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Amin al-Husseini

Index Amin al-Husseini

Mohammed Amin al-Husseini (محمد أمين الحسيني; 4 July 1974) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in Mandatory Palestine. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 468 relations: Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Abdullah I of Jordan, Abraham Isaac Kook, Abu Hurayra, Abu Madyan, Abwehr, Adolf Eichmann, Adolf Hitler, Ahmed Hilmi Pasha, Al-Aqsa, Al-Aqsa Mosque, Al-Azhar University, Al-Husayni family, Al-Muntada al-Adabi, Al-Muthanna Club, Alan Cunningham, Albanians, Albert Antébi, Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett, Alfred Rosenberg, Ali Hassan Salameh, Alibi, Alimjan Idris, Aliyah Bet, All-Palestine Government, All-Palestine National Council, All-Palestine Protectorate, Alliance Israélite Universelle, Allies of World War II, American Jewish Congress, Amnesty, Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Anglo-Iraqi War, Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, Antiquities, Antisemitism, Antisemitism in Europe, Anwar Nuseibeh, Aqaba, Arab Higher Committee, Arab Kingdom of Syria, Arab League, Arab Legion, Arab Liberation Army, Arab nationalism, Arab Revolt, Arab Studies Quarterly, Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, Aref al-Aref, Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948, ... Expand index (418 more) »

  2. 20th-century Palestinian people
  3. Al-Husayni family
  4. Arab collaborators with Nazi Germany
  5. Fascism in the Arab world
  6. Grand Muftis of Jerusalem
  7. Islam in Jerusalem
  8. Palestinian Arab nationalists
  9. Palestinian Sunni Muslims
  10. Palestinian anti-communists
  11. Palestinian imams
  12. People of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni (translit; 1907 – 8 April 1948) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and fighter who in late 1933 founded the secret militant group known as the Organization for Holy Struggle (Munathamat al-Jihad al-Muqaddas), which he and Hasan Salama commanded as the Army of the Holy War (Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas) during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt and the 1948 war. Amin al-Husseini and Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni are 20th-century Palestinian people, al-Husayni family, Arab collaborators with Nazi Germany, Palestinian Arab nationalists and people from Jerusalem.

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Abdullah I of Jordan

AbdullahI bin Al-Hussein (translit, 2 February 1882 – 20 July 1951) was the ruler of Jordan from 11 April 1921 until his assassination in 1951.

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Abraham Isaac Kook

Abraham Isaac Kook (7 September 1865 – 1 September 1935), known as HaRav Kook, and also known by the Hebrew-language acronym Hara'ayah, was an Orthodox rabbi, and the first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of British Mandatory Palestine.

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Abu Hurayra

Abū Hurayra ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Ṣakhr al-Dawsī al-Zahrānī (أبُو هُرَيْرَة عَبْد ٱلرَّحْمَٰن بْن صَخْر ٱلدَّوْسِيّ ٱلزَّهْرَانِيّ; –679), commonly known as Abū Hurayra (أبُو هُرَيْرَة), was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the most prolific hadith narrator in Sunni Islam.

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Abu Madyan

Abu Madyan Shuʿayb ibn al-Husayn al-Ansari al-Andalusi (ابو مدين شعيب بن الحسين الأنصاري الأندلسي; c. 1126 – 1198 CE), commonly known as Abū Madyan, was an influential Andalusian mystic and a great Sufi master.

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Abwehr

The Abwehr (German for resistance or defence, though the word usually means counterintelligence in a military context) was the German military-intelligence service for the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht from 1920 to 1945.

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Adolf Eichmann

Otto Adolf Eichmann (19 March 1906 – 1 June 1962) was a German-Austrian official of the Nazi Party, an officer of the Schutzstaffel (SS), and one of the major organisers of the Holocaust.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

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Ahmed Hilmi Pasha

Ahmed Hilmi Abd al-Baqi Pasha (أحمد حلمي عبد الباقي 1883 – 1963) was an Arab soldier, economist, and politician of Albanian descent, who served in various positions in post-Ottoman Levant, and later as Prime Minister of the short-lived All-Palestine Government in the Gaza Strip. Amin al-Husseini and Ahmed Hilmi Pasha are Arab people in Mandatory Palestine, Palestinian Arab nationalists and Palestinian politicians.

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Al-Aqsa

Al-Aqsa (translit) or al-Masjid al-Aqṣā (المسجد الأقصى) and also is the compound of Islamic religious buildings that sit atop the Temple Mount, also known as the Haram al-Sharif, in the Old City of Jerusalem, including the Dome of the Rock, many mosques and prayer halls, madrasas, zawiyas, khalwas and other domes and religious structures, as well as the four encircling minarets. Amin al-Husseini and al-Aqsa are islam in Jerusalem.

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Al-Aqsa Mosque

The Aqsa Mosque (congregational mosque of Al-Aqsa), also known as the Qibli Mosque or Qibli Chapel (المصلى القبلي), and also is the main congregational mosque or prayer hall in the Al-Aqsa mosque compound in the Old City of Jerusalem.

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Al-Azhar University

The Al-Azhar University (1) is a public university in Cairo, Egypt.

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Al-Husayni family

Husayni (الحسيني also spelled Husseini) is the name of a prominent Palestinian Arab clan formerly based in Jerusalem, which claims descent from Husayn ibn Ali (the son of Ali). Amin al-Husseini and al-Husayni family are Arab people in Mandatory Palestine.

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Al-Muntada al-Adabi

Al-Muntada al-Adabi (المنتدى الأدبي, The Literary Club), was an Arab organisation set up in 1905 to promote Arabic culture in the Ottoman Empire.

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Al-Muthanna Club

The Al-Muthanna Club (نادي المثنى) was an influential pan-Arab fascist society established in Baghdad ca. Amin al-Husseini and al-Muthanna Club are fascism in the Arab world.

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Alan Cunningham

General Sir Alan Gordon Cunningham, (1 May 1887 – 30 January 1983), was a senior officer of the British Army noted for his victories over Italian forces in the East African Campaign during the Second World War.

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Albanians

The Albanians (Shqiptarët) are an ethnic group native to the Balkan Peninsula who share a common Albanian ancestry, culture, history and language.

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Albert Antébi

Albert-Abraham Antébi (אלברט אברהם ענתבי; 1873 – 1919) was a Syrian Jewish public activist and community leader born in Ottoman Syria, who worked for the defense of the interests of the Jewish old and new settlement in Palestine during the Ottoman rule, especially in the realm of education, philanthropy and estate, as representative of the Alliance israélite universelle and of the Jewish Colonization Association founded by Baron Hirsch.

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Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett

Alfred Moritz Mond, 1st Baron Melchett, PC, FRS, DL (23 October 1868 – 27 December 1930), known as Sir Alfred Mond, Bt between 1910 and 1928, was a British industrialist, financier and politician.

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Alfred Rosenberg

Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (– 16 October 1946) was a Baltic German Nazi theorist and ideologue.

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Ali Hassan Salameh

Ali Hassan Salameh (علي حسن سلامة,; 1 April 1941 – 22 January 1979; code name: Abu Hassan) was a Palestinian militant who was the chief of operations for Black September and founder of Force 17.

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Alibi

An alibi (from the Latin, alibī, meaning "somewhere else") is a statement by a person under suspicion in a crime that they were in a different place when the offence was committed.

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Alimjan Idris

Alimjan Idris (1887–1959) was a Tatar Islamic theologian, imam, teacher and reporter.

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Aliyah Bet

Aliyah Bet (עלייה ב', "Aliyah 'B'" – bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet) was the code name given to illegal immigration by Jews, many of whom were refugees escaping from Nazi Germany or other Nazi-controlled countries, and later Holocaust survivors, to Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948, in violation of the restrictions laid out in the British White Paper of 1939, which dramatically increased between 1939 and 1948.

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All-Palestine Government

The All-Palestine Government (حكومة عمومفلسطين) was established on 22 September 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, to govern the Egyptian-controlled territory in Gaza, which Egypt had on the same day declared as the All-Palestine Protectorate.

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All-Palestine National Council

The All-Palestine National Council, officially Palestinian National Council (PNC).

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All-Palestine Protectorate

The All-Palestine Protectorate, also known as All-Palestine, the Gaza Protectorate or the Gaza Strip, was a short-lived client state with limited recognition, corresponding to the area of the modern Gaza Strip, that was established in the area captured by the Kingdom of Egypt during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and allowed to run as a protectorate under the All-Palestine Government.

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Alliance Israélite Universelle

The Alliance israélite universelle (AIU; כל ישראל חברים) is a Paris-based international Jewish organization founded in 1860 with the purpose of safeguarding human rights for Jews around the world.

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Allies of World War II

The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.

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American Jewish Congress

The American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) is an association of American Jews organized to defend Jewish interests at home and abroad through public policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts.

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Amnesty

Amnesty is defined as "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." Though the term general pardon has a similar definition, an amnesty constitutes more than a pardon, in so much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense.

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Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry

The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry was a joint British and American committee assembled in Washington, D.C., on 4 January 1946.

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Anglo-Iraqi War

The Anglo-Iraqi War was a British-led Allied military campaign during the Second World War against the Kingdom of Iraq, then ruled by Rashid Gaylani who had seized power in the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état with assistance from Germany and Italy.

