water frozen into a solid state.
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Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture, and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.
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Insomnia
Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.
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International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system.
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International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit.
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International Standard Payload Rack
The International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) has been adopted by the International Space Station (ISS) program to support efficient integration and interchangeability of payload hardware – and to maximize joint research among investigators.
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International Year of Biodiversity
The International Year of Biodiversity (IYB) was a year-long celebration of biological diversity and its importance, taking place internationally in 2010.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Jacek Karpiński
Jacek Karpiński (9 April 1927 – 21 February 2010) was a Polish pioneer in computer engineering and computer science.
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Jacques J. Polak
Jacques Jacobus Polak (25 April 1914 – 26 February 2010) was a Dutch economist.
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Jagiellonian University
The Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński; Latin: Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis, also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.
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James Black (pharmacologist)
Sir James Whyte Black (14 June 1924 – 22 March 2010) was a Scottish physician and pharmacologist.
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James F. Masterson
James F. Masterson (March 25, 1926—April 12, 2010) was a prominent American psychiatrist.
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Jerrold E. Marsden
Jerrold Eldon Marsden (August 17, 1942 – September 21, 2010) was a mathematician.
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Joan Hinton
Joan Chase Hinton (Chinese name: 寒春, Pinyin: Hán Chūn; 20 October 1921 – 8 June 2010) was a nuclear physicist and one of the few women scientists who worked for the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos.
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Joanne Simpson
Joanne Simpson (born Joanne Gerould; March 23, 1923 – March 4, 2010) was the first woman to ever receive a Ph.D. in meteorology.
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John Gooders
John Gooders (10 January 1937 – 18 May 2010) was a British writer who first came to prominence with his first book Where to Watch Birds.
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John Keith Irwin
John Keith Irwin (May 21, 1929 – January 3, 2010) was an American sociologist and criminologist who was known internationally as an expert on the American prison system.
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John Shepherd-Barron
John Adrian Shepherd-Barron, OBE (23 June 1925 – 15 May 2010) was a British inventor, who led the team that installed the first cash machine, sometimes referred to as the automated teller machine or ATM.
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John Tate
John Torrence Tate Jr. (born March 13, 1925) is an American mathematician, distinguished for many fundamental contributions in algebraic number theory, arithmetic geometry and related areas in algebraic geometry.
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John Thorbjarnarson
John Bjorn Thorbjarnarson (March 23, 1957 – February 14, 2010) was a crocodilia conservationist known for helping rescue numerous species from the brink of extinction.
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Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System.
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King's College London
King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, and a founding constituent college of the federal University of London.
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Konstantin Novoselov
Sir Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov (born 1974) is a Russian-British physicist, and Langworthy Professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.
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Ky Fan
Ky Fan (樊,, September 19, 1914 – March 22, 2010) was an American mathematician and Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB).
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L'Atalante basin
L'Atalante basin is a hypersaline brine lake at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea about west of the island of Crete.
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Las Vegas Valley
The Las Vegas Valley is a major metropolitan area in the southern part of the U.S. state of Nevada.
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Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
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Lawrence Garfinkel
Lawrence Garfinkel (January 11, 1922 – January 21, 2010) was an American epidemiologist involved in demonstrating the link between smoking and lung cancer.
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Leonard Searle
Leonard Searle (October 23, 1930 – July 2, 2010) was an English-born American astronomer who worked on theories of the Big Bang.
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List of emerging technologies
Emerging technologies are those technical innovations which represent progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage.
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List of years in science
The following entries cover events related to science or technology which occurred in the listed year.
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Little finger
The little finger or pinky finger, also known as the fourth digit or just pinky, is the most ulnar and smallest finger of the human hand, opposite the thumb, and next to the ring finger.
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LOFAR
The Low-Frequency Array or LOFAR, is a large radio telescope network located mainly in the Netherlands, completed in 2012 by ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy and its international partners, and operated by ASTRON's radio observatory, of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research.
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Longevity
The word "longevity" is sometimes used as a synonym for "life expectancy" in demography.
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Loricifera
Loricifera (from Latin, lorica, corselet (armour) + ferre, to bear) is a phylum of very small to microscopic marine cycloneuralian sediment-dwelling animals with 37 described species, in nine genera.
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Lucien Campeau
Lucien Campeau (June 20, 1927March 15, 2010) was a Canadian cardiologist.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.
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Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System after Mercury.
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Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit.
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Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Marshall Warren Nirenberg (April 10, 1927 – January 15, 2010) was a Jewish American biochemist and geneticist.
