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Ancient Chinese coinage

Index Ancient Chinese coinage

Ancient Chinese coinage includes some of the earliest known coins. [1]

179 relations: Ancient Greece, Anhui, Annam (province), Ant-nose coin, Anyang, Anzhou, Hebei, Barter, Beijing, Boshan District, Brass, Bronze, Buddhism, Cao Wei, Cash (Chinese coin), Casting, Changsha, Chengde, Chengdu, China Numismatic Museum, China Numismatic Society, Chu (state), Copper, Cowry, Dingzhou, Dong Zhuo, Eastern Wu, Emperor Gaozong of Tang, Emperor Gaozu of Tang, Emperor Guangwu of Han, Emperor Jing of Liang, Emperor Ling of Han, Emperor Suzong of Tang, Emperor Taizong of Song, Emperor Wen of Chen, Emperor Wen of Liu Song, Emperor Wen of Western Wei, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi, Emperor Wu of Jin, Emperor Wu of Liang, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, Emperor Wuzong of Tang, Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (9th century), Emperor Yuan of Liang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Fujian, Fuzhou, Gansu, Gold, ..., Guangdong, Guangxi, Guangzhou, Guilin, Hammered coinage, Han (state), Han dynasty, Han Xizai, Hangzhou, Hebei, Hell money, Henan, History of China, History of Chinese currency, Huainan, Indonesia, Iron, Japan, Jia Prefecture (Sichuan), Jian'ou, Jiangnan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Jin dynasty (265–420), Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234), Jin–Song Wars, Knife money, Korea, Later Liang (Five Dynasties), Later Shu, Later Zhou, Lead, Li Jing (Southern Tang), Li Shen, Li Siyuan, Li Yu (Southern Tang), Liang (state), Liang dynasty, Liao dynasty, Liao dynasty coinage, Liaoning, Liu Bei, Liu Rengong, Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan, Liu Shouguang, Liu Song dynasty, Liu Yan (emperor), Liu Zhiyuan, Luoyang, Ma Yin, Manchuria, Meng Chang, Meng Zhixiang, Milled coinage, Ming dynasty coinage, New Book of Tang, Ninghua County, Northern and Southern dynasties, Northern Qi, Northern Wei, Northern Zhou, Numismatics, Ouyang Xun, Qi (state), Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang, Qing dynasty coinage, Qiongshan District, Renminbi, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Seal script, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shang dynasty, Shanxi, Shi Le, Shu Han, Sichuan, Silver, Sima Qian, Sixteen Kingdoms, Socioeconomics, Song dynasty, Southern Song dynasty coinage, Spade money, Spring and Autumn period, Sui dynasty, Sun Liang, Sun Quan, Sycee, Tang dynasty, Taoism, Three Kingdoms, Tin, Tortoiseshell, Wang Jian (Former Shu), Wang Mang, Wang Shenzhi, Wang Yanxi, Wang Yanzheng, Wang Zhengjun, Wang Zongyan, Warring States period, Wei (state), West Lake, Western Wei, Western Xia, Western Xia coinage, Western Zhou, Xiadu, Xiao Zhuang, Xin dynasty, Xing County, Xingtai, Xinjiang, Xiongnu, Yan (state), Yazhou District, Ye (Hebei), Yellow River, Yi Province, Ying Yuan, Yuan dynasty coinage, Zhangpu County, Zhao (state), Zhejiang, Zhongshan (state), Zhou dynasty coinage, Zhu Wen. Expand index (129 more) »

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 13th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (AD 600).

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Anhui

Anhui is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the eastern region of the country.

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Annam (province)

Annam was the southernmost province of China after the Tang dynasty.

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Ant-nose coin

Ant-nose coin (coin like the nose of ant), also called ant nose money, yibi cowry, Yibi coin and so on, was a small bronze coin minted by the state of Chu during the Warring States period.

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Anyang

Anyang is a prefecture-level city in Henan province, China.

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Anzhou, Hebei

Anzhou is a town in Anxin County, Hebei, China.

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Barter

In trade, barter is a system of exchange where participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money.

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Beijing

Beijing, formerly romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's second most populous city proper, and most populous capital city.

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Boshan District

Boshan is the southernmost district of the city of Zibo, in central Shandong province, China.

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Brass

Brass is a metallic alloy that is made of copper and zinc.

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Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.