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Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran

The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran or Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941.

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Antiquities

Antiquities are objects from antiquity, especially the civilizations of the Mediterranean: the Classical antiquity of Greece and Rome, Ancient Persia (Iran), Ancient Egypt and the other Ancient Near Eastern cultures.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.

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Antisemitism in Europe

Antisemitism—prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews—has experienced a long history of expression since the days of ancient civilizations, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian civilizations of Europe.

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Anwar Nuseibeh

Anwar Bey Nuseibeh (أنور نسيبة) Anwar Bey Nuseibeh (1913–1986) was a leading Palestinian who held several major posts in the Jordanian Government before Israel took control of East Jerusalem and the West Bank in the 1967 war. Amin al-Husseini and Anwar Nuseibeh are Palestinian Arab nationalists.

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Aqaba

Aqaba (al-ʿAqaba) is the only coastal city in Jordan and the largest and most populous city on the Gulf of Aqaba.

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Arab Higher Committee

The Arab Higher Committee (translit) or the Higher National Committee was the central political organ of Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine.

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Arab Kingdom of Syria

The Arab Kingdom of Syria (المملكة العربية السورية) was a self-proclaimed, unrecognized monarchy existing briefly in the territory of historical Syria.

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Arab League

The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization in the Arab world.

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Arab Legion

The Arab Legion was the police force, then regular army, of the Emirate of Transjordan, a British protectorate, in the early part of the 20th century, and then of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, an independent state, with a final Arabization of its command taking place in 1956, when British senior officers were replaced by Jordanian ones.

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Arab Liberation Army

The Arab Liberation Army (ALA; جيش الإنقاذ العربي Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi), also translated as Arab Salvation Army or Arab Rescue Army (ARA), was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji.

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Arab nationalism

Arab nationalism (al-qawmīya al-ʿarabīya) is a political ideology asserting that Arabs constitute a single nation.

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Arab Revolt

The Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية), also known as the Great Arab Revolt, was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, exchanged between Henry McMahon of the United Kingdom and Hussein bin Ali of the Kingdom of Hejaz, the rebellion against the ruling Turks was officially initiated at Mecca on 10 June 1916.

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Arab Studies Quarterly

Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) is an English-language academic journal devoted to Arabist studies.

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Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell

Field Marshal Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, (5 May 1883 – 24 May 1950) was a senior officer of the British Army.

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Aref al-Aref

Aref al-Aref (عارف العارف; 1892–1973) was a Palestinian journalist, historian and politician. Amin al-Husseini and Aref al-Aref are Arab people in Mandatory Palestine, Ottoman military personnel of World War I and people convicted in absentia.

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Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948

Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948 is a book published in 2004 by Hillel Cohen.

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Army of the Holy War

The Army of the Holy War or Holy War Army (جيش الجهاد المقدس; Jaysh al-Jihād al-Muqaddas) was a Palestinian Arab irregular force in the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine led by Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni and Hasan Salama.

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Arthur Grenfell Wauchope

General Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope (1 March 1874 – 14 September 1947) was a British soldier and colonial administrator.

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Artillery

Artillery are ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms.

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Artisan

An artisan (from artisan, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand.

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Ashkenazi Jews

Ashkenazi Jews (translit,; Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim, constitute a Jewish diaspora population that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally spoke Yiddish and largely migrated towards northern and eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages due to persecution.

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Auschwitz concentration camp

Auschwitz concentration camp (also KL Auschwitz or KZ Auschwitz) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.

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Avigdor Lieberman

Avigdor Lieberman (born 5 June 1958) is a Soviet-born Israeli politician who served as Minister of Finance between 2021 and 2022, having previously served twice as Deputy Prime Minister of Israel from 2006 to 2008 and 2009 to 2012.

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Awni Abd al-Hadi

Awni Abd al-Hadi, (عوني عبد الهادي) aka Auni Bey Abdel Hadi and Awni Abdul Hadi (1889, Nablus, Ottoman Empire – 15 March 1970, Cairo, Egypt) was a Palestinian political figure. Amin al-Husseini and Awni Abd al-Hadi are Arab people in Mandatory Palestine, Palestinian Arab nationalists and Palestinian refugees.

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Axis powers

The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies.

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İzmir

İzmir is a metropolitan city on the west coast of Anatolia, and capital of İzmir Province.

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Balfour Declaration

The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British Government in 1917 during the First World War announcing its support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman region with a small minority Jewish population.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Battle of Maysalun

The Battle of Maysalun (معركة ميسلون), also known as the Battle of Maysalun Pass or the Battle of Khan Maysalun (Bataille de Khan Mayssaloun), was a four-hour battle fought between the forces of the Arab Kingdom of Syria and the French Army of the Levant on 24 July 1920 near Khan Maysalun in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, about west of Damascus.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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Beadle

A beadle, sometimes spelled bedel, is an official who may usher, keep order, make reports, and assist in religious functions; or a minor official who carries out various civil, educational or ceremonial duties on the manor.

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Beirut

Beirut (help) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.

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Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian dictator who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF).

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Benjamin Netanyahu

Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (born 21 October 1949) is an Israeli politician, serving as the prime minister of Israel since 2022, having previously held the office in 1996–1999 and 2009–2021.

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Benny Morris

Benny Morris (בני מוריס; born 8 December 1948) is an Israeli historian. Amin al-Husseini and Benny Morris are people from Jerusalem.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Bernard Lewis

Bernard Lewis, (31 May 1916 – 19 May 2018) was a British American historian specialized in Oriental studies.

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Betar

The Betar Movement (תנועת בית"ר), also spelled Beitar (בית"ר), is a Revisionist Zionist youth movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia, by Vladimir (Ze'ev) Jabotinsky.

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Black September

Black September (أيلول الأسود), also known as the Jordanian Civil War, was an armed conflict between Jordan, led by King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), led by chairman Yasser Arafat.

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Black September Organization

The Black September Organization (BSO) (translit) was a Palestinian militant organization founded in 1970.

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Blood libel

Blood libel or ritual murder libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canardTurvey, Brent E. Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, Academic Press, 2008, p. 3.

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Bolshevism

Bolshevism (derived from Bolshevik) is a revolutionary socialist current of Soviet Leninist and later Marxist–Leninist political thought and political regime associated with the formation of a rigidly centralized, cohesive and disciplined party of social revolution, focused on overthrowing the existing capitalist state system, seizing power and establishing the "dictatorship of the proletariat".

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Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Bosniaks

The Bosniaks (Bošnjaci, Cyrillic: Бошњаци,; Bošnjak, Bošnjakinja) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, culture, history and language.

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Bratislava

Bratislava (German: Pressburg or Preßburg,; Hungarian: Pozsony; Slovak: Prešporok), is the capital and largest city of Slovakia and the fourth largest of all cities on Danube river.

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Bricha

Bricha (escape, flight), also called the Bericha Movement, was the underground organized effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape Europe post-World War II to the British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Brit Shalom (political organization)

Brit Shalom (ברית שלום, lit. "covenant of peace"; تحالف السلام, Tahalof Essalam; also Jewish–Palestinian Peace Alliance) was a group of Jewish Zionist intellectuals in Mandatory Palestine, founded in 1925.

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British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

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Budapest

Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary.

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Cairo

Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Capture of Damascus (1920)

The 1920 capture of Damascus was the final stage of the Franco-Syrian War, when French forces captured Damascus with little resistance.

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Catholic missions

Missionary work of the Catholic Church has often been undertaken outside the geographically defined parishes and dioceses by religious orders who have people and material resources to spare, and some of which specialized in missions.

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Catholic school

Catholic schools are parochial pre-primary, primary and secondary educational institutions administered in association with the Catholic Church.

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Chaim Weizmann

Chaim Azriel Weizmann 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israeli statesman who served as president of the Zionist Organization and later as the first president of Israel. He was elected on 16 February 1949, and served until his death in 1952. Weizmann was instrumental in obtaining the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and convincing the United States government to recognize the newly formed State of Israel in 1948.

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Chetniks

The Chetniks (Četnici,; Četniki), formally the Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, and also the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland (Jugoslovenska vojska u otadžbini; Jugoslovanska vojska v domovini) and the Ravna Gora Movement, was a Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationalist movement and guerrilla force in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia.

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Chief of staff

The title chief of staff (or head of staff) identifies the leader of a complex organization such as the armed forces, institution, or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to an important individual, such as a president, or a senior military officer, or leader of a large organization.

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Chief Rabbi

Chief Rabbi (translit) is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community, or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular authorities.

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Chief secretary (British Empire)

Chief secretary was the title of a senior civil servant in various colonies of the British Empire.

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Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christopher R. Browning

Christopher Robert Browning (born May 22, 1944) is an American historian and is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC).

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

In World War II, many governments, organizations and individuals collaborated with the Axis powers, "out of conviction, desperation, or under coercion." Nationalists sometimes welcomed German or Italian troops they believed would liberate their countries from colonization.

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Colonialism

Colonialism is the pursuing, establishing and maintaining of control and exploitation of people and of resources by a foreign group.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Constituent assembly

A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution.

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Cornell University Press

The Cornell University Press is the university press of Cornell University; currently housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.

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Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.

