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247 relations: Academia.edu, Acute accent, Aegean Sea, Aelius Herodianus, Aeolic Greek, Aeolis, Aeschines, Affricate consonant, Akademos, Aldus Manutius, Alexander the Great, Alexandria, Allophone, Anatolia, Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek dialects, Ancient Greek literature, Ancient Greek phonology, Antonio de Nebrija, Aorist (Ancient Greek), Apophony, Approximant consonant, Arcadia, Arcadocypriot Greek, Archaic Greek alphabets, Archon, Aristophanes, Aristophanes of Byzantium, Armenian alphabet, Aspirated consonant, Assessor (law), Assibilation, Assimilation (phonology), Astrology, Athens, Attic Greek, Attica, Back vowel, Be (Cyrillic), Binary opposition, Boeotia, Breve, Byzantine Empire, Calque, Central Greece, Circumflex, Classical Greece, Classical Latin, Close back rounded vowel, Close central rounded vowel, ..., Close front rounded vowel, Close vowel, Close-mid vowel, Compound (linguistics), Consonant cluster, Contraction (grammar), Coptic alphabet, Coptic language, Corfu, Coronal consonant, Correption, Crete, Cyclades, Cypriot Greek, Cyprus, Cyrillic script, Dactylic hexameter, Debuccalization, Demotic Greek, Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills, Deverbal noun, Diacritic, Digamma, Dionysius (disambiguation), Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Dionysius Thrax, Diphthong, Distinctive feature, Dorian invasion, Doric Greek, Edgar Howard Sturtevant, Edmund Martin Geldart, Eduard Schwyzer, Electra (Euripides play), Elision, Epic poetry, Erasmus, Eta, Eucleides, Euripides, Foot (prosody), Fortition, Fricative consonant, Friedrich Blass, Front vowel, Fronting (phonetics), Future tense, Gemination, Girolamo Aleandro, Glottal consonant, Gothic alphabet, Grammatical gender, Grassmann's law, Grave accent, Greek Dark Ages, Greek diacritics, Greek tragedy, Greek War of Independence, Hellenistic period, Heta, Hippocrates, Historical linguistics, History of the Peloponnesian War, Homeric Greek, Hypercorrection, Iliad, Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-European ablaut, Indo-European languages, Internet Archive, Ionia, Ionic Greek, Iotacism, Johann Reuchlin, Knossos, Koine Greek, Koine Greek phonology, Labial consonant, Labialization, Labialized velar consonant, Laconia, Lambda, Laryngeal theory, Lenition, Lesbos, Linear B, Linguistic reconstruction, Liquid consonant, List of Latin phrases (V), Literary language, Loanword, Locris, Lund University, Lysistrata, Macron (diacritic), Medieval Greek, Metathesis (linguistics), Mid vowel, Mirror image, Modern Greek, Monophthong, Mora (linguistics), Morphological leveling, Mu (letter), Mycenae, Mycenaean Greek, Nasal consonant, Nominalization, Nu (letter), Odyssey, Old Italic script, Old Latin, Onomatopoeia, Open vowel, Open-mid vowel, Orthographic depth, Palatal consonant, Palatalization (sound change), Participle, Peloponnese, Perseus Project, Personal pronoun, Philip Melanchthon, Phocis, Phoenician alphabet, Phonemic orthography, Phonetics, Phonology, Pitch contour, Pitch-accent language, Place of articulation, Plato, Pleonasm, Pluricentric language, Poetics (Aristotle), Pronunciation, Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching, Proto-Greek language, Proto-Indo-European language, Psilosis, Pylos, Reflexive pronoun, Relative pronoun, Rho, Roman Empire, Romance languages, Sandhi, Sappho, Scansion, Semivowel, Shiksha, Sibilant, Sigma, Sociolect, Sonorant, Sparta, Spelling reform, Spurious diphthong, Stasimon, Stoa, Stop consonant, Stress (linguistics), Syllable, Syllable weight, T-glottalization, Tenuis consonant, The Art of Grammar, The Frogs, Thebes, Greece, Thessaly, Thucydides, Trill consonant, Tsakonian language, Underlying representation, University of California, Berkeley, Unreleased stop, Upsilon, Ve (Cyrillic), Velar consonant, Vocal folds, Voice (phonetics), Voice onset time, Voiced labio-velar approximant, Voiceless alveolar fricative, Voiceless alveolar trill, Voiceless glottal fricative, Voiceless labialized velar approximant, Voicelessness, Vowel length, Vowel shift, Vulgar Latin, W. Sidney Allen, Wars of Alexander the Great, Word stem, Zayin, Zeta, Zeus. Expand index (197 more) »
Academia.edu
Academia.edu is a for-profit American social networking website for academics.
