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239 relations: Absorption refrigerator, Actinomycetales, Air conditioning, Allergy, Ammonia, Ancient Rome, Animal testing, Apalachicola, Florida, Aqueduct (water supply), Athens, Atmosphere of Earth, Audio power amplifier, Barwon River (Victoria), Basal metabolic rate, Benjamin Franklin, Bermuda shorts, Biology, British Columbia, British thermal unit, Brooklyn, Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo, New York, Building science, Canada, Car, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Cardiac surgery, Carrier Corporation, Catalysis, Central heating, Chain reaction, Charles Gilbert Gates, Charlotte, North Carolina, Chemical bond, Chemistry, Chlorodifluoromethane, Chlorofluorocarbon, Chloromethane, Chrysler, Cistern, Cleanroom, Closed system, Coca-Cola, Coefficient of performance, Compressor, Condensation, Condenser (heat transfer), Construction, Cooking, ..., Cool Biz campaign, Cooling, Cooling tower, Cornelis Drebbel, Cornell University, Crankcase heater, Data center, Data center environmental control, Deep plan, Deep water source cooling, Defrosting, Dehumidifier, Dehydration, Der Spiegel, Desiccant, Dew point, Diatomic molecule, Dichlorodifluoromethane, Dimensionless quantity, Ding Huan, Dry-bulb temperature, Duct (flow), DuPont, Electric heating, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Enthalpy, Enthalpy of vaporization, Entropy, Evaporation, Evaporative cooler, Evaporator, Fan (machine), Federal government of the United States, Flash evaporation, Florida, Food processing, Forced-air, Fraction (mathematics), Frederic Tudor, Free cooling, Freon, Furnace, Geelong, General Electric, Geothermal heat pump, Global warming potential, Greece, Greenhouse gas, Greenpeace, Ground-coupled heat exchanger, Han dynasty, Heat exchanger, Heat pump, Heat pump and refrigeration cycle, Heat sink, Heat stroke, Heat wave, Heating element, Heating oil, Hermetic seal, Homolysis (chemistry), Horsepower, Humidity, HVAC, Hydraulics, Hydrofluorocarbon, Hydronics, Hyperthermia, Hypoallergenic, Ice storage air conditioning, Imperial units, Indoor air quality, Industrial ecology, Infant, Infection, Infrared, Integrated circuit, International System of Units, Invention, Iran, Isobutane, Isopentane, James Harrison (engineer), James VI and I, John Gorrie, John Hadley (chemist), Joule, Kilowatt hour, Laboratory, Lambrakis Press Group, Legionella pneumophila, Legionnaires' disease, Lightwell, List of home appliances, Louver, Lynn, Massachusetts, Malta, Manitoba, Mature technology, Medication, Michael Faraday, Mining, Mold, Molecule, Montreal Protocol, Natural gas, Natural ventilation, Nature (journal), Newfoundland and Labrador, Nuclear power, Ontario, Operating theater, Oxygen, Ozone, Ozone depletion, Ozone depletion potential, Ozone layer, Packaged terminal air conditioner, Passive cooling, PepsiCo, Perspiration, Polo shirt, Porch, Power (physics), Power inverter, Prince Edward Island, Printing, Process control, Programmable thermostat, Propane, Psychrometrics, Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid, Quebec, R-410A, Radical (chemistry), Rebate (marketing), Refrigerant, Refrigerator, Roof, Saskatchewan, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, Seasonal thermal energy storage, Sensible heat, Server (computing), Short ton, Siesta, Single-family detached home, Smear campaign, Solar gain, Song dynasty, Southern Europe, Southern United States, Sponge (material), Spring (season), Stack effect, Stratosphere, Stuart W. Cramer, Sun, Sun Belt, Tang dynasty, Temperature, Textile manufacturing, The Boston Globe, Thermal comfort, Thermal expansion valve, Thermal insulation, Thermistor, Thermodynamics, Thomas Midgley Jr., Ton of refrigeration, Trademark, Trombe wall, Tropics, Ultraviolet, Unilever, United Kingdom, United States, University of Cambridge, University of Phoenix Stadium, Vapor, Ventilation (architecture), Watt, Western United States, Willis Carrier, Wind gradient, Windcatcher, Working fluids, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, 17th century. Expand index (189 more) »
Absorption refrigerator
An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process.
