391 relations: ABC-CLIO, Adzuki bean, Aeroponics, Agribusiness, Agricultural engineering, Agricultural machinery, Agricultural marketing, Agricultural policy, Agricultural robot, Agricultural science, Agricultural subsidy, Agricultural value chain, Agriculture in ancient Greece, Agriculture in China, Agriculture in India, Agriculture in Mesoamerica, Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest, Agriculture on the prehistoric Great Plains, Agrochemical, Agroecology, Agronomy, Al-Andalus, Algal bloom, Alpaca, Ambrosia beetle, American Civil War, Ammonia, Ammonium nitrate, Ancient Egyptian agriculture, Andes, Animal, Animal husbandry, Animal welfare, Anoxic waters, Ant, Antimicrobial resistance, Aquaculture, Aquatic ecosystem, Aquifer, Arab Agricultural Revolution, Arable land, Arid, Aurochs, Aztecs, Bacillus thuringiensis, Barley, Biodiversity, Biodiversity loss, Biofuel, Biological pest control, ..., Biology, Bioremediation, Breed, British Agricultural Revolution, British Museum, Brown-tail, Building-integrated agriculture, Calcium sulfate, Camel, Campaign finance, Carbon dioxide, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Cassava, Cattle, Center of origin, Cereal, Chenopodium, Chickpea, Chinampa, Civilization, Climate change, Coca, Columbian Exchange, Common Agricultural Policy, Companion planting, Compost, Congressional Research Service, Conservation biology, Contract farming, Cooking oil, Corporate farming, Cotton, Cover crop, Crofting, Crop rotation, Crop yield, Crossbreed, Culling, Cultivar, Decoupling and re-coupling, Deforestation, Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, Desertification, Disease resistance in fruit and vegetables, Domestic pig, Domestication, Dominance (genetics), Donkey, Drought tolerance, Eastern Agricultural Complex, Ecoagriculture, Economic stability, Economic surplus, Ecosystem, Egg, Egg as food, Einkorn wheat, Emmer, Entomology, Environmentalism, Euphrates, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, European Union, Eutrophication, Exchange-rate regime, Extreme weather, Farm, Farm water, Farmer, Fertilizer, Feudalism, Fiber, Fiber crop, Fire ecology, Fire-stick farming, Fish kill, Flax, Fodder, Food, Food and Agriculture Organization, Food processing, Food quality, Food safety, Food security, Food systems, Forest, Forest gardening, Forestry, Fossil fuel, Fruit, Fuel, Ganges, Genetic diversity, Genetically modified food, Genetically modified organism, Genetics, Global warming, Global warming potential, Glyphosate, Good agricultural practice, Granary, Grassland, Great Plains, Greek language, Green manure, Green Revolution, Greenhouse gas, Gregor Mendel, Growing region, Growth hormone, Guardian Media Group, Guinea pig, Gunditjmara, Gypsum, Haber process, Harrow (tool), Harvest, Hatch Act of 1887, Helianthus, Hemp, Henry Gilbert, Hill farming, History of agriculture, History of agriculture in the United States, Horticulture, Human impact on the environment, Hunter-gatherer, Hybrid (biology), Incan agriculture, Indigenous Australians, Indus Valley Civilisation, Industrial Revolution, Insect, Instrumental temperature record, Integrated pest management, Intensive animal farming, Intensive farming, Intercropping, International Food Policy Research Institute, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Monetary Fund, International Resource Panel, IPCC Second Assessment Report, Irrigation, Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist), John Bennet Lawes, Jujube, Land degradation, Latitude, Leaching (agriculture), Legume, Lentil, Levant, List of documentary films about agriculture, List of food labeling regulations, List of root vegetables, Llama, Lobbying, Lymantria dispar dispar, Maize, Managed intensive rotational grazing, Manorialism, Manure, Manure spreader, Maple sugar, Market concentration, Maya civilization, Meat, Meat industry, Mechanised agriculture, Medicinal plants, Mehrgarh, Mesopotamia, Methane, Methane emissions, Middle English, Milk, Mineral, Mite, Molecular cloning, Mongabay, Monoculture, Mule, Multiple cropping, Mung bean, National Geographic Society, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Occupational Research Agenda, Native American use of fire, Natufian culture, Natural fiber, Natural gas, Natural rubber, Neolithic founder crops, New Guinea, New Zealand, Nile, Nitrogen, Nitrous oxide, No-till farming, Noise-induced hearing loss, Nomadic pastoralism, Nonpoint source pollution, Nutrient management, Nutrition, OECD, Orange (fruit), Organic farming, Organic food, Organic movement, Organism, Oryza rufipogon, Ox, Ozone, Papyrus, Parasitoid, Park Grass Experiment, Pastoralism, Pasture, Payment for ecosystem services, Pea, Peanut, Perennial plant, Permaculture, Peru, Pest control, Pesticide, Pesticide resistance, Petrochemical, Pharming (genetics), Phosphorus, Pictogram, Pineapple, Plant, Plant breeding, Plant pathology, Plough, Pollination, Polyculture, Population growth, Potato, Poverty, Prairie, Primary sector of the economy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Propane, Push–pull agricultural pest management, Rain, Rangeland, Raw material, Regenerative agriculture, Remote sensing, Rice, Rollover protection structure, Roman agriculture, Root, Rothamsted Research, Royal Society, Ruminant, Rye, Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001, Sahel, Science News, Scientific American, Sea level rise, Sedentism, Selective breeding, Self-pollination, Sericulture, Sharecropping, Sheep, Shifting cultivation, Shrubland, Silk, Slash-and-burn, Smallholding, Social science, Soil acidification, Soil erosion, Soil retrogression and degradation, Soil salinity, Sorghum, South End Press, Southern United States, Soybean, Stem rust, Strawberry, Subsidy, Subsistence agriculture, Subsistence economy, Subtropics, Sugarcane, Sumer, Surface runoff, Survival International, Sustainability, Sustainable agriculture, Sweet potato, Tariff, Temperate climate, Tenant farmer, Termite, Terrace (agriculture), The Independent, The New York Times, The World Factbook, Three Sisters (agriculture), Three-sector theory, Tigris, Tillage, Tobacco, Tomato, Total factor productivity, Trade union, Tropics, Tuber, Turkey (bird), Turnip, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Environment Programme, United States dollar, Value added, Vegetable, Vegetable oil, Vertical farming, Vicia ervilia, Wang Zhongshu, Waste management, Water buffalo, Water pollution, Water resource management, Water scarcity, Wild boar, Wild rice, Winter squash, Wool, Working animal, World Bank Group, World Health Organization, World population, Zea (plant). 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ABC-CLIO