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Acute accent
The acute accent (´) is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts.
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (Αιγαίο Πέλαγος; Ege Denizi) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the Greek and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey.
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Aelius Herodianus
Aelius Herodianus (Αἴλιος Ἡρωδιανός) or Herodian (fl. 2nd century CE) was one of the most celebrated grammarians of Greco-Roman antiquity.
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Aeolic Greek
In linguistics, Aeolic Greek (also Aeolian, Lesbian or Lesbic dialect) is the set of dialects of Ancient Greek spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece); Thessaly, in the Aegean island of Lesbos; and the Greek colonies of Aeolis in Anatolia and adjoining islands.
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Aeolis
Aeolis (Ancient Greek: Αἰολίς, Aiolís), or Aeolia (Αἰολία, Aiolía), was an area that comprised the west and northwestern region of Asia Minor, mostly along the coast, and also several offshore islands (particularly Lesbos), where the Aeolian Greek city-states were located.
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Aeschines
Aeschines (Greek: Αἰσχίνης, Aischínēs; 389314 BC) was a Greek statesman and one of the ten Attic orators.
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Affricate consonant
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal).
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Akademos
Akademos or Academus (Ἀκάδημος; also Hekademos or Hecademus (Ἑκάδημος)) was an Attic hero in Greek mythology.
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Aldus Manutius
Aldus Pius Manutius (Aldo Pio Manuzio; 1449/14526 February 1515) was a Venetian humanist, scholar, and educator.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.
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Alexandria
Alexandria (or; Arabic: الإسكندرية; Egyptian Arabic: إسكندرية; Ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ; Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic centre, extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country.
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Allophone
In phonology, an allophone (from the ἄλλος, állos, "other" and φωνή, phōnē, "voice, sound") is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds, or phones, or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language.
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Anatolia
Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Ancient Greek dialects
Ancient Greek in classical antiquity, before the development of the κοινή (koiné) "common" language of Hellenism, was divided into several dialects.
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Ancient Greek literature
Ancient Greek literature refers to literature written in the Ancient Greek language from the earliest texts until the time of the Byzantine Empire.
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Ancient Greek phonology
Ancient Greek phonology is the description of the reconstructed phonology or pronunciation of Ancient Greek.
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Antonio de Nebrija
Antonio de Nebrija (14415 July 1522), also known as Antonio de Lebrija, Elio Antonio de Lebrija, Antonius Nebrissensis, and Antonio of Lebrixa, was a Spanish Renaissance scholar.
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Aorist (Ancient Greek)
In the grammar of Ancient Greek, including Koine, the aorist (pronounced or) is a class of verb forms that generally portray a situation as simple or undefined, that is, as having aorist aspect.
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Apophony
In linguistics, apophony (also known as ablaut, (vowel) gradation, (vowel) mutation, alternation, internal modification, stem modification, stem alternation, replacive morphology, stem mutation, internal inflection etc.) is any sound change within a word that indicates grammatical information (often inflectional).
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Approximant consonant
Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.
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Arcadia
Arcadia (Αρκαδία, Arkadía) is one of the regional units of Greece.
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Arcadocypriot Greek
Arcadocypriot, or southern Achaean, was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and in Cyprus.
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Archaic Greek alphabets
Many local variants of the Greek alphabet were employed in ancient Greece during the archaic and early classical periods, until they were replaced by the classical 24-letter alphabet that is the standard today, around 400 BC.
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Archon
Archon (ἄρχων, árchon, plural: ἄρχοντες, árchontes) is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office.
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Aristophanes
Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης,; c. 446 – c. 386 BC), son of Philippus, of the deme Kydathenaion (Cydathenaeum), was a comic playwright of ancient Athens.
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Aristophanes of Byzantium
Aristophanes of Byzantium (Ἀριστοφάνης ὁ Βυζάντιος; BC) was a Hellenistic Greek scholar, critic and grammarian, particularly renowned for his work in Homeric scholarship, but also for work on other classical authors such as Pindar and Hesiod.
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Armenian alphabet
The Armenian alphabet (Հայոց գրեր Hayoc' grer or Հայոց այբուբեն Hayoc' aybowben; Eastern Armenian:; Western Armenian) is an alphabetical writing system used to write Armenian.
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Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.
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Assessor (law)
In some jurisdictions, an assessor is a judge's or magistrate's assistant.