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Buddhism

Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.

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Cao Wei

Wei (220–266), also known as Cao Wei, was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280).

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Cash (Chinese coin)

Cash was a type of coin of China and East Asia, used from the 4th century BC until the 20th century AD.

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Casting

Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.

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Changsha

Changsha is the capital and most populous city of Hunan province in the south central part of the People's Republic of China.

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Chengde

Chengde, previously known as Jehol or Rehe, is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, situated northeast of Beijing.

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Chengdu

Chengdu, formerly romanized as Chengtu, is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of China's Sichuan province.

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China Numismatic Museum

The China Numismatic Museum is a museum about currency in Beijing, China.

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China Numismatic Society

The China Numismatic Society (p) is a society focusing on numismatics in the People's Republic of China, with its secretariat in the China Numismatic Museum in Beijing.

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Chu (state)

Chu (Old Chinese: *s-r̥aʔ) was a hegemonic, Zhou dynasty era state.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.

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Cowry

Cowry or cowrie, plural cowries, is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

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Dingzhou

Dingzhou, formerly romanized as Tingchow, is a county-level city with sub-prefecture-level city status, located in Baoding in the southwest of Hebei Province in northern China.

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Dong Zhuo

Dong Zhuo (died 22 May 192), courtesy name Zhongying, was a military general and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

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Eastern Wu

Wu (222–280), commonly known as Dong Wu (Eastern Wu) or Sun Wu, was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280).

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Emperor Gaozong of Tang

Emperor Gaozong of Tang (21 July 628 – 27 December 683), personal name Li Zhi, was the third emperor of the Tang dynasty in China, ruling from 649 to 683 (although after January 665 much of the governance was in the hands of his second wife Empress Wu, later known as Wu Zetian).

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Emperor Gaozu of Tang

Emperor Gaozu of Tang (8 April 566 – 25 June 635), born Li Yuan, courtesy name Shude, was the founder of the Tang Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 618 to 626.

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Emperor Guangwu of Han

Emperor Guangwu (born Liu Xiu; 15 January 5 BC – 29 March 57), courtesy name Wenshu, was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty, restorer of the dynasty in AD 25 and thus founder of the Later Han or Eastern Han (the restored Han Dynasty).

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Emperor Jing of Liang

Emperor Jing of Liang (543–558), personal name Xiao Fangzhi (蕭方智), courtesy name Huixiang (慧相), nickname Fazhen (法真), was an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty.

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Emperor Ling of Han

Emperor Ling of Han (156 – 13 May 189), personal name Liu Hong, was the 12th emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty.

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Emperor Suzong of Tang

Emperor Suzong of Tang (19 October 711 – 16 May 762; r. 756 – 762), personal name Li Heng, né Li Sisheng (李嗣升), known as Li Jun (李浚) from 725 to 736, known as Li Yu (李璵) from 736 to 738, known briefly as Li Shao (李紹) in 738, was an emperor of the Tang dynasty and the son of Emperor Xuanzong.

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Emperor Taizong of Song

Emperor Taizong of Song (20 November 939 – 8 May 997), personal name Zhao Jiong, was the second emperor of the Song dynasty in China.

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Emperor Wen of Chen

Emperor Wen of Chen (陳文帝) (522–566), personal name Chen Qian (陳蒨), courtesy name Zihua (子華), was an emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty.

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Emperor Wen of Liu Song

Emperor Wen of Liu Song ((劉)宋文帝, (Liu) Song Wen-di) (407 – 16 March 453), personal name Liu Yilong (劉義隆), nickname Che'er (車兒), was an emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song.

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Emperor Wen of Western Wei

Emperor Wen of Western Wei ((西)魏文帝) (507–551), personal name Yuan Baoju (元寶炬), was an emperor of Western Wei—a branch successor state to Northern Wei.

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Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi

Emperor Wenxuan of (Northern) Qi ((北)齊文宣帝) (526–559), personal name Gao Yang (高洋, Wade–Giles: Kao Yang), courtesy name Zijin (子進), was the first emperor of the Northern Qi.

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Emperor Wu of Jin

Emperor Wu of Jin, (236 – 16 May 290), personal name Sima Yan, courtesy name Anshi (安世), was the grandson of Sima Yi and son of Sima Zhao.

