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408 relations: Abbadid dynasty, Abbas ibn Firnas, Abbasid Caliphate, Abd al-Mu'min, Abd al-Rahman I, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, Abd al-Rahman III, Abd ar-Rahman II, Abdallah ibn Buluggin, Abdullah of Córdoba, Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani, Abu ʾl-Khayr al-Ishbīlī, Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam ibn Darar al-Kalbi, Acequia, Achaemenid Empire, Afonso III of Portugal, Agriculturist, Agronomy, Akhbār majmūʿa, Al-Ala ibn Mughith al-Judhami, Al-Hakam I, Al-Hakam II, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Mansur, Al-Walid I, Al-Zahrawi, Al-Zarqali, Alcazaba of Almería, Alcazaba of Málaga, Alcázar of Seville, Alentejo, Alfajor, Alfonso I of Asturias, Alfonso VI of León and Castile, Alfonso VIII of Castile, Alfonso X of Castile, Algarve, Alhambra, Aljafería, Almagest, Almanzor, Almohad Caliphate, Almoravid dynasty, Almuñécar, Alpujarras, Andalusi Arabic, Andalusi classical music, Andalusi nubah, Andalusi Romance, ... Expand index (358 more) »
- 1492 disestablishments in Spain
- 1st millennium in Spain
- 2nd millennium in Spain
- 711 establishments
- 8th-century establishments in Portugal
- 8th-century establishments in Spain
- 8th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate
- Former Arab states
- Former Islamic monarchies
- Former Islamic monarchies in Europe
- History of Andalusia
- History of Portugal by polity
- History of Spain
- Invasions of Europe
- Islam in Gibraltar
- Islam in Portugal
- Islam in Spain
- Medieval Islamic world
- Medieval history of Portugal
- Medieval history of Spain
- States and territories disestablished in 1492
- States and territories established in the 710s
- Subdivisions of the Umayyad Caliphate
Abbadid dynasty
The Abbadid dynasty or Abbadids (Banū ʿAbbād) was an Arab dynasty from the tribe of Banu Lakhm of al-Hirah, which ruled the Taifa of Seville in al-Andalus following the downfall of the Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031.
See Al-Andalus and Abbadid dynasty
Abbas ibn Firnas
Abu al-Qasim Abbas ibn Firnas ibn Wirdas al-Takurini (أبو القاسمعباس بن فرناس بن ورداس التاكرني; c. 809/810 – 887 A.D.), known as Abbas ibn Firnas (عباس ابن فرناس) was an Andalusi polymath:Lynn Townsend White, Jr. (Spring, 1961).
See Al-Andalus and Abbas ibn Firnas
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Al-Andalus and Abbasid Caliphate
Abd al-Mu'min
Abd al Mu'min (c. 1094–1163) (عبد المؤمن بن علي or عبد المومن الــكـومي; full name: ʿAbd al-Muʾmin ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAlwī ibn Yaʿlā al-Kūmī Abū Muḥammad) was a prominent member of the Almohad movement.
See Al-Andalus and Abd al-Mu'min
Abd al-Rahman I
Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (7 March 731 – 30 September 788), commonly known as Abd al-Rahman I, was the founder and first emir of the Emirate of Córdoba, ruling from 756 to 788.
See Al-Andalus and Abd al-Rahman I
Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi
Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah Al-Ghafiqi (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Ghāfiqī; died 732), was an Arab Umayyad commander and governor who led Andalusian Muslim forces against the Franks.
See Al-Andalus and Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi
Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Ḥabīb al-Fihrī (died 755) was an Arab noble of the Fihrid family, and ruler of Ifriqiya (North Africa) from 745 through 755 AD.
See Al-Andalus and Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri
Abd al-Rahman III
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥakam al-Rabdī ibn Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil (عبدالرحمن بن محمد بن عبداللہ بن محمد بن عبدالرحمن بن الحكمبن هشامبن عبد الرحمن الداخل; 890–961), or simply ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, was the Umayyad Emir of Córdoba from 912 to 929, at which point he founded the Caliphate of Córdoba, serving as its first caliph until his death.
See Al-Andalus and Abd al-Rahman III
Abd ar-Rahman II
Abd ar-Rahman II (792–852) was the fourth Umayyad Emir of Córdoba in al-Andalus from 822 until his death.
See Al-Andalus and Abd ar-Rahman II
Abdallah ibn Buluggin
Abdallah ibn Buluggin, full name: ʿAbd Allāh ben Buluggīn ben Bādīs ben Ḥabūs ben Zīrī (1056–after 1090), also known as "Al-Muzaffar" (the conqueror), was the grandson of Badis ben Habus and the last Zirid ruler of the Taifa of Granada (1073–1090).
See Al-Andalus and Abdallah ibn Buluggin
Abdullah of Córdoba
Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman (عبد الله بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن; 11 January 844 – 15 October 912) was the seventh emir of Córdoba, reigning from 888 to 912 in Al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia).
See Al-Andalus and Abdullah of Córdoba
Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani (أبو الحكمالكرماني; 970-1066) was a prominent philosopher and scholar from al-Andalus.
See Al-Andalus and Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
Abu ʾl-Khayr al-Ishbīlī
Abu ʾl-Khayr al-Ishbīlī (11th century), called al-Shajjār ('the arboriculturist'), was an Andalusī agronomist and the author of two Arabic works on agriculture and botany.
See Al-Andalus and Abu ʾl-Khayr al-Ishbīlī
Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam ibn Darar al-Kalbi
Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam ibn Darar al-Kalbi (أبو الخطار الحسامبن ضرار الكلبي) was Umayyad governor of Al-Andalus from May 743 until August 745.
See Al-Andalus and Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam ibn Darar al-Kalbi
Acequia
An acequia or is a community-operated watercourse used in Spain and former Spanish colonies in the Americas for irrigation.
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Al-Andalus and Achaemenid Empire
Afonso III of Portugal
Afonso III (rare English alternatives: Alphonzo or Alphonse), or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese), Alfonso or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin), the Boulonnais (Port. o Bolonhês), King of Portugal (5 May 121016 February 1279) was the first to use the title King of Portugal and the Algarve, from 1249.
See Al-Andalus and Afonso III of Portugal
Agriculturist
An agriculturist, agriculturalist, agrologist, or agronomist (abbreviated as agr.) is a professional in the science, practice, and management of agriculture and agribusiness.
See Al-Andalus and Agriculturist
Agronomy
Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants by agriculture for food, fuel, fiber, chemicals, recreation, or land conservation.
Akhbār majmūʿa
The Akhbār majmūʿa fī fatḥ al-Andalus ("Collection of Anecdotes on the Conquest of al-Andalus") is an anonymous history of al-Andalus compiled in the second decade of the 11th century and only preserved in a single manuscript, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
See Al-Andalus and Akhbār majmūʿa
Al-Ala ibn Mughith al-Judhami
Al-ʿAlāʾ ibn Mughīth, called variously al-Yaḥṣubī, al-Ḥaḍramī or al-Judhāmī,E.
See Al-Andalus and Al-Ala ibn Mughith al-Judhami
Al-Hakam I
Abu al-As al-Hakam ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Rahman was Umayyad Emir of Cordoba from 796 until 822 in Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).
Al-Hakam II
Al-Hakam II, also known as Abū al-ʿĀṣ al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh al-Hakam b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (أَبُو الْعَاصٍ الْمُسْتَنْصِرِ بِاللهِ الْحَكْمِ بْن عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ; 13 January 915 – 16 October 976), was the Caliph of Córdoba.
See Al-Andalus and Al-Hakam II
Al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (محمد بن موسى خوارزمی), often referred to as simply al-Khwarizmi, was a polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography.
See Al-Andalus and Al-Khwarizmi
Al-Mansur
Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Manṣūr (أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد المنصور‎; 95 AH – 158 AH/714 CE – 6 October 775 CE) usually known simply as by his laqab al-Manṣūr (المنصور) was the second Abbasid caliph, reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 CE – 775 CE) succeeding his brother al-Saffah.
Al-Walid I
Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; – 23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I (الوليد الأول), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715.
Al-Zahrawi
Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-'Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-Ansari (أبو القاسمخلف بن العباس الزهراوي;‎ 936–1013), popularly known as al-Zahrawi (الزهراوي), Latinised as Albucasis or Abulcasis (from Arabic Abū al-Qāsim), was a physician, surgeon and chemist from al-Andalus.
Al-Zarqali
Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī al-Tujibi (إبراهيمبن يحيى الزرقالي); also known as Al-Zarkali or Ibn Zarqala (1029–1100), was an Arab maker of astronomical instruments and an astrologer from the western part of the Islamic world.
Alcazaba of Almería
The Alcazaba of Almería is a fortified complex in Almería, southern Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Alcazaba of Almería
Alcazaba of Málaga
The Alcazaba (from) is a palatial fortification in Málaga, Spain, built during the period of Muslim-ruled Al-Andalus.
See Al-Andalus and Alcazaba of Málaga
Alcázar of Seville
The Alcázar of Seville, officially called Royal Alcázar of Seville (Real Alcázar de Sevilla or Reales Alcázares de Sevilla), is a historic royal palace in Seville, Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Alcázar of Seville
Alentejo
Alentejo is a geographical, historical, and cultural region of south–central and southern Portugal.
Alfajor
An alfajor or alajú (plural alfajores) is a traditional confection typically made of flour, honey, and nuts.
Alfonso I of Asturias
Alfonso I of Asturias, called the Catholic (el Católico), (– 757) was the third king of Asturias, reigning from 739 to his death in 757.
See Al-Andalus and Alfonso I of Asturias
Alfonso VI of León and Castile
Alfonso VI (1 July 1109), nicknamed the Brave (El Bravo) or the Valiant, was king of León (10651109), Galicia (10711109), and Castile (10721109).
See Al-Andalus and Alfonso VI of León and Castile
Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII (11 November 11555 October 1214), called the Noble (El Noble) or the one of Las Navas (el de las Navas), was King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo.
See Al-Andalus and Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso X of Castile
Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284.
See Al-Andalus and Alfonso X of Castile
Algarve
The Algarve is the southernmost NUTS II region of continental Portugal.
Alhambra
The Alhambra (translit) is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain.
Aljafería
The Aljafería Palace (Palacio de la Aljafería; قصر الجعفرية, tr. Qaṣr al-Jaʿfariyah) is a fortified medieval palace built during the second half of the 11th century in the Taifa of Zaragoza in Al-Andalus, present day Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain.