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Assibilation
In linguistics, assibilation is a sound change resulting in a sibilant consonant.
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Assimilation (phonology)
In phonology, assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound.
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Astrology
Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events.
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Athens
Athens (Αθήνα, Athína; Ἀθῆναι, Athênai) is the capital and largest city of Greece.
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Attic Greek
Attic Greek is the Greek dialect of ancient Attica, including the city of Athens.
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Attica
Attica (Αττική, Ancient Greek Attikḗ or; or), or the Attic peninsula, is a historical region that encompasses the city of Athens, the capital of present-day Greece.
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Back vowel
A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages.
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Be (Cyrillic)
Be (Б б italics: Б б б) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.
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Binary opposition
A nebular opposition (also binary system) is a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning.
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Boeotia
Boeotia, sometimes alternatively Latinised as Boiotia, or Beotia (Βοιωτία,,; modern transliteration Voiotía, also Viotía, formerly Cadmeis), is one of the regional units of Greece.
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Breve
A breve (less often;; neuter form of the Latin brevis “short, brief”) is the diacritic mark ˘, shaped like the bottom half of a circle.
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Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).
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Calque
In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation.
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Central Greece
Continental Greece (Στερεά Ελλάδα, Stereá Elláda; formerly Χέρσος Ἑλλάς, Chérsos Ellás), colloquially known as Roúmeli (Ρούμελη), is a traditional geographic region of Greece.
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Circumflex
The circumflex is a diacritic in the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic scripts that is used in the written forms of many languages and in various romanization and transcription schemes.
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Classical Greece
Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (5th and 4th centuries BC) in Greek culture.
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Classical Latin
Classical Latin is the modern term used to describe the form of the Latin language recognized as standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.
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Close back rounded vowel
The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages.
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Close central rounded vowel
The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.
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Close front rounded vowel
The close front rounded vowel, or high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.
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Close vowel
A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in American terminology), is any in a class of vowel sound used in many spoken languages.
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Close-mid vowel
A close-mid vowel (also mid-close vowel, high-mid vowel, mid-high vowel or half-close vowel) is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.
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Compound (linguistics)
In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem.
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Consonant cluster
In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel.
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Contraction (grammar)
A contraction is a shortened version of the written and spoken forms of a word, syllable, or word group, created by omission of internal letters and sounds.
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Coptic alphabet
The Coptic alphabet is the script used for writing the Coptic language.
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Coptic language
Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: ti.met.rem.ən.khēmi and Sahidic: t.mənt.rəm.ən.kēme) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century.
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Corfu
Corfu or Kerkyra (translit,; translit,; Corcyra; Corfù) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea.
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Coronal consonant
Coronal consonants are consonants articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue.
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Correption
In Latin and Greek poetry, correption (correptiō, "a shortening") is the shortening of a long vowel at the end of one word before a short vowel at the beginning of the next.
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Crete
Crete (Κρήτη,; Ancient Greek: Κρήτη, Krḗtē) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica.
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Cyclades
The Cyclades (Κυκλάδες) are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece.
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Cypriot Greek
Cypriot Greek (Κυπριακά) is the variety of Modern Greek that is spoken by the majority of the Cypriot populace and Greek Cypriot diaspora.
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Cyprus
Cyprus (Κύπρος; Kıbrıs), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean.
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Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script is a writing system used for various alphabets across Eurasia (particularity in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and North Asia).
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Dactylic hexameter
Dactylic hexameter (also known as "heroic hexameter" and "the meter of epic") is a form of meter or rhythmic scheme in poetry.
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Debuccalization
Debuccalization is a sound change in which an oral consonant loses its original place of articulation and moves it to the glottis (usually,, or). The pronunciation of a consonant as is sometimes called aspiration but in phonetics, aspiration is the burst of air accompanying a stop.
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Demotic Greek
Demotic Greek (δημοτική γλώσσα, "language of the people") or dimotiki is the modern vernacular form of the Greek language.
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Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in many spoken languages.
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Deverbal noun
Deverbal nouns are nouns that are derived from verbs or verb phrases, but that behave grammatically purely as nouns, not as verbs.
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Diacritic
A diacritic – also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or an accent – is a glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph.
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Digamma
Digamma, waw, or wau (uppercase: Ϝ, lowercase: ϝ, numeral: ϛ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Dionysius (disambiguation)
Dionysius is a Romanized form of the Greek name Dionysios.
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Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Διονύσιος Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἁλικαρνασσεύς, Dionysios Alexandrou Halikarnasseus, "Dionysios son of Alexandros of Halikarnassos"; c. 60 BCafter 7 BC) was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of Caesar Augustus.