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Emperor Wu of Liang

Emperor Wu of Liang (梁武帝) (464–549), personal name Xiao Yan (蕭衍), courtesy name Shuda (叔達), nickname Lian'er (練兒), was the founding emperor of the Liang Dynasty of Chinese history.

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Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou

Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou ((北)周武帝) (543–578), personal name Yuwen Yong (宇文邕), nickname Miluotu (禰羅突), was an emperor of the Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou.

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Emperor Wuzong of Tang

Emperor Wuzong of Tang (July 2, 814 – April 22, 846), né Li Chan, later changed to Li Yan just before his death, was an emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China, reigning from 840 to 846.

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Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou

Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou ((北)周宣帝) (559–580), personal name Yuwen Yun (宇文贇), courtesy name Qianbo (乾伯), was an emperor of the Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou.

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Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei

Xuanwu (483 – February 9, 515) was an emperor of the Xianbei dynasty of Northern Wei (499-515).

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Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (9th century)

Emperor Xuānzong of Tang (July 27, 810 – September 7, 859) (reigned April 25, 846 – September 7, 859) was an emperor in the latter part of the Tang dynasty of China.

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Emperor Yuan of Liang

Emperor Yuan of Liang (16 September 508 – 27 January 555), personal name Xiao Yi (蕭繹), courtesy name Shicheng (世誠), nickname Qifu (七符), was an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty.

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Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century Imperial China.

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Fujian

Fujian (pronounced), formerly romanised as Foken, Fouken, Fukien, and Hokkien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China.

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Fuzhou

Fuzhou, formerly romanized as Foochow, is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province, China.

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Gansu

Gansu (Tibetan: ཀན་སུའུ་ Kan su'u) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northwest of the country.

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Gold

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.

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Guangdong

Guangdong is a province in South China, located on the South China Sea coast.

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Guangxi

Guangxi (pronounced; Zhuang: Gvangjsih), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is a Chinese autonomous region in South Central China, bordering Vietnam.

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Guangzhou

Guangzhou, also known as Canton, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong.

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Guilin

Guilin, formerly romanized as Kweilin, is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

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Hammered coinage

Hammered coinage is the most common form of coins produced since the invention of coins in the first millennium BC until the early modern period of c. the 15th–17th centuries, contrasting to the cast coinage and the later developed milled coinage.

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Han (state)

Han (Old Chinese: &#42) was an ancient Chinese state during the Warring States period of ancient China, located in modern-day Shanxi and Henan.

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Han dynasty

The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC–220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the "Han Chinese" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC–9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD). The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies, and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. From the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 AD. The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations. To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the Han government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC, but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han dynasty. Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including the process of papermaking, the nautical steering ship rudder, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer for measuring earthquakes employing an inverted pendulum. The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC. After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empresses dowager, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty would eventually collapse and ceased to exist.

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Han Xizai

Han Xizai (韓熙載) (902 – August 31, 970Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms,..), courtesy name Shuyan (叔言), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period states Wu and Southern Tang, who was known for his writing and calligraphy skills.

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Hangzhou

Hangzhou (Mandarin:; local dialect: /ɦɑŋ tseɪ/) formerly romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang Province in East China.

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Hebei

Hebei (postal: Hopeh) is a province of China in the North China region.

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Hell money

Hell money is a form of joss paper printed to resemble legal tender bank notes.The notes are not an official form of recognized currency or legal tender since their sole intended purpose is to be offered as burnt offerings to the deceased as a superstitious solution to resolve their ancestors’ financial problems.

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Henan

Henan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country.

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History of China

The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC,William G. Boltz, Early Chinese Writing, World Archaeology, Vol.

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History of Chinese currency

The history of Chinese currency spans more than 3000 years.

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Huainan

Huainan is a prefecture-level city with 2,334,000 inhabitants in central Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China.

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Indonesia

Indonesia (or; Indonesian), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), is a transcontinental unitary sovereign state located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Japan

Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.

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Jia Prefecture (Sichuan)

Jiazhou or Jia Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China seated in modern Leshan, Sichuan, China.

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Jian'ou

Jian'ou is a county-level city in Nanping in northern Fujian province, China.

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Jiangnan

Jiangnan or Jiang Nan (sometimes spelled Kiang-nan, literally "South of the river") is a geographic area in China referring to lands immediately to the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including the southern part of its delta.