Almagest
The Almagest is a 2nd-century mathematical and astronomical treatise on the apparent motions of the stars and planetary paths, written by Claudius Ptolemy in Koine Greek.
Almanzor
Abu ʿĀmir Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn Abi ʿĀmir al-Maʿafiri (أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر المعافري), nicknamed al-Manṣūr (المنصور, "the Victorious"), which is often Latinized as Almanzor in Spanish, Almansor in Catalan and Almançor in Portuguese (c.
Almohad Caliphate
The Almohad Caliphate (خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from unity of God) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. Al-Andalus and Almohad Caliphate are medieval Islamic world, medieval history of Portugal and medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Almohad Caliphate
Almoravid dynasty
The Almoravid dynasty (lit) was a Berber Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day Morocco.
See Al-Andalus and Almoravid dynasty
Almuñécar
Almuñécar is a Spanish city and municipality located in the southwestern part of the comarca of the Costa Granadina, in the province of Granada.
Alpujarras
The Alpujarra (Arabic: al-bussarat) is a natural and historical region in Andalusia, Spain, on the south slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the adjacent valley.
Andalusi Arabic
Andalusi Arabic or Andalusian Arabic was a variety or varieties of Arabic spoken mainly from the 9th to the 15th century in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula, respectively modern Spain until the late-15th century, and modern Portugal until the mid-13th century under Muslim rule.
See Al-Andalus and Andalusi Arabic
Andalusi classical music
Andalusi classical music (ṭarab ʾandalusī; música andalusí), also called Andalusi music or Arab-Andalusian music, is a genre of music originally developed in al-Andalus by the Muslim population of the region and the Moors.
See Al-Andalus and Andalusi classical music
Andalusi nubah
Andalusī nūbah (نوبة أندلسيّة), also transliterated nūba, nūbā, or nouba (pl. nūbāt), or in its classical Arabic form, nawba, nawbah, or nōbah, is a music genre found in the North African Maghrib states of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya but, as the name indicates, it has its origins in Andalusi music.
See Al-Andalus and Andalusi nubah
Andalusi Romance
Andalusi Romance, also called Mozarabic or Ajami, refers to the varieties of Ibero-Romance that developed in Al-Andalus, the parts of the medieval Iberian Peninsula under Islamic control.
See Al-Andalus and Andalusi Romance
Andalusia
Andalusia (Andalucía) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain.
Aquitaine
Aquitaine (Aquitània; Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Aguiéne), archaic Guyenne or Guienne (Guiana), is a historical region of Southwestern France and a former administrative region.
Arab Agricultural Revolution
The Arab Agricultural Revolution was the transformation in agriculture in the Old World during the Islamic Golden Age (8th to 13th centuries).
See Al-Andalus and Arab Agricultural Revolution
Arab diaspora
Arab diaspora is a term that refers to descendants of the Arab emigrants who, voluntarily or as forcibly, migrated from their native lands to non-Arab countries, primarily in the Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, and West Africa.
See Al-Andalus and Arab diaspora
Arabesque
The arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements.
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Arabic numerals
The ten Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers.
See Al-Andalus and Arabic numerals
Aragon
Aragon (Spanish and Aragón; Aragó) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.
Arcade (architecture)
An arcade is a succession of contiguous arches, with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers.
See Al-Andalus and Arcade (architecture)
Arch
An arch is a curved vertical structure spanning an open space underneath it.
Archidona
Archidona is a town and municipality in the province of Málaga, part of the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain.
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Arles
Arles (Arle; Classical Arelate) is a coastal city and commune in the South of France, a subprefecture in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in the former province of Provence.
Asabiyyah
'Asabiyyah (ʿaṣabiyya, also 'asabiyya, 'group feeling' or 'social cohesion') is a concept of social solidarity with an emphasis on unity, group consciousness, and a sense of shared purpose and social cohesion, originally used in the context of tribalism and clanism.
Astrolabe
An astrolabe (ἀστρολάβος,; ٱلأَسْطُرلاب; ستارهیاب) is an astronomical instrument dating to ancient times.
Astrology
Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.
Astronomy
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.
Atlantis
Atlantis (Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος|island of Atlas) is a fictional island mentioned in Plato's works Timaeus and Critias as part of an allegory on the hubris of nations.
Avempace
Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyà ibn aṣ-Ṣā’igh at-Tūjībī ibn Bājja (أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصائغ التجيبي بن باجة), best known by his Latinised name Avempace (– 1138), was an Andalusi polymath, whose writings include works regarding astronomy, physics, and music, as well as philosophy, medicine, botany, and poetry.
Averroes
Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد; full name in; 14 April 112611 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics.
Averroism
Averroism refers to a school of medieval philosophy based on the application of the works of 12th-century Andalusian philosopher Averroes, (known in his time in Arabic as ابن رشد, ibn Rushd, 1126–1198) a commentator on Aristotle, in 13th-century Latin Christian scholasticism.
Avignon
Avignon (Provençal or Avignoun,; Avenio) is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France.
Badajoz
Badajoz (formerly written Badajos in English) is the capital of the Province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain.
Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
Battle of Alarcos
Battle of Alarcos (July 18, 1195), was fought between the Almohads led by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur and King Alfonso VIII of Castile.
See Al-Andalus and Battle of Alarcos
Battle of Bagdoura
The Battle of Bagdoura or Battle of Baqdura was a decisive confrontation in the Berber Revolt in late 741 CE.
See Al-Andalus and Battle of Bagdoura
Battle of Guadalete
The Battle of Guadalete was the first major battle of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, fought in 711 at an unidentified location in what is now southern Spain between the Visigoths under their king, Roderic, and the invading forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, composed mainly of Berbers and some Arabs under the commander Tariq ibn Ziyad.
See Al-Andalus and Battle of Guadalete
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Islamic history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (معركة العقاب), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and the medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
Battle of Río Salado
The Battle of Río Salado also known as the Battle of Tarifa (30 October 1340) was a battle of the armies of King Afonso IV of Portugal and King Alfonso XI of Castile against those of Sultan Abu al-Hasan 'Ali of the Marinid dynasty and Yusuf I of Granada.
See Al-Andalus and Battle of Río Salado
Battle of Sagrajas
The Battle of Sagrajas (23 October 1086), also called Zalaca or Zallaqah (translit), was fought between the Almoravid army led by their King Yusuf ibn Tashfin and an army led by the Castilian King Alfonso VI.
See Al-Andalus and Battle of Sagrajas
Battle of Toulouse (721)
The Battle of Toulouse (721) was a victory of an Aquitanian Christian army led by Odo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine over an Umayyad Muslim army besieging the city of Toulouse, led by al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, the Umayyad wāli (governor-general) of al-Andalus.
See Al-Andalus and Battle of Toulouse (721)
Battle of Tours
The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs (Maʿrakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā'), was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul.
See Al-Andalus and Battle of Tours
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.
Beja, Portugal
Beja is a city and a municipality in the Alentejo region, Portugal.
See Al-Andalus and Beja, Portugal
Bell tower
A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none.
Berber languages
The Berber languages, also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight, are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Al-Andalus and Berber languages
Berber Revolt
The Berber Revolt or the Kharijite Revolt of 740–743 AD (122–125 AH in the Islamic calendar) took place during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and marked the first successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled from Damascus).
See Al-Andalus and Berber Revolt
Berbers
Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also called by their endonym Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migrations to the Maghreb.
Bilad al-Sham
Bilad al-Sham (Bilād al-Shām), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates.
See Al-Andalus and Bilad al-Sham
Book burning
Book burning is the deliberate destruction by fire of books or other written materials, usually carried out in a public context.
See Al-Andalus and Book burning
Brethren of Purity
The Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān Al-Ṣafā; also The Brethren of Sincerity) were a secret society of Muslim philosophers in Basra, Iraq, in the 9th or 10th century CE.
See Al-Andalus and Brethren of Purity
Burgundy
Burgundy (Bourgogne; Burgundian: bourguignon) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
See Al-Andalus and Byzantine Empire
Calahorra Tower
The Calahorra tower (Spanish: Torre de la Calahorra) is a fortified gate in the historic centre of Córdoba, Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Calahorra Tower
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
Cantabria
Cantabria (also) is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain with Santander as its capital city.
Cantabrian Mountains
The Cantabrian Mountains or Cantabrian Range (Cordillera Cantábrica) are one of the main systems of mountain ranges in Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Cantabrian Mountains
Carmona, Spain
Carmona is a town of southwestern Spain, in the province of Seville; it lies 33 km north-east of Seville.
See Al-Andalus and Carmona, Spain
Carolingian Empire
The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.
See Al-Andalus and Carolingian Empire
Castile (historical region)
Castile or Castille is a territory of imprecise limits located in Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Castile (historical region)
Catalonia
Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.
Catamite
In ancient Greece and Rome, a catamite (Latin: catamītus) was a pubescent boy who was the intimate companion of an older male, usually in a pederastic relationship.
Catholic Monarchs of Spain
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Catholic Monarchs of Spain
Cauterization
Cauterization (or cauterisation, or cautery) is a medical practice or technique of burning a part of a body to remove or close off a part of it.
See Al-Andalus and Cauterization
Córdoba Synagogue
Córdoba Synagogue (Spanish: Sinagoga de Córdoba) is a historic edifice in the Jewish Quarter of Córdoba, Spain, built in 1315.
See Al-Andalus and Córdoba Synagogue
Córdoba, Spain
Córdoba, or sometimes Cordova, is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.
See Al-Andalus and Córdoba, Spain
Central March
The Central March or Middle March (al-Thaghr al-Awsaṭ) was the central of the three marches along the northern frontier of the Emirate and (after 929) Caliphate of Córdoba between the 8th and 11th centuries. Al-Andalus and central March are 8th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate.
See Al-Andalus and Central March
Charlemagne
Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.
See Al-Andalus and Charlemagne
Charles Martel
Charles Martel (– 22 October 741), Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.
See Al-Andalus and Charles Martel
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
See Al-Andalus and Christianity
Church of San Román, Toledo
The Iglesia de San Román is a church in Toledo (Castile-La Mancha, Spain).