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Dionysius Thrax
Dionysius Thrax (Διονύσιος ὁ Θρᾷξ,, Contemporary Koine:; 170–90 BC) was a Hellenistic grammarian and a pupil of Aristarchus of Samothrace.
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Diphthong
A diphthong (or; from Greek: δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally "two sounds" or "two tones"), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.
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Distinctive feature
In linguistics, a distinctive feature is the most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory.
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Dorian invasion
The Dorian invasion is a concept devised by historians of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by the ones that prevailed in Classical Greece.
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Doric Greek
Doric, or Dorian, was an Ancient Greek dialect.
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Edgar Howard Sturtevant
Edgar Howard Sturtevant (March 7, 1875 – July 1, 1952) was an American linguist.
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Edmund Martin Geldart
Edmund Martin Geldart (1844–1885) was an English Anglican priest, Unitarian minister and scholar.
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Eduard Schwyzer
Eduard Schwyzer (15 February 1874, Zürich – 3 May 1943, Berlin) was a Swiss Classical philologist and Indo-European linguist, specializing in Ancient Greek and Greek dialects.
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Electra (Euripides play)
Euripides' Electra (Ἠλέκτρα, Ēlektra) is a play probably written in the mid 410s BC, likely before 413 BC.
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Elision
In linguistics, an elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase.
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Epic poetry
An epic poem, epic, epos, or epopee is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily involving a time beyond living memory in which occurred the extraordinary doings of the extraordinary men and women who, in dealings with the gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the moral universe that their descendants, the poet and his audience, must understand to understand themselves as a people or nation.
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Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (28 October 1466Gleason, John B. "The Birth Dates of John Colet and Erasmus of Rotterdam: Fresh Documentary Evidence," Renaissance Quarterly, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 73–76; – 12 July 1536), known as Erasmus or Erasmus of Rotterdam,Erasmus was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae.
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Eta
Eta (uppercase, lowercase; ἦτα ē̂ta or ήτα ita) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Eucleides
Eucleides (Εὐκλείδης) was archon of Athens towards the end of the fifth century BC.
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Euripides
Euripides (Εὐριπίδης) was a tragedian of classical Athens.
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Foot (prosody)
The foot is the basic repeating rhythmic unit that forms part of a line of verse in most Western traditions of poetry, including English accentual-syllabic verse and the quantitative meter of classical ancient Greek and Latin poetry.
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Fortition
Fortition is a consonantal change from a 'weak' sound to a 'strong' one, the opposite of the more common lenition.
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Fricative consonant
Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
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Friedrich Blass
Friedrich Blass (22 January 1843, Osnabrück5 March 1907, Halle) was a German classical scholar.
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Front vowel
A front vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively in front in the mouth without creating a constriction that would make it a consonant.
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Fronting (phonetics)
In phonology, fronting is a sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes fronted, advanced or pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than some reference point.
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Future tense
In grammar, a future tense (abbreviated) is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future.
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Gemination
Gemination, or consonant elongation, is the pronouncing in phonetics of a spoken consonant for an audibly longer period of time than that of a short consonant.
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Girolamo Aleandro
Girolamo Aleandro (also Hieronymus or Jerome Aleander) (13 February 14801 February 1542) was an Italian cardinal, and.
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Glottal consonant
Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation.
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Gothic alphabet
The Gothic alphabet is an alphabet for writing the Gothic language, created in the 4th century by Ulfilas (or Wulfila) for the purpose of translating the Bible.
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Grammatical gender
In linguistics, grammatical gender is a specific form of noun class system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the language, such as adjectives, articles, pronouns, or verbs.
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Grassmann's law
Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration.
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Grave accent
The grave accent (`) is a diacritical mark in many written languages, including Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch, Emilian-Romagnol, French, West Frisian, Greek (until 1982; see polytonic orthography), Haitian Creole, Italian, Mohawk, Occitan, Portuguese, Ligurian, Scottish Gaelic, Vietnamese, Welsh, Romansh, and Yoruba.
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Greek Dark Ages
The Greek Dark Age, also called Greek Dark Ages, Homeric Age (named for the fabled poet, Homer) or Geometric period (so called after the characteristic Geometric art of the time), is the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean palatial civilization around 1100 BC to the first signs of the Greek poleis, city states, in the 9th century BC.
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Greek diacritics
Greek orthography has used a variety of diacritics starting in the Hellenistic period.