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Jiangsu

Jiangsu, formerly romanized as Kiangsu, is an eastern-central coastal province of the People's Republic of China.

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Jilin

Jilin, formerly romanized as Kirin is one of the three provinces of Northeast China.

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Jin dynasty (265–420)

The Jin dynasty or the Jin Empire (sometimes distinguished as the or) was a Chinese dynasty traditionally dated from 266 to 420.

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Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)

The Jurchen Jin dynasty was an empire that ruled over Northern China and what would later become Manchuria from 1115 until 1234.

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Jin–Song Wars

Map showing the Song-Jurchen Jin wars The Jin–Song Wars were a series of conflicts between the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and Han Chinese Song dynasty (960–1279).

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Knife money

Knife money is the name of large, cast, bronze, knife-shaped commodity money produced by various governments and kingdoms in what is now China, approximately 2500 years ago.

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Korea

Korea is a region in East Asia; since 1945 it has been divided into two distinctive sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.

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Later Liang (Five Dynasties)

The Later Liang (1 June 907 – 19 November 923), also known as Zhu Liang, was one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China.

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Later Shu

Shu (referred to as Later Shu to differentiate it from other states named Shu in Chinese history), also known as Meng Shu, was one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China.

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Later Zhou

The Later Zhou was the last in a succession of five dynasties that controlled most of northern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, which lasted from 907 to 960 and bridged the gap between the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Li Jing (Southern Tang)

Li Jing (李璟, later changed to 李景) (916Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 134. – August 12, 961Xu Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 2..), originally Xu Jingtong (徐景通), briefly Xu Jing (徐璟) in 937–939, courtesy name Boyu (伯玉), also known by his temple name Yuanzong (元宗), was the second ruler (sometimes called Zhongzhu (中主, "Middle Ruler")) of imperial China's Southern Tang state during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

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Li Shen

Li Shen (李紳) (died July 29, 846Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 248.), courtesy name Gongchui (公垂), formally Duke Wensu of Zhao (趙文肅公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Wuzong.

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Li Siyuan

Li Siyuan (李嗣源, later changed to Li Dan (李亶) Many Chinese emperors changed their given names to rarely encountered characters to alleviate the burden of the populace who must observe naming taboo.) (10 October 867 – 15 December 933), also known by his temple name Mingzong (明宗), was the second emperor of imperial China's short-lived Later Tang during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 926 until his death.

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Li Yu (Southern Tang)

Li Yu (937 – 15 August 978), before 961 known as Li Congjia (李從嘉), also known as Li Houzhu (李後主; literally "Last Ruler Li" or "Last Lord Li"), was the third rulerUnlike his father and grandfather, Li Yu never ruled as an emperor.

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Liang (state)

Liang was one of the states during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China, bordering the State of Qin and was conquered by Duke Mu of Qin in 641 BCE.

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Liang dynasty

The Liang dynasty (502–557), also known as the Southern Liang dynasty (南梁), was the third of the Southern Dynasties during China's Southern and Northern Dynasties period.

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Liao dynasty

The Liao dynasty (Khitan: Mos Jælud), also known as the Liao Empire, officially the Great Liao, or the Khitan (Qidan) State (Khitan: Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur), was an empire in East Asia that ruled from 907 to 1125 over present-day Mongolia and portions of the Russian Far East, northern China, and northeastern Korea.

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Liao dynasty coinage

The Liao dynasty was an empire created by the Khitans that ruled over parts of Northern China, what is now Manchuria, and an area in present day Mongolia, North Korea, and the Russian Far East from 907 until 1125 when most of their territory conquered by the Jurchens who established the Jin dynasty.

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Liaoning

Liaoning is a province of China, located in the northeast of the country.

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Liu Bei

Liu Bei (161 – 10 June 223), courtesy name Xuande, was a warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who founded the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period and became its first ruler.

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Liu Rengong

Liu Rengong (劉仁恭) (died 914) was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty who controlled Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) from 895 (when his one-time lord Li Keyong conquered Lulong and left him in charge of it) to 907 (when he was overthrown by his son Liu Shouguang and put under house arrest).

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Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan

Liu Sheng (died 113 BC), posthumously known as King/Prince Jing of Zhongshan, was a king/prince of the Western Han empire of Chinese history.