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Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

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Dani Dayan

Dani Dayan (דני דיין; born 29 November 1955) is an Argentinean-born Israeli entrepreneur and public servant.

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David Ben-Gurion

David Ben-Gurion (דָּוִד בֶּן־גּוּרִיּוֹן; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel as well as its first prime minister.

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David Raziel

David Raziel (דוד רזיאל; 19 November 1910 – 20 May 1941) was a leader of the Zionist underground in British Mandatory Palestine and one of the founders of the Irgun.

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David Yellin College of Education

David Yellin College of Education is an academic teachers' college in Jerusalem, Israel established in 1913.

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Dhikr

(ذِكْر) is a form of Islamic worship in which phrases or prayers are repeatedly recited for the purpose of remembering God.

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Diaspora

A diaspora is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin.

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Dieter Wisliceny

Dieter Wisliceny (13 January 1911 – 4 May 1948) was a member of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the deputies of Adolf Eichmann, helping to organise and coordinate the wide scale deportations of the Jews across Europe during the Holocaust.

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Dome of the Rock

The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat aṣ-Ṣaḵra) is an Islamic shrine at the center of the Al-Aqsa mosque compound on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. Amin al-Husseini and Dome of the Rock are islam in Jerusalem.

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Duopoly

A duopoly (from Greek δύο, duo "two" and πωλεῖν, polein "to sell") is a type of oligopoly where two firms have dominant or exclusive control over a market, and most (if not all) of the competition within that market occurs directly between them.

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East Jerusalem

East Jerusalem (al-Quds ash-Sharqiya) is the portion of Jerusalem that was held by Jordan after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as opposed to West Jerusalem, which was held by Israel.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

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Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby

Field Marshal Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, (23 April 1861 – 14 May 1936) was a senior British Army officer and Imperial Governor.

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Edward Said

Edward Wadie Said (1 November 1935 – 24 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American philosopher, academic, literary critic, and political activist.

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Edwin Samuel, 2nd Viscount Samuel

Edwin Herbert Samuel, 2nd Viscount Samuel (11 September 1898 – 14 November 1978), was a British lord, also active in Mandatory Palestine and the State of Israel.

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Effendi

Effendi or effendy (efendi; afandi; originally from αφέντης) is a title of nobility meaning sir, lord or master, especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus. The title itself and its other forms are originally derived from Medieval Greek aphentēs which is derived from Ancient Greek authentēs meaning lord.

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Egyptian Armed Forces

The Egyptian Armed Forces (alquwwat almusalahat almisria, Egyptian (Coptic): ⲠⲐⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲓ) are the military forces of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

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Eichmann in Jerusalem

Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil is a 1963 book by the philosopher and political thinker Hannah Arendt.

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Eitan Haber

Eitan Haber (איתן הבר; 12 March 1940 – 7 October 2020) was an Israeli journalist and publicist, known for his writing on military and security issues, and for his longtime association with the late Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.

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Emil Ghuri

Emil Ghuri (1907–1984) was a Palestinian politician who served as secretary-general of the Arab Higher Committee (AHC), the official leadership of the Arabs in Palestine. Amin al-Husseini and Emil Ghuri are Arab people in Mandatory Palestine and Palestinian Arab nationalists.

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Emirate of Transjordan

The Emirate of Transjordan (the emirate east of the Jordan), officially known as the Amirate of Trans-Jordan, was a British protectorate established on 11 April 1921,, "The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on April 11, 1921, and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946" which remained as such until achieving formal independence in 1946.

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Encyclopedia of the Holocaust

The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (1990) has been called "the most recognized reference book on the Holocaust".

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End of World War II in Europe

The final battles of the European theatre of World War II continued after the definitive surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies, signed by Field marshal Wilhelm Keitel on 8 May 1945 (VE Day) in Karlshorst, Berlin.

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Ernest Richmond

Ernest Tatham Richmond (15 August 1874 – 5 March 1955) was a British architect, who worked in Egypt, Britain, France and the Holy Land.

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Ernst von Weizsäcker

Ernst Heinrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker (25 May 1882 – 4 August 1951) was a German naval officer, diplomat and politician.

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Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial, or religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making the society ethnically homogeneous.

See Amin al-Husseini and Ethnic cleansing

Faisal I of Iraq

Faisal I bin al-Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi (فيصل الأول بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, Fayṣal al-Awwal bin al-Ḥusayn bin ʻAlī al-Hāshimī; 20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) was King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 until his death in 1933.

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Farhud

(translit) was the pogrom or the "violent dispossession" that was carried out against the Jewish population of Baghdad, Iraq, on 1–2 June 1941, immediately following the British victory in the Anglo-Iraqi War. Amin al-Husseini and Farhud are islam and antisemitism.

See Amin al-Husseini and Farhud

Fatwa

A fatwa (translit; label) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist (faqih) in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government.

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Fawzi al-Qawuqji

Fawzi al-Qawuqji (sometimes spelled Fauzi el-Kaukji - فوزي القاوقجي; 19 January 1890 – 5 June 1977) was a Lebanese-born Arab nationalist military figure in the interwar period. Amin al-Husseini and Fawzi al-Qawuqji are Arab collaborators with Nazi Germany, Arab people in Mandatory Palestine and Ottoman military personnel of World War I.

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Fayard

Fayard (complete name: Librairie Arthème Fayard) is a French Paris-based publishing house established in 1857.

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Field marshal

Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the second most senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks, but junior to the rank of Generalissimo.

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Final Solution

The Final Solution (die Endlösung) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (Endlösung der Judenfrage) was a Nazi plan for the genocide of individuals they defined as Jews during World War II.

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Fitna (word)

Fitna (or, pl.; فتنة, فتن: "temptation, trial; sedition, civil strife, conflict"Wehr (1976), p. 696.) is an Arabic word with extensive connotations of trial, affliction, or distress.

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Flag of Israel

The flag of the State of Israel (דגל ישראל Degel Yīsraʾel; علمإسرائيل ʿAlam Isrāʾīl) was adopted on 28 October 1948, five months after the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

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Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy.

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Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) is the ministry of foreign affairs and a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Frank Cass

Frank Cass (11 July 1930 – 9 August 2007) was a British publisher.

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Franz von Papen

Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen, Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk (29 October 18792 May 1969) was a German politician, diplomat, Prussian nobleman and General Staff officer. Amin al-Husseini and Franz von Papen are Ottoman military personnel of World War I.

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Freda Kirchwey

Mary Frederika "Freda" Kirchwey (September 26, 1893 – January 3, 1976) was an American journalist, editor, and publisher strongly committed throughout her career to liberal causes (anti-Fascist, pro-Soviet, anti-anti-communist).

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Frederick Kisch

Frederick Hermann Kisch, (23 August 1888 – 7 April 1943) was a decorated British Army officer and Zionist leader.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.

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Fritz Grobba

Fritz Konrad Ferdinand Grobba (18 July 1886 – 2 September 1973) was a German diplomat during the interwar period and World War II.

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Galilee

Galilee (hagGālīl; Galilaea; al-jalīl) is a region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon.

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Gaullism

Gaullism (Gaullisme) is a French political stance based on the thought and action of World War II French Resistance leader Charles de Gaulle, who would become the founding President of the Fifth French Republic.

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Gaza City

Gaza, also called Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip.

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General strike

A general strike is a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal.

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George Wadsworth II

George Wadsworth II (April 3, 1893 – March 5, 1958) was a United States diplomat, specializing in the Middle East.

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Georges Bidault

Georges-Augustin Bidault (5 October 189927 January 1983) was a French politician.

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Ghada Karmi

Ghada Karmi (غادة كرمي,; born 1939) is a Palestinian-born academic, physician and author.

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Gilbert Achcar

Gilbert Achcar (جلبير الأشقر; 5 November 1951) is a Lebanese socialist academic and writer.

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Golda Meir

Golda Meir (3 May 1898 – 8 December 1978) was an Israeli politician who served as the fourth prime minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974.

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Grand Mufti of Jerusalem

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem is the Sunni Muslim cleric in charge of Jerusalem's Islamic holy places, including Al-Aqsa. Amin al-Husseini and Grand Mufti of Jerusalem are grand Muftis of Jerusalem.

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Greater Lebanon

The State of Greater Lebanon (Dawlat Lubnān al-Kubra; État du Grand Liban), informally known as French Lebanon, was a state declared on 1 September 1920, which became the Lebanese Republic (الجمهورية اللبنانية; République libanaise) in May 1926, and is the predecessor of modern Lebanon.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.

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Haaretz

Haaretz (originally Ḥadshot Haaretz –) is an Israeli newspaper.

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Haganah

Haganah (הַהֲגָנָה) was the main Zionist paramilitary organization that operated for the Yishuv in the British Mandate for Palestine.

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Haifa

Haifa (Ḥēyfā,; Ḥayfā) is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of in.

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Hajji

Hajji (الحجّي; sometimes spelled Hajjeh, Hadji, Haji, Alhaji, Al-Hadj, Al-Haj or El-Hajj) is an honorific title which is given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca.

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Hanafi school

The Hanafi school or Hanafism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Hannah Arendt

Hannah Arendt (born Johanna Arendt; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German-American historian and philosopher.