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Greek tragedy
Greek tragedy is a form of theatre from Ancient Greece and Asia Minor.
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Greek War of Independence
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi, or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the Αγώνας, Agonas, "Struggle"; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı, "Greek Uprising"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830.
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Hellenistic period
The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year.
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Heta
Heta is a conventional name for the historical Greek alphabet letter Eta (Η) and several of its variants, when used in their original function of denoting the consonant.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kṓos), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
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Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also called diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time.
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History of the Peloponnesian War
The History of the Peloponnesian War (Ἱστορίαι, "Histories") is a historical account of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), which was fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Delian League (led by Athens).
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Homeric Greek
Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey and in the Homeric Hymns.
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Hypercorrection
In linguistics or usage, hypercorrection is a non-standard usage that results from the over-application of a perceived rule of grammar or a usage prescription.
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Iliad
The Iliad (Ἰλιάς, in Classical Attic; sometimes referred to as the Song of Ilion or Song of Ilium) is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer.
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Indo-Aryan languages
The Indo-Aryan or Indic languages are the dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent.
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Indo-European ablaut
In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (pronounced) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language.
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Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.
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Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and nearly three million public-domain books.
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Ionia
Ionia (Ancient Greek: Ἰωνία, Ionía or Ἰωνίη, Ioníe) was an ancient region on the central part of the western coast of Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest İzmir, which was historically Smyrna.
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Ionic Greek
Ionic Greek was a subdialect of the Attic–Ionic or Eastern dialect group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects).
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Iotacism
Iotacism (ιωτακισμός, iotakismos) is the process by which a number of vowels and diphthongs in Ancient Greek converged in pronunciation so they all now sound like iota in Modern Greek.
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Johann Reuchlin
Johann Reuchlin (sometimes called Johannes; 29 January 1455 – 30 June 1522) was a German-born humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew, whose work also took him to modern-day Austria, Switzerland, and Italy and France.
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Knossos
Knossos (also Cnossos, both pronounced; Κνωσός, Knōsós) is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and has been called Europe's oldest city.
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Koine Greek
Koine Greek,.
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Koine Greek phonology
The Greek language underwent pronunciation changes during the Koine Greek period, from about 300 BC to 300 AD.
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Labial consonant
Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.
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Labialization
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages.
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Labialized velar consonant
A labialized velar or labiovelar is a velar consonant that is labialized, with a /w/-like secondary articulation.
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Laconia
Laconia (Λακωνία, Lakonía), also known as Lacedaemonia, is a region in the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula.
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Lambda
Lambda, Λ, λ (uppercase Λ, lowercase λ; λάμ(β)δα lám(b)da) is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Laryngeal theory
The laryngeal theory aims to produce greater regularity in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) phonology than from the reconstruction that is produced by the comparative method.
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Lenition
In linguistics, lenition is a kind of sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous.
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Lesbos
Lesbos (Λέσβος), or Lezbolar in Turkish sometimes referred to as Mytilene after its capital, is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea.
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Linear B
Linear B is a syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested form of Greek.
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Linguistic reconstruction
Linguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of an unattested ancestor language of one or more given languages.
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Liquid consonant
In phonetics, liquids or liquid consonants are a class of consonants consisting of lateral consonants like 'l' together with rhotics like 'r'.
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List of Latin phrases (V)
Additional references.
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Literary language
A literary language is the form of a language used in the writing of the language.
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Loanword
A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word adopted from one language (the donor language) and incorporated into another language without translation.
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Locris
Locris (Greek, Modern: Λοκρίδα, Lokrida, Ancient: Λοκρίς, Lokris) was a region of ancient Greece, the homeland of the Locrians, made up of three distinct districts.
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Lund University
Lund University (Lunds universitet) is a public university, consistently ranking among the world's top 100 universities.
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Lysistrata
Lysistrata (or; Attic Greek: Λυσιστράτη, Lysistrátē, "Army Disbander") is a comedy by Aristophanes.
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Macron (diacritic)
A macron is a diacritical mark: it is a straight bar placed above a letter, usually a vowel.
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Medieval Greek
Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, is the stage of the Greek language between the end of Classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
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Metathesis (linguistics)
Metathesis (from Greek, from "I put in a different order"; Latin: trānspositiō) is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence.
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Mid vowel
A mid vowel (or a true-mid vowel) is any in a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages.
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Mirror image
A mirror image (in a plane mirror) is a reflected duplication of an object that appears almost identical, but is reversed in the direction perpendicular to the mirror surface.