ABC-CLIO, LLC is a publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.
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Adzuki bean
The adzuki bean (Vigna angularis; from, sometimes transliterated as azuki or aduki, or English red mung bean) is an annual vine widely grown throughout East Asia and the Himalayas for its small (approximately 5 mm) bean.
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Aeroponics
Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics).
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Agribusiness
Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production.
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Agricultural engineering
Agricultural Engineering is the engineering discipline that studies agricultural production and processing.
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Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery is machinery used in farming or other agriculture.
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Agricultural marketing
Agricultural marketing is inferred to cover the services involved in moving an agricultural product from the farm to the consumer.
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Agricultural policy
Agricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products.
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Agricultural robot
An agricultural robot is a robot deployed for agricultural purposes.
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Agricultural science
Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture.
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Agricultural subsidy
An agricultural subsidy is a governmental subsidy paid to agribusinesses, agricultural organizations and farms to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply of such commodities.
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Agricultural value chain
The agricultural value chain concept has been used since the beginning of the millennium, primarily by those working in agricultural development in developing countries.
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Agriculture in ancient Greece
Agriculture was the foundation of the Ancient Greek economy.
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Agriculture in China
Agriculture is a vital industry in China, employing over 300 million farmers.
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Agriculture in India
The history of Agriculture in India dates back to Indus Valley Civilization Era and even before that in some parts of Southern India.
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Agriculture in Mesoamerica
Agriculture in Mesoamerica dates to the Archaic period of Mesoamerican chronology (8000–2000 BC).
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Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest
Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest describes the agricultural practices of the Native Americans inhabiting the American Southwest, which includes the states of Arizona and New Mexico plus portions of surrounding states and neighboring Mexico.
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Agriculture on the prehistoric Great Plains
Agriculture on the prehistoric Great Plains describes the agriculture of the Indian peoples of the Great Plains of the United States and southern Canada in the Pre-Columbian era and before extensive contact with European explorers, which in most areas occurred by 1750.
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Agrochemical
An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in agriculture.
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Agroecology
Agroecology is the study of ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems.
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Agronomy
Agronomy (Ancient Greek ἀγρός agrós 'field' + νόμος nómos 'law') is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and land reclamation.
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Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.
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Algal bloom
An algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems, and is recognized by the discoloration in the water from their pigments.
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Alpaca
The Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is a species of South American camelid, similar to, and often confused with the llama.
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Ambrosia beetle
Ambrosia beetles are beetles of the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi.
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American Civil War
The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound, the nitrate salt of the ammonium cation.
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Ancient Egyptian agriculture
The civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding.
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Andes
The Andes or Andean Mountains (Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world.
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Animal
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia.
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Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products.
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Animal welfare
Animal welfare is the well-being of animals.
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Anoxic waters
Anoxic waters are areas of sea water, fresh water, or groundwater that are depleted of dissolved oxygen and are a more severe condition of hypoxia.
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Ant
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera.
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Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe.
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Aquaculture
Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms.
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Aquatic ecosystem
An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water.
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Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt).
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Arab Agricultural Revolution
The Arab Agricultural Revolution is the transformation in agriculture from the 8th to the 13th century in the Islamic region of the Old World.