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Haram (site)

Haram (lit) is one of several similar words originating from the triliteral Semitic root Ḥ-R-M. The word literally means "sanctuary," commonly used by Muslims to refer to Al-Masjid Al-Haram and Prophet Mohammad's Mosque.

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Harry Luke

Sir Harry Charles Luke (born Harry Charles Lukach; 4 December 1884 – 11 May 1969) was an official in the British Colonial Office.

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Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell

Henry Snell, 1st Baron Snell (1 April 1865 – 21 April 1944), was a British socialist politician and campaigner.

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Hasan Salama

Hasan Salama (also spelled Hassan Salameh; حسن سلامة,; 1913 – 2 June 1948) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist guerrilla leader and commander who led the Palestinian Holy War Army (Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas, Arabic: جيش الجهاد المقدس) in the 1948 Palestine War along with Abdul Qadir al-Husseini. Amin al-Husseini and Hasan Salama are Arab collaborators with Nazi Germany, Arab people in Mandatory Palestine and Palestinian Arab nationalists.

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Hashemites

The Hashemites (al-Hāshimiyyūn), also House of Hashim, are the royal family of Jordan, which they have ruled since 1921, and were the royal family of the kingdoms of Hejaz (1916–1925), Syria (1920), and Iraq (1921–1958).

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Hasidic Judaism

Hasidism or Hasidic Judaism is a religious movement within Judaism that arose in the 18th century as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine before spreading rapidly throughout Eastern Europe.

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Hatikvah

Hatikvah (hattiqvā) is the national anthem of the State of Israel.

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Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was a German politician who was the 4th Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany, and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany, primarily known for being a main architect of the Holocaust.

See Amin al-Husseini and Heinrich Himmler

Heliopolis, Cairo

Heliopolis (مصر الجديدة,,, "New Egypt") was an early 20th century suburb outside Cairo, Egypt, which has since merged with Cairo and is administratively divided into the districts of Masr El Gedida and El Nozha in the Eastern Area.

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Henry Laurens (scholar)

Henry Laurens (born 1954) is a French historian and author of several histories and studies about the Arab-Muslim world.

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Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer

Field Marshal Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer, (13 March 1857 – 16 July 1932) was a senior British Army officer of the First World War.

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Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel

Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel, (6 November 1870 – 5 February 1963) was a British Liberal politician who was the party leader from 1931 to 1935.

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Hermann Göring

Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and convicted war criminal.

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Herod's Gate

Herod's Gate (باب الزاهرة, Bab az-Zahra) is one of the seven open Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem.

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High commissioner

High commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment.

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Historical negationism

Historical negationism, also called historical denialism, is falsification or distortion of the historical record.

See Amin al-Husseini and Historical negationism

Holiest sites in Islam

The holiest sites in Islam are located in the Arabian Peninsula.

See Amin al-Husseini and Holiest sites in Islam

Holocaust denial

Holocaust denial is an antisemitic conspiracy theory that asserts that the Nazi genocide of Jews, known as the Holocaust, is a fabrication or exaggeration.

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Homeland for the Jewish people

A homeland for the Jewish people is an idea rooted in Jewish history, religion, and culture.

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Honorific

An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person.

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House arrest

In justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to their residence.

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Hussam ad-Din Jarallah

Hussam al-Din Jarallah (حسامالدين جار الله; 1884 – 6 March 1954) was a Sunni Muslim leader of the Palestinian people during the British Mandate of Palestine and was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from 1948 until his death. Amin al-Husseini and Hussam ad-Din Jarallah are al-Azhar University alumni, grand Muftis of Jerusalem, Palestinian Sunni Muslims and Palestinian politicians.

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Hussein of Jordan

Hussein bin Talal (translit; 14 November 1935 – 7 February 1999) was King of Jordan from 11 August 1952 until his death in 1999.

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I.B. Tauris

I.B. Tauris is an educational publishing house and imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing.

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Ibn Saud

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (translit; 15 January 1876Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author Robert Lacey's book The Kingdom, a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation.

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Idith Zertal

Idith Zertal (born 1945) is an Israeli historian, considered one of the "New Historians".

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Imam

Imam (إمام,;: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.

See Amin al-Husseini and Imam

Incitement to genocide

Incitement to genocide is a crime under international law which prohibits inciting (encouraging) the commission of genocide.

See Amin al-Husseini and Incitement to genocide

Independent State of Croatia

The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

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Indian National Congress

|position.

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Institute for Palestine Studies

The Institute for Palestine Studies (IPS) is the oldest independent nonprofit public service research institute in the Arab world.

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Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is an American nonprofit digital library founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

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Irgun

The Irgun (ארגון; full title: הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל, lit. "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel"), or Etzel (אצ״ל) (sometimes abbreviated IZL), was a Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandatory Palestine between 1931 and 1948.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islamic calendar

The Hijri calendar (translit), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and Islamic calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days.

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Islamic fundamentalism

Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as a revivalist and reform movement of Muslims who aim to return to the founding scriptures of Islam.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

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Istanbul

Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, straddling the Bosporus Strait, the boundary between Europe and Asia.

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Italian lira

The lira (lire) was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002.

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Izz ad-Din al-Qassam

(عز الدين بن عبد القادر بن مصطفى بن يوسف بن محمد القسام; 1881 or 19 December 1882 – 20 November 1935) was a Syrian Muslim preacher, and a leader in the local struggles against British and French Mandatory rule in the Levant, and a militant opponent of Zionism in the 1920s and 1930s. Amin al-Husseini and Izz ad-Din al-Qassam are al-Azhar University alumni and Ottoman military personnel of World War I.

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Izzat Darwaza

Muhammad 'Izzat Darwaza (محمد عزة دروزة; 1888–1984) was a Palestinian politician, historian, and educator from Nablus. Amin al-Husseini and Izzat Darwaza are Arab people in Mandatory Palestine, Palestinian Arab nationalists and people of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.

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Jaffa

Jaffa (Yāfō,; Yāfā), also called Japho or Joppa in English, is an ancient Levantine port city now part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel, located in its southern part.

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Jamal al-Husayni

Jamal al-Husayni (1894–1982) (جمال الحُسيني), was born in Jerusalem and was a member of the highly influential and respected Husayni family. Amin al-Husseini and Jamal al-Husayni are al-Husayni family, Arab people in Mandatory Palestine, Palestinian Arab nationalists and people of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.

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Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs

The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (JCPA) is an Israeli think tank specializing in public diplomacy and foreign policy founded in 1976.

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Jewish Agency for Israel

The Jewish Agency for Israel (translit), formerly known as the Jewish Agency for Palestine, is the largest Jewish non-profit organization in the world.

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Jewish Brigade

The Jewish Infantry Brigade Group, more commonly known as the Jewish Brigade Group or Jewish Brigade, was a military formation of the British Army in the Second World War.

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Jewish diaspora

The Jewish diaspora (təfūṣā) or exile (Hebrew: גָּלוּת; Yiddish) is the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe.

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Jewish National Council

The Jewish National Council (JNC; ועד לאומי, Va'ad Le'umi), also known as the Jewish People's Council was the main national executive organ of the Assembly of Representatives of the Jewish community (Yishuv) within Mandatory Palestine.

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Joachim von Ribbentrop

Ulrich Friedrich-Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946) was a German politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945.

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John Bagot Glubb

Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb, KCB, CMG, DSO, OBE, MC, KStJ, KPM (16 April 1897 – 17 March 1986), known as Glubb Pasha (غلوب باشا) and Abu Hunaik (أبو حنيك) by the Jordanians, was a British soldier, scholar, and author, who led and trained Transjordan's Arab Legion between 1939 and 1956 as its commanding general.

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John Chancellor (colonial administrator)

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Robert Chancellor (20 October 1870 – 31 July 1952) was a British soldier and colonial administrator.

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Jordan

Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.

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Joseph Goebbels

Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and philologist who was the Gauleiter (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945. Amin al-Husseini and Joseph Goebbels are Nazi propagandists.

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Joseph Schechtman

Joseph Schechtman (Иосиф Шехтман; 1891–1970) was a Russian-born Revisionist Zionist activist and author.

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Kamil al-Husayni

Kamil al-Husayni (also spelled Kamel al-Hussaini; كامل الحسيني; 23 February 1867 – 31 March 1921) was a Sunni Muslim religious leader in Palestine and member of the al-Husayni family. Amin al-Husseini and Kamil al-Husayni are 20th-century Palestinian people, al-Husayni family, grand Muftis of Jerusalem and Palestinian Sunni Muslims.

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Kapo

A kapo or prisoner functionary (Funktionshäftling) was a prisoner in a Nazi camp who was assigned by the Schutzstaffel (SS) guards to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks.

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Kataeb Party

The Kataeb Party, officially the Kataeb Party – Lebanese Social Democratic Party (حزب الكتائب اللبنانية - الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي اللبناني), also known as the Phalanges, is a right-wing Christian political party in Lebanon founded by Pierre Gemayel in 1936. Amin al-Husseini and Kataeb Party are fascism in the Arab world.

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Kingdom of Iraq

The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq (translit) was a state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958.

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Kingdom of Italy

The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.

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Klaus-Michael Mallmann

Klaus-Michael Mallmann (born 3 November 1948, in Kaiserslautern) is a German historian at the University of Stuttgart.