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Modern Greek
Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα "Neo-Hellenic", historically and colloquially also known as Ρωμαίικα "Romaic" or "Roman", and Γραικικά "Greek") refers to the dialects and varieties of the Greek language spoken in the modern era.
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Monophthong
A monophthong (Greek monóphthongos from mónos "single" and phthóngos "sound") is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation.
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Mora (linguistics)
A mora (plural morae or moras; often symbolized μ) is a unit in phonology that determines syllable weight, which in some languages determines stress or timing.
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Morphological leveling
In linguistics, morphological leveling or paradigm leveling is the generalization of an inflection across a paradigm or between words.
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Mu (letter)
Mu (uppercase Μ, lowercase μ; Ancient Greek μῦ, μι or μυ—both) or my is the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Mycenae
Mycenae (Greek: Μυκῆναι Mykēnai or Μυκήνη Mykēnē) is an archaeological site near Mykines in Argolis, north-eastern Peloponnese, Greece.
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Mycenaean Greek
Mycenaean Greek is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, on the Greek mainland, Crete and Cyprus in Mycenaean Greece (16th to 12th centuries BC), before the hypothesised Dorian invasion, often cited as the terminus post quem for the coming of the Greek language to Greece.
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Nasal consonant
In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive, nasal stop in contrast with a nasal fricative, or nasal continuant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.
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Nominalization
In linguistics, nominalization or nominalisation is the use of a word which is not a noun (e.g., a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase, with or without morphological transformation.
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Nu (letter)
Nu (uppercase Ν lowercase ν; νι ni) or ny is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Odyssey
The Odyssey (Ὀδύσσεια Odýsseia, in Classical Attic) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.
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Old Italic script
Old Italic is one of several now extinct alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European languages (predominantly Italic) and non-Indo-European (e.g. Etruscan) languages.
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Old Latin
Old Latin, also known as Early Latin or Archaic Latin, refers to the Latin language in the period before 75 BC: before the age of Classical Latin.
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Onomatopoeia
An onomatopoeia (from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία; ὄνομα for "name" and ποιέω for "I make", adjectival form: "onomatopoeic" or "onomatopoetic") is a word that phonetically imitates, resembles or suggests the sound that it describes.
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Open vowel
An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.
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Open-mid vowel
An open-mid vowel (also mid-open vowel, low-mid vowel, mid-low vowel or half-open vowel) is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.
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Orthographic depth
In linguistics, the orthographic depth of an alphabetic orthography indicates the degree to which a written language deviates from simple one-to-one letter–phoneme correspondence.
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Palatal consonant
Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).
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Palatalization (sound change)
In linguistics, palatalization is a sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel, or is triggered by one of them.
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Participle
A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
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Peloponnese
The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Πελοπόννησος, Peloponnisos) is a peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece.
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Perseus Project
The Perseus Project (version 4 also known as "Perseus Hopper") is a digital library project of Tufts University, which is located in Medford and Somerville, near Boston, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.
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Personal pronoun
Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as I), second person (as you), or third person (as he, she, it, they).
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Philip Melanchthon
Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems.
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Phocis
Phocis (Φωκίδα,, Φωκίς) is one of the regional units of Greece.
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Phoenician alphabet
The Phoenician alphabet, called by convention the Proto-Canaanite alphabet for inscriptions older than around 1050 BC, is the oldest verified alphabet.
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Phonemic orthography
In linguistics, a phonemic orthography is an orthography (system for writing a language) in which the graphemes (written symbols) correspond to the phonemes (significant spoken sounds) of the language.
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Phonetics
Phonetics (pronounced) is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign.
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Phonology
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.
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Pitch contour
In linguistics, speech synthesis, and music, the pitch contour of a sound is a function or curve that tracks the perceived pitch of the sound over time.
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Pitch-accent language
A pitch-accent language is a language that has word-accents—that is, where one syllable in a word or morpheme is more prominent than the others, but the accentuated syllable is indicated by a particular pitch contour (linguistic tones) rather than by stress.
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Place of articulation
In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active articulator (typically some part of the tongue), and a passive location (typically some part of the roof of the mouth).
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Plato
Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Pleonasm
Pleonasm is the use of more words or parts of words than are necessary or sufficient for clear expression: for example black darkness or burning fire.
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Pluricentric language
A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several interacting codified standard versions, often corresponding to different countries.
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Poetics (Aristotle)
Aristotle's Poetics (Περὶ ποιητικῆς; De Poetica; c. 335 BCDukore (1974, 31).) is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory in the West.
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Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken.