See Al-Andalus and Church of San Román, Toledo
Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz
Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña (April 7, 1893, in Madrid – July 8, 1984, in Ávila) was a Spanish scholar, politician and orator.
See Al-Andalus and Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz
Colliget
The Kulliyat (The General Principles of Medicine), mostly known by its Latin translation as Colliget, is a medical encyclopedia written by the Andalusian polymath Averroes.
Constantinople
Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.
See Al-Andalus and Constantinople
Convivencia
Convivencia ("living together") is an academic term, proposed by the Spanish philologist Américo Castro, regarding the period of Spanish history from the Muslim Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early eighth century until the expulsion of the Jews in 1492.
See Al-Andalus and Convivencia
County of Barcelona
The County of Barcelona (Comitatus Barcinonensis, Comtat de Barcelona) was a polity in northeastern Iberian Peninsula, originally located in the southern frontier region of the Carolingian Empire.
See Al-Andalus and County of Barcelona
Courtyard
A courtyard or court is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky.
Crown of Aragon
The Crown of AragonCorona d'Aragón;Corona d'Aragó,;Corona de Aragón;Corona Aragonum. Al-Andalus and Crown of Aragon are medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Crown of Aragon
Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne.
See Al-Andalus and Crown of Castile
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.
Crypto-Islam
Crypto-Islam is the secret adherence to Islam while publicly professing to be of another faith; people who practice crypto-Islam are referred to as "crypto-Muslims." The word has mainly been used in reference to Spanish Muslims and Sicilian Muslims during the Inquisition (i.e., the Moriscos and Saraceni and their usage of Aljamiado).
See Al-Andalus and Crypto-Islam
Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (English translation: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) of the Polish Renaissance.
See Al-Andalus and De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
Dhimmi
(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.
DIN 31635
DIN 31635 is a (DIN) standard for the transliteration of the Arabic alphabet adopted in 1982.
Dinar
The dinar is the name of the principal currency unit in several countries near the Mediterranean Sea, with a more widespread historical use.
Douro
The Douro (Duero; Mirandese: Douro ˈdowɾʊ; Durius) is the largest river of the Iberian Peninsula by discharge.
Duchy of Amalfi
The Duchy of Amalfi or the Republic of Amalfi was a de facto independent state centered on the Southern Italian city of Amalfi during the 10th and 11th centuries.
See Al-Andalus and Duchy of Amalfi
Dunash ben Labrat
Dunash ha-Levi ben Labrat (920/925 – after 985) (ר׳ דוֹנָש הַלֵּוִי בֵּן לָבְּרָט; دناش بن لبراط) was a medieval Jewish commentator, poet, and grammarian of the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Dunash ben Labrat
Early Muslim conquests
The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
See Al-Andalus and Early Muslim conquests
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
El Bañuelo
The Bañuelo or El Bañuelo (a diminutive of Spanish baño "bath"), also known as the Baño del Nogal ("Bath of the Walnut") or Hammam al-Yawza, is a preserved historic ''hammam'' (Islamic bathhouse) in Granada, Spain.
El Cid
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (– 10 July 1099) was a Castilian knight and ruler in medieval Spain.
El País
() is a Spanish-language daily newspaper in Spain.
Emilie Savage-Smith
Emilie Savage-Smith (born 20 August 1941) is an American-British historian of science known for her work on science in the medieval Islamic world and medicine in the medieval Islamic world.
See Al-Andalus and Emilie Savage-Smith
Emirate of Granada
The Emirate of Granada, also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, was an Islamic polity in the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Late Middle Ages, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty. Al-Andalus and Emirate of Granada are 1492 disestablishments in Spain, former Arab states, former Islamic monarchies in Europe, history of Andalusia and states and territories disestablished in 1492.
See Al-Andalus and Emirate of Granada
Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (1990) was edited by Wayne R. Dynes, with the assistance of associate editors William A. Percy, Warren Johansson, and Stephen Donaldson.
See Al-Andalus and Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
The Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (رسائل إخوان الصفا, Rasā'il Ikhwān al-ṣafā') also variously known as the Epistles of the Brethren of Sincerity, Epistles of the Brethren of Purity and Epistles of the Brethren of Purity and Loyal Friends is an Islamic encyclopedia"The work only professes to be an epitome, an outline; its authors lay claim to no originality, they only summarize what others have thought and discovered.
See Al-Andalus and Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
Equant
Equant (or punctum aequans) is a mathematical concept developed by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to account for the observed motion of the planets.
Expulsion of the Moriscos
The Expulsion of the Moriscos (Expulsión de los moriscos) was decreed by King Philip III of Spain on April 9, 1609.
See Al-Andalus and Expulsion of the Moriscos
Fall of Constantinople
The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.
See Al-Andalus and Fall of Constantinople
Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.
See Al-Andalus and Fatimid Caliphate
Ferdinand II of Aragon
Ferdinand II (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516) was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516.
See Al-Andalus and Ferdinand II of Aragon
Fez, Morocco
Fez or Fes (fās) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fès-Meknès administrative region.
See Al-Andalus and Fez, Morocco
Figurative art
Figurative art, sometimes written as figurativism, describes artwork (particularly paintings and sculptures) that is clearly derived from real object sources and so is, by definition, representational.
See Al-Andalus and Figurative art
Fihrids
The Fihrids, also known as Banu Fihr, were an Arab family and clan, prominent in North Africa and Al-Andalus in the 8th century.
Fitna of al-Andalus
The Fitna of al-Andalus (1009–1031) was a civil war in the Caliphate of Córdoba.
See Al-Andalus and Fitna of al-Andalus
Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
The forced conversions of Muslims in Spain were enacted through a series of edicts outlawing Islam in the lands of the Spanish Monarchy.
See Al-Andalus and Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
Four temperaments
The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic.
See Al-Andalus and Four temperaments
Fourth Fitna
The Fourth Fitna or Great Abbasid Civil War resulted from the conflict between the brothers al-Amin and al-Ma'mun over the succession to the throne of the Abbasid Caliphate. Their father, Caliph Harun al-Rashid, had named al-Amin as the first successor, but had also named al-Ma'mun as the second, with Khurasan granted to him as an appanage.
See Al-Andalus and Fourth Fitna
Francia
The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.
Franks
Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.
Fraxinetum
Fraxinetum or Fraxinet (translit or rtl Farakhsha, from Latin fraxinus: "ash tree", fraxinetum: "ash forest") was the site of a Muslim stronghold at the centre of a frontier state in Provence between about 887 and 972.
Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher.
Galicia (Spain)
Galicia (Galicia (officially) or Galiza; Galicia) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.
See Al-Andalus and Galicia (Spain)
Generalife
The Generalife (translit) was a summer palace and country estate of the Nasrid rulers of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus.
Geocentric model
In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center.
See Al-Andalus and Geocentric model
Gerard of Cremona
Gerard of Cremona (Latin: Gerardus Cremonensis; c. 1114 – 1187) was an Italian translator of scientific books from Arabic into Latin.
See Al-Andalus and Gerard of Cremona
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
See Al-Andalus and Germanic peoples
Gharb al-Andalus
Gharb al-Andalus (غرب الأندلس, trans. gharb al-ʼandalus; "west of al-Andalus"), or just al-Gharb (الغرب, trans. al-gharb; "the west"), was the name given by the Muslims of Iberia to the region of southern modern-day Portugal and part of West-central modern day Spain during their rule of the territory, from 711 to 1249. Al-Andalus and gharb al-Andalus are 711 establishments, 8th-century establishments in Portugal, islam in Portugal, medieval history of Portugal and states and territories established in the 710s.
See Al-Andalus and Gharb al-Andalus
Gibraltar
Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar).
Giralda
The Giralda (La Giralda) is the bell tower of Seville Cathedral in Seville, Spain.
Granada
Granada is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.
Granada War
The Granada War (Guerra de Granada) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada.
See Al-Andalus and Granada War
Greco-Roman world
The Greco-Roman civilization (also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans.
See Al-Andalus and Greco-Roman world
Hadith
Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.
Hammam
A hammam (translit, hamam), called a Moorish bath (in reference to the Muslim Spain of Al-Andalus) and a Turkish bath by Westerners, is a type of steam bath or a place of public bathing associated with the Islamic world.
Harem
Harem (lit) refers to domestic spaces that are reserved for the women of the house in a Muslim family.
Hebrew language
Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.
See Al-Andalus and Hebrew language
Henry IV of Castile
Henry IV of Castile (Castilian: Enrique IV; 5 January 1425 – 11 December 1474), nicknamed the Impotent, was King of Castile and León and the last of the weak late-medieval kings of Castile and León.
See Al-Andalus and Henry IV of Castile
Hermes Trismegistus
Hermes Trismegistus (from Ἑρμῆς ὁ Τρισμέγιστος, "Hermes the Thrice-Greatest"; Classical Latin: Mercurius ter Maximus) is a legendary Hellenistic period figure that originated as a syncretic combination of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth.
See Al-Andalus and Hermes Trismegistus
Hindu–Arabic numeral system
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system (also known as the Indo-Arabic numeral system,Audun Holme,, 2000 Hindu numeral system, Arabic numeral system) is a positional base ten numeral system for representing integers; its extension to non-integers is the decimal numeral system, which is presently the most common numeral system.
See Al-Andalus and Hindu–Arabic numeral system
Hisham I of Córdoba
Hisham I Al-Reda ibn Abd ar-Rahman (هشامبن عبد الرحمن الداخل) was the second Emir of Cordoba, ruling from 788 to 796 in al-Andalus.
See Al-Andalus and Hisham I of Córdoba
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit; 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 724 until his death in 743.
See Al-Andalus and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
Hisham II
Hisham II or Abu'l-Walid Hisham II al-Mu'ayyad bi-llah (ابو الولید ھشامالمؤيد بالله, Abū'l-Walīd Hishām al-Muʾayyad bi-ʾllāh) (son of Al-Hakam II and Subh of Córdoba) was the third Umayyad Caliph of Spain, in Al-Andalus from 976 to 1009, and from 1010 to 1013.
Hispanic and Latino American Muslims
Hispanic and Latino American Muslims also known as Morisco Americans are Hispanic and Latino Americans who are adherents of the Islamic faith.
See Al-Andalus and Hispanic and Latino American Muslims
Historiography
Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension, the term historiography is any body of historical work on a particular subject.
See Al-Andalus and Historiography
History of Islam
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.