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Arable land
Arable land (from Latin arabilis, "able to be plowed") is, according to one definition, land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.
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Arid
A region is arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life.
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Aurochs
The aurochs (or; pl. aurochs, or rarely aurochsen, aurochses), also known as urus or ure (Bos primigenius), is an extinct species of large wild cattle that inhabited Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
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Aztecs
The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.
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Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide.
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Barley
Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Biodiversity loss
Loss of biodiversity or biodiversity loss is the extinction of species (human, plant or animal) worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat.
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Biofuel
A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter.
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Biological pest control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms and degrade the target pollutants.
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Breed
A breed is a specific group of domestic animals having homogeneous appearance (phenotype), homogeneous behavior, and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same species.
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British Agricultural Revolution
The British Agricultural Revolution, or Second Agricultural Revolution, was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.
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British Museum
The British Museum, located in the Bloomsbury area of London, United Kingdom, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture.
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Brown-tail
The brown-tail (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) is a moth of the family Erebidae.
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Building-integrated agriculture
Building-integrated agriculture (BIA) is the practice of locating high performance hydroponic greenhouse farming systems on and in mixed-use buildings to exploit synergies between the built environment and agriculture.
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Calcium sulfate
Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates.
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Camel
A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
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Campaign finance
Campaign finance refers to all funds raised to promote candidates, political parties, or policy initiatives and referenda.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international agreement on biosafety as a supplement to the Convention on Biological Diversity effective since 2003.
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Cassava
Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava, manioc, yuca, mandioca and Brazilian arrowroot, is a woody shrub native to South America of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.
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Cattle
Cattle—colloquially cows—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates.
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Center of origin
A center of origin (or centre of diversity) is a geographical area where a group of organisms, either domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive properties.
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Cereal
A cereal is any edible components of the grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis) of cultivated grass, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.
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Chenopodium
Chenopodium is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world.
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Chickpea
The chickpea or chick pea (Cicer arietinum) is a legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae.
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Chinampa
Chinampa (chināmitl) is a type of Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico.
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Civilization
A civilization or civilisation (see English spelling differences) is any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification imposed by a cultural elite, symbolic systems of communication (for example, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.
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Climate change
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).
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Coca
Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America.
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Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.
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Common Agricultural Policy
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the agricultural policy of the European Union.
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Companion planting
Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is the planting of different crops in proximity for any of a number of different reasons, including pest control, pollination, providing habitat for beneficial creatures, maximizing use of space, and to otherwise increase crop productivity.
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Compost
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed in a process called composting.
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Congressional Research Service
The Congressional Research Service (CRS), known as Congress's think tank, is a public policy research arm of the United States Congress.
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Conservation biology
Conservation biology is the management of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions.
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Contract farming
Contract farming involves agricultural production being carried out on the basis of an agreement between the buyer and farm producers.
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Cooking oil
Cooking oil is plant, animal, or synthetic fat used in frying, baking, and other types of cooking.
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Corporate farming
Corporate farming is a term used to describe companies that own or influence farms and agricultural practices on a large scale.
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Cotton
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.
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Cover crop
A cover crop is a crop planted primarily to manage soil erosion, soil fertility, soil quality, water, weeds, pests, diseases, biodiversity and wildlife in an ''agroecosystem'' (Lu et al. 2000), an ecological system managed and largely shaped by humans across a range of intensities to produce food, feed, or fiber.
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Crofting
Crofting is a form of land tenure and small-scale food production particular to the Scottish Highlands, the islands of Scotland, and formerly on the Isle of Man.
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Crop rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons.
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Crop yield
In agriculture, crop yield (also known as "agricultural output") refers to both the measure of the yield of a crop per unit area of land cultivation, and the seed generation of the plant itself (e.g. if three grains are harvested for each grain seeded, the resulting yield is 1:3).
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Crossbreed
A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations.
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Culling
In biology, culling is the process of segregating organisms from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics.
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Cultivar
The term cultivarCultivar has two denominations as explained in Formal definition.
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Decoupling and re-coupling
Decoupling and re-coupling during financial crises is typified by the decoupling hypothesis that, in 2007, held that Latin American and Asian economies, especially emerging ones, had broadened and deepened to the point that they no longer depended on the United States economy for growth, leaving them insulated from a slowdown there, even a fully fledged recession.
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Deforestation
Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.
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Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
The cattle sector of the Brazilian Amazon, incentivized by the international beef and leather trades,Lucy Siegle (August 9, 2015).
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Desertification
Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.
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Disease resistance in fruit and vegetables
There are a number of lines of defence against pests (that, those animals that cause damage to the plants we grow) and diseases in the orchard, principal among these being the practice of good husbandry, creating healthy soil and ensuring high standards of garden hygiene.
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Domestic pig
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus or only Sus domesticus), often called swine, hog, or simply pig when there is no need to distinguish it from other pigs, is a large, even-toed ungulate.
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Domestication
Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group.