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Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching
Ancient Greek has been pronounced in various ways by those studying Ancient Greek literature in various times and places.
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Proto-Greek language
The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean Greek, the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic, Ionic, Aeolic, Doric, Ancient Macedonian and Arcadocypriot) and, ultimately, Koine, Byzantine and Modern Greek.
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Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.
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Psilosis
Psilosis is the sound change in which Greek lost the consonant sound /h/ during antiquity.
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Pylos
Pylos ((Πύλος), historically also known under its Italian name Navarino, is a town and a former municipality in Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylos-Nestoras, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. Greece Ministry of Interior It was the capital of the former Pylia Province. It is the main harbour on the Bay of Navarino. Nearby villages include Gialova, Pyla, Elaiofyto, Schinolakka, and Palaionero. The town of Pylos has 2,767 inhabitants, the municipal unit of Pylos 5,287 (2011). The municipal unit has an area of 143.911 km2. Pylos has a long history, having been inhabited since Neolithic times. It was a significant kingdom in Mycenaean Greece, with remains of the so-called "Palace of Nestor" excavated nearby, named after Nestor, the king of Pylos in Homer's Iliad. In Classical times, the site was uninhabited, but became the site of the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC, during the Peloponnesian War. Pylos is scarcely mentioned thereafter until the 13th century, when it became part of the Frankish Principality of Achaea. Increasingly known by its French name of Port-de-Jonc or its Italian name Navarino, in the 1280s the Franks built the Old Navarino castle on the site. Pylos came under the control of the Republic of Venice from 1417 until 1500, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans used Pylos and its bay as a naval base, and built the New Navarino fortress there. The area remained under Ottoman control, with the exception of a brief period of renewed Venetian rule in 1685–1715 and a Russian occupation in 1770–71, until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt recovered it for the Ottomans in 1825, but the defeat of the Turco-Egyptian fleet in the 1827 Battle of Navarino forced Ibrahim to withdraw from the Peloponnese and confirmed Greek independence.
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Reflexive pronoun
In language, a reflexive pronoun, sometimes simply called a reflexive, is a pronoun that is preceded or followed by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause.
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Relative pronoun
A relative pronoun marks a relative clause; it has the same referent in the main clause of a sentence that the relative modifies.
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Rho
Rho (uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ϱ; ῥῶ) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
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Romance languages
The Romance languages (also called Romanic languages or Neo-Latin languages) are the modern languages that began evolving from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries and that form a branch of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family.
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Sandhi
SandhiThe pronunciation of the word "sandhi" is rather diverse among English speakers.
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Sappho
Sappho (Aeolic Greek Ψαπφώ, Psappho; c. 630 – c. 570 BC) was an archaic Greek poet from the island of Lesbos.
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Scansion
Scansion (rhymes with mansion; verb: to scan), or a system of scansion, is the method or practice of determining and (usually) graphically representing the metrical pattern of a line of verse.
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Semivowel
In phonetics and phonology, a semivowel or glide, also known as a non-syllabic vocoid, is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable.
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Shiksha
Shiksha (शिक्षा IAST) is a Sanskrit word, which means "instruction, lesson, learning, study of skill".
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Sibilant
Sibilance is an acoustic characteristic of fricative and affricate consonants of higher amplitude and pitch, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the sharp edge of the teeth, which are held close together; a consonant that uses sibilance may be called a sibilant.
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Sigma
Sigma (upper-case Σ, lower-case σ, lower-case in word-final position ς; σίγμα) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Sociolect
In sociolinguistics, a sociolect or social dialect is a variety of language (a register) used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group or other social group.
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Sonorant
In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages.
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Sparta
Sparta (Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, Spártā; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, Spártē) was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece.
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Spelling reform
A spelling reform is a deliberate, often officially sanctioned or mandated change to spelling rules of a language.
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Spurious diphthong
A spurious diphthong (or false diphthong) is an Ancient Greek vowel that is etymologically a long vowel but written exactly like a true diphthong ει, ου (ei, ou).
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Stasimon
Stasimon in Greek tragedy is a stationary song, composed of strophes and antistrophes and performed by the chorus in the orchestra ("place where the chorus dances").
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Stoa
A stoa (plural, stoas,"stoa", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., 1989 stoai, or stoae), in ancient Greek architecture, is a covered walkway or portico, commonly for public use.
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Stop consonant
In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.
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Stress (linguistics)
In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.
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Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.
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Syllable weight
In linguistics, syllable weight is the concept that syllables pattern together according to the number and/or duration of segments in the rime.
