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252 relations: Acclimatization, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Adaptive evolution in the human genome, Adaptive memory, Adaptive mutation, Adaptive system, Alfred A. Knopf, Alfred Russel Wallace, Allen & Unwin, Allometry, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Animal coloration, Animal communication, Annual Review of Anthropology, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Anti-predator adaptation, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Aristotle, Aristotle's biology, Austryn Wainhouse, Bacteriophage, Bamboo, Batesian mimicry, Bee, Best of all possible worlds, Biological life cycle, Biology, Biome, BioMed Central, Bipedalism, BMC Evolutionary Biology, Body reactivity, Branchial arch, Bumblebee, Butterfly, Cambridge University Press, Camouflage, Candide, Caucasian salamander, Chapman & Hall, Charles Darwin, Chicken, Cichlid, Climate, Co-adaptation, Coevolution, Coloration evidence for natural selection, Columbia University Press, Comparative anatomy, ..., Cornell University Press, Crab, Darwin's finches, David Hull, David Hume, Deer, Developmental biology, DNA, Dominance (genetics), Douglas J. Futuyma, E. B. Ford, Ecological Genetics (book), Ecological niche, Ecological trap, Ecosystem, Elliott Sober, Embryology, Empedocles, Encyclopedia of Earth, Endosymbiont, Ernst Mayr, Escherichia coli, Ethology, Eucalyptus, Eukaryote, Evidence of common descent, Evolution, Evolution (journal), Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, Evolutionary biology, Evolutionary pressure, Evolutionary rescue, Evolvability, Extinction, Eye, Feather, Fecundity, Fetus, Fire salamander, Fish, Fitness (biology), Flowering plant, Food chain, Foraging, Four causes, Free Press (publisher), Fritz Müller, Günter P. Wagner, Generalist and specialist species, Genetic variability, Genetica, Genetics, Genetics (journal), Genetics Society of America, Genotype, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Giant panda, Giraffe, Gold-striped salamander, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Guilford Press, Habitat, Harvard University Press, Henry Walter Bates, Herbivore, Heritability, Homeostasis, Horse, Hoverfly, Hymenoptera, Hyoid bone, Insect, Instinct, Intestinal parasite infection, Intragenomic conflict, Invasive species, Ion, Irish elk, J. B. S. Haldane, Jaw, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, John Maynard Smith, John Murray (publisher), John Wiley & Sons, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Journal of Zoology, Julian Huxley, Koala, Lamarckism, Larva, Last glacial period, Learning, Leghorn chicken, Leigh Van Valen, Liver fluke, Luria–Delbrück experiment, Maladaptation, Malthusian growth model, Mammal, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Mating, Max Delbrück, Müllerian mimicry, McGraw-Hill Education, Methuen Publishing, Microorganism, Mimicry, MIT Press, Mote Marine Laboratory, Mutation, National Council for Science and the Environment, Natural selection, Natural theology, Nature Reviews Genetics, Neanderthal, Neuropsychology, Neutral theory of molecular evolution, Niles Eldredge, Ontogeny, Organism, Oxford University Press, Paleobiology (journal), Paleontology, Parasitism, Peafowl, Pelvis, Penguin, Peter Medawar, Phenotype, Phenotypic plasticity, Phenotypic trait, Philosophy of biology, Phototropism, Physiology, Plato, Pleiotropy, Pollination, Polyploid, Population genetics, Predation, Prentice Hall, Princeton University Press, Punctuated equilibrium, Purine metabolism, Rat, Reaktion Books, Red blood cell, Red Queen hypothesis, Reith Lectures, Relict (biology), Reproductive isolation, Richard Lewontin, RNA world, Robert Knox, Rut (mammalian reproduction), Salvador Luria, Science (journal), Science Advances, Selection coefficient, Sequoia sempervirens, Sewall Wright, Sexual reproduction, Sexual selection, Simon & Schuster, Sinauer Associates, Snail slime, Society for the Study of Evolution, Spandrel (biology), Spartina, Speciation, Species, Springer Science+Business Media, Stephen Jay Gould, Stream, Synapsid, Teleology, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, The Growth of Biological Thought, The Journal of Experimental Biology, The Journal of Philosophy, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Thermoregulation, Thiamine, Toward a New Philosophy of Biology, Transplant experiment, Trifolium pratense, United States Department of Agriculture, University of California Press, University of Chicago Press, Variation and Evolution in Plants, Venom, Vestigiality, Viola tricolor, Voltaire, Wasp, Westview Press, William Paley, Wisdom tooth, Yale University Press, Zygosity. Expand index (202 more) »
Acclimatization
Acclimatization or acclimatisation (also called acclimation or acclimatation) is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.