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Dominance (genetics)
Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus.
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Donkey
The donkey or ass (Equus africanus asinus) is a domesticated member of the horse family, Equidae.
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Drought tolerance
Drought tolerance is the degree to which a plant is adapted to arid or drought conditions.
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Eastern Agricultural Complex
The Eastern Agricultural Complex was one of about 10 independent centers of plant domestication in the pre-historic world.
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Ecoagriculture
Eco friendly agriculture describes landscapes that support both agricultural production and biodiversity conservation, working in harmony together to improve the livelihoods of rural communities.
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Economic stability
Economic stability is the absence of excessive fluctuations in the macroeconomy.
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Economic surplus
In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), refers to two related quantities.
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.
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Egg
An egg is the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own; at which point the animal hatches.
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Egg as food
Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and fish, and have been eaten by humans for thousands of years.
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Einkorn wheat
Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "single grain") can refer either to the wild species of wheat, Triticum boeoticum, or to the domesticated form, Triticum monococcum.
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Emmer
Emmer wheat, also known as farro especially in Italy, or hulled wheat, is a type of awned wheat.
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Entomology
Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology.
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Environmentalism
Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the impact of changes to the environment on humans, animals, plants and non-living matter.
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Euphrates
The Euphrates (Sumerian: Buranuna; 𒌓𒄒𒉣 Purattu; الفرات al-Furāt; ̇ܦܪܬ Pǝrāt; Եփրատ: Yeprat; פרת Perat; Fırat; Firat) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.
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European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) is a decentralised agency of the European Union with the task of collecting, analysing and disseminating relevant information that can serve the needs of people involved in safety and health at work.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Eutrophication
Eutrophication (from Greek eutrophos, "well-nourished"), or hypertrophication, is when a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of plants and algae.
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Exchange-rate regime
An exchange-rate regime is the way an authority manages its currency in relation to other currencies and the foreign exchange market.
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Extreme weather
Extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, unpredictable, severe or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past.
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Farm
A farm is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production.
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Farm water
Farm water, also known as agricultural water, is water committed for use in the production of food and fiber.
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Farmer
A farmer (also called an agriculturer) is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials.
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Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
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Feudalism
Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries.
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Fiber
Fiber or fibre (see spelling differences, from the Latin fibra) is a natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is wide.
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Fiber crop
Fiber crops are field crops grown for their fibers, which are traditionally used to make paper, cloth, or rope.
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Fire ecology
Fire ecology is a scientific discipline concerned with natural processes involving fire in an ecosystem and the ecological effects, the interactions between fire and the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem, and the role of fire as an ecosystem process.
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Fire-stick farming
Fire-stick farming was the practice of Indigenous Australians who regularly used fire to burn vegetation to facilitate hunting and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area.
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Fish kill
The term fish kill, known also as fish die-off, refers to a localized die-off of fish populations which may also be associated with more generalized mortality of aquatic life.
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Flax
Flax (Linum usitatissimum), also known as common flax or linseed, is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae.
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Fodder
Fodder, a type of animal feed, is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs.
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Food
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism.
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Food and Agriculture Organization
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione e l'Agricoltura) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
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Food processing
Food processing is the transformation of cooked ingredients, by physical or chemical means into food, or of food into other forms.
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Food quality
Food quality is the quality characteristics of food that is acceptable to consumers.
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Food safety
Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness.
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Food security
Food security is a condition related to the availability of food supply, group of people such as (ethnicities, racial, cultural and religious groups) as well as individuals' access to it.
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Food systems
The term food system is used frequently in discussions about nutrition, food, health, community economic development and agriculture.
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Forest
A forest is a large area dominated by trees.
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Forest gardening
Forest gardening is a low-maintenance sustainable plant-based food production and agroforestry system based on woodland ecosystems, incorporating fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs, vines and perennial vegetables which have yields directly useful to humans.
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Forestry
Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human and environment benefits.
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Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.
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Fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.
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Fuel
A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as heat energy or to be used for work.
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Ganges
The Ganges, also known as Ganga, is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh.
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Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.
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Genetically modified food
Genetically modified foods or GM foods, also known as genetically engineered foods, bioengineered foods, genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.
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Genetically modified organism
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism).
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Global warming
Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.
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Global warming potential
Global warming potential (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere.
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Glyphosate
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant.
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Good agricultural practice
Good agricultural practice (GAP) are specific methods which, when applied to agriculture, create food for consumers or further processing that is safe and wholesome.
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Granary
A granary is a storehouse or room in a barn for threshed grain or animal feed.
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Grassland
Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae); however, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs.
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Great Plains
The Great Plains (sometimes simply "the Plains") is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe, and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie in the United States and east of the Rocky Mountains in the U.S. and Canada.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Green manure
In agriculture, green manure is created by leaving uprooted or sown crop parts to wither on a field so that they serve as a mulch and soil amendment.