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Martin Gardner
Martin Gardner (October 21, 1914May 22, 2010) was an American popular mathematics and popular science writer, with interests also encompassing scientific skepticism, micromagic, philosophy, religion, and literature—especially the writings of Lewis Carroll, L. Frank Baum, and G. K. Chesterton.
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
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Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (Max-Planck-Institut für evolutionäre Anthropologie, shortened to MPI EVA) is a research institute based in Leipzig, Germany, founded in 1997.
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McMaster University
McMaster University (commonly referred to as McMaster or Mac) is a public research university in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Measles
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus.
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Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant.
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Meteorology
Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.
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Michael Creeth
James Michael Creeth (3 October 1924 – 15 January 2010) was an English biochemist whose experiments on DNA viscosity confirming the existence of hydrogen bonds between the purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA were crucial to Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Microphone
A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal.
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Moon
The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite.
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Mosquito
Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that constitute the family Culicidae.
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Mouse
A mouse (Mus), plural mice, is a small rodent characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate.
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Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
A Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) was a large pressurized container used on Space Shuttle missions to transfer cargo to and from the International Space Station (ISS).
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Murchison meteorite
The Murchison meteorite is a large meteorite that fell to earth near Murchison, Victoria, in Australia, in 1969.
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
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National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.
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Neanderthal
Neanderthals (also; also Neanderthal Man, taxonomically Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived in Eurasia during at least 430,000 to 38,000 years ago.
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New Brunswick
New Brunswick (Nouveau-Brunswick; Canadian French pronunciation) is one of three Maritime provinces on the east coast of Canada.
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Ngô Bảo Châu
Ngô Bảo Châu (born June 28, 1972) is a Vietnamese-French mathematician at the University of Chicago, best known for proving the fundamental lemma for automorphic forms proposed by Robert Langlands and Diana Shelstad.
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Nicolae Popescu
Nicolae Popescu, Ph.D., D.Phil. (22 September 1937 – 29 July 2010) was a Romanian mathematician and professor at the University of Bucharest.
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Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other molecules available to living organisms.
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Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.
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Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is (subject to the caveats explained below) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface.
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Nossrat Peseschkian
Nossrat Peseschkian (June 18, 1933 – April 27, 2010) lived in Germany since 1954.
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Ocean
An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.
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Old English
Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Orion Nebula
The Orion Nebula (also known as Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976) is a diffuse nebula situated in the Milky Way, being south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion.
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Oswaldo Frota-Pessoa
Oswaldo Frota-Pessoa (March 30, 1917 – March 24, 2010) was a noted Brazilian physician, biologist and geneticist.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.
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Palm Springs, California
Palm Springs (Cahuilla: Se-Khi)Wilkerson, Lyn (2009).
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Pancreas
The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.
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Paranal Observatory
Paranal Observatory is an astronomical observatory operated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO); it is located in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile on Cerro Paranal at altitude, south of Antofagasta.
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Patricia H. Clarke
Patricia Hannah Clarke FRS (née Green) (29 July 1919 – 28 January 2010) was a British biochemist.
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Paul Garabedian
Paul Roesel Garabedian (Փոլ Գարաբեդյան, August 2, 1927, Cincinnati – May 13, 2010, Manhattan) was a mathematician and numerical analyst.
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Paul Malliavin
Paul Malliavin (September 10, 1925 – June 3, 2010) was a French mathematician.
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Paul Müller (biologist)
Paul Müller (11 October 1940 – 30 May 2010) was a German professor of biology at the University of Trier.
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Permafrost
In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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Phylum
In biology, a phylum (plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above Class.
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Pitcher plant
Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid.
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Pluto
Pluto (minor planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond Neptune.
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Polymer
A polymer (Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.
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President of the United States
The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.
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Private spaceflight
Private spaceflight is flight beyond the Kármán line (above the nominal edge of space at Earth altitude)—or the development of new spaceflight technology—that is conducted and paid for by an entity other than a government agency.
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Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual, but are incompatible with the scientific method.
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Qian Weichang
Qian Weichang or Chien Wei-zang (9 October 1912 – 30 July 2010) was a Chinese physicist and applied mathematician, as well as academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
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Quantum computing
Quantum computing is computing using quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement.
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Quantum state
In quantum physics, quantum state refers to the state of an isolated quantum system.
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Radio astronomy
Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies.
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Raymond Allchin
Frank Raymond Allchin FBA (9 July 1923 – 4 June 2010) with his wife, Bridget Allchin FSA (1927–2017), represent one of the most influential British partnerships in the post-Independence study of South Asian archaeology.
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Reptile
Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives.