See Al-Andalus and History of Islam
History of the Jews in Spain
The history of the Jews in the current-day Spanish territory stretches back to Biblical times according to Jewish tradition, but the settlement of organised Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula possibly traces back to the times after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.
See Al-Andalus and History of the Jews in Spain
History of the Jews under Muslim rule
Jewish communities have existed across the Middle East and North Africa since classical antiquity.
See Al-Andalus and History of the Jews under Muslim rule
Homosexuality
Homosexuality is sexual attraction, romantic attraction, or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender.
See Al-Andalus and Homosexuality
Horseshoe arch
The horseshoe arch, also called the Moorish arch and the keyhole arch, is a type of arch in which the circular curve is continued below the horizontal line of its diameter, so that the opening at the bottom of the arch is narrower than the arch's full span.
See Al-Andalus and Horseshoe arch
Humorism
Humorism, the humoral theory, or humoralism, was a system of medicine detailing a supposed makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers.
Hypostyle
In architecture, a hypostyle hall has a roof which is supported by columns.
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.
See Al-Andalus and Iberian Peninsula
Ibn al-'Awwam
Ibn al-'Awwam (ابن العوام), also called Abu Zakariya Ibn al-Awwam (أبو زكريا بن العوام), was a Al-Andalus agriculturist who flourished at Seville (modern-day southern Spain) in the later 12th century.
See Al-Andalus and Ibn al-'Awwam
Ibn al-Baytar
Diyāʾ al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad al-Mālaqī, commonly known as Ibn al-Bayṭār (1197–1248 AD) was an Andalusian Arab physician, botanist, pharmacist and scientist.
See Al-Andalus and Ibn al-Baytar
Ibn al-Khatib
Lisan ad-Din Ibn al-Khatib (16 November 1313 – 1374) was an Arab Andalusi polymath, poet, writer, historian, philosopher, physician and politician from Emirate of Granada.
See Al-Andalus and Ibn al-Khatib
Ibn Bassal
Ibn Bassal (ابن بصال) was an 11th-century Andalusian Arab botanist and agronomist in Toledo and Seville, Spain who wrote about horticulture and arboriculture.
Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldun (أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي.,, Arabic:; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 AH) was an Arab sociologist, philosopher, and historian widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages, and considered by many to be the father of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies.
See Al-Andalus and Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Quzman
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Isa Abd al-Malik ibn Isa ibn Quzman al-Zuhri (أبو بكر محمد بن عيسى بن عبدالملك بن عيسى بن قزمان الزهري; 1087–1160) was the single most famous poet in the history of Al-Andalus and he is also considered to be one of its most original.
Ibn Tufayl
Ibn Ṭufayl (full Arabic name: أبو بكر محمد بن عبد الملك بن محمد بن طفيل القيسي الأندلسي; Latinized form: Abubacer Aben Tofail; Anglicized form: Abubekar or Abu Jaafar Ebn Tophail; – 1185) was an Arab Andalusian Muslim polymath: a writer, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, astronomer, and vizier.
Ibn Zamrak
Ibn Zamrak (also Zumruk) or Abu Abduallah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Surayhi, (1333–1393) was an Arab Andalusian poet and statesman from Granada, Al-Andalus.
Ibn Zuhr
Abū Marwān ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Zuhr (أبو مروان عبد الملك بن زهر), traditionally known by his Latinized name Avenzoar (1094–1162), was an Arab physician, surgeon, and poet.
Idris al-Ma'mun
Abu al-Ala Idris al-Ma'mun (أبو العلا المأمون إدريس بن المنصور; Abū Al-`lā Al-Mā'mūn Idrīs ibn Al-Manṣūr; died 16 or 17 October 1232) was an Almohad rival caliph who reigned in part of the empire from 1229 until his death.
See Al-Andalus and Idris al-Ma'mun
Ifriqiya
Ifriqiya, also known as al-Maghrib al-Adna (المغرب الأدنى), was a medieval historical region comprising today's Tunisia and eastern Algeria, and Tripolitania (roughly western Libya).
Intercollegiate Studies Institute
The Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI) is a nonprofit educational organization that promotes conservative thought on college campuses.
See Al-Andalus and Intercollegiate Studies Institute
Isabella I of Castile
Isabella I (Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Isabel la Católica), was Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504.
See Al-Andalus and Isabella I of Castile
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Islam in Portugal
Portugal is an overwhelmingly Christian majority country, with adherents of Islam being a small minority.
See Al-Andalus and Islam in Portugal
Islam in Spain
Spain is a Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority religion, practised mostly by immigrants from Muslim majority countries, and their descendants.
See Al-Andalus and Islam in Spain
Islamic calligraphy
Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy, in the languages which use Arabic alphabet or the alphabets derived from it.
See Al-Andalus and Islamic calligraphy
Islamic geometric patterns
Islamic geometric patterns are one of the major forms of Islamic ornament, which tends to avoid using figurative images, as it is forbidden to create a representation of an important Islamic figure according to many holy scriptures.
See Al-Andalus and Islamic geometric patterns
Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century. Al-Andalus and Islamic Golden Age are medieval Islamic world.
See Al-Andalus and Islamic Golden Age
Islamic state
An Islamic state has a form of government based on sharia law.
See Al-Andalus and Islamic state
Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila
Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (26 February 1963 – 18 December 2023) was a Finnish academic researcher, serving as a professor of the Arabic language and Islamic studies at the University of Edinburgh.
See Al-Andalus and Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila
Jaén, Spain
Jaén is a municipality of Spain and the capital of the province of Jaén, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.
See Al-Andalus and Jaén, Spain
Jabir ibn Aflah
Abū Muḥammad Jābir ibn Aflaḥ (أبو محمد جابر بن أفلح, Geber/Gebir; 1100–1150) was an Arab Muslim astronomer and mathematician from Seville, who was active in 12th century al-Andalus.
See Al-Andalus and Jabir ibn Aflah
James T. Monroe
James Thomas Monroe, or James T. Monroe, is an American scholar and translator of Arabic.
See Al-Andalus and James T. Monroe
Jarya
Jarya or jariya, also jawari, was a term often used for female slaves in the medieval Islamic world.
Jerez de la Frontera
Jerez de la Frontera or simply Jerez, also cited in old English-language sources as Xeres, is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Jerez de la Frontera
Jerrilynn Dodds
Jerrilynn Denise Dodds is an American art historian whose work has focused on artistic identity in Medieval Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Jerrilynn Dodds
Jewish poetry from al-Andalus
The golden age of Jewish poetry in Al-Andalus developed in the literary courts of the various taifas.
See Al-Andalus and Jewish poetry from al-Andalus
Jews
The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.
Jizya
Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.
John II of Aragon
John II (Spanish: Juan II, Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Joanes II; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe), was King of Aragon from 1458 until his death in 1479.
See Al-Andalus and John II of Aragon
Judah Halevi
Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; יהודה הלוי and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi; Yahūḏa al-Lāwī; c. 1075 – 1141) was a Sephardic Jewish poet, physician and philosopher.
See Al-Andalus and Judah Halevi
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)
This article covers the conversations between Islamic philosophy and Jewish philosophy, and mutual influence on each other in response to questions and challenges brought into wide circulation through Aristotelianism, Neo-platonism, and the Kalam, focusing especially on the period from 800–1400 CE.
See Al-Andalus and Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)
Jund
Under the early Caliphates, a jund (جند; plural ajnad, أجناد) was a military division, which became applied to Arab military territory in the conquered lands and, most notably, to the provinces into which Greater Syria (the Levant) was divided.
Jund al-Urdunn
Jund al-Urdunn (جُـنْـد الْأُرْدُنّ, translation: "The military district of Jordan") was one of the five districts of Bilad al-Sham (Islamic Syria) during the early Islamic period.
See Al-Andalus and Jund al-Urdunn
Jund Dimashq
Jund Dimashq (جند دمشق) was the largest of the sub-provinces (ajnad, sing. jund), into which Syria was divided under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties.
See Al-Andalus and Jund Dimashq
Jund Filastin
Jund Filasṭīn (جُنْد فِلَسْطِيْن, "the military district of Palestine") was one of the military districts of the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Bilad al-Sham (Levant), organized soon after the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s.
See Al-Andalus and Jund Filastin
Jund Hims
Jund Ḥimṣ (جند حمص, "military district of Homs") was one of the military districts of the caliphal province of Syria. Al-Andalus and Jund Hims are subdivisions of the Umayyad Caliphate.
Jund Qinnasrin
Jund Qinnasrīn (جُـنْـد قِـنَّـسْـرِيْـن, "military district of Qinnasrin") was one of five sub-provinces of Syria under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, organized soon after the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 7th century CE. Al-Andalus and Jund Qinnasrin are subdivisions of the Umayyad Caliphate.
See Al-Andalus and Jund Qinnasrin
Kairouan
Kairouan, also spelled El Qayrawān or Kairwan (al-Qayrawān, Qeirwān), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kemal Reis
Kemal Reis (c. 1451 – 1511) was an Ottoman privateer and admiral.
Kharja
A kharja or kharjah (final; jarcha; carja; also known as markaz), is the final refrain of a muwashshah ('girdle'), a lyric genre of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim control) written in Arabic or Andalusi Romance ("Mozárabic").
Kingdom of Aragon
The Kingdom of Aragon (Reino d'Aragón; Regne d'Aragó; Regnum Aragoniae; Reino de Aragón) or Imperial Aragon (Aragón Imperial) was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain. Al-Andalus and kingdom of Aragon are medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Aragon
Kingdom of Asturias
The Kingdom of Asturias was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius. Al-Andalus and kingdom of Asturias are history of Portugal by polity, medieval history of Portugal, medieval history of Spain and states and territories established in the 710s.
See Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Asturias
Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Castile are medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Galicia
The Kingdom of Galicia (Reino de Galicia, or Galiza; Reino de Galicia; Reino da Galiza; Galliciense Regnum) was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which at its territorial zenith occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Galicia are medieval history of Portugal.
See Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Galicia
Kingdom of León
The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Al-Andalus and kingdom of León are history of Portugal by polity and medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Kingdom of León
Kingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a Basque kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France. Al-Andalus and kingdom of Navarre are medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Portugal
The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Portugal are history of Portugal by polity and medieval history of Portugal.
See Al-Andalus and Kingdom of Portugal
Languedoc-Roussillon
Languedoc-Roussillon (Lengadòc-Rosselhon; Llenguadoc-Rosselló) is a former administrative region of France.