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Liu Shouguang

Liu Shouguang (劉守光) (died February 12, 914) was a warlord early in the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period who controlled Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) and Yichang (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) Circuits, after seizing control from his father Liu Rengong and defeating his brother Liu Shouwen.

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Liu Song dynasty

The Song dynasty, better known as the Liu Song dynasty (420–479 CE;; Wade-Giles: Liu Sung), also known as Former Song (前宋) or Southern Song (南宋), was the first of the four Southern Dynasties in China, succeeding the Eastern Jin and followed by the Southern Qi.

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Liu Yan (emperor)

Liu Yan (Lưu Nghiễm; 889 – June 10, 942), né Liu Yan (劉巖), also known as Liu Zhi (劉陟) (from c. 896 to 911) and briefly as Liu Gong (劉龔), formally Tianhuang Dadi (天皇大帝) with the temple name Gaozu (高祖), was the first emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Southern Han.

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Liu Zhiyuan

Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠) (March 4, 895 – March 10, 948), later changed to Liu Gao (劉暠), formally Emperor Gaozu of (Later) Han ((後)漢高祖), was the ethnically-Shatuo founder of the Later Han, the fourth of the Five Dynasties in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history. It, if the subsequent Northern Han is not considered part of its history, was also one of the shortest-lived states in Chinese history, lasting only three years.

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Luoyang

Luoyang, formerly romanized as Loyang, is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province.

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Ma Yin

Ma Yin (853-December 2, 930), courtesy name Batu (霸圖), formally King Wumu of Chu (楚武穆王), was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty who became the first ruler of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Chu and the only one who carried the title of "king."Ma Yin's title was Wang (王) in Chinese, which could be translated as either "Prince" or "King" in English.

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Manchuria

Manchuria is a name first used in the 17th century by Chinese people to refer to a large geographic region in Northeast Asia.

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Meng Chang

Meng Chang (孟昶) (919–965), originally Meng Renzan (孟仁贊), courtesy name Baoyuan (保元), formally Prince Gongxiao of Chu (楚恭孝王) (as posthumously honored by Emperor Taizu of Song), was the second emperor of Later Shu during imperial China's Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

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Meng Zhixiang

Meng Zhixiang (孟知祥, May 10, 874–September 7, 934, courtesy name Baoyin, 保胤,New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 64. formally Emperor Gaozu of Shu, 蜀高祖) was a general of the Later Tang who went on to found the independent state of Later Shu during the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

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Milled coinage

In numismatics, the term milled coinage (also known as machine-struck coinage) is used to describe coins which are produced by some form of machine, rather than by manually hammering coin blanks between two dies (hammered coinage) or casting coins from dies.

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Ming dynasty coinage

Chinese coinage in the Ming dynasty saw the production of many types of coins.

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New Book of Tang

The New Book of Tang (Xīn Tángshū), generally translated as "New History of the Tang", or "New Tang History", is a work of official history covering the Tang dynasty in ten volumes and 225 chapters.

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Ninghua County

Ninghua is a county of the prefecture-level city of Sanming, in western Fujian province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jiangxi to the west.

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Northern and Southern dynasties

The Northern and Southern dynasties was a period in the history of China that lasted from 420 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Wu Hu states.

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Northern Qi

The Northern Qi was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history and ruled northern China from 550 to 577.

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Northern Wei

The Northern Wei or the Northern Wei Empire, also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓跋魏), Later Wei (後魏), or Yuan Wei (元魏), was a dynasty founded by the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei, which ruled northern China from 386 to 534 (de jure until 535), during the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

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Northern Zhou

The Northern Zhou followed the Western Wei, and ruled northern China from 557 to 581 AD.

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Numismatics

Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, and related objects.

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Ouyang Xun

Ouyang Xun (557–641), courtesy name Xinben (信本), was a Confucian scholar and calligrapher of the early Tang Dynasty.

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Qi (state)

Qi was a state of the Zhou dynasty-era in ancient China, variously reckoned as a march, duchy, and independent kingdom.

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Qin dynasty

The Qin dynasty was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC.

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Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang (18 February 25910 September 210) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China.

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Qing dynasty coinage

Qing dynasty coinage was based on a bimetallic standard of copper and silver coinage.

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Qiongshan District

Qiongshan District, formerly romanized as Kiungshan, is an urban district of Haikou, the capital of Hainan Province in the People's Republic of China.

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Renminbi

The renminbi (Ab.: RMB;; sign: 元; code: CNY) is the official currency of the People's Republic of China.

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Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a 14th-century historical novel attributed to Luo Guanzhong.

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Seal script

Seal script is an ancient style of writing Chinese characters that was common throughout the latter half of the 1st millennium BC.

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Shaanxi

Shaanxi is a province of the People's Republic of China.

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Shandong

Shandong (formerly romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region.

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Shang dynasty

The Shang dynasty or Yin dynasty, according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty.

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Shanxi

Shanxi (postal: Shansi) is a province of China, located in the North China region.

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Shi Le

Shi Le (274–333), courtesy name Shilong, formally Emperor Ming of (Later) Zhao, was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Jie state Later Zhao.

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Shu Han

Shu or Shu Han (221–263) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280).

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Sichuan

Sichuan, formerly romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan, is a province in southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north, and the Yungui Plateau to the south.

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Silver

Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.

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Sima Qian

Sima Qian was a Chinese historian of the early Han dynasty (206AD220).

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Sixteen Kingdoms

The Sixteen Kingdoms, less commonly the Sixteen States, was a chaotic period in Chinese history from 304 CE to 439 CE when the political order of northern China fractured into a series of short-lived sovereign states, most of which were founded by the "Five Barbarians" who had settled in northern China during the preceding centuries and participated in the overthrow of the Western Jin dynasty in the early 4th century.

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Socioeconomics

Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes.

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Song dynasty

The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279.

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Southern Song dynasty coinage

The Southern Song dynasty refers to an era of the Song dynasty after Kaifeng was captured by the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127.

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Spade money

Spade money was an early form of coin used during the Zhou dynasty of China (1045 to 256 BC).

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Spring and Autumn period

The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 771 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC) which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou Period.

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Sui dynasty

The Sui Dynasty was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance.

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Sun Liang

Sun Liang (243–260), courtesy name Ziming, was the second emperor of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

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Sun Quan

Sun Quan (182 – 21 May 252), courtesy name Zhongmou, formally known as Emperor Da of Wu (literally "Great Emperor of Wu"), was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period.

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Sycee

A sycee (.. from Cantonese 細絲, sai-sì,. "fine silk").

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Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

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Taoism

Taoism, also known as Daoism, is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as ''Dao'').

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Three Kingdoms

The Three Kingdoms (220–280) was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei (魏), Shu (蜀), and Wu (吳).

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Tin

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

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Tortoiseshell

Tortoiseshell or tortoise shell is a material produced from the shells of the larger species of tortoise and turtle, mainly the hawksbill sea turtle, which is an endangered species largely because of its exploitation for the material.

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Wang Jian (Former Shu)

Wang Jian (王建) (847 – July 11, 918), courtesy name Guangtu (光圖), formally Emperor Gaozu of (Former) Shu ((前)蜀高祖), was the founding emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Former Shu.

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Wang Mang

Wang Mang (c. 45 – 6 October 23 AD), courtesy name Jujun, was a Han Dynasty official and consort kin who seized the throne from the Liu family and founded the Xin (or Hsin, meaning "renewed") Dynasty (新朝), ruling 9–23 AD.

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Wang Shenzhi

Wang Shenzhi (862 – December 30, 925), courtesy name Xintong (信通) or Xiangqing (詳卿), formally Prince Zhongyi of Min (閩忠懿王) and later further posthumously honored as Emperor Taizu of Min (閩太祖), was the founder of Min on the southeast coast of China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history.

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Wang Yanxi

Wang Yanxi (王延羲) (died April 8, 944), known as Wang Xi (王曦) during his reign, formally Emperor Jingzong of Min (閩景宗), was an emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Min.

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Wang Yanzheng

Wang Yanzheng (王延政) (died 951?), known as Tiande Emperor (天德帝) after his era name of Tiande, formally Prince Gongyi of Fu (福恭懿王), also known during Min as the Prince of Fusha (富沙王), was the last ruler of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Min.

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Wang Zhengjun

Wang Zhengjun (71 BC – 13 AD), officially Empress Xiaoyuan (孝元皇后), later and more commonly known as Grand Empress Dowager Wang, born in Yuancheng (modern Handan, Hebei), was an empress during the Western Han dynasty of China, who played important roles during the reigns of five successive Han emperors (her husband, son, two stepgrandsons, and stepgreat-grandnephew) and later (according to traditional historians, unwittingly) led to the usurpation of the throne by her nephew Wang Mang.

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Wang Zongyan

Wang Yan (王衍) (899–926), né Wang Zongyan (王宗衍), courtesy name Huayuan (化源), also known as Houzhu (後主, "later Lord"), later posthumously created the Duke of Shunzheng (順正公) by Later Tang, was the second and final emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Former Shu.

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Warring States period

The Warring States period was an era in ancient Chinese history of warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation, following the Spring and Autumn period and concluding with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire known as the Qin dynasty.

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Wei (state)

Wei (Old Chinese: *) was an ancient Chinese state during the Warring States period.

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West Lake

West Lake is a freshwater lake in Hangzhou, China.

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Western Wei

The Western Wei followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei, and ruled northern China from 535 to 557.

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Western Xia

The Western Xia, also known as the Xi Xia Empire, to the Mongols as the Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people themselves and to the Tibetans as Mi-nyak,Stein (1972), pp.

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Western Xia coinage

The Western Xia Empire ruled over what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia from 1032 until 1227 when they were destroyed by the Mongols.

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Western Zhou

The Western Zhou (西周; c. 1046 – 771 BC) was the first half of the Zhou dynasty of ancient China.

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Xiadu

The Xiadu or Lower Capital of Yan was one of the capitals of Yan during the Warring States period of ancient China.

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Xiao Zhuang

Xiao Zhuang (蕭莊) (548-577?), often known by his princely title of Prince of Yongjia (永嘉王), was a grandson of Emperor Yuan of Liang, who was declared by the general Wang Lin to be the legitimate emperor of Liang Dynasty in 558, under military assistance by Northern Qi.

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Xin dynasty

The Xin dynasty was a Chinese dynasty (termed so despite having only one emperor) which lasted from 9 to 23 AD.

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Xing County

Xing County or Xingxian is a county of Shanxi, China.

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Xingtai

Xingtai is a prefecture-level city in southern Hebei province, People's Republic of China.

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Xinjiang

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى; SASM/GNC: Xinjang Uyĝur Aptonom Rayoni; p) is a provincial-level autonomous region of China in the northwest of the country.

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Xiongnu

The Xiongnu were a confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Asian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.

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Yan (state)

Yan (Old Chinese pronunciation: &#42) was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty.

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Yazhou District

Yazhou is a county-level district under the jurisdiction of Sanya city, in Hainan, a province of China.

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Ye (Hebei)

Ye or Yecheng was an ancient Chinese city located in what is now Linzhang County, Handan, Hebei province and neighbouring Anyang, Henan province.

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Yellow River

The Yellow River or Huang He is the second longest river in Asia, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth longest river system in the world at the estimated length of.

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Yi Province

Yi Province or Yizhou (益州), was a province of ancient China.

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Ying Yuan

Ying Yuan is a kind of gold coin issued by the ancient Chinese state of Chu during the Warring States period.

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Yuan dynasty coinage

The Yuan dynasty was a Mongol khanate that ruled over China from 1271 to 1368, after the Mongols conquered the Western Xia, Western Liao, and Jin dynasties they allowed for the continuation of locally minted copper currency, as well as allowing for the continued use of previously created and older forms of currency (from previous Chinese dynasties), while they immediately abolished the Jin dynasty’s paper money as it suffered heavily from inflation due to the wars with the Mongols.

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Zhangpu County

Zhangpu County is a county of Zhangzhou prefecture-level city in far southern Fujian province, People's Republic of China.

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Zhao (state)

Zhao was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China.

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Zhejiang

, formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China.

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Zhongshan (state)

Zhongshan was a small state that existed during the Warring States period, which managed to survive for almost 120 years despite its small size.

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Zhou dynasty coinage

Chinese coinage during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods includes some of the earliest coins produced in the world.

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Zhu Wen

Emperor Taizu of Later Liang (後梁太祖), personal name Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠) (852–912), né Zhu Wen (朱溫), name later changed to Zhu Huang (朱晃), nickname Zhu San (朱三, literally, "the third Zhu"), was a Jiedushi (military governor) at the end of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who previously served as a general under the rival Emperor Huang Chao's Empire of Qi and overthrew Empire of Tang in 907, established the Later Liang as its emperor, and ushered in the era of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage

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