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T-glottalization
In English phonology, t-glottalization or t-glottaling is a sound change in certain English dialects and accents that causes the phoneme to be pronounced as the glottal stop in certain positions.
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Tenuis consonant
In linguistics, a tenuis consonant is an obstruent that is unvoiced, unaspirated, unpalatalized, and unglottalized.
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The Art of Grammar
The Art of Grammar (Τέχνη Γραμματική or (romanized) Téchnē Grammatikḗ) is a treatise on Greek grammar, attributed to Dionysius Thrax, who wrote in the 2nd century BC.
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The Frogs
The Frogs (Βάτραχοι Bátrachoi, "Frogs"; Latin: Ranae, often abbreviated Ran.) is a comedy written by the Ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes.
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Thebes, Greece
Thebes (Θῆβαι, Thēbai,;. Θήβα, Thíva) is a city in Boeotia, central Greece.
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Thessaly
Thessaly (Θεσσαλία, Thessalía; ancient Thessalian: Πετθαλία, Petthalía) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name.
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Thucydides
Thucydides (Θουκυδίδης,, Ancient Attic:; BC) was an Athenian historian and general.
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Trill consonant
In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator.
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Tsakonian language
Tsakonian (also Tsaconian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic; Tsakonian: τσακώνικα, α τσακώνικα γρούσσα; Greek: τσακώνικα) is a modern Hellenic language which is both highly divergent from other spoken varieties of Modern Greek and, from a philological standpoint, is also linguistically classified separately from them.
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Underlying representation
In some models of phonology as well as morphophonology in the field of linguistics, the underlying representation (UR) or underlying form (UF) of a word or morpheme is the abstract form that a word or morpheme is postulated to have before any phonological rules have applied to it.
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University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public research university in Berkeley, California.
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Unreleased stop
A stop with no audible release, also known as an unreleased stop or an applosive, is a stop consonant with no release burst: no audible indication of the end of its occlusion (hold).
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Upsilon
Upsilon (or; uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; ύψιλον ýpsilon) or ypsilon is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Ve (Cyrillic)
Ve (В в; italics: В в) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.
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Velar consonant
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).
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Vocal folds
The vocal folds, also known commonly as vocal cords or voice reeds, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally, from back to front, across the larynx.
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Voice (phonetics)
Voice is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).
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Voice onset time
In phonetics, voice onset time (VOT) is a feature of the production of stop consonants.
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Voiced labio-velar approximant
The voiced labio-velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English.
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Voiceless alveolar fricative
A voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth.
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Voiceless alveolar trill
A voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill only by the vibrations of the vocal cord.
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Voiceless glottal fricative
The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition, and sometimes called the aspirate, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant.
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Voiceless labialized velar approximant
The voiceless labialized velar (labiovelar) approximant (traditionally called a voiceless labiovelar fricative) is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages.
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Voicelessness
In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.
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Vowel length
In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound.
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Vowel shift
A vowel shift is a systematic sound change in the pronunciation of the vowel sounds of a language.
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Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin or Sermo Vulgaris ("common speech") was a nonstandard form of Latin (as opposed to Classical Latin, the standard and literary version of the language) spoken in the Mediterranean region during and after the classical period of the Roman Empire.
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W. Sidney Allen
William Sidney Allen, FBA (1918–2004) was a British linguist and philologist, best known for his work on Indo-European phonology.
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Wars of Alexander the Great
The wars of Alexander the Great were fought by King Alexander III of Macedon ("The Great"), first against the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Darius III, and then against local chieftains and warlords as far east as Punjab, India.
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Word stem
In linguistics, a stem is a part of a word.
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Zayin
Zayin (also spelled zain or zayn or simply zay) is the seventh letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Zayin, Hebrew 'Zayin, Yiddish Zoyen, Aramaic Zain, Syriac Zayn ܙ, and Arabic Zayn or Zāy ز. It represents the sound.
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Zeta
Zeta (uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; ζῆτα, label, classical or zē̂ta; zíta) is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Zeus
Zeus (Ζεύς, Zeús) is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus.
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Ancient Greek phonetics, Ancient Greek pronunciation, Ancient Greek sandhi, Ancient Greek vowels, Ancient greek phonology, Attic Greek phonology, Attic-Ionic vowel shift, Attic–Ionic vowel shift, History of Greek phonology, Phonology of ancient Greek, Pronunciation of Greek, Reconstructed pronunciation of ancient Greek, The 19th century reconstructed pronunciation of ancient Greek, The reconstructed pronunciation of ancient Greek.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology