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Actinomycetales
The Actinomycetales are an order of Actinobacteria.
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Air conditioning
Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A/C, or air con) is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Ancient Rome
In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.
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Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
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Apalachicola, Florida
Apalachicola is a city in Franklin County, Florida, United States, on the shore of Apalachicola Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico.
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Aqueduct (water supply)
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to convey water.
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Athens
Athens (Αθήνα, Athína; Ἀθῆναι, Athênai) is the capital and largest city of Greece.
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Atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity.
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Audio power amplifier
An audio power amplifier (or power amp) is an electronic amplifier that reproduces low-power electronic audio signals such as the signal from radio receiver or electric guitar pickup at a level that is strong enough for driving (or powering) loudspeakers or headphones.
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Barwon River (Victoria)
The Barwon River is a perennial river of the Corangamite catchment, located in The Otways and the Bellarine Peninsula regions of the Australian state of Victoria.
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Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
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Bermuda shorts
Bermuda shorts, also known as walk shorts or dress shorts, are a particular type of short trousers, worn as semi-casual attire by both men and women.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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British Columbia
British Columbia (BC; Colombie-Britannique) is the westernmost province of Canada, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains.
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British thermal unit
The British thermal unit (Btu or BTU) is a traditional unit of heat; it is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
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Brooklyn
Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a census-estimated 2,648,771 residents in 2017.
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Buffalo Forge Company
The Buffalo Forge Company was formed in 1878 to manufacture blacksmith’s forges.
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Buffalo, New York
Buffalo is the second largest city in the state of New York and the 81st most populous city in the United States.
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Building science
Building science is the collection of scientific knowledge and experience that focuses on the analysis and control of the physical phenomena affecting buildings and architecture.
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Canada
Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.
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Car
A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Cardiac surgery
Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons.
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Carrier Corporation
Carrier Corporation is a brand of the UTC Climate, Controls & Security division, based in Jupiter, Florida.
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Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.
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Central heating
A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms.
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Chain reaction
A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place.
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Charles Gilbert Gates
Charles Gilbert Gates (May 26, 1876 – October 29, 1913) of Minneapolis, Minnesota, who had owned the first home in the United States where air conditioning was installed in 1914.
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Charlotte, North Carolina
Charlotte is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
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Chemical bond
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
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Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.
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Chlorodifluoromethane
Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC).
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Chlorofluorocarbon
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are fully halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon (С), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane.
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Chloromethane
Chloromethane, also called methyl chloride, Refrigerant-40, R-40 or HCC 40, is a chemical compound of the group of organic compounds called haloalkanes.
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Chrysler
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles US LLC (commonly known as Chrysler) is the American subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., an Italian-American automobile manufacturer registered in the Netherlands with headquarters in London, U.K., for tax purposes.
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Cistern
A cistern (Middle English cisterne, from Latin cisterna, from cista, "box", from Greek κίστη, "basket") is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water.
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Cleanroom
A cleanroom or clean room is a situation, ordinarily utilized as a part of assembling, including of pharmaceutical items or logical research, and in addition aviation semiconductor building applications with a low level of natural toxins, for example, tiny, airborne organisms, vaporized particles, and concoction vapors.
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Closed system
A closed system is a physical system that does not allow certain types of transfers (such as transfer of mass and energy transfer) in or out of the system.
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Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola, or Coke (also Pemberton's Cola at certain Georgian vendors), is a carbonated soft drink produced by The Coca-Cola Company.
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Coefficient of performance
The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or CoP) of a heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work required.
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Compressor
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
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Condensation
Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase, and is the reverse of vapourisation.
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Condenser (heat transfer)
In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it.
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Construction
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.
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Cooking
Cooking or cookery is the art, technology, science and craft of preparing food for consumption.