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Green Revolution
The Green Revolution, or Third Agricultural Revolution, refers to a set of research and the development of technology transfer initiatives occurring between the 1930s and the late 1960s (with prequels in the work of the agrarian geneticist Nazareno Strampelli in the 1920s and 1930s), that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.
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Greenhouse gas
A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel (Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia.
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Growing region
A growing region is an area suited by climate and soil conditions to the cultivation of a certain type of crop or plant group.
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Growth hormone
Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.
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Guardian Media Group
Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) is a British mass media company owning various media operations including The Guardian and The Observer.
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Guinea pig
The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also known as cavy or domestic cavy, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia.
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Gunditjmara
The Gunditjmara, also known as the Dhauwurd wurrung, are an Indigenous Australian people of southwestern Victoria.
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Gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.
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Haber process
The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today.
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Harrow (tool)
In agriculture, a harrow (often called a set of harrows in a plurale tantum sense) is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil.
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Harvest
Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields.
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Hatch Act of 1887
The Hatch Act of 1887 (ch. 314,, enacted 1887-03-02, et seq.) gave federal funds, initially of $15,000 each, to state land-grant colleges in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth.
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Helianthus
Helianthus or sunflower is a genus of plants comprising about 70 species Flora of North America.
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Hemp
Hemp, or industrial hemp (from Old English hænep), typically found in the northern hemisphere, is a variety of the Cannabis sativa plant species that is grown specifically for the industrial uses of its derived products.
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Henry Gilbert
Henry Gilbert (1868–1937) was a popular children's author, and the paternal grandfather of Molly Holden.
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Hill farming
Hill farming is extensive farming in upland areas, primarily rearing sheep, although historically cattle were often reared extensively in upland areas.
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History of agriculture
The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively.
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History of agriculture in the United States
The history of agriculture in the United States covers the period from the first English settlers to the present day.
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Horticulture
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants (fruits, vegetables, flowers, and any other cultivar).
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Human impact on the environment
Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crises, and ecological collapse.
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Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.
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Hybrid (biology)
In biology, a hybrid, or crossbreed, is the result of combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction.
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Incan agriculture
Incan Agriculture was the culmination of thousands of years of farming and herding in the high-elevation Andes mountains of South America, the coastal deserts, and the rainforests of the Amazon basin.
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Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to British colonisation.
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Indus Valley Civilisation
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), or Harappan Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation (5500–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Insect
Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum.
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Instrumental temperature record
The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures.
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Integrated pest management
Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests.
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Intensive animal farming
Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known as factory farming, is a production approach towards farm animals in order to maximize production output, while minimizing production costs.
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Intensive farming
Intensive farming involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area.
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Intercropping
Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity.
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International Food Policy Research Institute
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an international agricultural research center founded in the early 1970s to improve the understanding of national agricultural and food policies to promote the adoption of innovations in agricultural technology.
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International Fund for Agricultural Development
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (French: Fonds international de développement agricole; FIDA) (Italian: Fondo Internazionale per lo Sviluppo Agricolo) is an international financial institution and a specialised agency of the United Nations dedicated to eradicating poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries.
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International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system.
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International Resource Panel
The International Resource Panel is a scientific panel of experts that aims to help nations use natural resources sustainably without compromising economic growth and human needs.
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IPCC Second Assessment Report
The Second Assessment Report (SAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 1996, is an assessment of the then available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change.
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Irrigation
Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals.
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Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist)
Johann Friedrich Georg Hartmann Mayer (September 21, 1719 – March 17, 1798) was a German Reformed pastor and agricultural reformer,Rudolf Vierhaus (2006) Kraatz - Menge. K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Company, p. 824 who is considered one of the most important writers on agriculture of his time.
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John Bennet Lawes
Sir John Bennet Lawes, 1st Baronet, FRS (28 December 1814 – 31 August 1900) was an English entrepreneur and agricultural scientist.
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Jujube
Ziziphus jujuba (from Greek ζίζυφον, zízyphon), commonly called jujube (sometimes jujuba), red date, Chinese date, Korean date, or Indian date is a species of Ziziphus in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae).
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Land degradation
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land.
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Latitude
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.
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Leaching (agriculture)
In agriculture, leaching refers to the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation.
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Legume
A legume is a plant or its fruit or seed in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae).
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Lentil
The lentil (Lens culinaris or Lens esculenta) is an edible pulse.
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Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean.
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List of documentary films about agriculture
This is a list of documentary films about agriculture.
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List of food labeling regulations
The packaging and labeling of food is subject to regulation in most regions/jurisdictions, both to prevent false advertising and to promote food safety.
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List of root vegetables
Root vegetables are plant roots and tubers eaten by humans as food.
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Llama
The llama (Lama glama) is a domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre-Columbian era.
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Lobbying
Lobbying, persuasion, or interest representation is the act of attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of officials in their daily life, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies.
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Lymantria dispar dispar
Lymantria dispar dispar, commonly known as the gypsy moth, European gypsy moth, or North American gypsy moth, is a moth in the family Erebidae that is of Eurasian origin.