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Richard F. Heck
Richard Frederick Heck (August 15, 1931 – October 10, 2015) was an American chemist noted for the discovery and development of the Heck reaction, which uses palladium to catalyze organic chemical reactions that couple aryl halides with alkenes.
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Richard Gregory
Richard Langton Gregory CBE FRS FRSE (24 July 1923 – 17 May 2010) was a British psychologist and Emeritus Professor of Neuropsychology at the University of Bristol.
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Richard Keynes
Richard Darwin Keynes, CBE, FRS (14 August 1919 – 12 June 2010) was a British physiologist.
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Richard Lashof
Richard K. Lashof (November 9, 1922 – February 4, 2010) was an American mathematician.
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Rinderpest
Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and many other species of even-toed ungulates, including buffaloes, large antelope and deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs.
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Robert Edwards (physiologist)
Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards, (27 September 1925 – 10 April 2013) was an English physiologist and pioneer in reproductive medicine, and in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) in particular.
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Robert Galambos
Robert Carl Galambos (April 20, 1914 – June 18, 2010) was an American neuroscientist whose pioneering research demonstrated how bats use echolocation for navigation purposes, as well as studies on how sound is processed in the brain.
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Robert H. Burris
Robert H. Burris (April 13, 1914 – May 11, 2010) was a professor in the Biochemistry Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Robin Milner
Arthur John Robin Gorell Milner (13 January 1934 – 20 March 2010), known as Robin Milner or A. J. R. G. Milner, was a British computer scientist, and a Turing Award winner.
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Rodent
Rodents (from Latin rodere, "to gnaw") are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Sheldon Gilgore
Sheldon Gilgore (February 13, 1932 – February 12, 2010) was an American physician and executive who served as president of Pfizer and CEO of G.D. Searle.
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Siberia
Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.
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Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents.
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Siddhartha Mukherjee
Siddhartha Mukherjee (born 21 July 1970) is an Indian-American physician, biologist, oncologist, and author.
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Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
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Skin
Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.
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Snow leopard
The snow leopard or ounce (Panthera uncia) is a large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia.
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Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is a spacecraft built by a European industrial consortium led by Matra Marconi Space (now Astrium) that was launched on a Lockheed Martin Atlas II AS launch vehicle on December 2, 1995, to study the Sun, and has discovered over 3000 comets.
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Solar Impulse
Solar Impulse is a Swiss long-range experimental solar-powered aircraft project, and also the name of the project's two operational aircraft.
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South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.
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Space Shuttle Discovery
Space Shuttle Discovery (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103) is one of the orbiters from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the third of five fully operational orbiters to be built.
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SpaceX
Space Exploration Technologies Corp., doing business as SpaceX, is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California.
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SpaceX Dragon
Dragon is a reusable spacecraft developed by SpaceX, an American private space transportation company based in Hawthorne, California.
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Stanislav Smirnov
Stanislav Konstantinovich Smirnov (Станисла́в Константи́нович Cмирно́в; born 3 September 1970) is a Russian mathematician currently working at the University of Geneva.
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Stanley Greenspan
Stanley Greenspan (June 1, 1941 – April 27, 2010) was a clinical professor of Psychiatry, Behavioral Science, and Pediatrics at George Washington University Medical School and a practicing child psychiatrist.
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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Stephen Schneider
Stephen Henry Schneider (February 11, 1945 – July 19, 2010) was Professor of Environmental Biology and Global Change at Stanford University, a Co-Director at the Center for Environment Science and Policy of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and a Senior Fellow in the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment.
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Stereotactic surgery
Stereotactic surgery or stereotaxy is a minimally invasive form of surgical intervention which makes use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation, biopsy, lesion, injection, stimulation, implantation, radiosurgery (SRS), etc.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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STS-131
STS-131 (ISS assembly flight 19A) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
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Stuttering
Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds. The term stuttering is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels. According to Watkins et al., stuttering is a disorder of "selection, initiation, and execution of motor sequences necessary for fluent speech production." For many people who stutter, repetition is the primary problem. The term "stuttering" covers a wide range of severity, encompassing barely perceptible impediments that are largely cosmetic to severe symptoms that effectively prevent oral communication. In the world, approximately four times as many men as women stutter, encompassing 70 million people worldwide, or about 1% of the world's population. The impact of stuttering on a person's functioning and emotional state can be severe. This may include fears of having to enunciate specific vowels or consonants, fears of being caught stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, being a possible target of bullying having to use word substitution and rearrange words in a sentence to hide stuttering, or a feeling of "loss of control" during speech. Stuttering is sometimes popularly seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is actually no direct correlation in that direction (though as mentioned the inverse can be true, as social anxiety may actually develop in individuals as a result of their stuttering). Stuttering is generally not a problem with the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress do not cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in anxiety and high allostatic stress load (chronic nervousness and stress) that reduce the amount of acute stress necessary to trigger stuttering in any given person who stutters, exacerbating the problem in the manner of a positive feedback system; the name 'stuttered speech syndrome' has been proposed for this condition. Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering. The disorder is also variable, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more severe or less, depending on whether or not the stutterer is self-conscious about their stuttering. Stutterers often find that their stuttering fluctuates and that they have "good" days, "bad" days and "stutter-free" days. The times in which their stuttering fluctuates can be random. Although the exact etiology, or cause, of stuttering is unknown, both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute. There are many treatments and speech therapy techniques available that may help decrease speech disfluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot identify a problem; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present. The severity of the person's stuttering would correspond to the amount of speech therapy needed to decrease disfluency. For severe stuttering, long-term therapy and hard work is required to decrease disfluency.