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Adaptation and Natural Selection
Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought is a 1966 book by the American evolutionary biologist George C. Williams.
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Adaptive evolution in the human genome
Adaptive evolution results from the propagation of advantageous mutations through positive selection.
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Adaptive memory
Adaptive memory is the study of memory systems that have evolved to help retain survival- and fitness-related information, i.e., that are geared toward helping an organism enhance its reproductive fitness and chances of surviving.
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Adaptive mutation
Adaptive mutation is a controversial evolutionary theory.
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Adaptive system
An adaptive system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole that together are able to respond to environmental changes or changes in the interacting parts, in a way analogous to either continuous physiological homeostasis or evolutionary adaptation in biology.
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Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is a New York publishing house that was founded by Alfred A. Knopf Sr. and Blanche Knopf in 1915.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was an English naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist.
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Allen & Unwin
Allen & Unwin is an Australian independent publishing company, established in Australia in 1976 as a subsidiary of the British firm George Allen & Unwin Ltd., which was founded by Sir Stanley Unwin in August 1914 and went on to become one of the leading publishers of the twentieth century.
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Allometry
Allometry is the study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology and finally behaviour, first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, by D'Arcy Thompson in 1917 in On Growth and Form and by Julian Huxley in 1932.
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.
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American Association of Physical Anthropologists
The American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) is an American international scientific society of physical anthropologists, based in the United States.
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Animal coloration
Animal coloration is the general appearance of an animal resulting from the reflection or emission of light from its surfaces.
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Animal communication
Animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers.
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Annual Review of Anthropology
The Annual Review of Anthropology is an annual peer-reviewed academic journal that was established in 1972.
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Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics is an annual scientific journal published by Annual Reviews.
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Anti-predator adaptation
Anti-predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators.
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Appleton-Century-Crofts
Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc. was a division of the Meredith Publishing Company.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Aristotle's biology
Aristotle's biology is the theory of biology, grounded in systematic observation and collection of data, mainly zoological, embodied in Aristotle's books on the science.
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Austryn Wainhouse
Austryn Wainhouse (6 February 1927 - 29 September 2014) was an American author, publisher and translator, primarily of French works and most notably of the Marquis de Sade.
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Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea.
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Bamboo
The bamboos are evergreen perennial flowering plants in the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae.
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Batesian mimicry
Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both.
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Bee
Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their role in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the European honey bee, for producing honey and beeswax.
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Best of all possible worlds
The phrase "the best of all possible worlds" (le meilleur des mondes possibles; Die beste aller möglichen Welten) was coined by the German polymath Gottfried Leibniz in his 1710 work Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal (Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil).
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Biological life cycle
In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Biome
A biome is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in.
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BioMed Central
BioMed Central (BMC) is a United Kingdom-based, for-profit scientific open access publisher.
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Bipedalism
Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs.
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BMC Evolutionary Biology
BMC Evolutionary Biology is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all fields of evolutionary biology, including phylogenetics and palaeontology.
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Body reactivity
Body reactivity is usually understood as the body's ability to react in a proper way to influence the environment.
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Branchial arch
Branchial arches, or gill arches, are a series of bony "loops" present in fish, which support the gills.
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Bumblebee
A bumblebee (or bumble bee, bumble-bee or humble-bee) is any of over 250 species in the genus Bombus, part of Apidae, one of the bee families.
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Butterfly
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Camouflage
Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see (crypsis), or by disguising them as something else (mimesis).
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Candide
Candide, ou l'Optimisme, is a French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment.
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Caucasian salamander
The Caucasian salamander (Mertensiella caucasica) is a species of stream-dwelling salamander in the Salamandridae family.
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Chapman & Hall
Chapman & Hall was a British publishing house in London, founded in the first half of the 19th century by Edward Chapman and William Hall.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Chicken
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
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Cichlid
Cichlids are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Perciformes.
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Climate
Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time.
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Co-adaptation
In biology, co-adaptation is the process by which two or more species, genes or phenotypic traits undergo adaptation as a pair or group.
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Coevolution
In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.
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Coloration evidence for natural selection
Animal coloration provided important early evidence for evolution by natural selection, at a time when little direct evidence was available.
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Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
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Comparative anatomy
Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.
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Cornell University Press
The Cornell University Press is a division of Cornell University housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.
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Crab
Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (abdomen) (translit.
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Darwin's finches
Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about fifteen species of passerine birds.
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David Hull
David Lee Hull (15 June 1935 – 11 August 2010) was a philosopher with a particular interest in the philosophy of biology.
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David Hume
David Hume (born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
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Deer
Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.
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Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Dominance (genetics)
Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus.
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Douglas J. Futuyma
Douglas Joel Futuyma (born 24 April 1942) is an American evolutionary biologist.
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E. B. Ford
Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist.
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Ecological Genetics (book)
Ecological Genetics is a 1964 book by the British biologist E. B. Ford on ecological genetics.
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Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche (CanE, or) is the fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.
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Ecological trap
Ecological traps are scenarios in which rapid environmental change leads organisms to prefer to settle in poor-quality habitats.
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.
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Elliott Sober
Elliott Sober (born 6 June 1948, Baltimore) is Hans Reichenbach Professor and William F. Vilas Research Professor in the Department of Philosophy at University of Wisconsin–Madison.
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Embryology
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.
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Empedocles
Empedocles (Ἐμπεδοκλῆς, Empedoklēs) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily.
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Encyclopedia of Earth
The Encyclopedia of Earth (abbreviated EoE) is an electronic reference about the Earth, its natural environments, and their interaction with society.
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Endosymbiont
An endosymbiont or endobiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism in a symbiotic relationship with the host body or cell, often but not always to mutual benefit.
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Ernst Mayr
Ernst Walter Mayr (5 July 1904 – 3 February 2005) was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Ethology
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.
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Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus L'Héritier 1789 (plural eucalypti, eucalyptuses or eucalypts) is a diverse genus of flowering trees and shrubs (including a distinct group with a multiple-stem mallee growth habit) in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Evidence of common descent
Evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades, demonstrating that all life on Earth comes from a single ancestor.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolution (journal)
Evolution, the International Journal of Organic Evolution, is a monthly scientific journal that publishes significant new results of empirical or theoretical investigations concerning facts, processes, mechanics, or concepts of evolutionary phenomena and events.
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Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles
The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary event in which bones in the jaw of reptiles were co-opted to form part of the hearing apparatus in mammals.
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Evolution: The Modern Synthesis
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, a popularising 1942 book by Julian Huxley (grandson of T.H. Huxley), set out his vision of the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology of the early 20th century.
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Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth, starting from a single common ancestor.
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Evolutionary pressure
Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a portion of a population potentially exerts evolutionary pressure, selective pressure or selection pressure.
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Evolutionary rescue
Evolutionary rescue is a theoretical situation in which a population recovers from environmental pressure through advantageous genetic change rather than increased gene flow, migration, dispersal or other demographic rescue techniques.
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Evolvability
Evolvability is defined as the capacity of a system for adaptive evolution.
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Extinction
In biology, extinction is the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species.
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Eye
Eyes are organs of the visual system.
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Feather
Feathers are epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds and other, extinct species' of dinosaurs.
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Fecundity
In human demography and population biology, fecundity is the potential for reproduction of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set, or asexual propagules.
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Fetus
A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.
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Fire salamander
The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is possibly the best-known salamander species in Europe.
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Fish
Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.
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Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology.
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Flowering plant
The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.
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Food chain
A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms (such as grass or trees which use radiation from the Sun to make their food) and ending at apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria).
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Foraging
Foraging is searching for wild food resources.
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Four causes
The "four causes" are elements of an influential principle in Aristotelian thought whereby explanations of change or movement are classified into four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?".
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Free Press (publisher)
Free Press was a book publishing imprint of Simon & Schuster.
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Fritz Müller
Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller (31 March 1821 – 21 May 1897), better known as Fritz Müller, and also as Müller-Desterro, was a German biologist who emigrated to southern Brazil, where he lived in and near the German community of Blumenau, Santa Catarina.
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Günter P. Wagner
Günter P. Wagner (born May 28, 1954 in Vienna, Austria) is Alison Richard Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary biology at Yale University, and head of the Wagner Lab.
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Generalist and specialist species
A generalist species is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (for example, a heterotroph with a varied diet).
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Genetic variability
Genetic variability is either the presence of, or the generation of, genetic differences.
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Genetica
Genetica is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in genetics and evolutionary biology.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Genetics (journal)
Genetics is a monthly scientific journal publishing investigations bearing on heredity, genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology.
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Genetics Society of America
The Genetics Society of America (GSA) is a scholarly membership society of more than 5,500 genetics researchers and educators, established in 1931.
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Genotype
The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an organism or individual, which determines one of its characteristics (phenotype).
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Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopédiste.
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Giant panda
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca, literally "black and white cat-foot";, literally "big bear cat"), also known as panda bear or simply panda, is a bear native to south central China.
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Giraffe
The giraffe (Giraffa) is a genus of African even-toed ungulate mammals, the tallest living terrestrial animals and the largest ruminants.
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Gold-striped salamander
The gold-striped salamander, golden-striped salamander, saramaganta or píntega rabilonga (Chioglossa lusitanica) is a species of salamander in the Salamandridae family.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Guilford Press
Guilford Publications, Inc. is a New York City-based independent publisher founded in 1973 that specializes in publishing books, journals, and DVDs in psychology, psychiatry, the behavioral sciences, education, and geography.
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Habitat
In ecology, a habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.
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Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
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Henry Walter Bates
Henry Walter Bates (8 February 1825 in Leicester – 16 February 1892 in London) was an English naturalist and explorer who gave the first scientific account of mimicry in animals.
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Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet.
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Heritability
Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.
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Horse
The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''.
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Hoverfly
Hoverflies, sometimes called flower flies, or syrphid flies, make up the insect family Syrphidae.
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Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants.
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Hyoid bone
The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.
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Insect
Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum.
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Instinct
Instinct or innate behavior is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behavior.
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Intestinal parasite infection
An intestinal parasite infection is a condition in which a parasite infects the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other animals.
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Intragenomic conflict
Intragenomic conflict refers to the evolutionary phenomenon where genes have phenotypic effects that promote their own transmission in detriment of the transmission of other genes that reside in the same genome.
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Invasive species
An invasive species is a species that is not native to a specific location (an introduced species), and that has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy or human health.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Irish elk
The Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus) also called the giant deer or Irish giant deer, is an extinct species of deer in the genus Megaloceros and is one of the largest deer that ever lived.
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J. B. S. Haldane
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (5 November 18921 December 1964) was an English scientist known for his work in the study of physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and in mathematics, where he made innovative contributions to the fields of statistics and biostatistics.
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Jaw
The jaw is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth, typically used for grasping and manipulating food.
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist.
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John Maynard Smith
John Maynard Smith (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical and mathematical evolutionary biologist and geneticist.
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John Murray (publisher)
John Murray is a British publisher, known for the authors it has published in its history, including Jane Austen, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Lord Byron, Charles Lyell, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Herman Melville, Edward Whymper, and Charles Darwin.
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John Wiley & Sons
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., also referred to as Wiley, is a global publishing company that specializes in academic publishing.
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Journal of Evolutionary Biology
The Journal of Evolutionary Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of evolutionary biology.
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Journal of Zoology
The Journal of Zoology is a scientific journal concerning zoology, the study of animals.
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Julian Huxley
Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist.
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Koala
The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus, or, inaccurately, koala bear) is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia.
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Lamarckism
Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that it has acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring.
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Larva
A larva (plural: larvae) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults.
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Last glacial period
The last glacial period occurred from the end of the Eemian interglacial to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period years ago.
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Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.
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Leghorn chicken
The Leghorn (italic or Livornese) is a breed of chicken originating in Tuscany, in central Italy.
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Leigh Van Valen
Leigh Van Valen (August 12, 1935 – October 16, 2010) was a U.S. evolutionary biologist.
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Liver fluke
Liver fluke is a collective name of a polyphyletic group of parasitic trematodes under the phylum Platyhelminthes.
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Luria–Delbrück experiment
The Luria–Delbrück experiment (1943) (also called the Fluctuation Test) demonstrates that in bacteria, genetic mutations arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selection.
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Maladaptation
A maladaptation is a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful, in contrast with an adaptation, which is more helpful than harmful.
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Malthusian growth model
A Malthusian growth model, sometimes called a simple exponential growth model, is essentially exponential growth based on a constant rate.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers was an independent academic publishing company dating back to the nineteenth century, which is now an imprint of Brill Publishers.
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Mating
In biology, mating (or mateing in British English) is the pairing of either opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms, usually for the purposes of sexual reproduction.
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Max Delbrück
Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück (September 4, 1906 – March 9, 1981), a German–American biophysicist, helped launch the molecular biology research program in the late 1930s.
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Müllerian mimicry
Müllerian mimicry is a natural phenomenon in which two or more unprofitable (often, distasteful) species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's honest warning signals, to their mutual benefit, since predators can learn to avoid all of them with fewer experiences.
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McGraw-Hill Education
McGraw-Hill Education (MHE) is a learning science company and one of the "big three" educational publishers that provides customized educational content, software, and services for pre-K through postgraduate education.
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Methuen Publishing
Methuen Publishing Ltd is an English publishing house.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Mimicry
In evolutionary biology, mimicry is a similarity of one organism, usually an animal, to another that has evolved because the resemblance is selectively favoured by the behaviour of a shared signal receiver that can respond to both.
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MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).
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Mote Marine Laboratory
Mote Marine Laboratory is an independent, not-for-profit, marine research organization based on City Island in Sarasota, Florida, with additional campuses in eastern Sarasota County, Boca Grande, Florida, and the Florida Keys.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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National Council for Science and the Environment
The National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE) is a U.S.-based non-profit organization which has a mission to improve the scientific basis for environmental decision-making.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Natural theology
Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology that provides arguments for the existence of God based on reason and ordinary experience of nature.
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Nature Reviews Genetics
Nature Reviews Genetics is a monthly review journal in genetics and covers the full breadth of modern genetics.
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Neanderthal
Neanderthals (also; also Neanderthal Man, taxonomically Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived in Eurasia during at least 430,000 to 38,000 years ago.
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Neuropsychology
Neuropsychology is the study of the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviours.
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Neutral theory of molecular evolution
The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that at the molecular level most evolutionary changes and most of the variation within and between species is not caused by natural selection but by genetic drift of mutant alleles that are neutral.
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Niles Eldredge
Niles Eldredge (born August 25, 1943) is a U.S. biologist and paleontologist, who, along with Stephen Jay Gould, proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium in 1972.
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Ontogeny
Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to the organism's mature form—although the term can be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan.
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Organism
In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Paleobiology (journal)
Paleobiology is a scientific journal promoting the integration of biology and conventional paleontology, with emphasis placed on biological or paleobiological processes and patterns.
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Paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).
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Parasitism
In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
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Peafowl
The peafowl include three species of birds in the genera Pavo and Afropavo of the Phasianidae family, the pheasants and their allies.
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Pelvis
The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is either the lower part of the trunk of the human body between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region of the trunk) or the skeleton embedded in it (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton).
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Penguin
Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic, flightless birds.
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Peter Medawar
Sir Peter Brian Medawar (28 February 1915 – 2 October 1987) was a British biologist born in Brazil, whose work on graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune tolerance was fundamental to the practice of tissue and organ transplants.
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Phenotype
A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
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Phenotypic plasticity
Phenotypic plasticity refers to some of the changes in an organism's behavior, morphology and physiology in response to a unique environment.
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Phenotypic trait
A phenotypic trait, or simply trait, is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two.
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Philosophy of biology
The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences.
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Phototropism
Phototropism is the growth of an organism which responds to a light stimulus.
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Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.
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Plato
Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Pleiotropy
Pleiotropy (from Greek πλείων pleion, "more", and τρόπος tropos, "way") occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.
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Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male part of a plant to a female part of a plant, enabling later fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind.
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Polyploid
Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.
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Population genetics
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.
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Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a hunting animal) kills and eats its prey (the organism that is attacked).
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Prentice Hall
Prentice Hall is a major educational publisher owned by Pearson plc.
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Punctuated equilibrium
Punctuated equilibrium (also called punctuated equilibria) is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that once species appear in the fossil record the population will become stable, showing little evolutionary change for most of its geological history.
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Purine metabolism
Purine metabolism refers to the metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down purines that are present in many organisms.
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Rat
Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents in the superfamily Muroidea.
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Reaktion Books
Reaktion Books is an independent book publisher based in Islington, London, England.
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Red blood cell
Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
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Red Queen hypothesis
The Red Queen hypothesis, also referred to as Red Queen's, Red Queen's race or the Red Queen effect, is an evolutionary hypothesis which proposes that organisms must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate not merely to gain reproductive advantage, but also simply to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing organisms in an ever-changing environment.
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Reith Lectures
The Reith Lectures is a series of annual radio lectures given by leading figures of the day, commissioned by the BBC and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service.
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Relict (biology)
In biogeography and paleontology a relict is a population or taxon of organisms that was more widespread or more diverse in the past.
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Reproductive isolation
The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation.
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Richard Lewontin
Richard Charles "Dick" Lewontin (born March 29, 1929) is an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator.
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RNA world
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins.
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Robert Knox
Robert Knox, (4 September 1793 – 20 December 1862) was a Scottish anatomist, zoologist, ethologist and doctor.
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Rut (mammalian reproduction)
The rut, derived from the Latin rugire (meaning "to roar"), is the mating season of mammals which includes ruminant animals such as deer, sheep, camels, goats, pronghorns, bison, giraffes and antelopes but extends to others such as skunks and elephants.
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Salvador Luria
Salvador Edward Luria (August 13, 1912 – February 6, 1991) was an Italian microbiologist, later a naturalized U.S. citizen.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Science Advances
Science Advances is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary open-access scientific journal established in early 2015.
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Selection coefficient
In population genetics, a selection coefficient, usually denoted by the letter s, is a measure of differences in fitness.
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Sequoia sempervirens
Sequoia sempervirens Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 is the sole living species of the genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae (formerly treated in Taxodiaceae).
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Sewall Wright
Sewall Green Wright (December 21, 1889March 3, 1988) was an American geneticist known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis.
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Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm.
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Sexual selection
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).
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Simon & Schuster
Simon & Schuster, Inc., a subsidiary of CBS Corporation, is an American publishing company founded in New York City in 1924 by Richard Simon and Max Schuster.
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Sinauer Associates
Sinauer Associates, Inc. is a publisher of college-level textbooks.
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Snail slime
Snail slime is a kind of mucus, an external bodily secretion which is produced by snails, gastropod mollusks.