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Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
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Managed intensive rotational grazing
In agriculture, Managed intensive rotational grazing (MIRG), also known as simply as managed grazing or cell grazing, mob grazing and holistic managed planned grazing, describes a variety of closely related systems of forage use in which ruminant and non-ruminant herds and/or flocks are regularly and systematically moved to fresh rested areas with the intent to maximize the quality and quantity of forage growth.
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Manorialism
Manorialism was an essential element of feudal society.
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Manure
Manure is organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces except in the case of green manure, which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture.
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Manure spreader
A manure spreader or muck spreader or honey wagon is an agricultural machine used to distribute manure over a field as a fertilizer.
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Maple sugar
Maple sugar is a traditional sweetener in Canada and the northeastern United States, prepared from the sap of the maple tree ("maple sap").
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Market concentration
In economics, market concentration is a function of the number of firms and their respective shares of the total production (alternatively, total capacity or total reserves) in a market.
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Maya civilization
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its hieroglyphic script—the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.
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Meat
Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food.
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Meat industry
The term meat industry describes modern industrialized livestock agriculture for production, packing, preservation and marketing of meat (in contrast to dairy products, wool, etc.). In economics, it is a fusion of primary (agriculture) and secondary (industry) activity and hard to characterize strictly in terms of either one alone.
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Mechanised agriculture
Mechanised agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanise the work of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity.
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Medicinal plants
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times.
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Mehrgarh
Mehrgarh (Balochi: Mehrgaŕh; مهرګړ; مہرگڑھ), sometimes anglicized as Mehergarh or Mehrgar, is a Neolithic (7000 BCE to c. 2500/2000 BCE) site located near the Bolan Pass on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan, to the west of the Indus River valley.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.
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Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).
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Methane emissions
Global methane emissions are major part of the global greenhouse gas emissions.
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Middle English
Middle English (ME) is collectively the varieties of the English language spoken after the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 15th century; scholarly opinion varies but the Oxford English Dictionary specifies the period of 1150 to 1500.
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Milk
Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals.
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Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.
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Mite
Mites are small arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida and the subclass Acari (also known as Acarina).
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Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.
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Mongabay
Mongabay.com is a web site that publishes news on environmental science, energy, and green design, and features extensive information on tropical rainforests, including pictures and deforestation statistics for countries of the world.
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Monoculture
Monoculture is the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time.
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Mule
A mule is the offspring of a male donkey (jack) and a female horse (mare).
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Multiple cropping
In agriculture, multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land in same growing seasons.
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Mung bean
The mung bean (Vigna radiata), alternatively known as the green gram, maash, or moong Sanskrit मुद्ग / mŪgd, is a plant species in the legume family.
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National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world.
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness.
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National Occupational Research Agenda
The National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) is a partnership program developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
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Native American use of fire
Native American tribes used fire to modify their landscapes in many significant ways prior to the arrival of European settlers.
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Natufian culture
The Epipaleolithic Natufian culture existed from around 12,500 to 9,500 BC in the Levant, a region in the Eastern Mediterranean.
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Natural fiber
Natural fibers or natural fibres (see spelling differences) are fibres that are produced by plants, animals, and geological processes.
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Natural gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
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Natural rubber
Natural rubber, also called India rubber or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water.
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Neolithic founder crops
The Neolithic founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of southwest Asia, and which formed the basis of systematic agriculture in the Middle East, North Africa, India, Persia and Europe.
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New Guinea
New Guinea (Nugini or, more commonly known, Papua, historically, Irian) is a large island off the continent of Australia.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
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Nile
The Nile River (النيل, Egyptian Arabic en-Nīl, Standard Arabic an-Nīl; ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ, P(h)iaro; Ancient Egyptian: Ḥ'pī and Jtrw; Biblical Hebrew:, Ha-Ye'or or, Ha-Shiḥor) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula.
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No-till farming
No-till farming (also called zero tillage or direct drilling) is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage.
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Noise-induced hearing loss
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is hearing impairment resulting from exposure to loud sound.
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Nomadic pastoralism
Nomadic pastoralism is a form of pastoralism when livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze.
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Nonpoint source pollution
Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is a term used to describe pollution resulting from many diffuse sources, in direct contrast to point source pollution which results from a single source.
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Nutrient management
Nutrient management is the science and practice directed to link soil, crop, weather, and hydrologic factors with cultural, irrigation, and soil and water conservation practices to achieve optimal nutrient use efficiency, crop yields, crop quality, and economic returns, while reducing off-site transport of nutrients (fertilizer) that may impact the environment.
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Nutrition
Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism.
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OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
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Orange (fruit)
The orange is the fruit of the citrus species ''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'' in the family Rutaceae.
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Organic farming
Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices.
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Organic food
Organic food is food produced by methods that comply with the standards of organic farming.
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Organic movement
The organic movement broadly refers to the organizations and individuals involved worldwide in the promotion of organic farming and other organic products.