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Svetozar Kurepa
Svetozar Kurepa (May 25, 1929 – February 2, 2010) was a mathematician whose main contributions were in the areas of functional analysis and operator theory.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Tattoo removal
Tattoo removal has been performed with various tools since the start of tattooing.
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TED (conference)
TED Conferences, LLC (Technology, Entertainment, Design) is a media organization that posts talks online for free distribution, under the slogan "ideas worth spreading".
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Tennessine
Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Ts and atomic number 117.
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Thalidomide
Thalidomide, sold under the brand name Immunoprin, among others, is an immunomodulatory drug and the prototype of the thalidomide class of drugs.
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Thomas C. Peebles
Thomas Chalmers Peebles (June 5, 1921 – July 8, 2010) was an American physician who made multiple discoveries in the field of medicine, including being the first to isolate the measles virus.
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Tiger
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most recognizable for its pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside.
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Titanoboa
Titanoboa, is an extinct genus of snakes that is known to have lived in present-day La Guajira in northeastern Colombia.
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UDFy-38135539
UDFy-38135539 (also known as "HUDF.YD3") is the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF) identifier for a galaxy which was calculated to have a light travel time of 13.1 billion years with a present proper distance of around 30 billion light-years.
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Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
In astroparticle physics, an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) is a cosmic ray particle with a kinetic energy greater than eV, far beyond both the rest mass and energies typical of other cosmic ray particles.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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University College Dublin
University College, Dublin (commonly referred to as UCD; An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath) is a research university in Dublin, Ireland.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.
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University of Leicester
The University of Leicester is a public research university based in Leicester, England.
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Vagina
In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract.
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Valentin Turchin
Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin (Валенти́н Фёдорович Турчи́н, 14 February 1931 in Podolsk – 7 April 2010 in Oakland, New Jersey) was a Soviet and American cybernetician and computer scientist.
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VISTA (telescope)
The VISTA (Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy) is a wide-field reflecting telescope with a 4.1 metre mirror, located at the Paranal Observatory in Chile.
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Vladimir Arnold
Vladimir Igorevich Arnold (alternative spelling Arnol'd, Влади́мир И́горевич Арно́льд, 12 June 1937 – 3 June 2010) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician.
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Walkman
Walkman is a Sony brand tradename, originally used for portable audio cassette players from the late 1970s onwards.
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Walter Plowright
Walter Plowright CMG FRS FRCVS (born 20 July 1923, Holbeach, Lincolnshire – 19 February 2010 London) was an English veterinary scientist who devoted his career to the eradication of the cattle plague rinderpest.
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Walter Rudin
Walter Rudin (May 2, 1921 – May 20, 2010) was an Austrian-American mathematician and professor of Mathematics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
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Woodwardian Professor of Geology
The Woodwardian Professor of Geology is a professorship held in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
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Zheng Ji (biochemist)
Zheng Ji (6 May 1900 – 29 July 2010) was a nutritionist and a pioneering biochemist from Nanxi, Sichuan province, China.
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1969 in science
The year 1969 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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2010 in spaceflight
The year 2010 in spaceflight saw a number of notable events in worldwide spaceflight activities.
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2010 Jupiter impact event
The 2010 Jupiter impact event was a bolide impact event on Jupiter by an object estimated to be about 8–13 meters in diameter.
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332P/Ikeya–Murakami
332P/Ikeya–Murakami (P/2010 V1) is a short-period comet with period of approximately 5.4 years first identified independently by the two Japanese amateur astronomers Kaoru Ikeya and Shigeki Murakami on November 3, 2010.
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3D television
3D television (3DTV) is television that conveys depth perception to the viewer by employing techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, 2D-plus-depth, or any other form of 3D display.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_science