See Al-Andalus and Languedoc-Roussillon
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
Leyre Casket
The Leyre Casket (Arqueta de Leyre, Museo de Navarra inventory number 1360-B, also known as the Leire Casket, Pamplona Casket) is one of the jewels of Hispano-Arab Islamic art.
See Al-Andalus and Leyre Casket
List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus
The southern part of the Iberian peninsula was under Islamic rule for seven hundred years.
See Al-Andalus and List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus
Liutprand, King of the Lombards
Liutprand was the king of the Lombards from 712 to 744 and is chiefly remembered for his multiple phases of law-giving, in fifteen separate sessions from 713 to 735 inclusive, and his long reign, which brought him into a series of conflicts, mostly successful, with most of Italy.
See Al-Andalus and Liutprand, King of the Lombards
Logic
Logic is the study of correct reasoning.
Lombards
The Lombards or Longobards (Longobardi) were a Germanic people who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774.
Lower March
The Lower March (الثغر الأدنى, al-Ṯaḡr al-ʾAdnā) was a march of al-Andalus. Al-Andalus and Lower March are 8th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate and medieval history of Portugal.
See Al-Andalus and Lower March
Lustreware
Lustreware or lusterware (the respective spellings for British English and American English) is a type of pottery or porcelain with a metallic glaze that gives the effect of iridescence.
Madinat al-Zahra
Madinat al-Zahra or Medina Azahara (lit) was a fortified palace-city on the western outskirts of Córdoba in present-day Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Madinat al-Zahra
Maghreb
The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.
Maimonides
Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (רמב״ם), was a Sephardic rabbi and philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.
Majus
Majūs (مجوس) or Magūs (مگوش) was originally a term meaning Zoroastrians, specifically priests.
March (territory)
In medieval Europe, a march or mark was, in broad terms, any kind of borderland, as opposed to a state's "heartland".
See Al-Andalus and March (territory)
Marinid Sultanate
The Marinid Sultanate was a Berber Muslim empire from the mid-13th to the 15th century which controlled present-day Morocco and, intermittently, other parts of North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) and of the southern Iberian Peninsula (Spain) around Gibraltar.
See Al-Andalus and Marinid Sultanate
Marrakesh
Marrakesh or Marrakech (or; murrākuš) is the fourth-largest city in Morocco.
Maslama al-Majriti
Abu al-Qasim Maslama ibn Ahmad al-Majriti (أبو القاسممسلمة بن أحمد المجريطي: c. 950–1007), known or Latin as Methilem, was a Muslim Arab astronomer, alchemist, mathematician, economist and Scholar in Islamic Spain, active during the reign of Al-Hakam II.
See Al-Andalus and Maslama al-Majriti
Mawla
Mawlā (مَوْلَى, plural mawālī مَوَالِي), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.
Málaga
Málaga is a municipality of Spain, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.
Mérida, Spain
Mérida is a city and municipality of Spain, part of the Province of Badajoz, and capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura.
See Al-Andalus and Mérida, Spain
Medication
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
Medina-Sidonia
Medina Sidonia is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia, southern Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Medina-Sidonia
Mediterranean Basin
In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin, also known as the Mediterranean Region or sometimes Mediterranea, is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have mostly a Mediterranean climate, with mild to cool, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.
See Al-Andalus and Mediterranean Basin
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
See Al-Andalus and Mesopotamia
Michael Scot
Michael Scot (Latin: Michael Scotus; 1175 –) was a Scottish mathematician and scholar in the Middle Ages.
See Al-Andalus and Michael Scot
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
See Al-Andalus and Middle Ages
Mihrab
Mihrab (محراب,, pl. محاريب) is a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca towards which Muslims should face when praying.
Minaret
A minaret (translit, or translit; minare; translit) is a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques.
Moorish Gibraltar
The history of Moorish Gibraltar began with the landing of the Muslims in Hispania and the fall of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo in 711 and ended with the fall of Gibraltar to Christian hands 751 years later, in 1462, with an interregnum during the early 14th century.
See Al-Andalus and Moorish Gibraltar
Morisco
Moriscos (mouriscos; Spanish for "Moorish") were former Muslims and their descendants whom the Catholic Church and Habsburg Spain commanded to forcibly convert to Christianity or face compulsory exile after Spain outlawed Islam.
Mosque of Cristo de la Luz
The Mosque of Cristo de la Luz is a Catholic chapel and former mosque in Toledo, Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Mosque of Cristo de la Luz
Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
The Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba (Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba), officially known by its ecclesiastical name of Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción), is the cathedral of the Diocese of Córdoba dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and located in the Spanish region of Andalusia.
See Al-Andalus and Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
Mozarabic art and architecture
Mozarabic art (from musta'rab meaning "Arabized") is an early medieval artistic style that is part of the pre-Romanesque style and is linked to the kingdom of León. Al-Andalus and Mozarabic art and architecture are medieval history of Portugal.
See Al-Andalus and Mozarabic art and architecture
Mozarabic Rite
The Mozarabic Rite (rito mozárabe, rito moçárabe, ritu mossàrab), officially called the Hispanic Rite (Rito hispánico, rito hispânico, ritu hispà), and in the past also called the Visigothic Rite, is a liturgical rite of the Latin Church once used generally in the Iberian Peninsula (Hispania), in what is now Spain and Portugal.
See Al-Andalus and Mozarabic Rite
Mozarabs
The Mozarabs (from lit), or more precisely Andalusi Christians, were the Christians of al-Andalus, or the territories of Iberia under Muslim rule from 711 to 1492.
Mudéjar
Mudéjar were Muslims who remained in Iberia in the late medieval period following the Christian reconquest. Al-Andalus and Mudéjar are islam in Spain.
Mudéjar art
Mudéjar art, or Mudéjar style, was a type of ornamentation and decoration used in the Iberian Christian kingdoms, primarily between the 13th and 16th centuries. Al-Andalus and Mudéjar art are islam in Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Mudéjar art
Muhammad I of Córdoba
Muhammad I of Cordoba (823–886) was a Muslim ruler of al-Andalus.
See Al-Andalus and Muhammad I of Córdoba
Muhammad I of Granada
Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr (22 January 1273), also known as Ibn al-Ahmar (ابن الأحمر) and by his honorific al-Ghalib billah (الغالب بالله), was the first ruler of the Emirate of Granada, the last independent Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, and the founder of its ruling Nasrid dynasty.
See Al-Andalus and Muhammad I of Granada
Muhammad V of Granada
Abu Abdallah Muhammad V (4 January 1339 – 16 January 1391), known by the regnal name al-Ghani bi'llah (He who is contented with God), was the eighth Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula.
See Al-Andalus and Muhammad V of Granada
Muhammad XII of Granada
Abu Abdallah Muhammad XII (Abū ʿAbdi-llāh Muḥammad ath-thānī ʿashar) (c. 1460–1533), known in Europe as Boabdil (Spanish rendering of the name Abu Abdallah), was the 22nd and last Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Iberia.
See Al-Andalus and Muhammad XII of Granada
Muladí
Muladí (muladí,, pl. muladíes; muladi,, pl. muladis; muladita, or muladí,, pl. muladites or muladís; مولد, trans., pl. مولدون, or مولدين) were the native population of the Iberian Peninsula who adopted Islam after the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century.
Multifoil arch
A multifoil arch (or polyfoil arch), also known as a cusped arch, polylobed arch, or scalloped arch, is an arch characterized by multiple circular arcs or leaf shapes (called foils, lobes, or cusps) that are cut into its interior profile or intrados.
See Al-Andalus and Multifoil arch
Munuza
Uthman ibn Naissa better known as Munuza, was an Umayyad governor depicted in different contradictory chronicles during the Muslim conquest of Hispania.
Muqarnas
Muqarnas (مقرنص; مقرنس, or translit), also known in Iberian architecture as Mocárabe (from), is a form of three-dimensional decoration in Islamic architecture in which rows or tiers of niche-like elements are projected over others below.
Murcia
Murcia is a city in south-eastern Spain, the capital and most populous city of the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia, and the seventh largest city in the country.
Musa ibn Nusayr
Musa ibn Nusayr (موسى بن نصير Mūsá bin Nuṣayr; 640 – c. 716) was an Arab general and governor who served under the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I. He ruled over the Muslim provinces of North Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom that controlled the Iberian Peninsula and part of what is now southern France (Septimania).
See Al-Andalus and Musa ibn Nusayr
Muslim Sicily
The island of SicilyIn Arabic, the island was known as. Al-Andalus and Muslim Sicily are former Arab states and former Islamic monarchies in Europe.
See Al-Andalus and Muslim Sicily
Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
Muwashshah
Muwashshah (مُوَشَّح literally means "girdled" in Classical Arabic; plural موشحات or تواشيح) is the name for both an Arabic poetic form and a musical genre.
Narbonne
Narbonne (Narbona; Narbo; Late Latin:Narbona) is a commune in Southern France in the Occitanie region.
Nasrid dynasty
The Nasrid dynasty (بنو نصر banū Naṣr or بنو الأحمر banū al-Aḥmar; Nazarí) was an Arab dynasty that ruled the Emirate of Granada from 1232 to 1492. Al-Andalus and Nasrid dynasty are 1492 disestablishments in Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Nasrid dynasty
Navarre
Navarre, officially the Chartered Community of Navarre, is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.
See Al-Andalus and Nicolaus Copernicus
Niebla, Spain
Niebla is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, in Andalusia, southern Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Niebla, Spain
North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
See Al-Andalus and North Africa
Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji
Nūr al-Dīn ibn Isḥaq al-Biṭrūjī (died c. 1204), known in the West by the Latinized name of Alpetragius, was an Arab astronomer and qadi in al-Andalus.
See Al-Andalus and Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji
Occitania (administrative region)
Occitania is the southernmost administrative region of metropolitan France excluding Corsica, created on 1 January 2016 from the former regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées.
See Al-Andalus and Occitania (administrative region)
Odo the Great
Odo the Great (also called Eudes or Eudo) (died 735–740), was the Duke of Aquitaine by 700.
See Al-Andalus and Odo the Great
Palmeral of Elche
The Palmeral or Palm Grove of Elche (Palmeral de Elche; Valencian: Palmerar d'Elx) is the generic name for a system of date palm orchards in the city of Elche, Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Palmeral of Elche
Pamplona
Pamplona (Iruña) is the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre, in Spain.