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Organism
In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
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Oryza rufipogon
Oryza rufipogon, known as brownbeard rice, wild rice, and red rice, is a member of the genus Oryza.
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Ox
An ox (plural oxen), also known as a bullock in Australia and India, is a bovine trained as a draft animal or riding animal.
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Ozone
Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.
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Papyrus
Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface.
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Parasitoid
A parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host and at the host's expense, and which sooner or later kills it.
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Park Grass Experiment
The "Park Grass Experiment" is a biological study originally set up to test the effect of fertilizers and manures on hay yields.
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Pastoralism
Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.
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Pasture
Pasture (from the Latin pastus, past participle of pascere, "to feed") is land used for grazing.
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Payment for ecosystem services
Payments for ecosystem services (PES), also known as payments for environmental services (or benefits), are incentives offered to farmers or landowners in exchange for managing their land to provide some sort of ecological service.
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Pea
The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit Pisum sativum.
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Peanut
The peanut, also known as the groundnut or the goober and taxonomically classified as Arachis hypogaea, is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds.
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Perennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years.
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Permaculture
Permaculture is a system of agricultural and social design principles centered around simulating or directly utilizing the patterns and features observed in natural ecosystems.
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Peru
Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.
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Pest control
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom that impacts adversely on human activities.
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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Pesticide resistance
Pesticide resistance describes the decreased susceptibility of a pest population to a pesticide that was previously effective at controlling the pest.
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Petrochemical
Petrochemicals (also known as petroleum distillates) are chemical products derived from petroleum.
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Pharming (genetics)
Pharming, a portmanteau of "farming" and "pharmaceutical", refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO).
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.
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Pictogram
A pictogram, also called a pictogramme, pictograph, or simply picto, and in computer usage an icon, is an ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object.
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Pineapple
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples, and the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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Plant breeding
Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
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Plant pathology
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).
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Plough
A plough (UK) or plow (US; both) is a tool or farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil.
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Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male part of a plant to a female part of a plant, enabling later fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind.
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Polyculture
Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, providing crop diversity in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture.
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Population growth
In biology or human geography, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.
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Potato
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum.
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Poverty
Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain (variant) amount of material possessions or money.
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Prairie
Prairies are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and a composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type.
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Primary sector of the economy
An industry involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources, such as copper and timber, as well as by activities such as farming and fishing.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.
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Propane
Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C3H8.
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Push–pull agricultural pest management
Push–pull technology is a strategy for controlling agricultural pests by using repellent "push" plants and trap "pull" plants.
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Rain
Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then becomes heavy enough to fall under gravity.
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Rangeland
Rangelands are grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts that are grazed by domestic livestock or wild animals.
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Raw material
A raw material, also known as a feedstock or most correctly unprocessed material, is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy, or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products.
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Regenerative agriculture
Regenerative agriculture (RA) is an approach to food and farming systems that rejects pesticides, artificial fertilizers and claims to regenerate topsoil, increase biodiversity, improve water cycles, enhance ecosystem services, increase resilience to climate fluctuation and strengthen the health and vitality of farming and ranching communities.
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Remote sensing
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation.
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Rice
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice).
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Rollover protection structure
A rollover protection system or rollover protection structure (ROPS) is a system or structure intended to protect equipment operators and motorists from injuries caused by vehicle overturns or rollovers.
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Roman agriculture
Agriculture in ancient Rome was not only a necessity, but was idealized among the social elite as a way of life.
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Root
In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil.
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Rothamsted Research
Rothamsted Research, previously known as the Rothamsted Experimental Station and then the Institute of Arable Crops Research, is one of the oldest agricultural research institutions in the world, having been founded in 1843.
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Royal Society
The President, Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly known as the Royal Society, is a learned society.
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Ruminant
Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.
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Rye
Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.
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Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001
Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
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Sahel
The Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south.
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Science News
Science News is an American bi-weekly magazine devoted to short articles about new scientific and technical developments, typically gleaned from recent scientific and technical journals.
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Scientific American
Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.
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Sea level rise
A sea level rise is an increase in global mean sea level as a result of an increase in the volume of water in the world’s oceans.
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Sedentism
In cultural anthropology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness; compare sedentarism) is the practice of living in one place for a long time.
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Selective breeding
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.
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Self-pollination
Self-pollination is when pollen from the same plant arrives at the stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or at the ovule (in gymnosperms).
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Sericulture
Sericulture, or silk farming, is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk.
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Sharecropping
Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.
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Sheep
Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock.
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Shifting cultivation
Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.
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Shrubland
Shrubland, scrubland, scrub, brush, or bush is a plant community characterised by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes.
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Silk
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.
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Slash-and-burn
Slash-and-burn agriculture, or fire–fallow cultivation, is a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden.
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Smallholding
A smallholding is a small farm.
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Social science
Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society.
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Soil acidification
Soil acidification is the buildup of hydrogen cations, also called protons, reducing the soil pH.