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Cool Biz campaign
The Cool Biz campaign is a Japanese campaign initiated by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment from summer 2005 as a means to help reduce Japanese electricity consumption by limiting the use of air conditioning.
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Cooling
Cooling is the transfer of thermal energy via thermal radiation, heat conduction or convection.
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Cooling tower
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
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Cornelis Drebbel
Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel (1572 – 7 November 1633) was a Dutch engineer and inventor.
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Cornell University
Cornell University is a private and statutory Ivy League research university located in Ithaca, New York.
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Crankcase heater
A crankcase heater is an electrical component in a compressor in an air-conditioning system, heat pump system, or chiller system.
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Data center
A data center (American English) or data centre (Commonwealth English) is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems.
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Data center environmental control
Data center environmental control is a constructive generic framework for maintaining temperature, humidity, and other physical qualities of air within a specific range in order to allow the equipment housed in a data center to perform optimally throughout its lifespan.
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Deep plan
A deep plan building is a building in which the horizontal distance from the external wall is many times greater than the floor to floor height.
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Deep water source cooling
Deep water source cooling (DWSC) or deep water air cooling is a form of air cooling for process and comfort space cooling which uses a large body of naturally cold water as a heat sink.
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Defrosting
Defrosting (or thawing) is the melting of an object or bringing a device's temperature above the freezing point to remove ice.
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Dehumidifier
A dehumidifier is generally an electrical appliance which reduces and maintains the level of humidity in the air, usually for health or comfort reasons, or to eliminate musty odor and to prevent the growth of mildew.
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Dehydration
In physiology, dehydration is a deficit of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.
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Der Spiegel
Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.
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Desiccant
A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness (desiccation) in its vicinity; it is the opposite of a humectant.
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Dew point
The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor.
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Diatomic molecule
Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements.
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Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) is a colorless gas usually sold under the brand name Freon-12, and a chlorofluorocarbon halomethane (CFC) used as a refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant.
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Dimensionless quantity
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned.
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Ding Huan
Ding Huan (丁緩) was a Chinese engineer, inventor, and craftsman who lived in the first century BC during the Han dynasty.
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Dry-bulb temperature
The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture.
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Duct (flow)
Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air.
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DuPont
E.
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Electric heating
Electric heating is a process in which electrical energy is converted to heat.
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Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (8 September 685 – 3 May 762), also commonly known as Emperor Ming of Tang or Illustrious August, personal name Li Longji, also known as Wu Longji from 690 to 705, was the seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty in China, reigning from 713 to 756 C.E. His reign of 43 years was the longest during the Tang dynasty.
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Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a property of a thermodynamic system.
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Enthalpy of vaporization
The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol ∆Hvap) also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy (enthalpy) that must be added to a liquid substance, to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas.
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Entropy
In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system.
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Evaporation
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gaseous phase before reaching its boiling point.
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Evaporative cooler
An evaporative cooler (also swamp cooler, desert cooler and wet air cooler) is a device that cools air through the evaporation of water.
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Evaporator
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
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Fan (machine)
A mechanical fan is a powered machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air.
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Federal government of the United States
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government) is the national government of the United States, a constitutional republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories.
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Flash evaporation
Flash (or partial) evaporation is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device.
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Florida
Florida (Spanish for "land of flowers") is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States.
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Food processing
Food processing is the transformation of cooked ingredients, by physical or chemical means into food, or of food into other forms.
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Forced-air
A forced-air central heating system is one which uses air as its heat transfer medium.
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Fraction (mathematics)
A fraction (from Latin fractus, "broken") represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts.
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Frederic Tudor
Frederic Tudor (September 4, 1783 – February 6, 1864) was an American businessman and merchant.
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Free cooling
Free cooling is an economical method of using low external air temperatures to assist in chilling water, which can then be used for industrial processes, or air conditioning systems.
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Freon
Freon is a registered trademark of The Chemours Company, which uses it for a number of halocarbon products.
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Furnace
A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating.
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Geelong
Geelong is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River, in the state of Victoria, Australia.Geelong is south-west of the state capital, Melbourne.
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General Electric
General Electric Company (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.
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Geothermal heat pump
A geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and/or cooling system that transfers heat to or from the ground.
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Global warming potential
Global warming potential (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere.
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Greece
No description.
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Greenhouse gas
A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.
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Greenpeace
Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over 39 countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Ground-coupled heat exchanger
A ground-coupled heat exchanger is an underground heat exchanger that can capture heat from and/or dissipate heat to the ground.
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Han dynasty
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC–220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the "Han Chinese" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC–9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD). The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies, and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. From the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD. The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations. To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the Han government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC, but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han dynasty. Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including the process of papermaking, the nautical steering ship rudder, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer for measuring earthquakes employing an inverted pendulum. The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC. After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty would eventually collapse and ceased to exist.
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Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids.
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Heat pump
A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to what is called a "heat sink".
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Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pumps and refrigerators.
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Heat sink
A heat sink (also commonly spelled heatsink) is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature at optimal levels.
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Heat stroke
Heat stroke, also known as sun stroke, is a type of severe heat illness that results in a body temperature greater than and confusion.
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Heat wave
A heat wave is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.
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Heating element
A heating element converts energy into heat through the process of resistive or Joule heating.
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Heating oil
Heating oil is a low viscosity, liquid petroleum product used as a fuel oil for furnaces or boilers in buildings.
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Hermetic seal
A hermetic seal is any type of sealing that makes a given object airtight (excludes the passage of air, oxygen, or other gases).
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Homolysis (chemistry)
In chemistry, homolysis (from Greek ὅμοιος, homoios, "equal," and λύσις, lusis, "loosening") or homolytic fission is chemical bond dissociation of a molecule by a process where each of the fragments retains one of the originally bonded electrons.
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Horsepower
Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power (the rate at which work is done).
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Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air.
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HVAC
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort.
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Hydraulics
Hydraulics (from Greek: Υδραυλική) is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids.
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Hydrofluorocarbon
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), organic compounds that contain fluorine and hydrogen atoms, are the most common type of organofluorine compounds.
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Hydronics
Hydronics is the use of a liquid heat-transfer medium in heating and cooling systems.
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Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates.
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Hypoallergenic
Hypoallergenic, meaning "below normal" or "slightly" allergenic, was a term first used in a cosmetics campaign in 1953.
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Ice storage air conditioning
Ice storage air conditioning is the process of using ice for thermal energy storage.
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Imperial units
The system of imperial units or the imperial system (also known as British Imperial or Exchequer Standards of 1825) is the system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, which was later refined and reduced.
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Indoor air quality
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants.
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Industrial ecology
Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems.
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Infant
An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless") is the more formal or specialised synonym for "baby", the very young offspring of a human.
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.
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Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
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International System of Units
The International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement.
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Invention
An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Isobutane
Isobutane, also known as i-butane or methylpropane, is a chemical compound with molecular formula HC(CH3)3.
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Isopentane
Isopentane, C5H12, also called methylbutane or 2-methylbutane, is a branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms.
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James Harrison (engineer)
James Harrison (17 April 1816 – 3 September 1893) was a Scottish-Australian newspaper printer, journalist, politician, and pioneer in the field of mechanical refrigeration.
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James VI and I
James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.
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John Gorrie
John Gorrie (October 3, 1803 – June 29, 1855) was a physician, scientist, inventor, and humanitarian, inventor of mechanical cooling.
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John Hadley (chemist)
John Hadley (1731 – 5 November 1764) was a British chemist and physician.
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Joule
The joule (symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units.
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Kilowatt hour
The kilowatt hour (symbol kWh, kW⋅h or kW h) is a unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules.
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Laboratory
A laboratory (informally, lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
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Lambrakis Press Group
The Lambrakis Press Group S.A. (Δημοσιογραφικός Οργανισμός Λαμπράκη, ΔΟΛ) is a Greek media company.
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Legionella pneumophila
Legionella pneumophila is a thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, nonspore-forming, Gram-negative bacterium of the genus Legionella.
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Legionnaires' disease
Legionnaires' disease is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any type of Legionella bacteria.
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Lightwell
In architecture a lightwell, light well or air shaft is an unroofed external space provided within the volume of a large building to allow light and air to reach what would otherwise be a dark or unventilated area.
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List of home appliances
This is a list of home appliances.
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Louver
A louver (American English) or louvre (British English) is a window blind or shutter with horizontal slats that are angled to admit light and air, but to keep out rain and direct sunshine.
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Lynn, Massachusetts
Lynn is the 9th largest municipality in Massachusetts and the largest city in Essex County.
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Malta
Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Manitoba
Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada.
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Mature technology
A mature technology is a technology that has been in use for long enough that most of its initial faults and inherent problems have been removed or reduced by further development.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
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Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.
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Mold
A mold or mould (is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
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Natural gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
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Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; Akamassiss; Newfoundland Irish: Talamh an Éisc agus Labradar) is the most easterly province of Canada.
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Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.
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Ontario
Ontario is one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada and is located in east-central Canada.
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Operating theater
An operating theater (also known as an operating room, operating suite, operation theatre, operation suite or OR) is a facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in a sterile environment.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Ozone
Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.
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Ozone depletion
Ozone depletion describes two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere(the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.
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Ozone depletion potential
The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with trichlorofluoromethane (R-11 or CFC-11) being fixed at an ODP of 1.0.
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Ozone layer
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.
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Packaged terminal air conditioner
A Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner (often abbreviated PTAC) is a type of self-contained heating and air conditioning system commonly found in hotels, motels, senior housing facilities, hospitals, condominiums, apartment buildings, add-on rooms & sunrooms.
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Passive cooling
Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.
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PepsiCo
PepsiCo, Inc. is an American multinational food, snack, and beverage corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York.
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Perspiration
Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.
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Polo shirt
A polo shirt, also known as a golf shirt and tennis shirt, is a form of shirt with a collar, a placket with typically two or three buttons, and an optional pocket.
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Porch
A porch (from Old French porche, from Latin porticus "colonnade", from porta "passage") is a term used in architecture to describe a room or gallery located in front of the entrance of a building forming a low front, and placed in front of the facade of the building it commands.
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Power (physics)
In physics, power is the rate of doing work, the amount of energy transferred per unit time.
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Power inverter
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
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Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; Île-du-Prince-Édouard) is a province of Canada consisting of the island of the same name, and several much smaller islands.
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Printing
Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template.
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Process control
Automatic process control in continuous production processes is a combination of control engineering and chemical engineering disciplines that uses industrial control systems to achieve a production level of consistency, economy and safety which could not be achieved purely by human manual control.
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Programmable thermostat
A programmable thermostat is a thermostat which is designed to adjust the temperature according to a series of programmed settings that take effect at different times of the day.
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Propane
Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C3H8.
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Psychrometrics
Psychrometrics, psychrometry, and hygrometry are names for the field of engineering concerned with the physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures.
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Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid
The Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup bid was a bid by Qatar to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
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Quebec
Quebec (Québec)According to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in English; the name is.
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R-410A
R-410A, sold under the trademarked names Suva 410A, Forane 410A, Puron, EcoFluor R410, Genetron R410A, and AZ-20, is a zeotropic, but near-azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane (CH2F2, called R-32) and pentafluoroethane (CHF2CF3, called R-125), which is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning applications.
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Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
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Rebate (marketing)
A rebate is an amount paid by way of reduction, return, or refund on what has already been paid or contributed.
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Refrigerant
A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle.
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Refrigerator
A refrigerator (colloquially fridge, or fridgefreezer in the UK) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room.
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Roof
A roof is part of a building envelope.
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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada, the only province without natural borders.
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Seasonal energy efficiency ratio
The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency Ratio (SEER) which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.
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Seasonal thermal energy storage
Seasonal thermal energy storage (or STES) is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months.
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Sensible heat
Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system in which the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body or system, and some macroscopic variables of the body or system, but leaves unchanged certain other macroscopic variables of the body or system, such as volume or pressure.
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Server (computing)
In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients".
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Short ton
The short ton is a unit of weight equal to.
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Siesta
A siesta (Spanish, meaning "nap") is a short nap taken in the early afternoon, often after the midday meal.
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Single-family detached home
A stand-alone house (also called a single-detached dwelling, detached residence or detached house) is a free-standing residential building.
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Smear campaign
A smear campaign, also referred to as a smear tactic or simply a smear, is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda.
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Solar gain
Solar gain (also known as solar heat gain or passive solar gain) refers to the increase in thermal energy of a space, object or structure as it absorbs incident solar radiation.
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Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279.
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Southern Europe
Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent.
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Southern United States
The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America.
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Sponge (material)
A sponge is a tool or cleaning aid made of soft, porous material.
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Spring (season)
Spring is one of the four conventional temperate seasons, following winter and preceding summer.
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Stack effect
Stack effect or chimney effect is the movement of air into and out of buildings, chimneys, flue-gas stacks, or other containers, resulting from air buoyancy.
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Stratosphere
The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere.
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Stuart W. Cramer
Stuart Warren Cramer (March 31, 1868 – July 2, 1940) was an American engineer and contractor.
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Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.
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Sun Belt
The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest.
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Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
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Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.
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Textile manufacturing
Textile manufacturing is a major industry.
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The Boston Globe
The Boston Globe (sometimes abbreviated as The Globe) is an American daily newspaper founded and based in Boston, Massachusetts, since its creation by Charles H. Taylor in 1872.
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Thermal comfort
Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55).
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Thermal expansion valve
A thermal expansion valve (often abbreviated as TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into the evaporator thereby controlling superheat.
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Thermal insulation
Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e. the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence.
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Thermistor
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors.
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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
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Thomas Midgley Jr.
Thomas Midgley Jr. (May 18, 1889 – November 2, 1944) was an American mechanical and chemical engineer.
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Ton of refrigeration
A ton of refrigeration (TR), also called a refrigeration ton (RT), is a unit of power used in some countries (especially in North America) to describe the heat-extraction capacity of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
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Trademark
A trademark, trade mark, or trade-markThe styling of trademark as a single word is predominantly used in the United States and Philippines only, while the two-word styling trade mark is used in many other countries around the world, including the European Union and Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth jurisdictions (although Canada officially uses "trade-mark" pursuant to the Trade-mark Act, "trade mark" and "trademark" are also commonly used).
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Trombe wall
A Trombe wall is a passive solar building design where a wall is built on the winter sun side of a building with a glass external layer and a high heat capacity internal layer separated by a layer of air.
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Tropics
The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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Unilever
Unilever () is a British-Dutch transnational consumer goods company co-headquartered in London, United Kingdom and Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.
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University of Phoenix Stadium
University of Phoenix Stadium is a multi-purpose football stadium located in Glendale, Arizona, west of Phoenix.
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Vapor
In physics a vapor (American) or vapour (British and Canadian) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature,R.
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Ventilation (architecture)
Ventilation is the intentional introduction of ambient air into a space and is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used for purposes of thermal comfort or dehumidification.
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Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power.
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Western United States
The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States.
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Willis Carrier
Willis Haviland Carrier (November 26, 1876 – October 7, 1950) was an American engineer, best known for inventing modern air conditioning.
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Wind gradient
In common usage, wind gradient, more specifically wind speed gradient or wind velocity gradient, or alternatively shear wind, is the vertical gradient of the mean horizontal wind speed in the lower atmosphere.
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Windcatcher
A windtower (wind catcher) (بادگیر bâdgir: bâd "wind" + gir "catcher") is a traditional Persian architectural element to create natural ventilation in buildings.
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Working fluids
Heat engines, refrigeration cycles and heat pumps usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a thermodynamic cycle.
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1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (INN), R-134a, Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, or HFC-134a) is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a somewhat lower global warming potential (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900).
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17th century
The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700, in the Gregorian calendar.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning