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Konstanz

Konstanz (also), also known as Constance in English, is a university city with approximately 83,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Constance in the south of Germany.

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Latin America

Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.

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Léon Blum

André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister of France.

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Le Monde diplomatique

(meaning "The Diplomatic World", and shortened as Le Diplo in French) is a French monthly newspaper founded in 1954 offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

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Lebanon

Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.

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Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole or certain social hierarchies.

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Lehi (militant group)

Lehi (לח"י – לוחמי חרות ישראל Lohamei Herut Israel – Lehi, "Fighters for the Freedom of Israel – Lehi", sometimes abbreviated "LHI"), often known pejoratively as the Stern Gang,"This group was known to its friends as LEHI and to its enemies as the Stern Gang." Blumberg, Arnold.

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Lewis Yelland Andrews

Lewis Yelland Andrews (26 September 1896 – 26 September 1937) was an Australian soldier and colonial official who served as the acting District Commissioner for the region of Galilee during the British Mandate over Palestine. Amin al-Husseini and Lewis Yelland Andrews are people of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.

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Libération

(liberation), popularly known as Libé, is a daily newspaper in France, founded in Paris by Jean-Paul Sartre and Serge July in 1973 in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968.

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Lieutenant colonel

Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel.

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List of glassware

Typical drinkware This list of glassware includes drinking vessels (drinkware) and tableware used to set a table for eating a meal, general glass items such as vases, and glasses used in the catering industry.

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List of high commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan

The high commissioner for Palestine was the highest ranking authority representing the United Kingdom in the mandated territories of Palestine, and the high commissioner for Transjordan was the highest ranking authority representing the United Kingdom in Transjordan.

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Lod

Lod (לוד, or fully vocalized לֹד; al-Lidd or), also known as Lydda (Λύδδα), is a city southeast of Tel Aviv and northwest of Jerusalem in the Central District of Israel.

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London School of Economics

The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) is a public research university in London, England, and amember institution of the University of London.

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Lord Haw-Haw

Lord Haw-Haw was a nickname applied to William Joyce and several other people who broadcast Nazi propaganda to the United Kingdom from Germany during the Second World War. Amin al-Husseini and Lord Haw-Haw are Nazi propagandists.

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Louis Bols

Lieutenant General Sir Louis Jean Bols (23 November 1867 – 13 September 1930) was a British Army general, who served as Edmund Allenby's Third Army Chief of Staff on the Western Front and Sinai and Palestine campaigns of World War I. From 1927 until his death he served as the Governor of Bermuda.

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Madrasa

Madrasa (also,; Arabic: مدرسة, pl. مدارس), sometimes transliterated as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning.

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Majdanek concentration camp

Majdanek (or Lublin) was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II.

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Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; al-intidāb al-faransīalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon.

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Mandatory Palestine

Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.

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Mauthausen concentration camp

Mauthausen was a Nazi concentration camp on a hill above the market town of Mauthausen (roughly east of Linz), Upper Austria.

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Mayor of Jerusalem

The Mayor of the City of Jerusalem is head of the executive branch of the political system in Jerusalem.

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Mea Shearim

Mea Shearim (מאה שערים, lit., "hundred gates"; contextually, "a hundred fold") is one of the oldest Ashkenazi neighborhoods in Jerusalem outside of the Old City.

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Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

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Michael Bar-Zohar

Michael Bar-Zohar (מיכאל בר-זהר, born 30 January 1938) is an Israeli historian, novelist and politician.

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Michael Sells

Michael Anthony Sells (born May 8, 1949) is John Henry Barrows Professor of Islamic History and Literature in the Divinity School and in the Department of Comparative Literature at the University of Chicago.

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Middle East

The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.

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Miles Copeland Jr.

Miles Axe Copeland Jr. (July 16, 1916 – January 14, 1991) was an American musician, businessman, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) founding member best known for his relationship with Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser and his public commentary on intelligence matters.

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Military of the Ottoman Empire

The military of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri) was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire.

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Mitzvah tantz

Mitzvah tantz (lit. "mitzvah-dance" in Yiddish) is the Hasidic custom of the men dancing before the bride on the wedding night, after the wedding feast.

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), commonly referred to in the Western world as Mohammad Reza Shah, or just simply The Shah, was the last monarch of Iran.

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Mohammed Tahir al-Husayni

Mohammed Tahir Mustafa Tahir al-Husayni (alternatively transliterated al-Husseini) (محمد طاهر مصطفى طاهر الحسيني, 1842–1908) was the Qadi (Chief Justice) of the Sharia courts of Jerusalem and was the father of Kamil al-Husayni and Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, both of whom held the equivalent position in the British mandated period of Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. Amin al-Husseini and Mohammed Tahir al-Husayni are al-Husayni family, grand Muftis of Jerusalem and Palestinian Sunni Muslims.

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Mohammedan

Mohammedan (also spelled Muhammadan, Mahommedan, Mahomedan or Mahometan) is a term for a follower of Muhammad, the Islamic prophet.

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Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.

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Mosaic

A mosaic is a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface.

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Moshe Pearlman

right Moshe Pearlman (משה פרלמן; 1911 – 5 April 1986), born Maurice Pearlman, was an Israeli writer.

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Moshe Sharett

Moshe Sharett (משה שרת; born Moshe Chertok; 15 October 1894 – 7 July 1965) was the second prime minister of Israel and the country’s first foreign minister. Amin al-Husseini and Moshe Sharett are Ottoman military personnel of World War I.

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Mosque

A mosque, also called a masjid, is a place of worship for Muslims.

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Mossad

The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (ha-Mosád le-Modiʿín u-le-Tafkidím Meyuḥadím), popularly known as Mossad, is the national intelligence agency of the State of Israel.

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Mughrabi Quarter

The Mughrabi Quarter (Neighbourhood of the Maghrebis; שכונת המוגרבים, Sh'khunat HaMughrabim), also known as the Maghrebi Quarter, was a neighbourhood in the southeast corner of the Old City of Jerusalem, established in the late 12th century.

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Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

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Munich massacre

The Munich massacre was a terrorist attack carried out during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, by eight members of the Palestinian militant organization Black September.

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Musa al-Husayni

Musa Kazim Pasha al-Husayni (موسى كاظمباشا الحسيني) (1853 – 27 March 1934) held a series of senior posts in the Ottoman administration. Amin al-Husseini and Musa al-Husayni are 20th-century Palestinian people, al-Husayni family, Arab people in Mandatory Palestine and Palestinian politicians.

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Musa Alami

Musa Alami (3 May 1897 – 8 June 1984) موسى العلمي) was a prominent Palestinian nationalist and politician. Due to Alami having represented Palestine at various Arab conferences, in the 1940s, he was viewed by many as the leader of the Palestinian Arabs. Amin al-Husseini and Musa Alami are Palestinian Arab nationalists.

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Muslim Brotherhood

The Society of the Muslim Brothers (جماعة الإخوان المسلمين), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون) is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928.

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Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Nabi Musa

Nabi Musa (the Prophet Moses, also transliterated as Nebi Musa) is primarily a Muslim holy site near Jericho in Palestine, where a local Muslim tradition places the tomb of Moses (called Musa in Islam).

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Nablus

Nablus (Nāblus; Šəḵem, ISO 259-3:,; Samaritan Hebrew: script, romanized:; Νeápolis) is a Palestinian city in the West Bank, located approximately north of Jerusalem, with a population of 156,906.

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Nakba

The Nakba (the catastrophe) is the ethnic cleansing;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; of Palestinians through their violent displacement and dispossession of land, property, and belongings, along with the destruction of their society and the suppression of their culture, identity, political rights, and national aspirations.

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Nashashibi family

Nashashibi (النشاشيبي, transliteration: Al-Nashāshībī) is the name of a prominent Palestinian Arabic family based in Jerusalem. Amin al-Husseini and Nashashibi family are Arab people in Mandatory Palestine.

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National Archives and Records Administration

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government within the executive branch, charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

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Some philosophers distinguish two types of rights, natural rights and legal rights.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East

Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East is a controversial 2014 Yale University Press book by German historian Wolfgang G. Schwanitz and Israeli historian Barry Rubin.

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Newman

Newman is a surname of Germanic Anglo-Saxon origins.

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Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries across Europe and atrocities against their citizens in World War II.

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Nuri al-Said

Nuri Pasha al-Said CH (نوري السعيد; December 1888 – 15 July 1958) was an Iraqi politician during the Mandatory Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq. Amin al-Husseini and Nuri al-Said are Ottoman military personnel of World War I.

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Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic

The 1949 Armistice Agreements, which ended the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by delineating the Green Line as the legal boundary between Israel and the Arab countries, left the Kingdom of Egypt in control of a small swath of territory that it had captured and occupied in the former British Mandate for Palestine: the Gaza Strip.

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Officer (armed forces)

An officer is a person who holds a position of authority as a member of an armed force or uniformed service.

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Oliver Stanley

Oliver Frederick George Stanley (4 May 1896 – 10 December 1950) was a prominent British Conservative politician who held many ministerial posts before his early death.

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Operation Atlas

Operation Atlas was the code name for an operation carried out by a special commando unit of the Waffen SS which took place in October 1944.

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Oranienburg concentration camp

Oranienburg was an early Nazi concentration camp, one of the first detention facilities established by the Nazis in the state of Prussia when they gained power in 1933.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Pahlavi dynasty

The Pahlavi dynasty (دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty that ruled for almost 54 years between 1925 and 1979.

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Palestine (region)

The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.

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Palestine Arab Congress

The Palestine Arab Congress was a series of congresses held by the Palestinian Arab population, organized by a nationwide network of local Muslim-Christian Associations, in the British Mandate of Palestine.

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Palestine Liberation Organization

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية) is a Palestinian nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinian people; i.e. the globally dispersed population, not just those in the Palestinian territories who are represented by the Palestinian Authority.

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Palestine Police Force

The Palestine Police Force was a British colonial police service established in Mandatory Palestine on 1 July 1920,Sinclair, 2006.

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Palestine pound

The Palestine pound (جُنَيْه فِلَسْطَينِيّ, junayh filastini; funt palestina'i (eretz-yisra'eli) or lira eretz-yisra'elit; Sign: £P) was the currency of the British Mandate of Palestine from 1 November 1927 to 14 May 1948, and of the State of Israel between 15 May 1948 and 23 June 1952, when it was replaced with the Israeli pound.

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Palestinian Authority

The Palestinian Authority, officially known as the Palestinian National Authority or the State of Palestine, is the Fatah-controlled government body that exercises partial civil control over the Palestinian enclaves in the Israeli-occupied West Bank as a consequence of the 1993–1995 Oslo Accords.

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Palestinian nationalism

Palestinian nationalism is the national movement of the Palestinian people that espouses self-determination and sovereignty over the region of Palestine.

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Palestinian political violence

Palestinian political violence refers to actions carried out by Palestinians with the intent to achieve political objectives that can involve the use of force, some of which are considered acts of terror, and often carried out in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

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Palestinians

Palestinians (al-Filasṭīniyyūn) or Palestinian people (label), also referred to as Palestinian Arabs (label), are an Arab ethnonational group native to Palestine.

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Palin Commission

The Palin Commission or Palin Commission of Inquiry or Palin Court of Inquiry was a British Royal Commission convened to investigate the cause of the 1920 Jerusalem riots, which took place between April 4, 1920 and April 7, 1920.

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Pan-Arabism

Pan-Arabism (al-wiḥda al-ʿarabīyyah) is a pan-nationalist ideology that espouses the unification of all Arab people in a single nation-state, consisting of all Arab countries of West Asia and North Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, which is referred to as the Arab world.

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Pardon

A pardon is a government decision to allow a person to be relieved of some or all of the legal consequences resulting from a criminal conviction.

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Peel Commission

The Peel Commission, formally known as the Palestine Royal Commission, was a British Royal Commission of Inquiry, headed by Lord Peel, appointed in 1936 to investigate the causes of conflict in Mandatory Palestine, which was administered by the United Kingdom, following a six-month-long Arab general strike.

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Penguin Books

Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.

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Peter Novick

Peter Novick (July 26, 1934, Jersey City – February 17, 2012, Chicago) was an American historian who was Professor of History at the University of Chicago.

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Philip Mattar

Philip Mattar (فيليب مطر, born 1944) is a Palestinian American historian.

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Pierre Gemayel

Pierre Amine Gemayel, also spelled Jmayyel, Jemayyel or al-Jumayyil (بيار الجميّل.; 6 November 1905 – 29 August 1984), was a Lebanese political leader.

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Pinhas Rutenberg

Pinhas Rutenberg (Пётр Моисеевич Рутенберг, Pyotr Moiseyevich Rutenberg; פנחס רוטנברג: 5 February 1879 – 3 January 1942) was a Russian businessman, hydraulic engineer and political activist.

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Pogrom

A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.

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Political prisoner

A political prisoner is someone imprisoned for their political activity.

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Prime minister

A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system.

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Prime Minister's Office (Israel)

Israeli Prime Minister's Office (מִשְׂרָד רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה, Misrad Rosh HaMemshala) is the Israeli cabinet department responsible for coordinating the work of all governmental ministry offices and assisting the Israeli Prime Minister in their daily work.

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Public diplomacy of Israel

Public diplomacy in Israel refers to Israel's efforts to communicate directly with citizens of other nations to inform and influence their perceptions, with the aim of garnering support or tolerance for the Israeli government's strategic objectives.

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Qibla

The qibla (lit) is the direction towards the Kaaba in the Sacred Mosque in Mecca, which is used by Muslims in various religious contexts, particularly the direction of prayer for the salah.

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Quentin Reynolds

Quentin James Reynolds (April 11, 1902 – March 17, 1965) was an American journalist and World War II war correspondent.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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R. H. Bruce Lockhart

Sir Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart, KCMG (2 September 1887 – 27 February 1970) was a British diplomat, journalist, author, and secret agent.

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Rab concentration camp

The Rab concentration camp (Campo di concentramento per internati civili di Guerra – Arbe; Koncentracijski logor Rab; Koncentracijsko taborišče Rab) was one of several Italian concentration camps.

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RAF Habbaniya

Royal Air Force Habbaniya, more commonly known as RAF Habbaniya (قاعدة الحبانية الجوية), (originally RAF Dhibban), was a Royal Air Force station at Habbaniyah, about west of Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, on the banks of the Euphrates near Lake Habbaniyah.

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Rafael Medoff

Rafael Medoff (born 1959) is an American professor of Jewish history and the founding director of The David Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, which is based in Washington, D.C. and focuses on issues related to America's response to the Holocaust.

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Raghib al-Nashashibi

Raghib al-Nashashibi (راغب النشاشيبي) (1881–1951), CBE (hon), was a Palestinian public figure and wealthy landowner during the Ottoman Empire, the British Mandate and the Jordanian administration. Amin al-Husseini and Raghib al-Nashashibi are Arab people in Mandatory Palestine, Palestinian politicians, Palestinian refugees and people of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.

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Rashid Ali al-Gaylani

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (Al-Gailani)in Arab standard pronunciation Rashid Aali al-Kaylani; also transliterated as Sayyid Rashid Aali al-Gillani, Sayyid Rashid Ali al-Gailani or sometimes Sayyad Rashid Ali el Keilany ("Sayyad" serves to address higher standing male persons) (رشيد عالي الکَيلاني) (1892 – 28 August 1965) was an Iraqi politician who served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Iraq on three occasions: from March to November 1933, from March 1940 to February 1941 and from April to May 1941.

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Rashid Rida

Muhammad Rashid Rida (translit; 1865–1935) was an Islamic scholar, reformer, theologian and revivalist.

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Rashidiya school

Rashidiya School (المدرسة الرشيدية), or Al-Rashidiya Secondary School for Boys (المدرسة الرشيدية الثانوية للبنين), is a public school located in East Jerusalem next to Herod's Gate (Bab as-Sahira).

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Raul Hilberg

Raul Hilberg (June 2, 1926 – August 4, 2007) was a Jewish Austrian-born American political scientist and historian.

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Reichman University

Reichman University (אוניברסיטת רייכמן) is Israel's only private university, located in Herzliya, Tel Aviv District.

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Reichsführer-SS

Reichsführer-SS was a special title and rank that existed between the years of 1925 and 1945 for the commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS).

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Reinhard Heydrich

Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German SS and police official during the Nazi era and a principal architect of the Holocaust.

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Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world

Relations between Nazi Germany (1933–1945) and the Arab world ranged from indifference, confrontation and collaboration. Amin al-Husseini and Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world are Arab collaborators with Nazi Germany, fascism in the Arab world and islam and antisemitism.

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Renzo De Felice

Renzo De Felice (8 April 1929 – 25 May 1996) was an Italian historian, who specialized in the Fascist era, writing, among other works, a 6000-page biography of Mussolini (4 volumes, 1965–1997).

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Revisionist Zionism

Revisionist Zionism is a form of Zionism characterized by territorial maximalism.

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Rezső Kasztner

Rezső Kasztner (1906 – 15 March 1957), also known as Rudolf Israel Kastner (ישראל רודולף קסטנר), was a Hungarian-Israeli journalist and lawyer who became known for having helped a group of Jews escape from occupied Europe during the Holocaust on the Kastner train.

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Riad Al Solh

Riad Reda Al Solh (رياض الصلح; 17 August 1894 – 17 July 1951) was the first prime minister of Lebanon after the country's independence.

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Richard Meinertzhagen

Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, CBE, DSO (3 March 1878 – 17 June 1967) was a British soldier, intelligence officer, and ornithologist.

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Right of asylum

The right of asylum, sometimes called right of political asylum (asylum), is an ancient juridical concept, under which people persecuted by their own rulers might be protected by another sovereign authority, such as a second country or another entity which in medieval times could offer sanctuary.

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Robert Fisk

Robert William Fisk (12 July 194630 October 2020) was an English writer and journalist.

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Romani people

The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Ronald Storrs

Sir Ronald Henry Amherst Storrs (19 November 1881 – 1 November 1955) was an official in the British Foreign Office.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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S. F. Newcombe

Lt Col.

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Sachsenhausen concentration camp

Sachsenhausen or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a German Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used from 1936 until April 1945, shortly before the defeat of Nazi Germany in May later that year.

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Safed

Safed (also known as Tzfat; צְפַת, Ṣəfaṯ; صفد, Ṣafad) is a city in the Northern District of Israel.

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Salafi movement

The Salafi movement or Salafism is a revival movement within Sunni Islam, which was formed as a socio-religious movement during the late 19th century and has remained influential in the Islamic world for over a century.

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Sarajevo

Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits.

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Schiffer Publishing

Schiffer Publishing Ltd. (also known for its imprints Schiffer, Schiffer Craft, Schiffer Military History, Schiffer Kids, REDFeather MBS, Cornell Maritime Press, Tidewater Publishers, Thrums Books, and Geared Up Publications) is a family-owned publisher of nonfiction books.

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Scout (Scouting)

A Scout (in some countries a Boy Scout, Girl Scout, or Pathfinder) is a child, usually 10–18 years of age, participating in the worldwide Scouting movement.

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Seal of the Prophets

Seal of the Prophets (translit; or translit), is a title used in the Qur'an and by Muslims to designate the Islamic prophet Muhammad as the last of the prophets sent by God.

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Second MacDonald ministry

The second MacDonald ministry was formed by Ramsay MacDonald on his reappointment as prime minister of the United Kingdom by King George V on 5 June 1929.

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Secretary of State for the Colonies

The secretary of state for the colonies or colonial secretary was the Cabinet of the United Kingdom's minister in charge of managing the British Empire.

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Servizio Informazioni Militare

The Italian Military Information Service (Servizio Informazioni Militare, or SIM) was the military intelligence organization for the Royal Army (Regio Esercito) of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) from 1925 until 1946, and of the Italian Republic until 1949.

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Seychelles

Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles; Seychellois Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country and archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands (as per the Constitution) in the Indian Ocean.

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Shah

Shah (شاه) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Indian and Iranian monarchies.

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Sharia

Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.

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Sharifian Army

The Sharifian Army (الجيش الشريفي), also known as the Arab Army (الجيش العربي), or the Hejazi Army (الجيش الحجازي) was the military force behind the Arab Revolt which was a part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. Sharif Hussein Ibn Ali of the Kingdom of Hejaz, who was proclaimed "Sultan of the Arabs" in 1916, led the Sharifian Army in a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire with the ultimate goal of uniting the Arab people under an independent government.

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Shaw Commission

The Shaw Report, officially the Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929, commonly known as the Shaw Commission, was the result of a British commission of inquiry, led by Sir Walter Shaw, established to investigate the violent rioting in Palestine in late August 1929.

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Sheikh

Sheikh (shaykh,, شُيُوخ, shuyūkh) is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder".

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Shukri al-Quwatli

Shukri al-Quwatli (Shukrī al-Quwwatlī; 6 May 189130 June 1967) was the first president of post-independence Syria, in 1943.

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Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)

The Siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), in which the Roman army led by future emperor Titus besieged Jerusalem, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the Roman province of Judaea.

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Simon & Schuster

Simon & Schuster LLC is an American publishing company owned by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.

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Simon Wiesenthal

Simon Wiesenthal (31 December 190820 September 2005) was a Jewish Austrian Holocaust survivor, Nazi hunter, and writer.

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Sir

Sir is a formal honorific address in English for men, derived from Sire in the High Middle Ages.

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Six-Day War

The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967.

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Southern Syria

Southern Syria (سوريا الجنوبية) is the southern part of the Syria region, roughly corresponding to the Southern Levant.

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Stab-in-the-back myth

The stab-in-the-back myth was an antisemitic conspiracy theory that was widely believed and promulgated in Germany after 1918.

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Status quo

italic is a Latin phrase meaning the existing state of affairs, particularly with regard to social, economic, legal, environmental, political, religious, scientific or military issues.

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Stephen Hemsley Longrigg

Stephen Hemsley Longrigg OBE (7 August 1893 – 11 September 1979) was a British military governor, petroleum company manager and a leading authority on the history of oil in the Middle East.

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Subhas Chandra Bose

Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) was an Indian nationalist whose defiance of British authority in India made him a hero among many Indians, but his wartime alliances with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left a legacy vexed by authoritarianism, anti-Semitism, and military failure.

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Suez Canal

The Suez Canal (قَنَاةُ ٱلسُّوَيْسِ) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia (and by extension, the Sinai Peninsula from the rest of Egypt).

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Supreme Muslim Council

The Supreme Muslim Council (SMC; المجلس الإسلامي الاعلى) was the highest body in charge of Muslim community affairs in Mandatory Palestine under British control.

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Suriyya al-Janubiyya (newspaper)

Suriyya al-Janubiyya (سوريا الجنوبية, 'Southern Syria') was the name of a newspaper published in Jerusalem beginning in 1918 by the lawyer Muhammad Hasan al-Budayri, and edited by Aref al-Aref, with contributions from, amongst others, Amin al-Husseini.

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Survey of Palestine (Anglo-American Committee)

The Survey of Palestine was a two volume survey of Mandatory Palestine prepared between December 1945 and March 1946, as evidence for the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

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Sykes–Picot Agreement

The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Syria (region)

Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant.

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Syrian National Congress

The Syrian National Congress, also called the Pan-Syrian Congress and General Syrian Congress (GSC), was convened in May 1919 in Damascus, Syria, after the expulsion of the Ottomans from Syria.

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Tablet (magazine)

Tablet is a conservative-leaning online magazine focused on Jewish news and culture.

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Talal of Jordan

Talal bin Abdullah (translit; 26 February 1909 – 7 July 1972) was King of Jordan from the assassination of his father, King Abdullah I, on 20 July 1951 until his forced abdication on 11 August 1952.

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Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv-Yafo (translit,; translit), usually referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel.

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Temple Mount

The Temple Mount (lit), also known as Haram al-Sharif (Arabic: الحرمالشريف, lit. 'The Noble Sanctuary'), al-Aqsa Mosque compound, or simply al-Aqsa (المسجد الأقصى, al-Masjid al-Aqṣā, lit. 'The Furthest Mosque'),* Where Heaven and Earth Meet, p. 13: "Nowadays, while oral usage of the term Haram persists, Palestinians tend to use in formal texts the name Masjid al-Aqsa, habitually rendered into English as 'the Aqsa Mosque'.". Amin al-Husseini and Temple Mount are islam in Jerusalem.

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Templers (Radical Pietist sect)

The German Templer Society, also known as Templers, is a Radical Pietist group that emerged in Germany during the mid-nineteenth century, the two founders, Christoph Hoffmann and Georg David Hardegg, arriving in Haifa, Palestine, in October 1868 with their families and a few fellow Templers in order to establish a colony.

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Tetrarchy

The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the augusti, and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the caesares.

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The Destruction of the European Jews

The Destruction of the European Jews is a 1961 book by historian Raul Hilberg.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.

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The Holocaust in Poland

The Holocaust in Poland was the ghettoization, robbery, deportation, and murder of Jews, simultaneously with other people groups for identical racial pretexts, in occupied Poland, organized by Nazi Germany.

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The Journal of Military History

The Journal of Military History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the military history of all times and places.

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The Nation

The Nation is a progressive American monthly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis.

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The National Archives (United Kingdom)

The National Archives (TNA; Yr Archifau Cenedlaethol) is a non-ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Times of Israel

The Times of Israel is an Israeli multi-language online newspaper that was launched in 2012.

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Theodor Herzl

Theodor Herzl (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright and political activist who was the father of modern political Zionism.

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Third Temple

The "Third Temple" (בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשְּׁלִישִׁי) refers to a hypothetical rebuilt Temple in Jerusalem.

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Tisha B'Av

Tisha B'Av (תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.

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Tramp trade

A boat or ship engaged in the tramp trade is one which does not have a fixed schedule, itinerary nor published ports of call, and trades on the spot market as opposed to freight liners.

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Transaction Publishers

Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey-based publishing house that specialized in social science books and journals.

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Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.

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Treblinka extermination camp

Treblinka was the second-deadliest extermination camp to be built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II.

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Trial in absentia

Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person being tried is not present. Amin al-Husseini and Trial in absentia are people convicted in absentia.

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Turkish language

Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.

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United Arab Republic

The United Arab Republic (UAR; translit) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1961.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine

The United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL) is an online collection of texts of current and historical United Nations decisions and publications concerning the question of Palestine, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and other issues related to the Middle East situation.

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United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate.

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United Nations Special Committee on Palestine

The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) was created on 15 May 1947 in response to a United Kingdom government request that the General Assembly "make recommendations under article 10 of the Charter, concerning the future government of Palestine".

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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust.

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University of Pennsylvania Press

The University of Pennsylvania Press, also known as Penn Press, is a university press affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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University Press of America

University Press of America was an academic imprint of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group that specialized in the publication of scholarly works.

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Ustaše

The Ustaše, also known by anglicised versions Ustasha or Ustashe, was a Croatian, fascist and ultranationalist organization active, as one organization, between 1929 and 1945, formally known as the Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement (Ustaša – Hrvatski revolucionarni pokret).

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Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State (État français), was the French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

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Volksdeutsche

In Nazi German terminology, were "people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship." The term is the nominalised plural of volksdeutsch, with denoting a singular female, and, a singular male.

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W. W. Norton & Company

W.

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Walter Laqueur

Walter Ze'ev Laqueur (26 May 1921 – 30 September 2018) was a German-born American historian, journalist and political commentator. Amin al-Husseini and Walter Laqueur are islam and antisemitism.

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Walter Winchell

Walter Winchell (April 7, 1897 – February 20, 1972) was a syndicated American newspaper gossip columnist and radio news commentator.

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Waqf

A (وَقْف;, plural), also called a (plural حُبوس or أَحْباس), or mortmain property, is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law.

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War crime

A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings including genocide or ethnic cleansing, the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.

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War Office

The War Office has referred to several British government organisations in history, all relating to the army.

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War on Islam controversy

War against Islam is a term used to describe a concerted effort to harm, weaken or annihilate the societal system of Islam, using military, economic, social and cultural means, or means invading and interfering in Islamic countries under the pretext of the war on terror, or using the media to create a negative stereotype about Islam.

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Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.

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West Bank

The West Bank (aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; HaGadáh HaMaʽarávit), so called due to its location relative to the Jordan River, is the larger of the two Palestinian territories (the other being the Gaza Strip).

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Western Wall

The Western Wall (the western wall, often shortened to the Kotel or Kosel), known in the West as the Wailing Wall, and in Islam as the Buraq Wall (Arabic: حَائِط ٱلْبُرَاق, Ḥā'iṭ al-Burāq), is a portion of ancient limestone wall in the Old City of Jerusalem that forms part of the larger retaining wall of the hill known to Jews and Christians as the Temple Mount.

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Westernization

Westernization (or Westernisation, see spelling differences), also Europeanisation or occidentalization (from the Occident), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt what is considered to be Western culture, in areas such as industry, technology, science, education, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, diet, clothing, language, writing system, religion, and philosophy.

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White paper

A white paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter.

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White Paper of 1939

The White Paper of 1939Occasionally also known as the MacDonald White Paper (e.g. Caplan, 2015, p.117) after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary, who presided over its creation.

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Wicker

Wicker is a method of weaving used to make products such as furniture and baskets, as well as a descriptor to classify such products.

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Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.

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Wolfgang G. Schwanitz

Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (born 1955) is a German-American Middle East historian.

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Woodcraft

The terms woodcraft and woodlore denote skills and experience in matters relating to living and thriving in the woods—such as hunting, fishing, and camping—whether on a short- or long-term basis.

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World Affairs

World Affairs is an American quarterly journal covering international relations.

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World Islamic Congress

The World Islamic Congress was convened in Jerusalem in December 1931 at the behest of Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, and Maulana Shaukat Ali, leader of the Indian Caliphate Committee.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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World Zionist Congress

The Zionist Congress was established in 1897 by Theodor Herzl as the supreme organ of the Zionist Organization (ZO) and its legislative authority.

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Wrought iron

Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content (less than 0.05%) in contrast to that of cast iron (2.1% to 4.5%).

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Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem (יָד וַשֵׁם) is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.

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Yasser Arafat

Yasser Arafat (4 or 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), also popularly known by his kunya Abu Ammar, was a Palestinian political leader. Amin al-Husseini and Yasser Arafat are Palestinian Arab nationalists and Palestinian politicians.

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Yehuda Bauer

Yehuda Bauer (יהודה באואר; born April 6, 1926) is a Czech-born Israeli historian and scholar of the Holocaust.

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Yishuv

Yishuv (lit), HaYishuv HaIvri (Hebrew settlement), or HaYishuv HaYehudi Be'Eretz Yisra'el denotes the body of Jewish residents in Palestine prior to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

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Yitzhak Ben-Zvi

Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (יִצְחָק בֶּן־צְבִי‎ Yitshak Ben-Tsvi; 24 November 188423 April 1963; born Izaak Shimshelevich) was a historian, ethnologist, Labor Zionist leader and the longest-serving President of Israel.

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Ynet

Ynet (stylized as ynet) is one of the major Israeli news and general-content websites, and is the online outlet for the Yedioth Ahronoth newspaper.

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Yom Kippur

Yom Kippur (יוֹם כִּפּוּר) is the holiest day of the year in Judaism.

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YouTube

YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google.

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Yugoslav Partisans

The Yugoslav Partisans,Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani, Партизани or the National Liberation Army,Народноослободилачка војска (НОВ); Народноослободителна војска (НОВ); Narodnoosvobodilna vojska (NOV) officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia,Народноослободилачка војска и партизански одреди Југославије (НОВ и ПОЈ); Народноослободителна војска и партизански одреди на Југославија (НОВ и ПОЈ); Narodnoosvobodilna vojska in partizanski odredi Jugoslavije (NOV in POJ) was the communist-led anti-fascist resistance to the Axis powers (chiefly Nazi Germany) in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.

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Ze'ev Jabotinsky

Ze'ev Jabotinsky (Ze'ev Zhabotinski; born Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky; 17 October 1880 – 3 August 1940) was a Revisionist Zionist leader, author, poet, orator, soldier, and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa.

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Zionism

Zionism is an ethno-cultural nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century and aimed for the establishment of a Jewish state through the colonization of a land outside of Europe.

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Zouk Mikael

Zouk Mikael (ذوق مكايل, also spelled Zuq Mikha'il or Zouk Mkayel) is a town and municipality in the Keserwan District of the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate in Lebanon.

See Amin al-Husseini and Zouk Mikael

Zurich

Zurich (Zürich) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich.

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Zvi Elpeleg

Zvi Elpeleg (1926 – 27 June 2015) was an academic, author, and a senior researcher at the Dayan Institute at Tel Aviv University.

See Amin al-Husseini and Zvi Elpeleg

Zvornik

Zvornik (Зворник) is a city in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

See Amin al-Husseini and Zvornik

13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)

The 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) was a mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, an armed branch of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II.

See Amin al-Husseini and 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)

1920 Nebi Musa riots

The 1920 Nebi Musa riots or 1920 Jerusalem riots took place in British-controlled part of Occupied Enemy Territory Administration between Sunday, 4 April, and Wednesday, 7 April 1920 in and around the Old City of Jerusalem.

See Amin al-Husseini and 1920 Nebi Musa riots

1929 Hebron massacre

The Hebron massacre was the killing of sixty-seven or sixty-nine Jews on 24 August 1929 in Hebron, then part of Mandatory Palestine, by Arabs incited to violence by rumors that Jews were planning to seize control of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

See Amin al-Husseini and 1929 Hebron massacre

1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

A popular uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against the British administration of the Palestine Mandate, later known as the Great Revolt, the Great Palestinian Revolt, or the Palestinian Revolution, lasted from 1936 until 1939.

See Amin al-Husseini and 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

1941 Iraqi coup d'état

The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état (ثورة رشيد عالي الكيلاني, Thawrah Rašīd ʿAlī al-Kaylānī), also called the Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup or the Golden Square coup, was a nationalist coup d'état in Iraq on 1 April 1941 that overthrew the pro-British regime of Regent 'Abd al-Ilah and his Prime Minister Nuri al-Said and installed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as Prime Minister. Amin al-Husseini and 1941 Iraqi coup d'état are fascism in the Arab world.

See Amin al-Husseini and 1941 Iraqi coup d'état

1948 Arab–Israeli War

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the civil war in Mandatory Palestine as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war.

See Amin al-Husseini and 1948 Arab–Israeli War

1948 Palestine war

The 1948 Palestine war was fought in the territory of what had been, at the start of the war, British-ruled Mandatory Palestine. During the war, the British withdrew from Palestine, Zionist forces conquered territory and established the State of Israel, and over 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled.

See Amin al-Husseini and 1948 Palestine war

1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

In the 1948 Palestine war, more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs – about half of Mandatory Palestine's predominantly Arab population – were expelled or fled from their homes, at first by Zionist paramilitaries, and after the establishment of Israel, by its military.

See Amin al-Husseini and 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg

The 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian) was a German mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside, but was never formally part of, the Wehrmacht during World War II.

See Amin al-Husseini and 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg

23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian)

The 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian) was a German mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II.

See Amin al-Husseini and 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian)

See also

20th-century Palestinian people

Al-Husayni family

Arab collaborators with Nazi Germany

Fascism in the Arab world

Grand Muftis of Jerusalem

Islam in Jerusalem

Palestinian Arab nationalists

Palestinian Sunni Muslims

Palestinian anti-communists

Palestinian imams

People of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini

Also known as Amin al Husayni, Amin al Husseini, Amin al-Husayni, Amin al-Huseini, Amin el Husseini, Amin el-Husseini, Arab-Nazi relationship during World War II, Haj Amin Al-Husseini, Haj Amin Husseini, Haj Amin al Husseini, Haj Amin al-Husayni, Haj Amin el Huseini, Haj Muhammed Amin al-Husseini, Haji Amin al-Husaini, Hajj Amin Al Husseini, Hajj Amin Al-Husseini, Hajj Amin al-Husayni, Hajj Amin el Husseini, Hajj Amin el-Huseini, Hajj Mohammad Amin al-Husseini, Hitler's Mufti, Mohammad Amin Al-Husayni, Mohammad Amin al-Husseini, Mohammed Amin al-Husayni, Muhammad Amin Al-Husayni, Muhammad Amin al-Husseini, Muhammed Amin al-Husseini.

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