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Soil erosion
Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, one form of soil degradation.
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Soil retrogression and degradation
Soil retrogression and degradation are two regressive evolution processes associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable soil.
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Soil salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization.
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Sorghum
Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae.
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South End Press
South End Press was a non-profit book publisher run on a model of participatory economics.
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Southern United States
The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America.
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Soybean
The soybean (Glycine max), or soya bean, is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
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Stem rust
The stem, black, and cereal rusts are caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis and are a significant disease affecting cereal crops.
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Strawberry
The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; Fragaria × ananassa) is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria, collectively known as the strawberries.
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Subsidy
A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual) generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.
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Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence agriculture is a self-sufficiency farming system in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their entire families.
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Subsistence economy
A subsistence economy is a non-monetary economy which relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs, through hunting, gathering, and subsistence agriculture.
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Subtropics
The subtropics are geographic and climate zones located roughly between the tropics at latitude 23.5° (the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn) and temperate zones (normally referring to latitudes 35–66.5°) north and south of the Equator.
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Sugarcane
Sugarcane, or sugar cane, are several species of tall perennial true grasses of the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae, native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia, Polynesia and Melanesia, and used for sugar production.
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Sumer
SumerThe name is from Akkadian Šumeru; Sumerian en-ĝir15, approximately "land of the civilized kings" or "native land".
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Surface runoff
Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of water that occurs when excess stormwater, meltwater, or other sources flows over the Earth's surface.
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Survival International
Survival International is a human rights organisation formed in 1969 that campaigns for the rights of indigenous tribal peoples and uncontacted peoples.
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Sustainability
Sustainability is the process of change, in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.
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Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.
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Sweet potato
The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae.
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Tariff
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states.
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Temperate climate
In geography, the temperate or tepid climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes, which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.
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Tenant farmer
A tenant farmer is one who resides on land owned by a landlord.
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Termite
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea.
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Terrace (agriculture)
In agriculture, a terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming.
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The Independent
The Independent is a British online newspaper.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Three Sisters (agriculture)
The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various Native American groups in North America: winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans (typically tepary beans or common beans).
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Three-sector theory
The three-sector theory is an economic theory which divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and services (tertiary).
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Tigris
Batman River The Tigris (Sumerian: Idigna or Idigina; Akkadian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼; دجلة Dijlah; ܕܹܩܠܵܬ.; Տիգրիս Tigris; Դգլաթ Dglatʿ;, biblical Hiddekel) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.
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Tillage
Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning.
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Tobacco
Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them.
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Tomato
The tomato (see pronunciation) is the edible, often red, fruit/berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as a tomato plant.
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Total factor productivity
In economics, total-factor productivity (TFP), also called multi-factor productivity, is the portion of output not explained by traditionally measured inputs of labour and capital used in production.
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Trade union
A trade union or trades union, also called a labour union (Canada) or labor union (US), is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals; such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers.
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Tropics
The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator.
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Tuber
Tubers are enlarged structures in some plant species used as storage organs for nutrients.
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Turkey (bird)
The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, which is native to the Americas.
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Turnip
The turnip or white turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, bulbous taproot.
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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body.
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United Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is an agency of United Nations and coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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Value added
In business, the difference between the sale price and the production cost of a product is the unit profit.
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Vegetable
Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food as part of a meal.
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Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are fats extracted from seeds, or less often, from other parts of fruits.
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Vertical farming
Vertical farming is the practice of producing food and medicine in vertically stacked layers, vertically inclined surfaces and/or integrated in other structures (such as in a skyscraper, used warehouse, or shipping container).
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Vicia ervilia
Vicia ervilia, known as ervil or bitter vetch, is an ancient grain legume crop of the Mediterranean region.
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Wang Zhongshu
Wang Zhongshu (15 October 1925 – 24 September 2015) was a Chinese archaeologist who helped to establish and develop the field of archaeology in China.
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Waste management
Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.
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Water buffalo
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) or domestic Asian water buffalo is a large bovid originating in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China.
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Water pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities.
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Water resource management
Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources.
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Water scarcity
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet water demand.
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Wild boar
The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine,Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffman, R. S. (1988), Volume I, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, pp.
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Wild rice
Wild rice (Ojibwe: Manoomin, Sanskrit: 'नीवार', IAST:; also called Canada rice, Indian rice, and water oats) are four species of grasses forming the genus Zizania, and the grain that can be harvested from them.
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Winter squash
Winter squash is an annual fruit representing several squash species within the genus Cucurbita.
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Wool
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals, including cashmere and mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, angora from rabbits, and other types of wool from camelids.
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Working animal
A working animal is an animal, usually domesticated, that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks.
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World Bank Group
The World Bank Group (WBG) (Groupe de la Banque mondiale) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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World population
In demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living, and was estimated to have reached 7.6 billion people as of May 2018.
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Zea (plant)
Zea is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture