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Table of Contents

1. 764 relations: A. Philip Randolph, Aaron Henry (politician), AARP, Abolitionism in the United States, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Abraham Lincoln, Acadiana, Activism, Adam Clayton Powell Jr., Adam Roberts (scholar), Affirmative action, African Americans, African-American middle class, Afro, Alabama, Alabama National Guard, Alabama State University, Albany Movement, Albany, Georgia, Albert Cleage, Albert Raby, Alex Haley, Alexander Tsesis, Alexandria, Virginia, Amelia Boynton Robinson, America in the King Years, American Archive of Public Broadcasting, American Civil War, American Indian Movement, American Jewish Committee, American Jewish Congress, American Jews, American Nazi Party, Americans, Amicus curiae, Amos T. Akerman, Amzie Moore, An Appeal for Human Rights, And you are lynching Negroes, Andrew Goodman (activist), Andrew Young, Anne Braden, Anne Moody, Annie Bell Robinson Devine, Annie Lee Cooper, Annie Stein, Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks, Anniston, Alabama, Anti-communism, Anti-Defamation League, ... Expand index (714 more) » « Shrink index

2. 1954 establishments in the United States
3. 1968 disestablishments in the United States
4. 20th-century social movements
5. Politics of the Southern United States

A. Philip Randolph

Asa Philip Randolph (April 15, 1889 – May 16, 1979) was an American labor unionist and civil rights activist.

See Civil rights movement and A. Philip Randolph

Aaron Henry (politician)

Aaron Henry (July 2, 1922 – May 19, 1997) was an American civil rights leader, politician, and head of the Mississippi branch of the NAACP.

See Civil rights movement and Aaron Henry (politician)

AARP

AARP, formerly the American Association of Retired Persons, is an interest group in the United States focusing on issues affecting those over the age of fifty.

See Civil rights movement and AARP

Abolitionism in the United States

In the United States, abolitionism, the movement that sought to end slavery in the country, was active from the colonial era until the American Civil War, the end of which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (ratified 1865).

See Civil rights movement and Abolitionism in the United States

Abraham Joshua Heschel

Abraham Joshua Heschel (January 11, 1907 – December 23, 1972) was a Polish-American rabbi and one of the leading Jewish theologians and Jewish philosophers of the 20th century.

See Civil rights movement and Abraham Joshua Heschel

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865.

See Civil rights movement and Abraham Lincoln

Acadiana

Acadiana (French and Louisiana French: L'Acadiane), also known as the Cajun Country (Louisiana French: Le Pays Cadjin, País Cajún), is the official name given to the French Louisiana region that has historically contained much of the state's Francophone population.

See Civil rights movement and Acadiana

Activism

Activism (or advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good. Civil rights movement and Activism are community organizing.

See Civil rights movement and Activism

Adam Clayton Powell Jr.

Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (November 29, 1908 – April 4, 1972) was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971.

See Civil rights movement and Adam Clayton Powell Jr.

Adam Roberts (scholar)

Sir Adam Roberts (born 29 August 1940) is Emeritus Professor of International Relations at the University of Oxford, a senior research fellow in Oxford University's Department of Politics and International Relations, and an emeritus fellow of Balliol College, Oxford.

See Civil rights movement and Adam Roberts (scholar)

Affirmative action

Affirmative action (also sometimes called reservations, alternative access, positive discrimination or positive action in various countries' laws and policies) refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups.

See Civil rights movement and Affirmative action

African Americans

African Americans, also known as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. Civil rights movement and African Americans are history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and African Americans

African-American middle class

The African-American middle class consists of African-Americans who have middle-class status within the American class structure.

See Civil rights movement and African-American middle class

Afro

The afro is a hair style created by combing out natural growth of afro-textured hair, or specifically styled with chemical curling products by individuals with naturally curly or straight hair.

See Civil rights movement and Afro

Alabama

Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Alabama

Alabama National Guard

The Alabama National Guard is the National Guard of the U.S State of Alabama, and consists of the Alabama Army National Guard and the Alabama Air National Guard.

See Civil rights movement and Alabama National Guard

Alabama State University

Alabama State University (ASU, Bama State, or Alabama State) is a public historically black university in Montgomery, Alabama.

See Civil rights movement and Alabama State University

Albany Movement

The Albany Movement was a desegregation and voters' rights coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, in November 1961. Civil rights movement and Albany Movement are history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Albany Movement

Albany, Georgia

Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia.

See Civil rights movement and Albany, Georgia

Albert Cleage

Albert B. Cleage Jr.

See Civil rights movement and Albert Cleage

Albert Raby

Albert Anderson Raby (1933 – November 23, 1988) was a teacher at Chicago's Hess Upper Grade Center who secured the support of Martin Luther King Jr. to desegregate schools and housing in Chicago between 1965 and 1967.

See Civil rights movement and Albert Raby

Alex Haley

Alexander Murray Palmer Haley (August 11, 1921 – February 10, 1992) was an American writer and the author of the 1976 book Roots: The Saga of an American Family. ABC adapted the book as a television miniseries of the same name and aired it in 1977 to a record-breaking audience of 130 million viewers.

See Civil rights movement and Alex Haley

Alexander Tsesis

Alexander Tsesis is an American constitutional scholar who holds D'Alemberte chair in constitutional law at the Florida State University College of Law.

See Civil rights movement and Alexander Tsesis

Alexandria, Virginia

Alexandria is an independent city in the northern region of the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States.

See Civil rights movement and Alexandria, Virginia

Amelia Boynton Robinson

Amelia Isadora Platts Boynton Robinson (August 18, 1905 – August 26, 2015) was an American activist who was a leader of the American Civil Rights Movement in Selma, Alabama, and a key figure in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches.

See Civil rights movement and Amelia Boynton Robinson

America in the King Years

America in the King Years is a three-volume history of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement by Taylor Branch, which he wrote between 1982 and 2006.

See Civil rights movement and America in the King Years

American Archive of Public Broadcasting

The American Archive of Public Broadcasting (AAPB) is a collaboration between the Library of Congress and WGBH Educational Foundation, founded through the efforts of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB).

See Civil rights movement and American Archive of Public Broadcasting

American Civil War

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union.

See Civil rights movement and American Civil War

American Indian Movement

The American Indian Movement (AIM) is an American Indian grassroots movement which was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1968, initially centered in urban areas in order to address systemic issues of poverty, discrimination, and police brutality against American Indians. Civil rights movement and American Indian Movement are social movements in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and American Indian Movement

American Jewish Committee

The American Jewish Committee (AJC) is a civil rights group and Jewish advocacy group established on November 11, 1906.

See Civil rights movement and American Jewish Committee

American Jewish Congress

The American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) is an association of American Jews organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts.

See Civil rights movement and American Jewish Congress

American Jews

American Jews or Jewish Americans are American citizens who are Jewish, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion.

See Civil rights movement and American Jews

American Nazi Party

The American Nazi Party (ANP) is an American far-right and neo-Nazi political party founded by George Lincoln Rockwell and headquartered in Arlington, Virginia.

See Civil rights movement and American Nazi Party

Americans

Americans are the citizens and nationals of the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Americans

Amicus curiae

An amicus curiae is an individual or organization that is not a party to a legal case, but that is permitted to assist a court by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case.

See Civil rights movement and Amicus curiae

Amos T. Akerman

Amos Tappan Akerman (February 23, 1821 – December 21, 1880) was an American politician who served as United States Attorney General under President Ulysses S. Grant from 1870 to 1871.

See Civil rights movement and Amos T. Akerman

Amzie Moore

Amzie Moore (September 23, 1911 – February 1, 1982) was an African-American civil rights leader and entrepreneur in the Mississippi Delta.

See Civil rights movement and Amzie Moore

An Appeal for Human Rights

An Appeal for Human Rights is a civil rights manifesto initially printed as an advertisement in Atlanta newspapers on March 9, 1960 that called for ending racial inequality in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Civil rights movement and an Appeal for Human Rights are Defunct American political movements, history of civil rights in the United States and nonviolent resistance movements.

See Civil rights movement and An Appeal for Human Rights

And you are lynching Negroes

"And you are lynching Negroes" (translit; which also means "Yet, in your, hang Negroes") is a catchphrase that describes or satirizes Soviet responses to US criticisms of Soviet human rights violations.

See Civil rights movement and And you are lynching Negroes

Andrew Goodman (activist)

Andrew Goodman (November 23, 1943June 21, 1964) was an American civil rights activist.

See Civil rights movement and Andrew Goodman (activist)

Andrew Young

Andrew Jackson Young Jr. (born March 12, 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, and activist.

See Civil rights movement and Andrew Young

Anne Braden

Anne McCarty Braden (July 28, 1924 – March 6, 2006) was an American civil rights activist, journalist, and educator dedicated to the cause of racial equality.

See Civil rights movement and Anne Braden

Anne Moody

Anne Moody (September 15, 1940 – February 5, 2015) was an American author who wrote about her experiences growing up poor and black in rural Mississippi, and her involvement in the Civil Rights Movement through the NAACP, CORE and SNCC.

See Civil rights movement and Anne Moody

Annie Bell Robinson Devine

Annie Bell Robinson Devine (1912–2000) was an American activist in the Civil Rights Movement.

See Civil rights movement and Annie Bell Robinson Devine

Annie Lee Cooper

Annie Lee Wilkerson Cooper (born Annie Lee Wilkerson; June 2, 1910 – November 24, 2010) was an African-American civil rights activist.

See Civil rights movement and Annie Lee Cooper

Annie Stein

Annie Stein was a civil rights activist who focused on desegregating Washington, D.C. theaters, restaurants and department stores.

See Civil rights movement and Annie Stein

Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks

The Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks, which occurred on May 14, 1961, in Anniston and Birmingham, both Alabama, were acts of mob violence targeted against civil rights activists protesting against racial segregation in the Southern United States. Civil rights movement and Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Anniston and Birmingham bus attacks

Anniston, Alabama

Anniston is the county seat of Calhoun County in Alabama, United States, and is one of two urban centers/principal cities of and included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area.

See Civil rights movement and Anniston, Alabama

Anti-communism

Anti-communism is political and ideological opposition to communist beliefs, groups, and individuals.

See Civil rights movement and Anti-communism

Anti-Defamation League

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), formerly known as the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, is a New York–based international non-governmental organization that was founded to combat antisemitism, bigotry and discrimination.

See Civil rights movement and Anti-Defamation League

Anti-imperialism

Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is opposition to imperialism or neocolonialism.

See Civil rights movement and Anti-imperialism

Anti-miscegenation laws

Anti-miscegenation laws are laws that enforce racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes, they also criminalize sex between members of different races.

See Civil rights movement and Anti-miscegenation laws

Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States

In the United States, many U.S. states historically had anti-miscegenation laws which prohibited interracial marriage and, in some states, interracial sexual relations.

See Civil rights movement and Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States

Apartheid

Apartheid (especially South African English) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s.

See Civil rights movement and Apartheid

Appalachia

Appalachia is a geographic region located in the central and southern sections of the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States.

See Civil rights movement and Appalachia

Arkansas

Arkansas is a landlocked state in the West South Central region of the Southern United States.

See Civil rights movement and Arkansas

Arms industry

The arms industry, also known as the defence (or defense) industry, military industry, or the arms trade, is a global industry which manufactures and sells weapons and military technology.

See Civil rights movement and Arms industry

Asian American movement

The Asian American Movement was a sociopolitical movement in which the widespread grassroots effort of Asian Americans affected racial, social and political change in the U.S., reaching its peak in the late 1960s to mid-1970s.

See Civil rights movement and Asian American movement

Asian Pacific Americans

Asian/Pacific American (APA) or Asian/Pacific Islander (API) or Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) or Asian American and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islander (AANHPI) is a term sometimes used in the United States when including both Asian and Pacific Islander Americans.

See Civil rights movement and Asian Pacific Americans

Assassination of John F. Kennedy

On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was assassinated while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas.

See Civil rights movement and Assassination of John F. Kennedy

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr., an African-American clergyman and civil rights movement leader, was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, at 6:01 p.m. CST.

See Civil rights movement and Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Atlanta

Atlanta is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia.

See Civil rights movement and Atlanta

Atlanta Student Movement

The Atlanta Student Movement was formed in February 1960 in Atlanta by students of the campuses Atlanta University Center (AUC). Civil rights movement and Atlanta Student Movement are 1960s in the United States, Defunct American political movements and nonviolent resistance movements.

See Civil rights movement and Atlanta Student Movement

Atlanta University Center

The Atlanta University Center Consortium (AUC Consortium) is a collaboration between four historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in southwest Atlanta, Georgia: Clark Atlanta University, Spelman College, Morehouse College, and the Morehouse School of Medicine.

See Civil rights movement and Atlanta University Center

Atlantic City, New Jersey

Atlantic City, sometimes referred to by its initials A.C., is a Jersey Shore seaside resort city in Atlantic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

See Civil rights movement and Atlantic City, New Jersey

Audre Lorde

Audre Lorde (born Audrey Geraldine Lorde; February 18, 1934 – November 17, 1992) was an American writer, professor, philosopher, intersectional feminist, poet and civil rights activist.

See Civil rights movement and Audre Lorde

Autherine Lucy

Autherine Juanita Lucy (October 5, 1929 – March 2, 2022) was an American activist who was the first African-American student to attend the University of Alabama, in 1956.

See Civil rights movement and Autherine Lucy

Backlash (sociology)

A backlash is a strong adverse reaction to an idea, action, or object.

See Civil rights movement and Backlash (sociology)

Baldwin–Kennedy meeting

The Baldwin–Kennedy meeting of May 24, 1963 was an attempt to improve race relations in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Baldwin–Kennedy meeting

Baltimore

Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland.

See Civil rights movement and Baltimore

Baltimore Afro-American

The Baltimore Afro-American, commonly known as The Afro or Afro News, is a weekly African-American newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland.

See Civil rights movement and Baltimore Afro-American

Baltimore riot of 1968

The Baltimore riot of 1968 was a period of civil unrest that lasted from April 6 to April 14, 1968, in Baltimore.

See Civil rights movement and Baltimore riot of 1968

Barbara Ehrenreich

Barbara Ehrenreich (August 26, 1941 – September 1, 2022) was an American author and political activist.

See Civil rights movement and Barbara Ehrenreich

Barbara Jordan

Barbara Charline Jordan (February 21, 1936 – January 17, 1996) was an American lawyer, educator, and politician.

See Civil rights movement and Barbara Jordan

Barbara Ransby

Barbara Ransby (born May 12, 1957) is a writer, historian, professor, and activist.

See Civil rights movement and Barbara Ransby

Barry Goldwater

Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was an American politician and major general in the Air Force Reserve who served as a United States senator from 1953 to 1965 and 1969 to 1987, and was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964.

See Civil rights movement and Barry Goldwater

Battle of Hayes Pond

The Battle of Hayes Pond, also known as the Battle of Maxton Field or the Maxton Riot, was an armed confrontation between members of a Ku Klux Klan (KKK) organization and Lumbee people at a Klan rally near Maxton, North Carolina, on the night of January 18, 1958.

See Civil rights movement and Battle of Hayes Pond

Bayard Rustin

Bayard Rustin (March 17, 1912 – August 24, 1987) was an American political activist, a prominent leader in social movements for civil rights, socialism, nonviolence, and gay rights. Civil rights movement and Bayard Rustin are community organizing.

See Civil rights movement and Bayard Rustin

Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn

Bedford–Stuyvesant, colloquially known as Bed–Stuy, is a neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn.

See Civil rights movement and Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn

Benjamin Mays

Benjamin Elijah Mays (August 1, 1894 – March 28, 1984) was an American Baptist minister and American rights leader who is credited with laying the intellectual foundations of the American civil rights movement.

See Civil rights movement and Benjamin Mays

Bernard Lafayette

Bernard Lafayette (or LaFayette), Jr. (born July 29, 1940) is an American civil rights activist and organizer, who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement.

See Civil rights movement and Bernard Lafayette

Bernard Lee (activist)

Bernard Lee (October 2, 1935 – February 10, 1991) was an activist and member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the Civil Rights Movement.

See Civil rights movement and Bernard Lee (activist)

Billboard Year-End

Billboard Year-End charts are cumulative rankings of entries in Billboard magazine charts in the United States in any given chart year.

See Civil rights movement and Billboard Year-End

Birmingham campaign

The Birmingham campaign, also known as the Birmingham movement or Birmingham confrontation, was an American movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama.

See Civil rights movement and Birmingham campaign

Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument

The Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument is a United States National Monument in Birmingham, Alabama established in 2017 to preserve and commemorate the work of the 1963 Birmingham campaign, its Children's Crusade, and other Civil Rights Movement events and actions.

See Civil rights movement and Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument

Birmingham riot of 1963

The Birmingham riot of 1963 was a civil disorder and riot in Birmingham, Alabama, that was provoked by bombings on the night of May 11, 1963.

See Civil rights movement and Birmingham riot of 1963

Birmingham, Alabama

Birmingham is a city in the north central region of Alabama.

See Civil rights movement and Birmingham, Alabama

Black genocide in the United States

In the United States, black genocide is the argument that the systemic mistreatment of African Americans by both the United States government and white Americans, both in the past and the present, amounts to genocide.

See Civil rights movement and Black genocide in the United States

Black Guerrilla Family

The Black Guerrilla Family (BGF, also known as the Black Gorilla Family, the Black Family, the Black Vanguard, and Jamaa) is an African American black power prison gang, street gang, and political organization founded in 1966 by George Jackson, George "Big Jake" Lewis, and W.L. Nolen while they were incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, California.

See Civil rights movement and Black Guerrilla Family

Black Lives Matter

Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a decentralized political and social movement that seeks to highlight racism, discrimination, and racial inequality experienced by black people and to promote anti-racism. Civil rights movement and black Lives Matter are history of African-American civil rights and social movements in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Black Lives Matter

Black nationalism

Black nationalism is a nationalist movement which seeks representation for black people as a distinct national identity, especially in racialized, colonial and postcolonial societies.

See Civil rights movement and Black nationalism

Black Panther Party

The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist–Leninist and black power political organization founded by college students Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton in October 1966 in Oakland, California. Civil rights movement and black Panther Party are Defunct American political movements.

See Civil rights movement and Black Panther Party

Black power

Black power is a political slogan and a name which is given to various associated ideologies which aim to achieve self-determination for black people.

See Civil rights movement and Black power

Black power movement

The black power movement or black liberation movement was a branch or counterculture within the civil rights movement of the United States, reacting against its more moderate, mainstream, or incremental tendencies and motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency that was not available inside redlined African American neighborhoods. Civil rights movement and black power movement are social movements in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Black power movement

Black separatism

Black separatism is a separatist political movement that seeks separate economic and cultural development for those of African descent in societies, particularly in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Black separatism

Bloomsbury

Bloomsbury is a district in the West End of London, part of the London Borough of Camden in England.

See Civil rights movement and Bloomsbury

Bob Moses (activist)

Robert Parris Moses (January 23, 1935 – July 25, 2021) was an American educator and civil rights activist known for his work as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) on voter education and registration in Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement, and his co-founding of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.

See Civil rights movement and Bob Moses (activist)

Bobby Seale

Robert George Seale (born October 22, 1936) is an American political activist and author.

See Civil rights movement and Bobby Seale

Booker T. Washington

Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, and orator.

See Civil rights movement and Booker T. Washington

Border states (American Civil War)

In the American Civil War (1861–65), the border states or the Border South were four, later five, slave states in the Upper South that primarily supported the Union.

See Civil rights movement and Border states (American Civil War)

Boycott

A boycott is an act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organization, or country as an expression of protest. Civil rights movement and boycott are community organizing.

See Civil rights movement and Boycott

Boynton v. Virginia

Boynton v. Virginia, 364 U.S. 454 (1960), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court.

See Civil rights movement and Boynton v. Virginia

Brandeis University

Brandeis University is a private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts.

See Civil rights movement and Brandeis University

Brooklyn

Brooklyn is a borough of New York City.

See Civil rights movement and Brooklyn

Browder v. Gayle

Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956),, 142 F. Supp.

See Civil rights movement and Browder v. Gayle

Brown v. Board of Education

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

See Civil rights movement and Brown v. Board of Education

Brownsville, Brooklyn

Brownsville is a residential neighborhood in eastern Brooklyn in New York City.

See Civil rights movement and Brownsville, Brooklyn

Bull Connor

Theophilus Eugene "Bull" Connor (July 11, 1897 – March 10, 1973) was an American politician who served as Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, for more than two decades.

See Civil rights movement and Bull Connor

Burntollet Bridge incident

Burntollet Bridge was the setting for an attack on 4 January 1969 during the first stages of the Troubles of Northern Ireland.

See Civil rights movement and Burntollet Bridge incident

C. T. Vivian

Cordy Tindell Vivian (July 30, 1924July 17, 2020) was an American minister, author, and close friend and lieutenant of Martin Luther King Jr. during the civil rights movement.

See Civil rights movement and C. T. Vivian

California

California is a state in the Western United States, lying on the American Pacific Coast.

See Civil rights movement and California

Cambridge riot of 1963

The Cambridge riots of 1963 were race riots that occurred during the summer of 1963 in Cambridge, a small city on the Eastern Shore of Maryland.

See Civil rights movement and Cambridge riot of 1963

Cambridge, Maryland

Cambridge is a city in Dorchester County, Maryland, United States.

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Carl Braden

Carl Braden (June 24, 1914 – February 18, 1975) was a trade unionist, journalist, and activist who was known for his work in the civil rights movement.

See Civil rights movement and Carl Braden

Cattle prod

A cattle prod, also called a stock prod or a hot stick, is a handheld device commonly used to make cattle or other livestock move by striking or poking them.

See Civil rights movement and Cattle prod

Charles E. Cobb Jr.

Charles E. "Charlie" Cobb Jr. (born June 23, 1943) is a journalist, professor, and former activist with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

See Civil rights movement and Charles E. Cobb Jr.

Charles Evers

James Charles Evers (September 11, 1922July 22, 2020) was an American civil rights activist, businessman, radio personality, and politician.

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Charles Kenzie Steele

Charles Kenzie Steele (February 17, 1914 –) was a preacher and a civil rights activist.

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Charles M. Payne

Charles M. Payne, Jr. (born March 14, 1948) is an American academic whose areas of study include civil rights activism, urban education reform, social inequality, and modern African-American history.

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Charles Mathias

Charles McCurdy Mathias Jr. (July 24, 1922 – January 25, 2010) was an American politician and attorney.

See Civil rights movement and Charles Mathias

Charles McDew

Charles "Chuck" McDew (June 23, 1938 – April 3, 2018) was an American lifelong activist for racial equality and a former activist of the Civil Rights Movement. Civil rights movement and Charles McDew are 1950s in the United States, 1960s in the United States, community organizing, Defunct American political movements, history of civil rights in the United States, movements for civil rights and nonviolent resistance movements.

See Civil rights movement and Charles McDew

Charles Sherrod

Charles Melvin Sherrod (January 2, 1937 – October 11, 2022) was an American minister and civil rights activist.

See Civil rights movement and Charles Sherrod

Charleston, Illinois

Charleston is a city in, and the county seat of, Coles County, Illinois, United States.

See Civil rights movement and Charleston, Illinois

Charlotte, North Carolina

Charlotte is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina and the county seat of Mecklenburg County.

See Civil rights movement and Charlotte, North Carolina

Chester school protests

The Chester school protests were a series of demonstrations that occurred from November 1963 through April 1964 in Chester, Pennsylvania. Civil rights movement and Chester school protests are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Chester school protests

Chester, Pennsylvania

Chester is a city in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States.

See Civil rights movement and Chester, Pennsylvania

Cheyney University of Pennsylvania

Cheyney University of Pennsylvania is a public historically black university in Cheyney, Pennsylvania.

See Civil rights movement and Cheyney University of Pennsylvania

Chicago

Chicago is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States.

See Civil rights movement and Chicago

Chicago Freedom Movement

The Chicago Freedom Movement, also known as the Chicago open housing movement, was led by Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel and Al Raby. Civil rights movement and Chicago Freedom Movement are history of African-American civil rights and history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Chicago Freedom Movement

Chicago race riot of 1919

The Chicago race riot of 1919 was a violent racial conflict between white Americans and black Americans that began on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, on July 27 and ended on August 3, 1919.

See Civil rights movement and Chicago race riot of 1919

Chicano Movement

The Chicano Movement, also referred to as El Movimiento, was a social and political movement in the United States that worked to embrace a Chicano/a identity and worldview that combated structural racism, encouraged cultural revitalization, and achieved community empowerment by rejecting assimilation. Civil rights movement and Chicano Movement are Defunct American political movements, history of civil rights in the United States, nonviolent resistance movements and social movements in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Chicano Movement

Chief Justice of the United States

The chief justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and is the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary.

See Civil rights movement and Chief Justice of the United States

Children's Crusade (1963)

The Children's Crusade, or Children's March, was a march by over 1,000 school students in Birmingham, Alabama on May 2–10, 1963. Civil rights movement and Children's Crusade (1963) are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Children's Crusade (1963)

Chinese Communist Party

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

See Civil rights movement and Chinese Communist Party

Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Cicero, Illinois

Cicero is a town in Cook County, Illinois, United States, and a suburb of Chicago.

See Civil rights movement and Cicero, Illinois

Cincinnati

Cincinnati (nicknamed Cincy) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Ohio, United States.

See Civil rights movement and Cincinnati

Citizens' Councils

The Citizens' Councils (commonly referred to as the White Citizens' Councils) were an associated network of white supremacist, segregationist organizations in the United States, concentrated in the South and created as part of a white backlash against the US Supreme Court's landmark Brown v.

See Civil rights movement and Citizens' Councils

Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

See Civil rights movement and Civil and political rights

Civil disobedience

Civil disobedience is the active, and professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government (or any other authority). Civil rights movement and Civil disobedience are community organizing.

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Civil Rights Act of 1957

The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

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Civil Rights Act of 1960

The Civil Rights Act of 1960 is a United States federal law that established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someone's attempt to register to vote.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots.

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Civil Rights Congress

The Civil Rights Congress (CRC) was a United States civil rights organization, formed in 1946 at a national conference for radicals and disbanded in 1956. Civil rights movement and civil Rights Congress are history of African-American civil rights.

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Civil rights movement (1865–1896)

The civil rights movement (1865–1896) aimed to eliminate racial discrimination against African Americans, improve their educational and employment opportunities, and establish their electoral power, just after the abolition of slavery in the United States. Civil rights movement and civil rights movement (1865–1896) are Defunct American political movements, history of African-American civil rights and movements for civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Civil rights movement (1865–1896)

Civil rights movement (1896–1954)

The civil rights movement (1896–1954) was a long, primarily nonviolent action to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. Civil rights movement and civil rights movement (1896–1954) are 20th-century social movements, Defunct American political movements, history of African-American civil rights and movements for civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Civil rights movement (1896–1954)

Civil rights movement (disambiguation)

The civil rights movement was the social and political movement in the United States between 1954 and 1968.

See Civil rights movement and Civil rights movement (disambiguation)

Civil Rights Movement Archive

The Civil Rights Movement Archive (CRMA) refers to both an online collection of materials about the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s (also known as the "Freedom Movement"), as well as the organization that created and maintains it. Civil rights movement and civil Rights Movement Archive are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Civil Rights Movement Archive

Clara Luper

Clara Shepard Luper (born Clara Mae Shepard May 3, 1923 – June 8, 2011) was a civic leader, schoolteacher, and pioneering leader in the American Civil Rights Movement.

See Civil rights movement and Clara Luper

Clarence B. Jones

Clarence Benjamin Jones (born January 8, 1931) is an American lawyer and the former personal counsel, advisor, draft speech writer and close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. He is a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor.

See Civil rights movement and Clarence B. Jones

Class-size reduction

As an educational reform goal, class size reduction (CSR) aims to increase the number of individualized student-teacher interactions intended to improve student learning.

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Claude Black (minister)

Claude William Black Jr. (November 28, 1916 – March 13, 2009, Carmina Danini and Edmund Tijerina, San Antonio Express-News obituary, 14 March 2009) was an American Baptist minister and political figure.

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Claudette Colvin

Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939) is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide.

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Cleveland Sellers

Cleveland "Cleve" Sellers Jr. (born November 8, 1944) is an American educator and civil rights activist.

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Clyde Kennard

Clyde Kennard (June 12, 1927July 4, 1963) was an American Korean War veteran and civil rights leader from Hattiesburg, Mississippi.

See Civil rights movement and Clyde Kennard

COINTELPRO

COINTELPRO (a syllabic abbreviation derived from Counter Intelligence Program) was a series of covert and illegal projects conducted between 1956 and 1971 by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting American political organizations that the FBI perceived as subversive. Civil rights movement and COINTELPRO are history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and COINTELPRO

Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).

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Columbus, Ohio

Columbus is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Ohio.

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Committee on Appeal for Human Rights

The Committee on the Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) was a group of Atlanta University Center students formed in February 1960. Civil rights movement and Committee on Appeal for Human Rights are 1960s in the United States, Defunct American political movements and nonviolent resistance movements.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Communist Party USA

The Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revolution.

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Compromise of 1877

The Compromise of 1877, also known as the Wormley Agreement, the Bargain of 1877, or the Corrupt Bargain, was an unwritten political deal in the United States to settle the intense dispute over the results of the 1876 presidential election, ending the filibuster of the certified results and the threat of political violence in exchange for an end to federal Reconstruction.

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Congress of Racial Equality

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the civil rights movement.

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Conservative coalition

The conservative coalition, founded in 1937, was an unofficial alliance of members of the United States Congress which brought together the conservative wings of the Republican and Democratic parties to oppose President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal.

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Constitution of the United States

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States.

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Constitutionality

In constitutional law, constitutionality is said to be the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution; the status of a law, a procedure, or an act's accordance with the laws or set forth in the applicable constitution.

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Contempt of court

Contempt of court, often referred to simply as "contempt", is the crime of being disobedient to or disrespectful toward a court of law and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the authority, justice, and dignity of the court.

See Civil rights movement and Contempt of court

Convict leasing

Convict leasing was a system of forced penal labor that was practiced historically in the Southern United States, the laborers being mainly African-American men; it was ended during the 20th century. Civil rights movement and Convict leasing are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Convict leasing

Coretta Scott King

Coretta Scott King (Scott; April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, and civil rights leader who was the wife of Martin Luther King Jr. from 1953 until his death.

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Cornell University Press

The Cornell University Press is the university press of Cornell University; currently housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.

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Council of Federated Organizations

The Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) was a coalition of the major Civil Rights Movement organizations operating in Mississippi.

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Covenant (law)

A covenant, in its most general sense and historical sense, is a solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action.

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Cruel and unusual punishment

Cruel and unusual punishment is a phrase in common law describing punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to the sanction.

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Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education

Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 175 U.S. 528 (1899), ("Richmond") was a class action suit decided by the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Daisy Bates (activist)

Daisy Bates (November 11, 1914 – November 4, 1999) was an American civil rights activist, publisher, journalist, and lecturer who played a leading role in the Little Rock Integration Crisis of 1957.

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Dallas County, Alabama

Dallas County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Dashiki

The dashiki is a colorful garment that covers the top half of the body, worn mostly in West Africa.

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David Halberstam

David Halberstam (April 10, 1934 April 23, 2007) was an American writer, journalist, and historian, known for his work on the Vietnam War, politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement, business, media, American culture, Korean War, and later, sports journalism.

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David Nolan (American author)

David Nolan is an American author, civil rights activist, and historian.

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David Richmond (activist)

David Leinail Richmond (April 20, 1941 – December 7, 1990) was a civil rights activist for most of his life, but he was best known for being one of the Greensboro Four.

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David Zarefsky

David H. Zarefsky (born 1946) is an American communication scholar with research specialties in rhetorical history and criticism.

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De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

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De jure

In law and government, de jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.

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Deacons for Defense and Justice

The Deacons for Defense and Justice was an armed African-American self-defense group founded in November 1964, during the civil rights era in the United States, in the mill town of Jonesboro, Louisiana.

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Dean Acheson

Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer.

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Death row

Death row, also known as condemned row, is a place in a prison that houses inmates awaiting execution after being convicted of a capital crime and sentenced to death.

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Death threat

A death threat is a threat, often made anonymously, by one person or a group of people to kill another person or group of people.

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Deep South

The Deep South or the Lower South is a cultural and geographic subregion of the Southern United States. Civil rights movement and Deep South are politics of the Southern United States.

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Dehumanization

Dehumanization is the denial of full humanity in others along with the cruelty and suffering that accompany it.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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Dempsey Travis

Dempsey Travis (February 25, 1920 – July 2, 2009) was a real estate entrepreneur and civil rights activist who, later in life, became a prominent historian and author, writing extensively on African-American history, politics, social issues, and music.

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Denise Nicholas

Denise Donna Nicholas (born July 12, 1944) is an American actress. Civil rights movement and Denise Nicholas are history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Denise Nicholas

Desegregation busing

Desegregation busing (also known simply as busing or integrated busing or by its critics as forced busing) was a failed attempt to diversify the racial make-up of schools in the United States by sending students to school districts other than their own.

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Desegregation in the United States

Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups, usually referring to races.

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Detroit

Detroit is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Detroit Fire Department

The Detroit Fire Department (DFD) provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan.

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Detroit Police Department

The Detroit Police Department (DPD) is a municipal police force based in and responsible for the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan.

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Diane Nash

Diane Judith Nash (born May 15, 1938) is an American civil rights activist, and a leader and strategist of the student wing of the Civil Rights Movement.

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Dick Gregory

Richard Claxton Gregory (October 12, 1932 – August 19, 2017) was an American comedian, actor, writer, activist and social critic.

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Digital Library of Georgia

The Digital Library of Georgia (DLG) is an online, public collection of documents and media about the history and culture of the state of Georgia, United States.

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Dion Diamond

Dion Tyrone Diamond (born February 7, 1941) is an American civil rights activist.

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Direct action

Direct action is a term for economic and political behavior in which participants use agency—for example economic or physical power—to achieve their goals.

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Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, a United States federal law enforcement agency, and is responsible for its day-to-day operations.

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Discrimination

Discrimination is the process of making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong, such as race, gender, age, religion, physical attractiveness or sexual orientation.

See Civil rights movement and Discrimination

Discrimination based on skin tone

Discrimination based on skin tone, also known as colorism or shadeism, is a form of prejudice and discrimination in which people of certain ethnic groups, or people who are perceived as belonging to a different-skinned racial group, are treated differently based on their different skin tone.

See Civil rights movement and Discrimination based on skin tone

Disfranchisement

Disfranchisement, also disenfranchisement (which has become more common since 1982) or voter disqualification, is the restriction of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or a practice that has the effect of preventing someone from exercising the right to vote.

See Civil rights movement and Disfranchisement

Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era

Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era in the United States, especially in the Southern United States, was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting. Civil rights movement and Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era

Dockum Drug Store sit-in

The Dockum Drug Store sit-in was one of the first organized lunch counter sit-ins for the purpose of integrating segregated establishments in the United States.

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Doris Derby

Doris Adelaide Derby (November 11, 1939 – March 28, 2022) was an American activist and documentary photographer.

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Dorothy Cotton

Dorothy Cotton (June 9, 1930–June 10, 2018) was an American civil rights activist, who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States and a member of the inner circle of one of its main organizations, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

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Dorothy Height

Dorothy Irene Height (March 24, 1912 – April 20, 2010) was an African-American civil rights and women's rights activist.

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Doug McAdam

Doug McAdam (born August 31, 1951) is Professor of Sociology at Stanford University.

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Dual power

"Dual power" (r) refers to the coexistence of two Russian governments as a result of the February Revolution: the Soviets (workers' councils), particularly the Petrograd Soviet, and the Russian Provisional Government.

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Duke University Libraries

Duke University Libraries is the library system of Duke University, serving the university's students and faculty.

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Dynamite

Dynamite is an explosive made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered shells or clay), and stabilizers.

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E. D. Nixon

Edgar Daniel Nixon (July 12, 1899 – February 25, 1987), known as E. D. Nixon, was an American civil rights leader and union organizer in Alabama who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark Montgomery bus boycott there in 1955.

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E. Frederic Morrow

Everett Frederic Morrow (April 20, 1909 – July 19, 1994) was the first African American to hold an executive position at the White House.

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Earl Warren

Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist who served as the 30th governor of California from 1943 to 1953 and as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969.

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Eastern Shore of Maryland

The Eastern Shore of Maryland is a part of the U.S. state of Maryland that lies mostly on the east side of the Chesapeake Bay.

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Edmund Pettus Bridge

The Edmund Pettus Bridge carries U.S. Route 80 Business (US 80 Bus.) across the Alabama River in Selma, Alabama.

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Education Amendments of 1972

The Education Amendments of 1972, also sometimes known as the Higher Education Amendments of 1972 (Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235), were amendments to the Higher Education Act of 1965 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that were signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972.

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Eldridge Cleaver

Leroy Eldridge Cleaver (August 31, 1935 – May 1, 1998) was an American writer and political activist who became an early leader of the Black Panther Party.

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Elijah Muhammad

Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Robert Poole; October 7, 1897 – February 25, 1975) was an American religious leader, black separatist, and self-proclaimed Messenger of Allah who led the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1933 until his death in 1975.

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Elizabeth Abel

Elizabeth Abel (born 1945) is an American literary scholar, professor of English at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Ella Baker

Ella Josephine Baker (December 13, 1903 – December 13, 1986) was an African-American civil rights and human rights activist.

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Emmett Till

Emmett Louis Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was an African American teenager who was abducted and lynched in Mississippi in 1955 after being accused of offending a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family's grocery store. Civil rights movement and Emmett Till are history of African-American civil rights and history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Emmett Till

Employment discrimination

Employment discrimination is a form of illegal discrimination in the workplace based on legally protected characteristics.

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Enforcement Acts

The Enforcement Acts were three bills that were passed by the United States Congress between 1870 and 1871.

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency that was established via the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to administer and enforce civil rights laws against workplace discrimination.

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Ernest Nathan Morial

Ernest Nathan "Dutch" Morial (October 9, 1929 – December 24, 1989), was an American politician and a leading civil rights advocate.

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Esau Jenkins

Esau Jenkins (July 3, 1910 – October 30, 1972) was a South Carolina African-American Human Rights leader, businessman, local preacher, and community organizer.

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Everett Dirksen

Everett McKinley Dirksen (January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was an American politician.

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Executive Order 8802

Executive Order 8802 was an executive order signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941. Civil rights movement and executive Order 8802 are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Executive Order 9981

Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. Civil rights movement and executive Order 9981 are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Exploitation of labour

Exploitation is a concept defined as, in its broadest sense, one agent taking unfair advantage of another agent.

See Civil rights movement and Exploitation of labour

Exurb

An exurb (or alternately: exurban area) is an area outside the typically denser inner suburban area, at the edge of a metropolitan area, which has some economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing density, and growth.

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Eyes on the Prize

Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement is an American television series and 14-part documentary about the 20th-century civil rights movement in the United States.

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Ezell Blair Jr.

Jibreel Khazan (born Ezell Alexander Blair Jr.; October 18, 1941) is a civil rights activist who is best known as a member of the Greensboro Four, a group of African American college students who, on February 1, 1960, sat down at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina challenging the store's policy of denying service to non-white customers.

See Civil rights movement and Ezell Blair Jr.

F. W. Woolworth Company

The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's or simply Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the pioneers of the five-and-dime store.

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Fair Employment Practice Committee

The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) was created in 1941 in the United States to implement Executive Order 8802 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt "banning discriminatory employment practices by Federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work.", Our Documents, Executive Order 8802 dated June 25, 1941, General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives That was shortly before the United States entered World War II.

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Fannie Lou Hamer

Fannie Lou Hamer (Townsend; October 6, 1917 – March 14, 1977) was an American voting and women's rights activist, community organizer, and a leader in the civil rights movement.

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Fay Bellamy Powell

Fay D. Bellamy Powell (May 1, 1938 – January 5, 2013) was an African-American civil rights activist.

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Fayette County Civic and Welfare League

The Fayette County Civic and Welfare League was established in 1959 in order to advocate for equal voting rights for the African American community in Fayette County, Tennessee.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Federal Bureau of Prisons

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is responsible for all Federal prisons and provide for the care, custody, and control of federal prisoners.

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Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district/national capital of Washington, D.C., where most of the federal government is based.

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Federal law

Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country.

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Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.

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Filibuster

A filibuster is a political procedure in which one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate on proposed legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent a decision.

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Fisk University

Fisk University is a private historically black liberal arts college in Nashville, Tennessee.

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Floyd McKissick

Floyd Bixler McKissick (March 9, 1922 – April 28, 1991) was an American lawyer and civil rights activist.

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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Civil rights movement and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Frankie Muse Freeman

Marie Frankie Muse Freeman (née Muse; November 24, 1916 – January 12, 2018) was an American civil rights attorney, and the first woman to be appointed to the United States Commission on Civil Rights (1964–79), a federal fact-finding body that investigates complaints alleging discrimination. Civil rights movement and Frankie Muse Freeman are movements for civil rights.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

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Franklin McCain

Franklin Eugene McCain (January 3, 1941 – January 9, 2014) was an American civil rights activist and member of the Greensboro Four.

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Fred Gray (attorney)

Fred David Gray (born December 14, 1930) is an American civil rights attorney, preacher, activist, and state legislator from Alabama.

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Fred Shuttlesworth

Freddie Lee Shuttlesworth (born Freddie Lee Robinson, March 18, 1922 – October 5, 2011) was an American civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other forms of racism as a minister in Birmingham, Alabama.

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Frederick D. Reese

Frederick Douglas Reese (November 28, 1929 – April 5, 2018) was an American civil rights activist, educator and minister from Selma, Alabama.

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Freedom Riders

Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia (1946) and Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. Civil rights movement and Freedom Riders are history of African-American civil rights.

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Freedom Riders (film)

Freedom Riders is a 2010 American historical documentary film, produced by Firelight Media for the twenty-third season of American Experience on PBS.

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Freedom Riders National Monument

The Freedom Riders National Monument is a United States National Monument in Anniston, Alabama established by President Barack Obama in January 2017 to preserve and commemorate the Freedom Riders during the Civil Rights Movement.

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Freedom Rides Museum

The Freedom Rides Museum is located at 210 South Court Street in Montgomery, Alabama, in the building which was until 1995 the Montgomery Greyhound Bus Station.

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Freedom Schools

Freedom Schools were temporary, alternative, and free schools for African Americans mostly in the South.

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Freedom Summer

Freedom Summer, also known as the Freedom Summer Project or the Mississippi Summer Project, was a volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. Civil rights movement and Freedom Summer are history of African-American civil rights.

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Freedom Vote

The Freedom Vote, also known as the Freedom Ballot, Mississippi Freedom Vote, Freedom Ballot Campaign, or the Mississippi Freedom Ballot, was a 1963 mock election organized in the U.S. state of Mississippi to combat disenfranchisement among African Americans. Civil rights movement and Freedom Vote are history of African-American civil rights.

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Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.

The first memorial service following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968, took place the following day at the R.S. Lewis Funeral Home in Memphis, Tennessee.

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G.I. Bill

The G.I. Bill, formally known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, was a law that provided a range of benefits for some of the returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s).

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Gastonia, North Carolina

Gastonia is the most populous city in and the county seat of Gaston County, North Carolina, United States.

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Gates v. Collier

Gates v. Collier, 501 F.2d 1291 (5th Cir. 1974), was a landmark decision of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals that brought an end to the trusty system as well as flagrant inmate abuse at Mississippi State Penitentiary, also known as Parchman Farm, in Sunflower County, Mississippi.

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Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

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Genocide Convention

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), or the Genocide Convention, is an international treaty that criminalizes genocide and obligates state parties to pursue the enforcement of its prohibition.

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George Jackson (activist)

George Lester Jackson (September 23, 1941 – August 21, 1971) was an American author, activist and convicted felon.

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George Lincoln Rockwell

George Lincoln Rockwell (March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was an American Neo-Nazi/fascist activist and exhibitionist.

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George Raymond

George T. Raymond (May 10, 1914 – May 9, 1999) was an American civil rights leader from Pennsylvania who served as president of the Chester, Pennsylvania, branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1942 to 1977.

See Civil rights movement and George Raymond

George Raymond Jr.

George Raymond Jr. (January 1, 1943 – March 8, 1973) was an African-American civil rights activist, a member of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, a Freedom Rider, and head of the Congress of Racial Equality in Mississippi in the 1960s.

See Civil rights movement and George Raymond Jr.

George W. Romney

George Wilcken Romney (July 8, 1907 – July 26, 1995) was an American businessman and politician.

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George Wallace

George Corley Wallace Jr. (August 25, 1919 – September 13, 1998) was an American politician and judge who served as the 45th governor of Alabama for four terms.

See Civil rights movement and George Wallace

Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia, officially the State of Georgia, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Georgia General Assembly

The Georgia General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Georgia's 5th congressional district

Georgia's 5th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Ghetto

A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure.

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Gloria Johnson-Powell

Gloria Johnson-Powell (born Gloria Johnson, 1936 – October 11, 2017) was a child psychiatrist who was also an important figure in the Civil Rights Movement and was one of the first African-American women to attain tenure at Harvard Medical School.

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Gloria Richardson

Gloria Richardson Dandridge (born Gloria St. Clair Hayes; May 6, 1922 – July 15, 2021) was an American civil rights activist best known as the leader of the Cambridge movement, a civil rights action in the early 1960s in Cambridge, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Civil rights movement and Gloria Richardson are history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Gloria Richardson

Governor of Mississippi

The governor of Mississippi is the head of government of Mississippi and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.

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Grassroots

A grassroots movement is one that uses the people in a given district, region or community as the basis for a political or economic movement. Civil rights movement and grassroots are community organizing.

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Great Migration (African American)

The Great Migration, sometimes known as the Great Northward Migration or the Black Migration, was the movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between 1910 and 1970.

See Civil rights movement and Great Migration (African American)

Greensboro sit-ins

The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in February to July 1960, primarily in the Woolworth store—now the International Civil Rights Center and Museum—in Greensboro, North Carolina, which led to the F. W. Woolworth Company department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States. Civil rights movement and Greensboro sit-ins are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Greensboro sit-ins

Greensboro, North Carolina

Greensboro (local pronunciation) is a city in and the county seat of Guilford County, North Carolina, United States.

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Greenwood, Mississippi

Greenwood is a city in and the county seat of Leflore County, Mississippi, United States, located at the eastern edge of the Mississippi Delta region, approximately 96 miles north of the state capital, Jackson, and 130 miles south of the riverport of Memphis, Tennessee.

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Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong

Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong was a black Mississippi pioneer in the Civil Rights Movement.

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Hair straightening

Hair straightening is a hair styling technique used since the 1890s involving the flattening and straightening of hair in order to give it a smooth, streamlined, and sleek appearance.

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Hampton Negro Conference

The Hampton Negro Conference was a series of conferences held between 1897 and 1912 hosted by the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia. Civil rights movement and Hampton Negro Conference are history of African-American civil rights.

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Hampton, Virginia

Hampton is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.

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Harlem

Harlem is a neighborhood in Upper Manhattan in New York City.

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Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited

Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited, more commonly called HARYOU, was an American social activism organization founded by psychologists Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark in 1962.

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Harry Belafonte

Harry Belafonte (born Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.; March 1, 1927 – April 25, 2023) was an American singer, actor, and civil rights activist who popularized calypso music with international audiences in the 1950s and 1960s.

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Harry S. Truman

Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953.

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Harry T. Moore

Harry Tyson Moore (November 16, 1905 – December 25, 1951) was an African-American educator, a pioneer leader of the civil rights movement, founder of the first branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Brevard County, Florida, and president of the state chapter of the NAACP. Civil rights movement and Harry T. Moore are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Hartman Turnbow

Hartman Turnbow (March 20, 1905 – August 15, 1988) was a Mississippi farmer, orator, and activist during the Civil Rights Movement.

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Harvey Johnson Jr.

Harvey Johnson Jr. (born December 21, 1946), is an American politician from Mississippi.

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Hate crime

A hate crime (also known a bias crime) is crime where a perpetrator targets a victim because of their physical appearance or perceived membership of a certain social group.

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Hattiesburg, Mississippi

Hattiesburg is the 5th most populous city in the U.S. state of Mississippi, located primarily in Forrest County (where it is the county seat and most populous city) and extending west into Lamar County.

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Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States

Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc.

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Highlander Research and Education Center

The Highlander Research and Education Center, formerly known as the Highlander Folk School, is a social justice leadership training school and cultural center in New Market, Tennessee. Civil rights movement and Highlander Research and Education Center are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic and Latino Americans (Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos; Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos) are Americans of full or partial Spanish and/or Latin American background, culture, or family origin.

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Historically black colleges and universities

Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the intention of primarily serving African Americans.

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History Channel

History (stylized in all caps), formerly and commonly known as the History Channel, is an American pay television network and flagship channel owned by A&E Networks, a joint venture between Hearst Communications and The Walt Disney Company's General Entertainment Content Division.

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History of civil rights in the United States

Civil rights in the United States include noted legislation and organized efforts to abolish public and private acts of racial discrimination against Native Americans, African Americans, Asians, Latin Americans, women, the homeless, minority religions, and other groups since the independence of the country. Civil rights movement and History of civil rights in the United States are movements for civil rights.

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Holly Springs, Mississippi

Holly Springs is a city in, and the county seat of, Marshall County, Mississippi, United States, near the border with Tennessee to the north.

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Hosea Williams

Hosea Lorenzo Williams (January 5, 1926 – November 16, 2000) was an American civil rights leader, activist, ordained minister, businessman, philanthropist, scientist, and politician.

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Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs

The Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart ranks the most popular R&B and hip hop songs in the United States and is published weekly by Billboard.

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Hough riots

The Hough riots were riots in the predominantly African-American community of Hough (pronounced "Huff") in Cleveland, Ohio, United States which took place from July 18 to 23, 1966. Civil rights movement and Hough riots are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Housing discrimination

Housing discrimination refers to patterns of discrimination that affect a person's ability to rent or buy housing.

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Housing discrimination in the United States

Housing discrimination in the United States refers to the historical and current barriers, policies, and biases that prevent equitable access to housing. Civil rights movement and housing discrimination in the United States are history of African-American civil rights.

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Housing segregation in the United States

In the United States, housing segregation is the practice of denying African Americans and other minority groups equal access to housing through the process of misinformation, denial of realty and financing services, and racial steering.

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Hubert Humphrey

Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was an American politician and statesman who served as the 38th vice president of the United States from 1965 to 1969.

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Huey P. Newton

Huey Percy Newton (February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was an African American revolutionary and political activist who founded the Black Panther Party.

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Human rights in the Soviet Union

Human rights in the Soviet Union were severely limited.

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Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl).

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I Have a Dream

"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist and Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. Civil rights movement and i Have a Dream are history of African-American civil rights.

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I've Been to the Mountaintop

"I've Been to the Mountaintop" is the popular name of the final speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. at Stanford University, including transcript of audience responses.

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Illinois

Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Income inequality in the United States

Income inequality has fluctuated considerably in the United States since measurements began around 1915, moving in an arc between peaks in the 1920s and 2000s, with a 30-year period of relatively lower inequality between 1950 and 1980.

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Indian independence movement

The Indian Independence Movement was a series of historic events in South Asia with the ultimate aim of ending British colonial rule.

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Injunction

An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a special court order that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts.

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International Labor Defense

The International Labor Defense (ILD) (1925–1947) was a legal advocacy organization established in 1925 in the United States as the American section of the Comintern's International Red Aid network.

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Interracial marriage

Interracial marriage is a marriage involving spouses who belong to different races or racialized ethnicities.

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Interracial marriage in the United States

Interracial marriage has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868.

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Interstate Commerce Commission

The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was a regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.

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Israel S. Dresner

Israel Seymour Dresner (April 22, 1929 – January 13, 2022) was an American Reform rabbi who served as president of the Education Fund for Israeli Civil Rights and Peace.

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J. Charles Jones

Joseph Charles Jones (August 23, 1937 – December 27, 2019) was an American civil rights leader, attorney, co-founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and chairperson of the SNCC's direct action committee.

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J. Edgar Hoover

John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American law-enforcement administrator who served as the final Director of the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) and the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

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J. Millard Tawes

John Millard Tawes (April 8, 1894June 25, 1979), was an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party who was the 54th Governor of Maryland from 1959 to 1967.

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Jack Greenberg

Jack Greenberg (December 22, 1924 – October 12, 2016) was an American attorney and legal scholar.

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Jack Minnis

Jack Minnis (1926-2005) was an American activist, and the founder and director of opposition research for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in the Civil Rights Movement era.

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Jackie Robinson

Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era.

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Jackson, Mississippi

Jackson is the capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

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Jacksonville, Florida

Jacksonville is the most populous city proper in the U.S. state of Florida, located on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida.

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James Baldwin

James Arthur Baldwin (né Jones; August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American writer and civil rights activist who garnered acclaim for his essays, novels, plays, and poems.

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James Bevel

James Luther Bevel (October 19, 1936 – December 19, 2008) was an American minister and leader of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

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James Brown

James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American singer, dancer and musician.

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James Chaney

James Earl Chaney (May 30, 1943 – June 21, 1964) was an American civil rights activist.

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James Farmer

James Leonard Farmer Jr. (January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was an American civil rights activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement "who pushed for nonviolent protest to dismantle segregation, and served alongside Martin Luther King Jr." He was the initiator and organizer of the first Freedom Ride in 1961, which eventually led to the desegregation of interstate transportation in the United States.

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James Forman

James Forman (October 4, 1928 – January 10, 2005) was a prominent African-American leader in the civil rights movement.

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James Groppi

James Edmund Groppi (November 16, 1930 – November 4, 1985) was an erstwhile Catholic priest and noted civil rights activist based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

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James Henry Gorbey

James Henry Gorbey (July 30, 1920 – October 24, 1977) was an American politician and judge from Pennsylvania.

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James Hood

James Alexander Hood (November 10, 1942 – January 17, 2013) was one of the first African Americans to enroll at the University of Alabama in 1963, and was made famous when Alabama Governor George Wallace attempted to block him and fellow student Vivian Malone from enrolling at the then all-white university, an incident which became known as the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door".

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James Lawson (activist)

James Morris Lawson Jr. (September 22, 1928 – June 9, 2024) was an American activist and university professor.

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James Meredith

James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights activist, writer, political adviser, and United States Air Force veteran who became, in 1962, the first African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi after the intervention of the federal government (an event that was a flashpoint in the civil rights movement).

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James Orange

James Edward Orange (October 29, 1942February 16, 2008), also known as "Shackdaddy", was a leading civil rights activist in the Civil Rights Movement in America.

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James Peck (pacifist)

James Peck (December 19, 1914July 12, 1993) was an American activist who practiced nonviolent resistance during World War II and in the Civil Rights Movement.

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James Reeb

James Joseph Reeb (January 1, 1927 – March 11, 1965) was an American Unitarian Universalist minister, pastor, and activist during the civil rights movement in Washington, D.C., and Boston, Massachusetts.

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James Zwerg

James Zwerg (born November 28, 1939) is an American retired minister who was involved with the Freedom Riders in the early 1960s.

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Jason Sokol

Jason Sokol (born 1977) is an American historian and an associate professor at the University of New Hampshire.

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Jesse Jackson

Jesse Louis Jackson (né Burns; born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist, politician, and ordained Baptist minister.

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Jet (magazine)

Jet is an American weekly digital magazine focusing on news, culture, and entertainment related to the African-American community.

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Jewish Theological Seminary of America

The Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) is a Conservative Jewish education organization in New York City, New York.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Jim Clark (sheriff)

James Gardner Clark, Jr. (September 17, 1922 – June 4, 2007), AP via NBC News, June 6, 2007 was the sheriff of Dallas County, Alabama, United States from 1955 to 1966.

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Jim Crow laws

The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American. Civil rights movement and Jim Crow laws are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Jim Crow laws

Jo Ann Robinson

Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (April 17, 1912 – August 29, 1992) was an activist during the Civil Rights Movement and educator in Montgomery, Alabama. Civil rights movement and Jo Ann Robinson are history of civil rights in the United States.

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John Carlos

John Wesley Carlos (born June 5, 1945) is an American former track and field athlete and professional American football player.

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John Conyers

John James Conyers Jr. (May 16, 1929October 27, 2019) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as a U.S. representative from Michigan from 1965 to 2017.

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John Dittmer

John Dittmer (b. 10/30/1939) is an American historian, and Professor Emeritus of DePauw University.

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John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.

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John Lewis

John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights activist who served in the United States House of Representatives for from 1987 until his death in 2020.

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Johns Island, South Carolina

Johns Island is an island in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States, and is the largest island in the state of South Carolina.

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Jonathan Daniels

Jonathan Myrick Daniels (March 20, 1939 – August 20, 1965) was an Episcopal seminarian and civil rights activist.

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Joseph Lowery

Joseph Echols Lowery (October 6, 1921 – March 27, 2020) was an American minister in the United Methodist Church and leader in the civil rights movement.

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Joseph McNeil

Joseph Alfred McNeil (born March 25, 1942) is a retired major general in the United States Air Force who is best known for being a member of the Greensboro Four—a group of African American college students who, on February 1, 1960, sat down at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina, challenging the store's policy of denying service to non-white customers.

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Joyce Ladner

Joyce Ann Ladner (born October 12, 1943) is an American civil rights activist, author, civil servant, and sociologist.

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Juan Williams

Juan Antonio Williams (born April 10, 1954) is an American journalist and political analyst for Fox News Channel.

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Julian Bond

Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American social activist, leader of the civil rights movement, politician, professor, and writer.

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Karl Fleming

Karl Fleming (August 30, 1927 – August 11, 2012) was an American journalist who made a significant contribution to the Civil Rights Movement through his work for Newsweek magazine in the 1960s.

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Katz Drug Store sit-in

The Katz Drug Store sit-in was one of the first sit-ins during the civil rights movement, occurring between August 19 and August 21, 1958, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

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Kenya

Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya (Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in East Africa.

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Kenya Land and Freedom Army

The Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), also known as the Mau Mau, was a Kenyan Independence Movement which fought against British colonial rule in Kenya during the Mau Mau rebellion from 1952 to 1960.

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Kerner Commission

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, known as the Kerner Commission after its chair, Governor Otto Kerner Jr. of Illinois, was an 11-member Presidential Commission established in July 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson in to investigate the causes of over 150 riots throughout the country in 1967 and to provide recommendations that would prevent them from reoccurring. Civil rights movement and Kerner Commission are history of African-American civil rights.

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Kim Novak

Marilyn Pauline "Kim" Novak (born February 13, 1933) is an American retired film and television actress and painter.

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King assassination riots

The King assassination riots, also known as the Holy Week Uprising, were a wave of civil disturbance which swept across the United States following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968.

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King: A Life

King: A Life is a 2023 biography of Martin Luther King Jr. by Jonathan Eig.

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Kissing Case

The Kissing Case was the arrest, conviction and lengthy sentencing of two prepubescent African-American boys in 1958 in Monroe, North Carolina. Civil rights movement and Kissing Case are history of African-American civil rights.

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Korean War

The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea; it began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea and ceased upon an armistice on 27 July 1953.

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Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan, commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist, far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups. Civil rights movement and Ku Klux Klan are politics of the Southern United States.

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Landlord–tenant law

Landlord–tenant law is the field of law that deals with the rights and duties of landlords and tenants.

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Laurel, Mississippi

Laurel is a city in and the second county seat of Jones County, Mississippi, United States.

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Laurie Pritchett

Laurie Pritchett (December 9, 1926 – November 13, 2000) was city Chief of Police in Albany, Georgia, best known for his actions in 1961 and 1962 suppressing the city's civil rights demonstrations by the Albany Movement.

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Law Day Address

Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address was delivered on May 6, 1961 (Law Day) to the students of the University of Georgia School of Law in Athens, Georgia.

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Lawsuit

A lawsuit is a proceeding by one or more parties (the plaintiff or claimant) against one or more parties (the defendant) in a civil court of law.

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Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights is an American coalition of more than 240 national civil and human rights organizations and acts as an umbrella group for American civil and human rights.

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Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole or certain social hierarchies.

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Legality

Legality, in respect of an act, agreement, or contract is the state of being consistent with the law or of being lawful or unlawful in a given jurisdiction, and the construct of power.

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Legislature

A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.

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Letter from Birmingham Jail

The "Letter from Birmingham Jail", also known as the "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" and "The Negro Is Your Brother", is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts.

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Libby Holman

Elizabeth Lloyd Holman (née Holzman; May 23, 1904 – June 18, 1971) was an American socialite, actress, singer, and activist.

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Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.

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Library of America

The Library of America (LOA) is a nonprofit publisher of classic American literature.

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Library of Congress

The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C. that serves as the library and research service of the U.S. Congress and the de facto national library of the United States.

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Life (magazine)

Life is an American magazine published weekly from 1883 to 1972, as an intermittent "special" until 1978, a monthly from 1978 until 2000, and an online supplement since 2008.

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Life imprisonment

Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted criminals are to remain in prison for the rest of their natural lives (or until pardoned, paroled, or commuted to a fixed term).

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Lily-white movement

The Lily-White Movement was an anti-black political movement within the Republican Party in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Civil rights movement and Lily-white movement are 20th-century social movements, Defunct American political movements and history of African-American civil rights.

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Lincoln Memorial

The Lincoln Memorial is a U.S. national memorial that honors the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln.

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List of African-American United States representatives

The United States House of Representatives has had 157 elected African-American members, of whom 151 have been representatives from U.S. states and 6 have been delegates from U.S. territories and the District of Columbia.

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List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations

The United States ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations.

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List of civil rights leaders

Civil rights leaders are influential figures in the promotion and implementation of political freedom and the expansion of personal civil liberties and rights.

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List of governors of Arkansas

The governor of Arkansas is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arkansas.

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List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era

This is a historical list of women from Kentucky who were involved in civil rights activism from 1920 until the 1970s.

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List of photographers of the civil rights movement

Beginning with the murder of Emmett Till in 1955, photography and photographers played an important role in advancing the civil rights movement by documenting the public and private acts of racial discrimination against African Americans and the nonviolent response of the movement. Civil rights movement and List of photographers of the civil rights movement are history of civil rights in the United States.

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List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves

Slavery was legal in the United States from its beginning as a nation, having been practiced in North America from early colonial days.

See Civil rights movement and List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves

Lists of landmark court decisions

Landmark court decisions, in present-day common law legal systems, establish precedents that determine a significant new legal principle or concept, or otherwise substantially affect the interpretation of existing law.

See Civil rights movement and Lists of landmark court decisions

Literacy test

A literacy test assesses a person's literacy skills: their ability to read and write. Civil rights movement and literacy test are history of African-American civil rights.

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Little Rock Central High School

Little Rock Central High School (LRCH) is an accredited comprehensive public high school in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States.

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Little Rock, Arkansas

Little Rock (I’i-zhinka) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas.

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Lobbying

Lobbying is a form of advocacy, which lawfully attempts to directly influence legislators or government officials, such as regulatory agencies or judiciary.

See Civil rights movement and Lobbying

Lola Hendricks

Lola Mae Haynes Hendricks (née Haynes) (December 19, 1932 – May 17, 2013) was corresponding secretary for Fred Shuttlesworth's Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights from 1956 to 1963.

See Civil rights movement and Lola Hendricks

Long, hot summer of 1967

The long, hot summer of 1967 refers to the more than 150 race riots that erupted across major cities in the United States during the summer of 1967.

See Civil rights movement and Long, hot summer of 1967

Lonnie C. King Jr.

Lonnie C. King Jr. (August 30, 1936 – March 5, 2019) was an American civil rights leader. Civil rights movement and Lonnie C. King Jr. are 1950s in the United States, 1960s in the United States, Defunct American political movements, history of civil rights in the United States, movements for civil rights and nonviolent resistance movements.

See Civil rights movement and Lonnie C. King Jr.

Loren Miller

Loren Miller (January 20, 1903 – July 14, 1967) was an American journalist, civil rights activist, attorney, and judge.

See Civil rights movement and Loren Miller

Lorraine Hansberry

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer.

See Civil rights movement and Lorraine Hansberry

Los Angeles

Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the most populous city in the U.S. state of California.

See Civil rights movement and Los Angeles

Louis Austin

Louis Austin (1898-1971) was an African-American journalist, civic leader and social activist.

See Civil rights movement and Louis Austin

Louisiana

Louisiana (Louisiane; Luisiana; Lwizyàn) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Louisiana

Loving v. Virginia

Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), was a landmark civil rights decision of the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled that laws banning interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

See Civil rights movement and Loving v. Virginia

Lower East Side

The Lower East Side, sometimes abbreviated as LES, is a historic neighborhood in the southeastern part of Manhattan in New York City.

See Civil rights movement and Lower East Side

Lowndes County Freedom Organization

The Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), also known as the Lowndes County Freedom Party (LCFP) or Black Panther party, was an American political party founded during 1965 in Lowndes County, Alabama. Civil rights movement and Lowndes County Freedom Organization are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Lowndes County Freedom Organization

Lunch counter

A lunch counter or luncheonette is a small restaurant, similar to a diner, where the patron sits on a stool on one side of the counter and the server serves food from the opposite side of the counter, where the kitchen or food preparation area is located.

See Civil rights movement and Lunch counter

Lynching

Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group.

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Lynching in the United States

Lynching was the widespread occurrence of extrajudicial killings which began in the United States' pre–Civil War South in the 1830s and ended during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Civil rights movement and Lynching in the United States are history of African-American civil rights.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Civil rights movement and Lyndon B. Johnson are 1960s in the United States.

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M48 Patton

The M48 Patton is an American first-generation main battle tank (MBT) introduced in February 1952, being designated as the 90mm Gun Tank: M48.

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Mae Mallory

Mae Mallory (June 9, 1927 – 2007) was an activist of the Civil Rights Movement and a Black Power movement leader active in the 1950s and 1960s.

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Mahalia Jackson

Mahalia Jackson (born Mahala Jackson; October 26, 1911 – January 27, 1972) was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century.

See Civil rights movement and Mahalia Jackson

Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (ISO: Mōhanadāsa Karamacaṁda Gāṁdhī; 2 October 186930 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule.

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Malcolm X

Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an African-American revolutionary, Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement until his assassination in 1965.

See Civil rights movement and Malcolm X

Mamie Till

Mamie Elizabeth Till-Mobley (born Mamie Elizabeth Carthan; November 23, 1921 – January 6, 2003) was an American educator and activist.

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Manhattan

Manhattan is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City.

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Manning Marable

William Manning Marable (May 13, 1950 – April 1, 2011) was an American professor of public affairs, history and African-American Studies at Columbia University.

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Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese politician, Marxist theorist, military strategist, poet, and revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Maoism

Maoism, officially Mao Zedong Thought, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China.

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March Against Fear

The March Against Fear was a major 1966 demonstration in the Civil Rights Movement in the South.

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, also known as simply the March on Washington or the Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963. Civil rights movement and March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom are history of African-American civil rights.

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March on Washington Movement

The March on Washington Movement (MOWM), 1941–1946, organized by activists A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin was a tool designed to pressure the U.S. government into providing fair working opportunities for African Americans and desegregating the armed forces by threat of mass marches on Washington, D.C.

See Civil rights movement and March on Washington Movement

Marian Wright Edelman

Marian Wright Edelman (Wright; born June 6, 1939) is an American activist for civil rights and children's rights.

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Marion Barry

Marion Shepilov Barry (born Marion Barry Jr.; March 6, 1936 – November 23, 2014) was an American politician who served as mayor of the District of Columbia from 1979 to 1991 and 1995 to 1999.

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Martial law

Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.

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Mary Fair Burks

Mary Fair Burks (July 31, 1914 – July 21, 1991) was an American educator, scholar, and activist during the Civil Rights Movement from Montgomery, Alabama.

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Mary L. Dudziak

Mary Louise Dudziak (born 1956), is an American legal theorist, civil rights historian, educator, and a leading foreign policy and international relations expert.

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Maryland General Assembly

The Maryland General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland that convenes within the State House in Annapolis.

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Mass arrest

A mass arrest occurs when police apprehend large numbers of suspects at once.

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Mass racial violence in the United States

In the broader context of racism in the United States, mass racial violence in the United States consists of ethnic conflicts and race riots, along with such events as.

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Massachusetts

Massachusetts (script), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

See Civil rights movement and Massachusetts

Massive resistance

Massive resistance was a strategy declared by U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd Sr. of Virginia and his son Harry Jr.'s brother-in-law, James M. Thomson, who represented Alexandria in the Virginia General Assembly, to get the state's white politicians to pass laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation, particularly after Brown v.

See Civil rights movement and Massive resistance

Maya Angelou

Maya Angelou (born Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American memoirist, poet, and civil rights activist.

See Civil rights movement and Maya Angelou

McComb, Mississippi

McComb is a city in Pike County, Mississippi, United States.

See Civil rights movement and McComb, Mississippi

McLaughlin v. Florida

McLaughlin v. Florida, 379 U.S. 184 (1964), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that a cohabitation law of Florida, part of the state's anti-miscegenation laws, was unconstitutional.

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Medgar Evers

Medgar Wiley Evers (July 2, 1925June 12, 1963) was an American civil rights activist and soldier who was the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi.

See Civil rights movement and Medgar Evers

Medical Committee for Human Rights

The Medical Committee for Human Rights (MCHR) was a group of American health care professionals that initially organized in June 1964 to provide medical care for civil rights workers, community activists, and summer volunteers working in Mississippi during the "Freedom Summer" project.

See Civil rights movement and Medical Committee for Human Rights

Memphis sanitation strike

The Memphis sanitation strike began on February 12, 1968, in response to the deaths of sanitation workers Echol Cole and Robert Walker.

See Civil rights movement and Memphis sanitation strike

Memphis, Tennessee

Memphis is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

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Miami

Miami, officially the City of Miami, is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida.

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Michael Rogin

Michael Paul Rogin (June 29, 1937 – November 25, 2001) was an American political scientist who taught at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Michael Schwerner

Michael Henry Schwerner (November 6, 1939 – June 21, 1964) was an American civil rights activist.

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Michigan Army National Guard

The Michigan Army National Guard is the Army component of the Michigan National Guard and a reserve component of the United States Army.

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Milwaukee

Milwaukee is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the seat of Milwaukee County.

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Mississippi Delta

The Mississippi Delta, also known as the Yazoo–Mississippi Delta, or simply the Delta, is the distinctive northwest section of the U.S. state of Mississippi (and portions of Arkansas and Louisiana) that lies between the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers.

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Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), also referred to simply as the Freedom Democratic Party, was an American political party that existed in the state of Mississippi from 1964 to 1968, during the Civil Rights Movement. Civil rights movement and Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party are history of African-American civil rights.

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Mississippi National Guard

The Mississippi National Guard (MSNG), commonly known as the Mississippi Guard, is both a Mississippi state and a federal government organization, part of the United States National Guard.

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Mississippi State Penitentiary

Mississippi State Penitentiary (MSP), also known as Parchman Farm, is a maximum-security prison farm located in the unincorporated community of Parchman in Sunflower County, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta region.

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Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission

The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (also called the MSSC or Sov-Com) was a state agency in Mississippi active from 1956 to 1977 and tasked with fighting integration and controlling civil rights activism. Civil rights movement and Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission are history of African-American civil rights.

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Modjeska Monteith Simkins

Modjeska Monteith Simkins (December 5, 1899 – April 5, 1992) was an important leader of African-American public health reform, social reform and the Civil Rights Movement in South Carolina.

See Civil rights movement and Modjeska Monteith Simkins

Molotov cocktail

A Molotov cocktail (among several other names – see) is a hand-thrown incendiary weapon consisting of a frangible container filled with flammable substances and equipped with a fuse (typically a glass bottle filled with flammable liquids sealed with a cloth wick).

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Money, Mississippi

Money is an unincorporated community near Greenwood in Leflore County, Mississippi, United States, in the Mississippi Delta.

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Montgomery bus boycott

The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.

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Montgomery Improvement Association

The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was formed on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama.

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Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County.

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Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist.

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Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson

Jimmie Lee Jackson (December 16, 1938 – February 26, 1965) was an African American civil rights activist in Marion, Alabama, and a deacon in the Baptist church.

See Civil rights movement and Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson

Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner

The murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, also known as the Freedom Summer murders, the Mississippi civil rights workers' murders, or the Mississippi Burning murders, were the abduction and murder of three activists in Philadelphia, Mississippi, in June 1964, during the Civil Rights Movement.

See Civil rights movement and Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner

Myles Horton

Myles Falls Horton (July 9, 1905– January 19, 1990) was an American educator, socialist, and co-founder of the Highlander Folk School, famous for its role in the Civil Rights Movement (Movement leader James Bevel called Horton "The Father of the Civil Rights Movement").

See Civil rights movement and Myles Horton

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey, Ida B. Wells, Lillian Wald, and Henry Moskowitz. Civil rights movement and NAACP are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and NAACP

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund

The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (NAACP LDF, the Legal Defense Fund, or LDF) is an American civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

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NAACP Youth Council

The NAACP Youth Council is a branch of the NAACP in which youth are actively involved.

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Nadir of American race relations

The nadir of American race relations was the period in African-American history and the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century, when racism in the country, and particularly anti-black racism, was more open and pronounced than it had ever been during any other period in the nation's history.

See Civil rights movement and Nadir of American race relations

Nan Orrock

Nan Grogan Orrock (born November 8, 1943) is an American politician serving as the Democratic State Senator in the Georgia State Senate, representing Senate District 36 in eastern Atlanta.

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Nashville sit-ins

The Nashville sit-ins, which lasted from February 13 to May 10, 1960, were part of a protest to end racial segregation at lunch counters in downtown Nashville, Tennessee.

See Civil rights movement and Nashville sit-ins

Nashville Student Movement

The Nashville Student Movement was an organization that challenged racial segregation in Nashville, Tennessee, during the Civil Rights Movement. Civil rights movement and Nashville Student Movement are movements for civil rights.

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Nashville, Tennessee

Nashville, often known as Music City, is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County.

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Natchez, Mississippi

Natchez, officially the City of Natchez, is the only city in and the county seat of Adams County, Mississippi, United States.

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Nation of Islam

The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930.

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National Association of Realtors

The National Association of Realtors (NAR) is an American trade association for those who work in the real estate industry.

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National Civil Rights Museum

The National Civil Rights Museum is a complex of museums and historic buildings in Memphis, Tennessee; its exhibits trace the history of the civil rights movement in the United States from the 17th century to the present.

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National Council of Negro Women

The National Council of Negro Women, Inc. (NCNW) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1935 with the mission to advance the opportunities and the quality of life for African-American women, their families, and communities.

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National Park Service

The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government, within the U.S. Department of the Interior.

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National Urban League

The National Urban League (NUL), formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, is a nonpartisan historic civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of economic and social justice for African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and National Urban League

Native American Rights Fund

The Native American Rights Fund (NARF) is a non-profit organization, based in Boulder, Colorado, that uses existing laws and treaties to ensure that U.S. state governments and the U.S. federal government live up to their legal obligations.

See Civil rights movement and Native American Rights Fund

Naturalization Act of 1790

The Naturalization Act of 1790 (enacted March 26, 1790) was a law of the United States Congress that set the first uniform rules for the granting of United States citizenship by naturalization.

See Civil rights movement and Naturalization Act of 1790

Neshoba County, Mississippi

Neshoba County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Mississippi.

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Nevada

Nevada is a landlocked state in the Western region of the United States.

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New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938 to rescue the U.S. from the Great Depression.

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New Orleans

New Orleans (commonly known as NOLA or the Big Easy among other nicknames) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana.

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New York City

New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.

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New York City teachers' strike of 1968

The New York City teachers' strike of 1968 was a months-long confrontation between the new community-controlled school board in the largely black Ocean Hill–Brownsville neighborhoods of Brooklyn and New York City's United Federation of Teachers.

See Civil rights movement and New York City teachers' strike of 1968

Nina Simone

Nina Simone (born Eunice Kathleen Waymon; February 21, 1933 – April 21, 2003) was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, composer, arranger and civil rights activist.

See Civil rights movement and Nina Simone

Nobel Peace Prize

The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.

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Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)

The non-cooperation movement was a political campaign launched on September 4, 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi to have Indians revoke their cooperation from the British government, with the aim of persuading them to grant self-governance. Civil rights movement and non-cooperation movement (1919–1922) are nonviolent resistance movements.

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Nonviolence

Nonviolence is the personal practice of not causing harm to others under any condition.

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Nonviolent resistance

Nonviolent resistance, or nonviolent action, sometimes called civil resistance, is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, constructive program, or other methods, while refraining from violence and the threat of violence. Civil rights movement and nonviolent resistance are community organizing.

See Civil rights movement and Nonviolent resistance

North Carolina A&T State University

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (also known as North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina A&T, N.C. A&T, or simply A&T) is a public, historically black, land-grant research university in Greensboro, North Carolina.

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North Louisiana

North Louisiana (Louisiane du Nord), also known locally as Sportsman's Paradise, (a name sometimes attributed to the state as a whole) is a region in the U.S. state of Louisiana.

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Oakland, California

Oakland is a city in the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S. state of California.

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Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity

The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO) is an agency within the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

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Ogg

Ogg is a free, open container format maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation.

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Ohio

Ohio is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Oklahoma City

Oklahoma City, officially the City of Oklahoma City, and often shortened to OKC, is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma.

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Omaha race riot of 1919

The Omaha Race Riot occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, September 28–29, 1919.

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Omar Wasow

Omar Tomas Wasow (born December 22, 1970) is an assistant professor in UC Berkeley’s Department of Political Science.

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Operation Breadbasket

Operation Breadbasket was an organization dedicated to improving the economic conditions of black communities across the United States. Civil rights movement and Operation Breadbasket are history of African-American civil rights.

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Operation Rolling Thunder

Operation Rolling Thunder was a gradual and sustained aerial bombardment campaign conducted by the United States (U.S.) 2nd Air Division (later Seventh Air Force), U.S. Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) against North Vietnam from 2 March 1965 until 2 November 1968, during the Vietnam War.

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Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1965 against the escalating role of the United States in the Vietnam War.

See Civil rights movement and Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

Organization of Afro-American Unity

The Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) was a Pan-Africanist organization founded by Malcolm X in 1964.

See Civil rights movement and Organization of Afro-American Unity

Orval Faubus

Orval Eugene Faubus (January 7, 1910 – December 14, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 36th Governor of Arkansas from 1955 to 1967, as a member of the Democratic Party.

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Ossie Davis

Raiford Chatman "Ossie" Davis (December 18, 1917 – February 4, 2005) was an American actor, director, writer, and activist.

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Ozarks

The Ozarks, also known as the Ozark Mountains, Ozark Highlands or Ozark Plateau, is a physiographic region in the U.S. states of Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma and the extreme southeastern corner of Kansas.

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Paramilitary

A paramilitary is a military that is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces.

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Paratrooper

A paratrooper or military parachutist is a soldier trained to conduct military operations by parachuting directly into an area of operations, usually as part of a large airborne forces unit.

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Patsy Mink

Patsy Matsu Mink (Takemoto; 竹本 マツ, December 6, 1927 – September 28, 2002) was an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of Hawaii.

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Paul B. Johnson Jr.

Paul Burney Johnson Jr. (January 23, 1916October 14, 1985) was an American attorney and Democratic politician from Mississippi, serving as 54th governor from January 1964 until January 1968.

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Paul Robeson

Paul Leroy Robeson (April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American bass-baritone concert artist, actor, professional football player, and activist who became famous both for his cultural accomplishments and for his political stances.

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Pawnee people

The Pawnee are a Central Plains Indian tribe that historically lived in Nebraska and northern Kansas but today are based in Oklahoma.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Peace and Freedom Party

The Peace and Freedom Party (PFP) is a left-wing political party with ballot status in California.

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Penal labour

Penal labour is a term for various kinds of forced labour that prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour.

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People's Daily

The People's Daily is the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

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People's Democracy (Ireland)

People's Democracy (PD) was a political organisation that arose from the Northern Ireland civil rights movement.

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Pittsburgh Courier

The Pittsburgh Courier was an African American weekly newspaper published in Pittsburgh from 1907 until October 22, 1966.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".

See Civil rights movement and Plessy v. Ferguson

Police brutality

Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group.

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Poor People's Campaign

The Poor People's Campaign, or Poor People's March on Washington, was a 1968 effort to gain economic justice for poor people in the United States. Civil rights movement and poor People's Campaign are nonviolent resistance movements.

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Poor White

Poor White is a sociocultural classification used to describe economically disadvantaged Whites in the English-speaking world, especially White Americans with low incomes.

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Post–civil rights era in African-American history

In African-American history, the post–civil rights era is defined as the time period in the United States since Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, major federal legislation that ended legal segregation, gained federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration and electoral practices in states or areas with a history of discriminatory practices, and ended discrimination in the renting and buying of housing.

See Civil rights movement and Post–civil rights era in African-American history

Prathia Hall

Prathia Laura Ann Hall Wynn (January 1, 1940 – August 12, 2002) was an American leader and activist in the Civil Rights Movement, a womanist theologian, and ethicist.

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Presidency of John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy's tenure as the 35th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 1961, and ended with his assassination on November 22, 1963. Civil rights movement and Presidency of John F. Kennedy are 1960s in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Presidency of John F. Kennedy

President's Committee on Civil Rights

The President's Committee on Civil Rights was a United States presidential commission established by President Harry Truman in 1946. Civil rights movement and President's Committee on Civil Rights are history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and President's Committee on Civil Rights

Private foundation

A private foundation is a tax-exempt organization that does not rely on broad public support and generally claims to serve humanitarian purposes.

See Civil rights movement and Private foundation

Project Uplift

Project Uplift was a major short-term program of the Great Society.

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Public accommodations in the United States

In United States law, public accommodations are generally defined as facilities, whether publicly or privately owned, that are used by the public at large.

See Civil rights movement and Public accommodations in the United States

Public transport bus service

Public transport bus services are generally based on regular operation of transit buses along a route calling at agreed bus stops according to a published public transport timetable.

See Civil rights movement and Public transport bus service

Queens College, City University of New York

Queens College (QC) is a public college in the New York City borough of Queens.

See Civil rights movement and Queens College, City University of New York

Rabbi

A rabbi (רַבִּי|translit.

See Civil rights movement and Rabbi

Racial discrimination in jury selection

Racial discrimination in jury selection is specifically prohibited by law in many jurisdictions throughout the world. Civil rights movement and Racial discrimination in jury selection are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Racial segregation

Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

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Racial segregation in the United States

Facilities and services such as housing, healthcare, education, employment, and transportation have been systematically separated in the United States based on racial categorizations.

See Civil rights movement and Racial segregation in the United States

Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces

A series of policies were formerly issued by the U.S. military which entailed the separation of white and non-white American soldiers, prohibitions on the recruitment of people of color and restrictions of ethnic minorities to supporting roles. Civil rights movement and Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces are history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces

Racial steering

Racial steering refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race.

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Racism in the United States

Racism has been reflected in discriminatory laws, practices, and actions (including violence) against "racial" or ethnic groups, throughout the history of the United States.

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Radio Free Dixie

Radio Free Dixie was a radio program broadcast from Cuba by American civil rights leader Robert F. Williams in the early 1960s that advocated for racial equality. Civil rights movement and radio Free Dixie are history of African-American civil rights.

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Raleigh, North Carolina

Raleigh is the capital city of the U.S. state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County.

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Ralph Abernathy

Ralph David Abernathy Sr. (March 11, 1926 – April 17, 1990) was an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister.

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Ralph Bunche

Ralph Johnson Bunche (August 7, 1904 – December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, diplomat, and leading actor in the mid-20th-century decolonization process and US civil rights movement, who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Israel.

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Rayford Logan

Rayford Whittingham Logan (January 7, 1897 – November 4, 1982) was an African-American historian and Pan-African activist.

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Raylawni Branch

Raylawni Branch (born 1941) is a black Mississippi pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement, a professional nursing educator and US Air Force Reserve officer.

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Read's Drug Store

Read's Drug Store was a chain of stores based in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Real estate development

Real estate development, or property development, is a business process, encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others.

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Realpolitik

Realpolitik is the approach of conducting diplomatic or political policies based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than strictly following ideological, moral, or ethical premises.

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Reconstruction Amendments

The, or the, are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870.

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Reconstruction era

The Reconstruction era was a period in United States history following the American Civil War, dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of abolishing slavery and reintegrating the eleven former Confederate States of America into the United States. Civil rights movement and Reconstruction era are history of African-American civil rights and history of civil rights in the United States.

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Red Power movement

The Red Power movement was a social movement led by Native American youth to demand self-determination for Native Americans in the United States.

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Red Summer

Red Summer was a period in mid-1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots occurred in more than three dozen cities across the United States, and in one rural county in Arkansas.

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Redlining

Redlining is a discriminatory practice in which financial services are withheld from neighborhoods that have significant numbers of racial and ethnic minorities.

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Regional Council of Negro Leadership

The Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL) was a society in Mississippi founded by T. R. M. Howard in 1951 to promote a program of civil rights, self-help, and business ownership for African Americans. Civil rights movement and Regional Council of Negro Leadership are history of African-American civil rights and history of civil rights in the United States.

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Report to the American People on Civil Rights

The Report to the American People on Civil Rights was a speech on civil rights, delivered on radio and television by United States President John F. Kennedy from the Oval Office on June 11, 1963, in which he proposed legislation that would later become the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Civil rights movement and Report to the American People on Civil Rights are history of African-American civil rights and history of civil rights in the United States.

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Republican Party (United States)

The Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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Richard J. Daley

Richard Joseph Daley (May 15, 1902 – December 20, 1976) was an American politician who served as the mayor of Chicago from 1955, and the chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party Central Committee from 1953, until his death.

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Richmond, Virginia

Richmond is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.

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Risa L. Goluboff

Risa Lauren Goluboff is an American legal scholar who served as the 12th dean of the University of Virginia School of Law from 2016 to 2024, the first woman to hold the position.

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Robert F. Kennedy

Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also known by his initials RFK, was an American politician and lawyer.

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Robert F. Williams

Robert Franklin Williams (February 26, 1925 – October 15, 1996) was an American civil rights leader and author best known for serving as president of the Monroe, North Carolina chapter of the NAACP in the 1950s and into 1961. Civil rights movement and Robert F. Williams are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Robert Hayling

Robert Bagner Hayling (November 20, 1929 – December 20, 2015) was an American dentist and civil rights activist.