Pederasty
Pederasty or paederasty is a sexual relationship between an adult man and a boy.
Pepin the Short
Pepin the Short (Pépin le Bref; – 24 September 768), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768.
See Al-Andalus and Pepin the Short
Persianate society
A Persianate society is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art and/or identity.
See Al-Andalus and Persianate society
Picatrix
Picatrix is the Latin name used today for a 400-page book of magic and astrology originally written in Arabic under the title Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm (غاية الحكيم), which most scholars assume was originally written in the middle of the 11th century, though an argument for composition in the first half of the 10th century has been made.
Planisphaerium
The Planisphaerium is a work by Ptolemy.
See Al-Andalus and Planisphaerium
Platonism
Platonism is the philosophy of Plato and philosophical systems closely derived from it, though contemporary Platonists do not necessarily accept all doctrines of Plato.
Pogrom
A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.
Pope Sylvester II
Pope Sylvester II (Silvester II; – 12 May 1003), originally known as Gerbert of Aurillac, was a scholar and teacher who served as the bishop of Rome and ruled the Papal States from 999 to his death.
See Al-Andalus and Pope Sylvester II
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.
Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
See Al-Andalus and Princeton University Press
Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton is a borough in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
See Al-Andalus and Princeton, New Jersey
PRISA
Promotora de Informaciones, S.A. (PRISA) is a Spanish media conglomerate headquartered in Madrid, Spain.
Prophetic medicine
In Islam, prophetic medicine (الطب النبوي) is the advice regarding sickness, treatment and hygiene based on reports of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as found in the hadith. Al-Andalus and prophetic medicine are medieval Islamic world.
See Al-Andalus and Prophetic medicine
Provence
Provence is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
Province of León
León is a province of northwestern Spain in the northern part of the Region of León and in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.
See Al-Andalus and Province of León
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.
Pyrenees
The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain.
Pyxis of al-Mughira
The pyxis made in 968 CE/357AH for Prince al-Mughira (15 cm x 8 cm) is a portable ivory carved container that dates from Medieval Islam's Spanish Umayyad period.
See Al-Andalus and Pyxis of al-Mughira
Pyxis of Zamora
The Pyxis of Zamora is a carved ivory casket (pyx) that dates from the Caliphate of Córdoba.
See Al-Andalus and Pyxis of Zamora
Rageh Omaar
Rageh Omaar (Raage Oomaar; راجح اومار; born 19 July 1967) is a Somali-born British journalist and writer.
See Al-Andalus and Rageh Omaar
Rayat al-mubarrizin wa-ghayat al-mumayyazin
Rāyāt al-mubarrizīn wa-ghāyāt al-mumayyazīn (رايات المبرزين وغايات المميزين, Banners of the Champions and the Standards of the Distinguished, also translated as Pennants of the Champions) is a thirteenth-century anthology of Andalusī poetry by Ibn Said al-Maghribi.
See Al-Andalus and Rayat al-mubarrizin wa-ghayat al-mumayyazin
Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)
The First Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) were a series of uprisings by the Muslim population of the Kingdom of Granada, Crown of Castile (formerly, the Emirate of Granada) against their Catholic rulers. Al-Andalus and Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) are history of Andalusia and islam in Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)
Reconquista
The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate. Al-Andalus and Reconquista are medieval history of Portugal and medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Reconquista
Reflecting pool
A reflecting pool, also called a reflection pool, is a water feature found in gardens, parks and memorial sites.
See Al-Andalus and Reflecting pool
Reinhart Dozy
Reinhart Pieter Anne Dozy (Leiden, Netherlands, 21 February 1820 – Leiden, 29 April 1883) was a Dutch scholar of French (Huguenot) origin, who was born in Leiden.
See Al-Andalus and Reinhart Dozy
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
See Al-Andalus and Renaissance
Repoblación
The Repoblación (Repovoação) was the ninth-century repopulating of a large region between the River Duero and the Cantabrian Mountains, which had been depopulated in the early years of the Reconquista and became known as the Desert of the Duero, although, despite its name, the region has never been completely depopulated as archaeological research has shown since there was a limited continuity of human occupation.
See Al-Andalus and Repoblación
Republic of Genoa
The Republic of Genoa (Repúbrica de Zêna; Repubblica di Genova; Res Publica Ianuensis) was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.
See Al-Andalus and Republic of Genoa
Rhône
The Rhône is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea.
Ritha' al-Andalus
Rithā’ al-Andalus (variously translated as "An Elegy to al-Andalus" or "Elegy for the fall of al-Andalus"), also known as Lament for the Fall of Seville, is an Arabic qaṣīda nūniyya which is said to have been written by Andalusi poet Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi in 1267, "on the fate of al-Andalus after the loss, in 664/1266, of several places in the provinces of Murcia and Jerez" to the Christian kingdoms during the Reconquista.
See Al-Andalus and Ritha' al-Andalus
Rithā'
Rithā’ (رثاء) is a genre of Arabic poetry corresponding to elegy or lament.
Roderic
Roderic (also spelled Ruderic, Roderik, Roderich, or Roderick; Spanish and Rodrigo, لذريق; died 711) was the Visigothic king in Hispania between 710 and 711.
Roman bridge of Córdoba
The Roman bridge of Córdoba is a bridge in the Historic centre of Córdoba, Andalusia, southern Spain, originally built in the early 1st century BC across the Guadalquivir river, though it has been reconstructed at various times since.
See Al-Andalus and Roman bridge of Córdoba
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
See Al-Andalus and Roman Empire
Romance languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.
See Al-Andalus and Romance languages
Ronda
Ronda is a municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Málaga, within the autonomous community of Andalusia.
Saffron
Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the "saffron crocus".
Sahn
A sahn (صَحْن), is a courtyard in Islamic architecture, especially the formal courtyard of a mosque.
Said al-Andalusi
Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī, in full Abū al-Qāsim Ṣāʿid ibn Abū al-Walīd Aḥmad ibn Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṣāʿid ibn ʿUthmān al-Taghlibi al-Qūrtūbi (صاعِدُ بنُ أحمدَ بن عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن صاعدٍ التَّغْلِبيُّ) (1029July 6, 1070 AD; 4206 Shawwal, 462 AH), was an Arab qadi of Toledo in al-Andalus, who wrote on the history of science, philosophy and thought.
See Al-Andalus and Said al-Andalusi
Saqaliba
Saqaliba (ṣaqāliba, singular ṣaqlabī) is a term used in medieval Arabic sources to refer to Slavs, and other peoples of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe.
Scabies
Scabies (also sometimes known as the seven-year itch) is a contagious human skin infestation by the tiny (0.2–0.45 mm) mite Sarcoptes scabiei, variety hominis.
Sebka
Sebka refers to a type of decorative motif used in western Islamic ("Moorish") architecture and Mudéjar architecture.
Sephardic Jews
Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).
See Al-Andalus and Sephardic Jews
Septimania
Septimania is a historical region in modern-day southern France.
Seville
Seville (Sevilla) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville.
Seville Cathedral
The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See (Catedral de Santa María de la Sede), better known as Seville Cathedral, is a Catholic cathedral and former mosque in Seville, Andalusia, Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Seville Cathedral
Siege of Córdoba (1009–1013)
The city of Córdoba in al-Andalus, under the rule of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II al-Hakam, was besieged by Berbers from November 1009 until May 1013, with the city beyond the Roman walls completely destroyed.
See Al-Andalus and Siege of Córdoba (1009–1013)
Siege of Córdoba (1236)
During the reconquista, the siege of Córdoba (Spanish: Conquista de Córdoba, Conquest of Córdoba) was a successful investment by the forces of Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, marking the end of the Islamic rule over the city that had begun in 711.
See Al-Andalus and Siege of Córdoba (1236)
Siege of Narbonne (752–759)
The siege of Narbonne took place in France between 752 and 759, led by the Frankish king Pepin the Short against the Umayyad stronghold defended by an garrison of Arab and Berber Muslim troops who had invaded Septimania and occupied the Visigothic Kingdom and its Gallo-Roman inhabitants since 719.
See Al-Andalus and Siege of Narbonne (752–759)
Siege of Seville
The siege of Seville (July 1247 – November 1248) was a 16-month successful investment during the Reconquista of Seville by forces of Ferdinand III of Castile.
See Al-Andalus and Siege of Seville
Siege of Toledo (1085)
The siege of Toledo was Alfonso VI of León and Castile's siege and conquest of Toledo, capital of the Taifa of Toledo, from Yahya al-Qadir of the Dhulnunid dynasty in Muharram 478 / May 1085.
See Al-Andalus and Siege of Toledo (1085)
Sierra Nevada (Spain)
Sierra Nevada (meaning "snow-covered mountain range") is a mountain range in the Andalusian province of Granada in Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Sierra Nevada (Spain)
Silk
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.
Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.
Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus
Muslims, Christians, and Jews co-existed for over seven centuries in the Iberian Peninsula during the era of Al-Andalus states. Al-Andalus and Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus are history of Andalusia.
See Al-Andalus and Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus
Song of Roland
The Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland) is an 11th-century based on the deeds of the Frankish military leader Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in AD 778, during the reign of the Emperor Charlemagne.
See Al-Andalus and Song of Roland
Spanish March
The Spanish March or Hispanic March was a military buffer zone established c.795 by Charlemagne in the eastern Pyrenees and nearby areas, to protect the new territories of the Christian Carolingian Empire - the Duchy of Gascony, the Duchy of Aquitaine, and Septimania - from the Muslim Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in al-Andalus.
See Al-Andalus and Spanish March
Strait of Gibraltar
The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Europe from Africa.
See Al-Andalus and Strait of Gibraltar
Stucco
Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water.
Sufism
Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.
Synagogue
A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans.
Synagogue of El Tránsito
The Synagogue of El Tránsito, also known as the Synagogue of Samuel ha-Levi or Halevi, is a historic synagogue, church, and Sephardic museum in Toledo, Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Synagogue of El Tránsito
Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca
The Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca or Ibn Shoshan Synagogue is a museum and former synagogue in Toledo, Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca
Taifa
The taifas (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if, meaning "party, band, faction") were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), referred to by Muslims as al-Andalus, that emerged from the decline and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba between 1009 and 1031. Al-Andalus and taifa are former Islamic monarchies in Europe.
Taifa of Badajoz
The Taifa of Badajoz (from طائفة بطليوس) was a medieval Islamic Moorish kingdom located in what is now parts of Portugal and Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Taifa of Badajoz
Taifa of Granada
The Taifa of Granada (rtl, Ta'ifat Gharnata) or Zirid Kingdom of Granada was a Muslim kingdom that was formed in al-Andalus (in present-day Spain) in 1013 following the deposition of Caliph Hisham II in 1009. Al-Andalus and Taifa of Granada are former Islamic monarchies in Europe and history of Andalusia.
See Al-Andalus and Taifa of Granada
Taifa of Murcia
The Taifa of Murcia was an Arab taifa of medieval Al-Andalus, in what is now southern Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Taifa of Murcia
Taifa of Niebla
The Taifa of Niebla was an Arab taifa kingdom that existed during three distinct time periods: from 1023 to 1053, from 1145 to 1150 and from 1234 to 1262.
See Al-Andalus and Taifa of Niebla
Taifa of Seville
The Taifa of Seville (Ta'ifat-u Ishbiliyyah) was an Arab kingdom which was ruled by the Abbadid dynasty. Al-Andalus and Taifa of Seville are history of Andalusia.
See Al-Andalus and Taifa of Seville
Taifa of Toledo
The Taifa of Toledo was an islamic polity (taifa) located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula in the high middle ages.
See Al-Andalus and Taifa of Toledo
Taifa of Valencia
The Taifa of Valencia was a medieval Muslim kingdom which existed in and around Valencia, Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Taifa of Valencia
Taifa of Zaragoza
The taifa of Zaragoza was an independent Arab Muslim state in the east of Al-Andalus (present-day Spain) with its capital in Saraqusta (Zaragoza) city.
See Al-Andalus and Taifa of Zaragoza
Tarifa
Tarifa is a Spanish municipality in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia.
Tariq ibn Ziyad
Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād (طارق بن زياد), also known simply as Tarik in English, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest of Visigothic Hispania (present-day Spain and Portugal) in 711–718 AD. Al-Andalus and Tariq ibn Ziyad are islam in Gibraltar.
See Al-Andalus and Tariq ibn Ziyad
Teruel
Teruel is a city in Aragon, located in eastern Spain, and is also the capital of Teruel Province.
The Canon of Medicine
The Canon of Medicine (al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb; Qānun dar Teb; Canon Medicinae) is an encyclopedia of medicine in five books compiled by Muslim Persian physician-philosopher Avicenna (ابن سینا, ibn Sina) and completed in 1025.
See Al-Andalus and The Canon of Medicine
The Jewish Encyclopedia
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism up to the early 20th century.
See Al-Andalus and The Jewish Encyclopedia
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
This is a timeline of notable events during the period of Muslim presence in Iberia, starting with the Umayyad conquest in the 8th century. Al-Andalus and timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula are islam in Portugal and islam in Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
Toledan Tables
The Toledan Tables, or Tables of Toledo, were astronomical tables which were used to predict the movements of the Sun, Moon and planets relative to the fixed stars.
See Al-Andalus and Toledan Tables
Toledo School of Translators
The Toledo School of Translators (Escuela de Traductores de Toledo) is the group of scholars who worked together in the city of Toledo during the 12th and 13th centuries, to translate many of the Islamic philosophy and scientific works from Classical Arabic into Medieval Latin.
See Al-Andalus and Toledo School of Translators
Toledo, Spain
Toledo is a city and municipality of Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and the de jure seat of the government and parliament of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha.
See Al-Andalus and Toledo, Spain
Trade
Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.
Treaty of Granada (1491)
The Treaty of Granada, also known as the Surrender of Granada or the Capitulations, was signed and ratified on November 25, 1491, between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Castile, León, Aragon and Sicily.
See Al-Andalus and Treaty of Granada (1491)
Umar ibn Hafsun
Umar ibn Hafsun ibn Ja'far ibn Salim (عمر بن حَفْصُون بن جَعْفَ بن سالم) (c. 850 – 917), known in Spanish history as Omar ben Hafsun, was a 9th-century political and military leader who contested Umayyad power in Iberia.
See Al-Andalus and Umar ibn Hafsun
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. Al-Andalus and Umayyad Caliphate are medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Umayyad Caliphate
Umayyad dynasty
The Umayyad dynasty (Sons of Umayya) or Umayyads (al-Umawiyyūn) was an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe who were the ruling family of the Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of al-Andalus between 756 and 1031.
See Al-Andalus and Umayyad dynasty
Umayyad state of Córdoba
The Umayyad state of Córdoba was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Al-Andalus and Umayyad state of Córdoba are former Arab states and former Islamic monarchies in Europe.
See Al-Andalus and Umayyad state of Córdoba
Umm al-walad
In the Muslim world, the title of umm al-walad (lit) was given to a slave-concubine who had given birth to her master's child.
See Al-Andalus and Umm al-walad
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
University of Salamanca
The University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca) is a Spanish public research university, located in Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León.
See Al-Andalus and University of Salamanca
Upper March
The Upper March (in الثغر الأعلى, al-Thaghr al-Aʿlā; in Spanish: Marca Superior) was an administrative and military division in northeast Al-Andalus, roughly corresponding to the Ebro valley and adjacent Mediterranean coast, from the 8th century to the early 11th century. Al-Andalus and Upper March are 8th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate and medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Upper March
Uqba ibn Nafi
ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ ibn ʿAbd al-Qays al-Fihrī al-Qurashī (ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ ibn ʿAbd al-Qays al-Fihrī), also simply known as Uqba ibn Nafi, was an Arab general serving the Rashidun Caliphate since the reign of Umar and later the Umayyad Caliphate during the reigns of Mu'awiya I and Yazid I, leading the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, including present-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco and a failed attempt in Nubia.
See Al-Andalus and Uqba ibn Nafi
Valencia
Valencia (officially in Valencian: València) is the capital of the province and autonomous community of the same name in Spain.
Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.
Vault (architecture)
In architecture, a vault (French voûte, from Italian volta) is a self-supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling or roof.
See Al-Andalus and Vault (architecture)
Venipuncture
In medicine, venipuncture or venepuncture is the process of obtaining intravenous access for the purpose of venous blood sampling (also called phlebotomy) or intravenous therapy.
See Al-Andalus and Venipuncture
Visigothic Kingdom
The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths (Regnum Gothorum) occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries. Al-Andalus and Visigothic Kingdom are history of Portugal by polity, medieval history of Portugal and medieval history of Spain.
See Al-Andalus and Visigothic Kingdom
Visigoths
The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity.
Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward.
See Al-Andalus and Vulgar Latin
Western Romance languages
Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini Line.
See Al-Andalus and Western Romance languages
World History Encyclopedia
World History Encyclopedia (formerly Ancient History Encyclopedia) is a nonprofit educational company created in 2009 by Jan van der Crabben.
See Al-Andalus and World History Encyclopedia
Yaqub al-Mansur
Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn Yūsuf ibn Abd al-Muʾmin al-Manṣūr (d. 23 January 1199), commonly known as Yaqub al-Mansur or Moulay Yacoub, was the third Almohad Caliph.
See Al-Andalus and Yaqub al-Mansur
Yusuf I of Granada
Abu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Ismail (أبو الحجاج يوسف بن إسماعيل; 29 June 131819 October 1354), known by the regnal name al-Muayyad billah (al-Muʾayyad bi-ʾllāh, "He who is aided by God"), was the seventh Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada on the Iberian Peninsula.
See Al-Andalus and Yusuf I of Granada
Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri (يوسف بن عبد الرحمن الفهري) was an Umayyad governor of Narbonne in Septimania and the governor of al-Andalus from 747 to 756, ruling independently following the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750.
See Al-Andalus and Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
Yusuf ibn Tashfin
Yusuf ibn Tashfin, also Tashafin, Teshufin, (Yūsuf ibn Tāshfīn Naṣr al-Dīn ibn Tālākakīn al-Ṣanhājī; reigned c. 1061 – 1106) was a Sanhaja leader of the Almoravid Empire.
See Al-Andalus and Yusuf ibn Tashfin
Zajal
Zajal is a traditional form of oral strophic poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect.
Zaragoza
Zaragoza also known in English as Saragossa,Encyclopædia Britannica is the capital city of the province of Zaragoza and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain.
Zellij
Zellij (translit; also spelled zillij or zellige) is a style of mosaic tilework made from individually hand-chiseled tile pieces.
Ziryab
Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi, better known as Ziryab, Zeryab, or Zaryab (789– 857) (rtl), was a singer, oud and lute player, composer, poet, and teacher.
1066 Granada massacre
The 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827; 10 Safar 459 AH) when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, in the Taifa of Granada, killed and crucified the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela, and massacred much of the Jewish population of the city.
See Al-Andalus and 1066 Granada massacre
See also
1492 disestablishments in Spain
- Al-Andalus
- Emirate of Granada
- Nasrid dynasty
1st millennium in Spain
- Al-Andalus
2nd millennium in Spain
- Al-Andalus
- Spanish Empire
711 establishments
- Al-Andalus
- Algeciras
- Gharb al-Andalus
- Tago Stele
8th-century establishments in Portugal
- Al-Andalus
- Gharb al-Andalus
8th-century establishments in Spain
- Al-Andalus
- Alcázar of the Caliphs (Córdoba)
- Algeciras
- Church of San Juan Apóstol y Evangelista, Santianes de Pravia
- Church of Santa Cruz de Cangas de Onís
- Oviedo
- Oviedo Cathedral
- San Tirso, Oviedo
8th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate
- Al-Andalus
- Al-Hisn Mosque
- Al-Omari Mosque (Bosra)
- Anjar, Lebanon
- Central March
- Jabal Sais
- Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
- Khirbat al-Minya
- Lower March
- Mansura, Sindh
- Mar Sarkis, Ehden
- Mshatta Facade
- Prophet's Mosque
- Qasr Bayir
- Qasr Burqu'
- Qasr Mushatta
- Qasr Tuba
- Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
- Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
- Qusayr 'Amra
- Ramla
- Umayyad Mosque
- Umayyad Palace
- Upper March
- Wasit
- White Mosque of Ramle
Former Arab states
- Al Aidh Emirate
- Al-Andalus
- All-Palestine Protectorate
- Arab Federation
- Arab Islamic Republic
- Arab Kingdom of Syria
- Ba'athist Iraq
- Democratic Republic of Yemen
- Emirate of Crete
- Emirate of Diriyah
- Emirate of Granada
- Emirate of Jabal Shammar
- Emirate of Nejd
- Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
- Emirate of Riyadh
- Federation of Arab Republics
- Idrisid Emirate of Asir
- Independent State of Raqqa
- Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
- Kingdom of Egypt
- Kingdom of Hejaz
- Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
- Kingdom of Iraq
- Kingdom of Libya
- Kingdom of Tunisia
- Kingdom of Yemen
- Muslim Sicily
- North Yemen
- Principality of Najran
- Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
- Republic of Kuwait
- Sheikdom of Upper Asir
- South Yemen
- Sultanate of Nejd
- Umayyad state of Córdoba
- Union of Arab Republics (1972)
- United Arab Republic
- United Arab States
- Yemen Arab Republic
Former Islamic monarchies
- Al-Andalus
- Caliphates
- Dendi (province)
- Durrani Empire
- Ghaznavid Empire
- Golden Horde
- Kanem–Bornu Empire
- Khwarazmian Empire
- List of Muslim states and dynasties
- Mali Empire
- Mughal Empire
- Muslim Kolis
- Ottoman Empire
- Seljuk Empire
- Songhai Empire
- Sultanate of Bagirmi
- Timurid Empire
- Toucouleur Empire
Former Islamic monarchies in Europe
- Al-Andalus
- Astrakhan Khanate
- Caliphate of Córdoba
- Caucasian Imamate
- Crimean Khanate
- Emirate of Bari
- Emirate of Córdoba
- Emirate of Crete
- Emirate of Granada
- Emirate of Sicily
- Galashkinskoe Naibstvo
- Golden Horde
- Khanate of Kazan
- Muslim Sicily
- Taifa
- Taifa of Granada
- Taifa of Lérida
- Taifas
- Umayyad state of Córdoba
- Volga Bulgaria
History of Andalusia
- 1804 Almería earthquake
- 1956 Atarfe-Albolote earthquake
- Al-Andalus
- Almería murders
- Alonso Sánchez
- Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868–1903
- Andalusian independentist conspiracy (1641)
- Andalusian patio
- Assembly of Ronda
- Baeturia, Spain
- Banu Ifran
- Bombardment of Almería
- Bombing of Jaén
- Córdoba Congress
- Canton of Algeciras
- Casas Viejas incident
- Centros Andaluces
- Emirate of Granada
- Four Kingdoms of Andalusia
- Hermandad General de Andalucía
- History of Andalusia
- History of Granada
- Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía
- Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)
- Kingdom of Jaén
- Kingdom of Seville
- Málaga Public Health Committee
- Mano Negra affair
- Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266
- Plaza de Toros de La Merced
- Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)
- Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)
- Roman amphitheatre of Italica
- Señorío de Sanlúcar
- Seville Congress
- Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus
- Southwest Paleohispanic script
- Taifa of Algeciras
- Taifa of Almería
- Taifa of Arcos
- Taifa of Granada
- Taifa of Jerez
- Taifa of Ronda
- Taifa of Seville
- Tartessos
- The Disinherited (group)
- Veintiquatro
History of Portugal by polity
- Al-Andalus
- County of Coimbra
- County of Portugal
- Couto Misto
- Ditadura Nacional
- Estado Novo (Portugal)
- First Portuguese Republic
- Kingdom of Asturias
- Kingdom of León
- Kingdom of Portugal
- Kingdom of the Algarve
- Kingdom of the Suebi
- Lusitania
- Martín Muñoz
- Monarchy of the North
- Portuguese Republic
- Third Portuguese Republic
- Visigothic Kingdom
History of Spain
- Al-Andalus
- Anarchist insurrection of Alt Llobregat
- Ancient Regime of Spain
- Checa (Spanish Civil War)
- Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)
- Cross of Alcoraz
- Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer
- Discovery of Brazil
- Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
- Gamazada
- Great Plague of Seville
- Habsburg Spain
- History of Asturias
- History of Spain
- History of Spain (1700–1808)
- House of Ponce de León
- Indiano
- July 1936 coup d'état in Granada
- Opposition to Francoism
- Principality of Tarragona
- Reign of Alfonso XII
- Reign of Alfonso XIII
- Reign of Isabella II
- Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)
- Spain in the 17th century
- Spanish America
- Spanish Constitution of 1812
- Spanish Decadence
- Spanish Revolution of 1936
- Tribunal Mayor de Cuentas de Buenos Aires
- Verdes-Montenegro family
Invasions of Europe
- Al-Andalus
- Arab–Byzantine wars
- Avar–Byzantine wars
- Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
- Cumans
- First Persian invasion of Greece
- History of Islam in southern Italy
- History of the Russo-Turkish wars
- Hungarian invasions of Europe
- Huns
- Mongol invasion of Europe
- Origin of the Huns
- Ottoman wars in Europe
Islam in Gibraltar
- Al-Andalus
- Islam in Gibraltar
- Moorish Castle
- Tariq ibn Ziyad
Islam in Portugal
- Al-Andalus
- Gharb Al-Andalus
- Gharb al-Andalus
- Islam in Portugal
- Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
- New Christian
- Portuguese Muslims
- Ribat of Arrifana
- Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
Islam in Spain
- Ahmad al-Wansharisi
- Ahmadiyya in Spain
- Al-Andalus
- Albaicín
- Aljama
- Arabic language influence on the Spanish language
- Arabs in Spain
- Iranians in Spain
- Islam in Spain
- Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands
- List of mosques in Spain
- Moors and Christians of Alcoy
- Morisco Quran
- Mudéjar
- Mudéjar art
- Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266
- Muley El-Mehdi Mosque
- Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
- New Christian
- Oran fatwa
- Pakistanis in Spain
- Petition for Muslim worship at Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
- Quran of Toledo
- Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)
- Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)
- Riay Tatary
- Ricote (Don Quixote)
- Siege of Córdoba (711)
- Spanish Inquisition
- Spanish Muslims
- Sufism in al-Andalus
- Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
- Union of Islamic Communities of Spain
Medieval Islamic world
- Al-Andalus
- Almohad Caliphate
- Alodia
- Böszörmény
- Barid
- Classical Islam
- Historiography of early Islam
- History of Mumbai under Islamic rule
- History of early Islamic Tunisia
- History of medieval Tunisia
- Iran during the Caliphate
- Islamic Golden Age
- Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
- Kaysanites
- Makuria
- Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
- Muslim Kolis
- Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
- Nizari Ismaili state
- Prophetic medicine
- Qara Qoyunlu
- Sankoré Madrasah
- Science in the medieval Islamic world
- Sheikhpur, Ballia
- Takrur
- Termagant
Medieval history of Portugal
- 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum
- Al-Andalus
- Alans
- Almohad Caliphate
- Almohad doctrine
- Ataíde family
- Councils of Braga
- County of Coimbra
- County of Portugal
- Diogo Fernandes (count)
- Ero Fernández
- Galician-Portuguese
- Gharb Al-Andalus
- Gharb al-Andalus
- Inquirições
- João Afonso Telo, 1st Count of Barcelos
- John of Biclaro
- Kingdom of Asturias
- Kingdom of Galicia
- Kingdom of Portugal
- Kingdom of the Algarve
- Kingdom of the Suebi
- Knight-villein
- Knights Templar in Portugal
- Lower March
- Lusitania
- Martim Afonso Telo de Meneses
- Moors
- Mozarabic art and architecture
- Ponte de Frieira
- Portugal in the Middle Ages
- Portugal in the Reconquista
- Portuguese conquest of the Algarve
- Portuguese dinheiro
- Rechila
- Reconquista
- Sabaria
- Sisebut
- Spanish era
- Timeline of Germanic kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula
- Timeline of Portuguese history (First County)
- Timeline of Portuguese history (First Dynasty)
- Vímara Peres
- Visigothic Kingdom
- Will of Afonso II of Portugal
Medieval history of Spain
- Al-Andalus
- Alcalde de la Santa Hermandad
- Alfoz (territory)
- Almohad Caliphate
- Autos sacramentales
- Ballestero de monte
- Cartularies of Valpuesta
- Counts of Urgell
- County of Aragon
- Crown of Aragon
- Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
- History of Asturias
- Jiménez dynasty
- Justicia de Aragón
- Kingdom of Aragon
- Kingdom of Asturias
- Kingdom of Castile
- Kingdom of León
- Kingdom of Navarre
- Kingdom of Valencia
- Knight-villein
- Llotja
- Megorashim
- Mudéjar architecture
- Old Catalonia
- Pere Joan Sala
- Principality of Catalonia
- Principality of Tarragona
- Reconquista
- Regimiento
- Remensa
- Sabaria
- Santa Hermandad
- Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe
- Spain in the Middle Ages
- Spania
- Spanish chivalry
- Spanish era
- Umayyad Caliphate
- Upper March
- Visigothic Kingdom
- Visigothic script
- War of the Remences
States and territories disestablished in 1492
- Al-Andalus
- Emirate of Granada
States and territories established in the 710s
- Al-Andalus
- Awa Province (Chiba)
- Dewa Province
- Emirate of Nekor
- Gharb al-Andalus
- Iwaki Province (718)
- Iwase Province
- Jingzhao
- Kazusa Province
- Kingdom of Asturias
- Noto Province
- Shimōsa Province
- Sind (caliphal province)
Subdivisions of the Umayyad Caliphate
References
Also known as Al Andalus, Al Andaluz, Al Andulus, Al-Andalus, etymology(ies), Al-Andaluz, Al-ʼAndalus, An-Andalus, Andalous, Arab Spain, Emirate and Caliphate art (Al Andalus), Etymology of Al-Andalus, Hispano-Islamic art, Hispano-Muslim, History of Muslim Spain, Islamic Iberia, Islamic Spain, Islamic-Spanish art, Moorish Iberia, Moorish Portugal, Moorish Spain, Muslim Hispania, Muslim Iberia, Muslim Portugal, Muslim Spain, Muslim rule of Spain, Muslim-Andalucían, Muslim-Andalusian, Philosophy in Al-Andalus, Poetry of Al-Andalus, Science in Al-Andalus, The Moorish Occupation of Spain, Umayyad Spain, Wandalus.
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