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Society for the Study of Evolution
The Society for the Study of Evolution is a professional organization of evolutionary biologists.
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Spandrel (biology)
In evolutionary biology, a spandrel is a phenotypic characteristic that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection.
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Spartina
Spartina, commonly known as cordgrass or cord-grass, is a genus of plants in the grass family, frequently found in coastal salt marshes.
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Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Stephen Jay Gould
Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science.
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Stream
A stream is a body of water with surface water flowing within the bed and banks of a channel.
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Synapsid
Synapsids (Greek, 'fused arch'), synonymous with theropsids (Greek, 'beast-face'), are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals than to other living amniotes.
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Teleology
Teleology or finality is a reason or explanation for something in function of its end, purpose, or goal.
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The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex is a book by English naturalist Charles Darwin, first published in 1871, which applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection, a form of biological adaptation distinct from, yet interconnected with, natural selection.
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The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection is a book by Ronald Fisher which combines Mendelian genetics with Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, with Fisher being the first to argue that "Mendelism therefore validates Darwinism" and stating with regard to mutations that "The vast majority of large mutations are deleterious; small mutations are both far more frequent and more likely to be useful", thus refuting orthogenesis.
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The Growth of Biological Thought
The Growth of Biological Thought (992 pages, Belknap Press) is a book written by Ernst Mayr, first published in 1982.
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
The Journal of Experimental Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of comparative physiology and integrative biology.
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The Journal of Philosophy
The Journal of Philosophy is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal on philosophy, founded in 1904 at Columbia University.
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Theodosius Dobzhansky
Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky (Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добжа́нський; Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a prominent Ukrainian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist, and a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis.
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Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.
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Thiamine
Thiamine, also known as thiamin or vitamin B1, is a vitamin found in food, and manufactured as a dietary supplement and medication.
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Toward a New Philosophy of Biology
Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist (published by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1988) is a book by Harvard evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr.
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Transplant experiment
A transplant experiment, also known as a common garden experiment, is an experiment to test the effect of environment by moving two species from their native environments into a common environment.
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Trifolium pratense
Trifolium pratense, the red clover, is a herbaceous species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa, but planted and naturalised in many other regions.
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United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), also known as the Agriculture Department, is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food.
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University of California Press
University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
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University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.
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Variation and Evolution in Plants
Variation and Evolution in Plants is a book written by G. Ledyard Stebbins, published in 1950.
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Venom
Venomous Animals Venom is a form of toxin secreted by an animal for the purpose of causing harm to another.
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Vestigiality
Vestigiality is the retention during the process of evolution of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of their ancestral function in a given species.
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Viola tricolor
Viola tricolor, Also known as Johnny Jump up (though this name is also applied to similar species such as the yellow pansy), heartsease, heart's ease, heart's delight, tickle-my-fancy, Jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me, come-and-cuddle-me, three faces in a hood, or love-in-idleness, is a common European wild flower, growing as an annual or short-lived perennial.
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Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on Christianity as a whole, especially the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and separation of church and state.
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Wasp
A wasp is any insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a bee nor an ant.
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Westview Press
Westview Press was an American publishing house.
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William Paley
William Paley (July 1743 – 25 May 1805) was an English clergyman, Christian apologist, philosopher, and utilitarian.
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Wisdom tooth
A wisdom tooth or third molar is one of the three molars per quadrant of the human dentition.
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Yale University Press
Yale University Press is a university press associated with Yale University.
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Zygosity
Zygosity is the degree of similarity of the alleles for a trait in an organism.
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Adaptating, Adaptation (biology), Adaptations, Adapted, Adaptedness, Adaption, Adaptive Evolution, Adaptive evolution, Adaptive trait, Biological adaptation, Biological adaption, Counter-adaptation, Counter-adaptations, Counteradaptation, Counteradaptations, Darwinian adaptation, Evolutionary adaptation, Physiological adaptations, Selective advantage, Structural adaptation.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation