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Robert Russa Moton Museum

The Robert Russa Moton Museum (popularly known as the Moton Museum or Moton) is a historic site and museum in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia.

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Rosa Parks

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement, best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. Civil rights movement and Rosa Parks are community organizing.

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Ross Barnett

Ross Robert Barnett (January 22, 1898November 6, 1987) was an American politician and segregationist who served as the 53rd governor of Mississippi from 1960 to 1964.

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Roy Wilkins

Roy Ottoway Wilkins (August 30, 1901 – September 8, 1981) was an American civil rights leader from the 1930s to the 1970s.

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Ruby Dee

Ruby Dee (October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist, and civil rights activist.

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Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson

Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson (April 25, 1942 – October 7, 1967) worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from its earliest days in 1960 until her death in October 1967.

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Rutledge Pearson

Rutledge Henry Pearson (September 9, 1929–May 1967) was an educator, civil rights leader and human rights activist.

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Sam Cooke

Samuel Cooke (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer and songwriter.

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Sammy Davis Jr.

Samuel George Davis Jr. (December 8, 1925 – May 16, 1990) was an American singer, actor, comedian and dancer.

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Samuel Wilbert Tucker

Samuel Wilbert Tucker (June 18, 1913 – October 19, 1990) was an American lawyer and a cooperating attorney with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

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San Francisco

San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, financial, and cultural center in Northern California.

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San Quentin Rehabilitation Center

San Quentin Rehabilitation Center (SQ), formerly known as San Quentin State Prison, is a California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation state prison for men, located north of San Francisco in the unincorporated place of San Quentin in Marin County.

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Sarah Mae Flemming

Sarah Mae Flemming Brown (June 28, 1933 – June 16, 1993) was an African-American woman who was expelled from a bus in Columbia, South Carolina, seventeen months before Rosa Parks refused to surrender her seat on an Alabama bus in 1955.

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School segregation in the United States

School segregation in the United States was the segregation of students based on their ethnicity.

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Scottsboro Boys

The Scottsboro Boys were nine African-American male teenagers accused of raping two white women in 1931.

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Sea Islands

The Sea Islands are a chain of over a hundred tidal and barrier islands on the Atlantic Ocean coast of the Southeastern United States, between the mouths of the Santee and St. Johns rivers along South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.

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Seattle

Seattle is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States.

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Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project

The Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, one of the Pacific Northwest Labor and Civil Rights History Projects, is dedicated to social movements and labor history in the Pacific Northwest. Civil rights movement and Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project are community organizing, history of African-American civil rights, history of civil rights in the United States and movements for civil rights.

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Second Great Migration (African American)

In the context of the 20th-century history of the United States, the Second Great Migration was the migration of more than 5 million African Americans from the South to the Northeast, Midwest and West.

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Segregation in Northern Ireland

Segregation in Northern Ireland is a long-running issue in the political and social history of Northern Ireland.

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Self-determination

Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage.

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Selma to Montgomery marches

The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. Civil rights movement and Selma to Montgomery marches are history of African-American civil rights.

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Selma, Alabama

Selma is a city in and the county seat of Dallas County, in the Black Belt region of south central Alabama and extending to the west.

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Separate but equal

Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law, according to which racial segregation did not necessarily violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which nominally guaranteed "equal protection" under the law to all people.

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Septima Poinsette Clark

Septima Poinsette Clark (May 3, 1898 – December 15, 1987) was an African American educator and civil rights activist.

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Set the Night on Fire

Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties is a movement history by Mike Davis and Jon Wiener published in April 2020. Civil rights movement and Set the Night on Fire are 1960s in the United States, community organizing, history of African-American civil rights, history of civil rights in the United States, movements for civil rights, nonviolent resistance movements and social movements in the United States.

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Sexism

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender.

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Sexual harassment

Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors.

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Shaw University

Shaw University is a private historically black university in Raleigh, North Carolina.

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Sherwood Eddy

George Sherwood Eddy (1871–1963) was a leading American Protestant missionary, administrator and educator.

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Shirley Chisholm

Shirley Anita Chisholm (November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician who, in 1968, became the first black woman to be elected to the United States Congress.

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Sit-in

A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. Civil rights movement and sit-in are history of African-American civil rights and nonviolent resistance movements.

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Sit-in movement

The sit-in movement, sit-in campaign, or student sit-in movement, was a wave of sit-ins that followed the Greensboro sit-ins on February 1, 1960, led by students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical Institute (A&T). Civil rights movement and sit-in movement are history of African-American civil rights.

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Slavery in the United States

The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South.

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Smith v. Allwright

Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to voting rights and, by extension, racial desegregation.

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Smithsonian (magazine)

Smithsonian is a science and nature magazine (and associated website, SmithsonianMag.com), and is the official journal published by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., although editorially independent from its parent organization.

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Social movement

A social movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal, typically a social or political one.

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Socialism

Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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Solid South

The Solid South was the electoral voting bloc for the Democratic Party in the Southern United States between the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Civil rights movement and Solid South are politics of the Southern United States.

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Soul on Ice (book)

Soul on Ice is a memoir and collection of essays by Eldridge Cleaver.

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South Carolina

South Carolina is a state in the coastal Southeastern region of the United States.

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South Carolina in the civil rights movement

Prior to the civil rights movement in South Carolina, African Americans in the state had very few political rights. Civil rights movement and South Carolina in the civil rights movement are history of African-American civil rights and politics of the Southern United States.

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South Los Angeles

South Los Angeles, also known as South Central Los Angeles or simply South Central, is a region in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, lying mostly within the city limits of Los Angeles, south of downtown.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia.

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Southern Poverty Law Center

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation.

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Southern Student Organizing Committee

The Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC) was a student activist group in the southern United States during the 1960s, which focused on many political and social issues including: African-American civil rights, opposition to the Vietnam War, workers' rights, and feminism. Civil rights movement and southern Student Organizing Committee are movements for civil rights.

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Southern Unionist

In the United States, Southern Unionists were white Southerners living in the Confederate States of America opposed to secession.

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Southwestern United States

The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States that includes Arizona and New Mexico, along with adjacent portions of California, Colorado, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah.

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St. Augustine, Florida

St.

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St. Louis

St.

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Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door took place at Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama on June 11, 1963.

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Stanley Branche

Stanley Everett Branche (July 31, 1933 – December 22, 1992) was an American civil rights leader from Pennsylvania who worked as executive secretary in the Chester, Pennsylvania, branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and founded the Committee for Freedom Now (CFFN).

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Stanley Levison

Stanley David Levison (May 2, 1912 – September 12, 1979) was an American businessman and lawyer who became a lifelong activist in socialist causes.

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Stephen Tuck

Stephen Tuck is a British historian.

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Stokely Carmichael

Kwame Ture (born Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael; June 29, 1941November 15, 1998) was an American activist who played a major role in the civil rights movement in the United States and the global pan-African movement.

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced) was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the civil rights movement during the 1960s. Civil rights movement and student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee are history of African-American civil rights and nonviolent resistance movements.

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Subdivision (land)

Subdivisions are land that is divided into pieces that are easier to sell or otherwise develop, usually via a plat.

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Suburb

A suburb (more broadly suburban area) is an area within a metropolitan area which is predominantly residential and within commuting distance of a large city.

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Supreme Court of California

The Supreme Court of California is the highest and final court of appeals in the courts of the U.S. state of California.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States.

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Swarthmore College

Swarthmore College is a private liberal arts college in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.

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Synagogue

A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans.

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T. R. M. Howard

Theodore Roosevelt Mason Howard (March 4, 1908 – May 1, 1976) was an American civil rights leader, fraternal organization leader, entrepreneur and surgeon.

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Tacoma, Washington

Tacoma is the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States.

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Tallahassee, Florida

Tallahassee is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida.

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Tallahatchie River

The Tallahatchie River is a river in Mississippi which flows from Tippah County, through Tallahatchie County, to Leflore County, where it joins the Yalobusha River to form the Yazoo River, which ultimately meets the Mississippi River at Vicksburg, Mississippi.

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Taylor Branch

Taylor Branch (born January 14, 1947) is an American author and historian who wrote a Pulitzer Prize winning trilogy chronicling the life of Martin Luther King Jr. and much of the history of the American civil rights movement.

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Teaching for Change

Teaching for Change is a non-profit organization founded in 1989 and based in Washington, D.C., with the motto of "building social justice, starting in the classroom." This organization uses publications, professional development, and parent organizing programs to accomplish this goal.

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Tear gas

Tear gas, also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator, sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial self-defense spray, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears.

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Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950–1970

"Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950-1970" is a digital history project produced by Dr.

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Tennessee

Tennessee, officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.

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The Autobiography of Malcolm X

The Autobiography of Malcolm X is an autobiography written by American minister Malcolm X, who collaborated with American journalist Alex Haley.

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The Ballot or the Bullet

"The Ballot or the Bullet" is the title of a public speech by human rights activist Malcolm X. In the speech, which was delivered on two occasions the first being April 3, 1964, at the Cory Methodist Church in Cleveland, Ohio, and the second being on April 12, 1964, at the King Solomon Baptist Church, in Detroit, Michigan, Malcolm X advised African Americans to judiciously exercise their right to vote, but he cautioned that if the government continued to prevent African Americans from attaining full equality, it might be necessary for them to take up arms.

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The Bronx

The Bronx is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York.

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The Diplomat

The Diplomat is an international online news magazine covering politics, society, and culture in the Indo-Pacific region.

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The Moscow Times

The Moscow Times is an independent English-language and Russian-language online newspaper.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or T.R., was an American politician, soldier, conservationist, historian, naturalist, explorer and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

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Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

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Thurgood Marshall

Thoroughgood "Thurgood" Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991.

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Tim Weiner

Tim Weiner (born June 20, 1956) is an American reporter and author.

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Timeline of the civil rights movement

This is a timeline of the civil rights movement in the United States, a nonviolent mid-20th century freedom movement to gain legal equality and the enforcement of constitutional rights for people of color. Civil rights movement and timeline of the civil rights movement are 1960s in the United States, history of civil rights in the United States and movements for civil rights.

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Timothy Garton Ash

Timothy Garton Ash (born 12 July 1955) is a British historian, author and commentator.

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Title IX

Title IX is a landmark federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part (Title IX) of the Education Amendments of 1972.

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Tommie Smith

Tommie C. Smith (born June 6, 1944) is an American former track and field athlete and former wide receiver in the American Football League.

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Tougaloo College

Tougaloo College is a private historically black college in the Tougaloo area of Jackson, Mississippi, United States.

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Trade union

A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers.

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Trusty system (prison)

The "trusty system" (sometimes incorrectly called "trustee system") was a penitentiary system of discipline and security enforced in parts of the United States until the 1980s, in which designated inmates were given various privileges, abilities, and responsibilities not available to all inmates.

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Tuskegee University

Tuskegee University (Tuskegee or TU; formerly known as the Tuskegee Institute) is a private, historically black land-grant university in Tuskegee, Alabama.

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Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) to the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.

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Ulysses S. Grant

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Uncle Tom

Uncle Tom is the title character of Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

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Unita Blackwell

Unita Zelma Blackwell (March 18, 1933 – May 13, 2019) was an American civil rights activist who was the first African-American woman to be elected mayor in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

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United Auto Workers

The United Auto Workers (UAW), fully named International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, is an American labor union that represents workers in the United States (including Puerto Rico) and southern Ontario, Canada.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Army

The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Attorney General

The United States attorney general (AG) is the head of the United States Department of Justice, and is the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government of the United States.

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United States Border Patrol

The United States Border Patrol (USBP) is a federal law enforcement agency under the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and is responsible for securing the borders of the United States.

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United States Commission on Civil Rights

The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (CCR) is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the Eisenhower administration, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues in the United States.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

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United States congressional apportionment

United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives are distributed among the 50 states according to the most recent decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (in case citations, 5th Cir.) is one of the 13 United States courts of appeals.

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United States Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence, formally titled The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America in both the engrossed version and the original printing, is the founding document of the United States.

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United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United States.

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United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division

The Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice enforces federal statutes prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, sex, disability, religion, and national origin.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States Marshals Service

The United States Marshals Service (USMS) is a federal law enforcement agency in the United States.

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University of Alabama

The University of Alabama (informally known as Alabama, UA, the Capstone, or Bama) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

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University of Georgia School of Law

The University of Georgia School of Law (Georgia Law) is the law school of the University of Georgia, a public research university in Athens, Georgia.

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University of Michigan Museum of Art

The University of Michigan Museum of Art (UMMA) is one of the largest university art museums in the United States, located in Ann Arbor, Michigan with.

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University of Mississippi

The University of Mississippi (byname Ole Miss) is a public research university in University, Mississippi, with a medical center in Jackson.

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University of Natal

The University of Natal was a university in the former South African province Natal which later became KwaZulu-Natal.

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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC, UNC-Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, or simply Carolina) is a public research university in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

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University of North Carolina Press

The University of North Carolina Press (or UNC Press), founded in 1922, is a not-for-profit university press associated with the University of North Carolina.

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University of Southern Mississippi

The University of Southern Mississippi (Southern Miss or USM) is a public research university with its main campus located in Hattiesburg, Mississippi.

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University of Virginia

The University of Virginia (UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States.

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Vernon Jordan

Vernon Eulion Jordan Jr. (August 15, 1935 – March 1, 2021) was an American business executive and civil rights attorney who worked for various civil rights movement organizations before becoming a close advisor to President Bill Clinton.

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Victoria Gray Adams

Victoria Jackson Gray Adams (November 5, 1926 – August 12, 2006) was an American civil rights activist from Hattiesburg, Mississippi.

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Vienna summit

The Vienna summit was a summit meeting held on June 4, 1961, in Vienna, Austria, between President of the United States John F. Kennedy and the leader of the Soviet Union (First Secretary and Premier) Nikita Khrushchev.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

See Civil rights movement and Vietnam War

Viola Liuzzo

Viola Fauver Liuzzo (née Gregg; April 11, 1925 – March 25, 1965) was an American civil rights activist in Detroit, Michigan.

See Civil rights movement and Viola Liuzzo

Violence

Violence is the use of physical force to cause harm to people, or non-human life, such as pain, injury, death, damage, or destruction.

See Civil rights movement and Violence

Virginia

Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains.

See Civil rights movement and Virginia

Vivian Malone Jones

Vivian Juanita Malone Jones (July 15, 1942 – October 13, 2005) was one of the first two black students to enroll at the University of Alabama in 1963, and in 1965 became the university's first black graduate.

See Civil rights movement and Vivian Malone Jones

Voice of America

Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international radio broadcasting state media agency owned by the United States of America.

See Civil rights movement and Voice of America

Voter Education Project

Voter Education Project (VEP) raised and distributed foundation funds to civil rights organizations for voter education and registration work in the southern United States from 1962 to 1992. Civil rights movement and voter Education Project are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Voter Education Project

Voting bloc

A voting bloc is a group of voters that are strongly motivated by a specific common concern or group of concerns to the point that such specific concerns tend to dominate their voting patterns, causing them to vote together in elections.

See Civil rights movement and Voting bloc

Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

See Civil rights movement and Voting Rights Act of 1965

W. E. B. Du Bois

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist.

See Civil rights movement and W. E. B. Du Bois

Walter Fauntroy

Walter Edward Fauntroy Jr. (born February 6, 1933) is an American pastor, civil rights activist, and politician who was the Washington, D.C. delegate to the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1991.

See Civil rights movement and Walter Fauntroy

Walter Mondale

Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (January 5, 1928 – April 19, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42nd vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter.

See Civil rights movement and Walter Mondale

Walter Reuther

Walter Philip Reuther (September 1, 1907 – May 9, 1970) was an American leader of organized labor and civil rights activist who built the United Automobile Workers (UAW) into one of the most progressive labor unions in American history.

See Civil rights movement and Walter Reuther

War on poverty

The war on poverty is the unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union Address on January 8, 1964.

See Civil rights movement and War on poverty

Warren Court

The Warren Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1953 to 1969 when Earl Warren served as the chief justice. Civil rights movement and Warren Court are 1950s in the United States and 1960s in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Warren Court

Washington Monument

The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate George Washington, a Founding Father of the United States, victorious commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783 in the American Revolutionary War, and the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797.

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Watts riots

The Watts riots, sometimes referred to as the Watts Rebellion or Watts Uprising, took place in the Watts neighborhood and its surrounding areas of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965.

See Civil rights movement and Watts riots

Watts, Los Angeles

Watts is a neighborhood in southern Los Angeles, California.

See Civil rights movement and Watts, Los Angeles

We Charge Genocide

We Charge Genocide is a paper accusing the United States government of genocide based on the UN Genocide Convention. Civil rights movement and We Charge Genocide are history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and We Charge Genocide

We Shall Overcome

"We Shall Overcome" is a gospel song that is associated heavily with the U.S. civil rights movement.

See Civil rights movement and We Shall Overcome

West Coast of the United States

The West Coast of the United Statesalso known as the Pacific Coast, and the Western Seaboardis the coastline along which the Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean.

See Civil rights movement and West Coast of the United States

White ethnic

White ethnic is a term used to refer to white Americans who are not Old Stock or White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.

See Civil rights movement and White ethnic

White flight

White flight or white exodus is the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse.

See Civil rights movement and White flight

White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States.

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White people

White (often still referred to as Caucasian) is a racial classification of people generally used for those of mostly European ancestry.

See Civil rights movement and White people

White primary

White primaries were primary elections held in the Southern United States in which only white voters were permitted to participate.

See Civil rights movement and White primary

White privilege

White privilege, or white skin privilege, is the societal privilege that benefits white people over non-white people in some societies, particularly if they are otherwise under the same social, political, or economic circumstances.

See Civil rights movement and White privilege

White Southerners

White Southerners, are White Americans from the Southern United States, originating from the various waves of Northwestern European immigration to the region beginning in the 17th century.

See Civil rights movement and White Southerners

White supremacy

White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them.

See Civil rights movement and White supremacy

Whitney Young

Whitney Moore Young Jr. (July 31, 1921 – March 11, 1971) was an American civil rights leader.

See Civil rights movement and Whitney Young

Why We Can't Wait

Why We Can't Wait is a 1964 book by Martin Luther King Jr. about the nonviolent movement against racial segregation in the United States, and specifically the 1963 Birmingham campaign. Civil rights movement and Why We Can't Wait are history of African-American civil rights.

See Civil rights movement and Why We Can't Wait

Wichita, Kansas

Wichita is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Sedgwick County.

See Civil rights movement and Wichita, Kansas

Widener University

Widener University is a private university in Chester, Pennsylvania.

See Civil rights movement and Widener University

William Colbert Keady

William Colbert Keady (April 2, 1913 – June 16, 1989) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.

See Civil rights movement and William Colbert Keady

William David McCain

William David McCain (March 29, 1907 – September 5, 1993) was an educator, archivist and college president.

See Civil rights movement and William David McCain

William L. Patterson

William Lorenzo Patterson (August 27, 1891 – March 5, 1980) was an African-American leader in the Communist Party USA and head of the International Labor Defense, a group that offered legal representation to communists, trade unionists, and African Americans in cases involving issues of political or racial persecution.

See Civil rights movement and William L. Patterson

William Moyer

Bill Moyer (September 17, 1933 – October 21, 2002) was a United States social change activist who was a principal organizer in the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement.

See Civil rights movement and William Moyer

William Scranton

William Warren Scranton (July 19, 1917 – July 28, 2013) was an American Republican Party politician and diplomat.

See Civil rights movement and William Scranton

Winson Hudson

Winson Hudson, born Anger Winson Gates (November 17, 1916, in Galilee, Mississippi – May 1, 2004) was an American civil rights activist.

See Civil rights movement and Winson Hudson

Women's Political Council

The Women's Political Council (WPC), founded in Montgomery, Alabama, was an organization that formed in 1946 that was an early force active in the civil rights movement that was formed to address the racial issues in the city. Civil rights movement and Women's Political Council are community organizing, Defunct American political movements and history of civil rights in the United States.

See Civil rights movement and Women's Political Council

Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

See Civil rights movement and Woodrow Wilson

Wyatt Tee Walker

Wyatt Tee Walker (August 16, 1928 – January 23, 2018) was an African-American pastor, national civil rights leader, theologian, and cultural historian.

See Civil rights movement and Wyatt Tee Walker

Xernona Clayton

Xernona Clayton Brady (née Brewster, born August 30, 1930) is an American civil rights leader and broadcasting executive.

See Civil rights movement and Xernona Clayton

16th Street Baptist Church bombing

The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was a terrorist bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama on September 15, 1963.

See Civil rights movement and 16th Street Baptist Church bombing

1876 United States presidential election

The 1876 United States presidential election was the 23rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1876.

See Civil rights movement and 1876 United States presidential election

1956 Sugar Bowl

The 1956 Sugar Bowl featured the 7th ranked Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, and the 11th ranked Pittsburgh Panthers. The game was played on January 2, since New Year's Day was a Sunday. Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl. Segregationists and Georgia governor Marvin Griffin used all his political power in an attempt to keep Pitt fullback/linebacker Bobby Grier from playing because he was black.

See Civil rights movement and 1956 Sugar Bowl

1964 California Proposition 14

California Proposition 14 was a November 1964 initiative ballot measure that amended the California state constitution to nullify the 1963 Rumford Fair Housing Act, thereby allowing property sellers, landlords and their agents to openly discriminate on ethnic grounds when selling or letting accommodations, as they had been permitted to before 1963.

See Civil rights movement and 1964 California Proposition 14

1964 Democratic National Convention

The 1964 Democratic National Convention of the Democratic Party, took place at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey, from August 24 to 27, 1964.

See Civil rights movement and 1964 Democratic National Convention

1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests

The 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protest was part of a series of events during the civil rights movement in the United States which occurred on June 18, 1964, at the Monson Motor Lodge in St. Augustine, Florida.

See Civil rights movement and 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests

1964 Philadelphia race riot

The Philadelphia race riot, or Columbia Avenue Riot, took place in the predominantly black neighborhoods of North Philadelphia from August 28 to August 30, 1964.

See Civil rights movement and 1964 Philadelphia race riot

1967 Detroit riot

The 1967 Detroit riot, also known as the 12th Street Riot, and the Detroit Uprising, was the bloodiest of the urban riots in the United States during the "long, hot summer of 1967".

See Civil rights movement and 1967 Detroit riot

1967 Newark riots

The 1967 Newark riots were an episode of violent, armed conflict in the streets of Newark, New Jersey.

See Civil rights movement and 1967 Newark riots

1968 Chicago riots

The 1968 Chicago riots, in the United States, were sparked in part by the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Rioting and looting followed, with people flooding out onto the streets of major cities, primarily in black urban areas.

See Civil rights movement and 1968 Chicago riots

1968 Summer Olympics

The 1968 Summer Olympics (Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968), officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad (Juegos de la XIX Olimpiada) and officially branded as Mexico 1968 (México 1968), were an international multi-sport event held from 12 to 27 October 1968 in Mexico City, Mexico.

See Civil rights movement and 1968 Summer Olympics

1968 Washington, D.C., riots

Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a leading African-American civil rights activist, on April 4, 1968, Washington, D.C., experienced a four-day period of violent civil unrest and rioting.

See Civil rights movement and 1968 Washington, D.C., riots

1980 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1980 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives on November 4, 1980, to elect members to serve in the 97th United States Congress.

See Civil rights movement and 1980 United States House of Representatives elections

1990 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1990 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives on November 6, 1990, to elect members to serve in the 102nd United States Congress.

See Civil rights movement and 1990 United States House of Representatives elections

1992 Los Angeles riots

The 1992 Los Angeles riots (also called the South Central riots, Rodney King riots or the 1992 Los Angeles uprising) were a series of riots and civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles County, California, United States, during April and May 1992.

See Civil rights movement and 1992 Los Angeles riots

2000 United States House of Representatives elections

The 2000 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 7, 2000, to elect U.S. Representatives to serve in the 107th United States Congress.

See Civil rights movement and 2000 United States House of Representatives elections

501(c)(3) organization

A 501(c)(3) organization is a United States corporation, trust, unincorporated association or other type of organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of Title 26 of the United States Code.

See Civil rights movement and 501(c)(3) organization

See also

1954 establishments in the United States

• American Nuclear Society
• Atlantic Treaty Association
• Civil rights movement
• Comics Code Authority
• Concord Park, Pennsylvania
• Continental Air Defense Command
• Duty to God Award
• Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
• Ivy League
• James Laughlin Award
• Liberal Religious Youth
• Marine Corps Test Unit
• Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
• National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor
• National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress
• National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
• National Negro Network
• Renaissance Society of America
• School Library Journal
• Star Stations
• Steve and Eydie
• Television Bureau of Advertising
• U.S. Open Badminton Championships

1968 disestablishments in the United States

• AAU Men's Basketball All-Americans
• Civil rights movement
• Federal Bureau of Narcotics
• Georgian (train)
• Grecian Guild Pictorial
• Mobil Economy Run
• North American Basketball League (1964–1968)
• Partido Estadista Republicano
• Revolutionary Action Movement
• Tennessean (train)

20th-century social movements

• Animal rights movement
• Civil rights movement
• Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
• Craft cocktail movement
• Lily-white movement
• Movida viguesa
• New Left
• Northern Ireland civil rights movement
• Right-to-life movement

Politics of the Southern United States

• Boll weevil (politics)
• Civil rights movement
• Constitutional Union Party (United States)
• Council of Conservative Citizens
• Deep South
• Dixiecrat
• Elections in the Southern United States
• Grandfather clause
• James Shepherd Pike
• Ku Klux Klan
• League of the South
• Lost Cause of the Confederacy
• Neo-Confederates
• New South
• New South governor
• Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)
• Peterson v. City of Greenville
• Politics of the Southern United States
• Republic of New Afrika
• Republican Revolution
• Scalawag
• Sharecroppers' Union
• Slavery as a positive good in the United States
• Solid South
• South Carolina in the civil rights movement
• Southern Democrats
• Southern Governors' Association
• Southern Legal Resource Center
• Southern Party
• Southern Tenant Farmers Union
• Southern strategy
• Southernization
• Who Speaks for the Negro?
• Yellow dog Democrat

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement

Also known as 1954-1968 Civil Rights Movement, 1960s Civil Rights Movement, African American Civil Rights Movement, African American Civil Rights Movement (1954-68), African American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968), African-American Civil Rights, African-American Civil Rights Movement, African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968), African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954-68), African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968), African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-68), African-American Civil Rights Movement (1965-1968), African-American civil-rights movement, American Civil Rights, American Civil Rights Movement, American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968), American Civil Rights Movement (1955-68), American Freedom Movement, Black Revolution, Black civil rights, Black civil rights movement, Black equality, Black rights, Black rights movement, Civil Rights Era, Civil Rights Movement in the United States, Civil Rights Revolution, Civil rights for African Americans, Civil rights in the United States, Civil rights movement (1954–1968), Civil rights of African Americans, Civil rights of the United States, Civil rights struggle, Civil-rights movement, Modern Civil Rights Movement, Negro American Revolution, Negro Freedom Movement, Negro Revolt, Negro Revolution, Negro movement, Second Reconstruction, Southern Freedom Movement, The 1960s Civil Rights Movement, The Civil Rights Movement, U.S. Civil Rights, U.S. Civil Rights Movement, US Civil Rights Movement, United States civil rights movement.

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Patterson, William Moyer, William Scranton, Winson Hudson, Women's Political Council, Woodrow Wilson, Wyatt Tee Walker, Xernona Clayton, 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, 1876 United States presidential election, 1956 Sugar Bowl, 1964 California Proposition 14, 1964 Democratic National Convention, 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests, 1964 Philadelphia race riot, 1967 Detroit riot, 1967 Newark riots, 1968 Chicago riots, 1968 Summer Olympics, 1968 Washington, D.C., riots, 1980 United States House of Representatives elections, 1990 United States House of Representatives elections, 1992 Los Angeles riots, 2000 United States House of Representatives elections, 501(c)(3) organization.

Unionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia – dictionary. It gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships.

This is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams. It's free to use and each article or document can be downloaded. It's a tool, resource or reference for study, research, education, learning or teaching, that can be used by teachers, educators, pupils or students; for the academic world: for school, primary, secondary, high school, middle, technical degree, college, university, undergraduate, master's or doctoral degrees; for papers, reports, projects, ideas, documentation, surveys, summaries, or thesis. Here is the definition, explanation, description, or the meaning of each significant on which you need information, and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Catalan, Czech, Hebrew, Danish, Finnish, Indonesian, Norwegian, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Greek, Bulgarian, Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Filipino, Latvian, Estonian and Slovenian. More languages soon.

The information is based on Wikipedia articles and other Wikimedia projects, and it's available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

Unionpedia is not endorsed by or affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation.

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