Table of Contents
764 relations: Ab urbe condita, Absolute monarchy, Adoption in ancient Rome, Adrian Goldsworthy, Aedile, Aegean Sea, Aeneas, Aeneid, Affix, Africa (Roman province), Age of Enlightenment, Agriculture in ancient Rome, Agrippina the Younger, Alba Longa, Alemanni, Alexandria, Alexios I Komnenos, Alps, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American handball, Ammianus Marcellinus, Anatolia, Ancient Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek architecture, Ancient history, Ancient Roman architecture, Ancient Roman engineering, Ancient Roman technology, Ancient Rome and wine, Andrew Fleming West, Anglesey, Annals (Tacitus), Annexation, Antonine Plague, Antonine Wall, Antoninus Pius, Apollo, Apollodorus of Damascus, Aquaculture, Aqueduct (water supply), Arab conquest of Egypt, Arab world, Arab–Byzantine wars, Arabian Peninsula, Arcadius, Arch, As (Roman coin), Asparagus, Assassination of Julius Caesar, ... Expand index (714 more) »
- 8th-century BC establishments in Italy
- Ancient history
- Classical civilizations
- States and territories disestablished in the 5th century
Ab urbe condita
Ab urbe condita ('from the founding of the City'), or anno urbis conditae ('in the year since the city's founding'), abbreviated as AUC or AVC, expresses a date in years since 753 BC, the traditional founding of Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Ab urbe condita
Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.
See Ancient Rome and Absolute monarchy
Adoption in ancient Rome
Adoption in ancient Rome was primarily a legal procedure for transferring paternal power (potestas) to ensure succession in the male line within Roman patriarchal society.
See Ancient Rome and Adoption in ancient Rome
Adrian Goldsworthy
Adrian Keith Goldsworthy (born 1969) is a British historian and novelist who specialises in ancient Roman history.
See Ancient Rome and Adrian Goldsworthy
Aedile
Aedile (aedīlis, from aedes, "temple edifice") was an elected office of the Roman Republic.
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia.
See Ancient Rome and Aegean Sea
Aeneas
In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (from) was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus).
Aeneid
The Aeneid (Aenē̆is or) is a Latin epic poem that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who fled the fall of Troy and travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans.
Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.
Africa (Roman province)
Africa was a Roman province on the northern coast of the continent of Africa. Ancient Rome and Africa (Roman province) are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
See Ancient Rome and Africa (Roman province)
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Ancient Rome and Age of Enlightenment
Agriculture in ancient Rome
Roman agriculture describes the farming practices of ancient Rome, during a period of over 1000 years.
See Ancient Rome and Agriculture in ancient Rome
Agrippina the Younger
Julia Agrippina (6 November AD 15 – 23 March AD 59), also referred to as Agrippina the Younger, was Roman empress from AD 49 to 54, the fourth wife and niece of emperor Claudius, and the mother of Nero.
See Ancient Rome and Agrippina the Younger
Alba Longa
Alba Longa (occasionally written Albalonga in Italian sources) was an ancient Latin city in Central Italy in the vicinity of Lake Albano in the Alban Hills.
See Ancient Rome and Alba Longa
Alemanni
The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.
Alexandria
Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.
See Ancient Rome and Alexandria
Alexios I Komnenos
Alexios I Komnenos (Aléxios Komnēnós, c. 1057 – 15 August 1118), Latinized Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118.
See Ancient Rome and Alexios I Komnenos
Alps
The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.
American Association for the Advancement of Science
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.
See Ancient Rome and American Association for the Advancement of Science
American handball
American handball, known as handball in the United States and sometimes referred to as wallball, is a sport in which players use their hands to hit a small, rubber ball against a wall such that their opponent(s) cannot do the same without the ball touching the ground twice or hitting out-of-bounds.
See Ancient Rome and American handball
Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus, occasionally anglicised as Ammian (Greek: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born, died 400), was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius).
See Ancient Rome and Ammianus Marcellinus
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
Ancient Carthage
Ancient Carthage (𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕) was an ancient Semitic civilisation based in North Africa. Ancient Rome and ancient Carthage are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Ancient Carthage
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
See Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek architecture
Ancient Greek architecture came from the Greeks, or Hellenes, whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the earliest remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC.
See Ancient Rome and Ancient Greek architecture
Ancient history
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.
See Ancient Rome and Ancient history
Ancient Roman architecture
Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical ancient Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style.
See Ancient Rome and Ancient Roman architecture
Ancient Roman engineering
The ancient Romans were famous for their advanced engineering accomplishments.
See Ancient Rome and Ancient Roman engineering
Ancient Roman technology
Ancient Roman technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, processes, and engineering practices which supported Roman civilization and made possible the expansion of the economy and military of ancient Rome (753 BC – 476 AD).
See Ancient Rome and Ancient Roman technology
Ancient Rome and wine
Ancient Rome played a pivotal role in the history of wine.
See Ancient Rome and Ancient Rome and wine
Andrew Fleming West
Andrew Fleming West (May 17, 1853 – December 27, 1943) was an American classicist, and first dean of the Graduate School at Princeton University.
See Ancient Rome and Andrew Fleming West
Anglesey
Anglesey (Ynys Môn) is an island off the north-west coast of Wales.
Annals (Tacitus)
The Annals (Annales) by Roman historian and senator Tacitus is a history of the Roman Empire from the reign of Tiberius to that of Nero, the years AD 14–68.
See Ancient Rome and Annals (Tacitus)
Annexation
Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.
See Ancient Rome and Annexation
Antonine Plague
The Antonine Plague of AD 165 to 180, also known as the Plague of Galen (after Galen, the Greek physician who described it), was a prolonged and destructive epidemic, which impacted the Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Antonine Plague
Antonine Wall
The Antonine Wall (Vallum Antonini) was a turf fortification on stone foundations, built by the Romans across what is now the Central Belt of Scotland, between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth.
See Ancient Rome and Antonine Wall
Antoninus Pius
Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (19 September AD 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161.
See Ancient Rome and Antoninus Pius
Apollo
Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology.
Apollodorus of Damascus
Apollodorus of Damascus (Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ Δαμασκηνός) was an architect and engineer from Roman Syria, who flourished during the 2nd century AD.
See Ancient Rome and Apollodorus of Damascus
Aquaculture
Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus).
See Ancient Rome and Aquaculture
Aqueduct (water supply)
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution point far away.
See Ancient Rome and Aqueduct (water supply)
Arab conquest of Egypt
The Arab conquest of Egypt, led by the army of 'Amr ibn al-'As, took place between 639 and 642 AD and was overseen by the Rashidun Caliphate.
See Ancient Rome and Arab conquest of Egypt
Arab world
The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.
See Ancient Rome and Arab world
Arab–Byzantine wars
The Arab–Byzantine wars were a series of wars from the 7th to 11th centuries between multiple Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Arab–Byzantine wars
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
See Ancient Rome and Arabian Peninsula
Arcadius
Arcadius (Ἀρκάδιος; 377 – 1 May 408) was Roman emperor from 383 to his death in 408.
Arch
An arch is a curved vertical structure spanning an open space underneath it.
As (Roman coin)
The as (assēs), occasionally assarius (assarii, rendered into Greek as ἀσσάριον, assárion), was a bronze, and later copper, coin used during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and As (Roman coin)
Asparagus
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a perennial flowering plant species in the genus Asparagus native to Eurasia.
See Ancient Rome and Asparagus
Assassination of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Curia of Pompey of the Theatre of Pompey in Rome where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times.
See Ancient Rome and Assassination of Julius Caesar
Athens
Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.
Atrium Libertatis
The Atrium Libertatis (Latin for "House of Freedom") was a monument of ancient Rome, the seat of the censors' archive, located on the saddle that connected the Capitolium to the Quirinal Hill, a short distance from the Roman Forum.
See Ancient Rome and Atrium Libertatis
Attila
Attila, frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death, in early 453.
Auctoritas
Auctoritas is a Latin word that is the origin of the English word "authority".
See Ancient Rome and Auctoritas
Augur
An augur was a priest and official in the classical Roman world.
Augury
Augury was a Greco-Roman religion practice of observing the behavior of birds, to receive omens.
Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.
Augustus (title)
Augustus (plural Augusti;,; "majestic", "great" or "venerable") was the main title of the Roman emperors during Antiquity.
See Ancient Rome and Augustus (title)
Aurelian
Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – November 275) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 270 to 275 during the Crisis of the Third Century.
Autocracy
Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat.
See Ancient Rome and Autocracy
Aventine Hill
The Aventine Hill (Collis Aventinus; Aventino) is one of the Seven Hills on which ancient Rome was built.
See Ancient Rome and Aventine Hill
Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
Balbinus
Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus (died 238 AD) was Roman emperor with Pupienus for three months in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors.
Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
Bar Kokhba revolt
The Bar Kokhba revolt (מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא) was a large-scale armed rebellion initiated by the Jews of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire in 132 CE.
See Ancient Rome and Bar Kokhba revolt
Barbara Levick
Barbara Mary Levick (21 June 1931 – 6 December 2023) was a British historian and epigrapher, focusing particularly on the Late Roman Republic and Early Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Barbara Levick
Barbarian
A barbarian is a person or tribe of people that is perceived to be primitive, savage and warlike.
See Ancient Rome and Barbarian
Barter
In trade, barter (derived from baretor) is a system of exchange in which participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money.
Barthold Georg Niebuhr
Barthold Georg Niebuhr (27 August 1776 – 2 January 1831) was a Danish–German statesman, banker, and historian who became Germany's leading historian of Ancient Rome and a founding father of modern scholarly historiography.
See Ancient Rome and Barthold Georg Niebuhr
Basil II
Basil II Porphyrogenitus (Βασίλειος Πορφυρογέννητος; 958 – 15 December 1025), nicknamed the Bulgar Slayer (ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος), was the senior Byzantine emperor from 976 to 1025.
Bathing
Bathing is the immersion of the body, wholly or partially, in a medium, usually a liquid or heated air.
Battle of Actium
The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between Octavian's maritime fleet, led by Marcus Agrippa, and the combined fleets of both Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
See Ancient Rome and Battle of Actium
Battle of Adrianople
The Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between an Eastern Roman army led by the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern.
See Ancient Rome and Battle of Adrianople
Battle of Carrhae
The Battle of Carrhae was fought in 53 BC between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire near the ancient town of Carrhae (present-day Harran, Turkey).
See Ancient Rome and Battle of Carrhae
Battle of Manzikert
The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, theme of Iberia (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey).
See Ancient Rome and Battle of Manzikert
Battle of Naissus
The Battle of Naissus (268 or 269 AD) was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor Claudius II Gothicus) and the future Emperor Aurelian near Naissus (Niš).
See Ancient Rome and Battle of Naissus
Battle of Pharsalus
The Battle of Pharsalus was the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War fought on 9 August 48 BC near Pharsalus in Central Greece.
See Ancient Rome and Battle of Pharsalus
Battle of Philippi
The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Liberators' civil war between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (of the Second Triumvirate) and the leaders of Julius Caesar's assassination, Brutus and Cassius, in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia.
See Ancient Rome and Battle of Philippi
Battle of Samarra (363)
The Battle of Samarra took place in June 363, during the invasion of the Sasanian Empire by the Roman Emperor Julian.
See Ancient Rome and Battle of Samarra (363)
Battle of the Allia
The Battle of the Allia was fought between the Senones – a Gallic tribe led by Brennus, who had invaded Northern Italy – and the Roman Republic.
See Ancient Rome and Battle of the Allia
Battle of Zama
The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC in what is now Tunisia between a Roman army commanded by Scipio Africanus and a Carthaginian army commanded by Hannibal.
See Ancient Rome and Battle of Zama
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
BBC Online
BBC Online, formerly known as BBCi, is the BBC's online service.
See Ancient Rome and BBC Online
Beetroot
The beetroot is the taproot portion of a beet plant, usually known in North America as beets while the vegetable is referred to as beetroot in British English, and also known as the table beet, garden beet, red beet, dinner beet or golden beet.
Bellum Siculum
The Bellum Siculum (Latin for "Sicilian War") was an Ancient Roman civil war waged between 42 BC and 36 BC by the forces of the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey, the last surviving son of Pompey the Great and the last leader of the Optimate faction.
See Ancient Rome and Bellum Siculum
Board game
Board games are tabletop games that typically use.
See Ancient Rome and Board game
Boudica
Boudica or Boudicca (from Brythonic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-kā 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latin chronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and in Welsh as italics) was a queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led a failed uprising against the conquering forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61.
Boudican revolt
The Boudican revolt was an armed uprising by native Celtic Britons against the Roman Empire during the Roman conquest of Britain.
See Ancient Rome and Boudican revolt
Boxing
Boxing is a combat sport and martial art.
Brass instrument
A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips.
See Ancient Rome and Brass instrument
Brassica
Brassica is a genus of plants in the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae).
Brennus (leader of the Senones)
Brennus or Brennos was an ancient Gallic chieftain of the Senones.
See Ancient Rome and Brennus (leader of the Senones)
Britannicus
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus (12 February AD 41 – 11 February AD 55), usually called Britannicus, was the son of Roman Emperor Claudius and his third wife, Valeria Messalina.
See Ancient Rome and Britannicus
Broccoli
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is an edible green plant in the cabbage family (family Brassicaceae, genus Brassica) whose large flowering head, stalk and small associated leaves are eaten as a vegetable.
Bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon.
Brothel
A brothel, bordello, bawdy house, ranch, house of ill repute, house of ill fame, or whorehouse is a place where people engage in sexual activity with prostitutes.
Buccina
A buccina (buccina) or bucina (būcina; βυκάνη), anglicized buccin or bucine, is a brass instrument that was used in the ancient Roman army, similar to the cornu.
Budget
A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial, for a defined period, often one year or a month.
Bulb
In botany, a bulb is a short underground stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases that function as food storage organs during dormancy.
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials.
See Ancient Rome and Bureaucracy
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ancient Rome and Byzantine Empire are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Byzantine Empire
Byzantium
Byzantium or Byzantion (Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Thracian settlement and later a Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and which is known as Istanbul today.
See Ancient Rome and Byzantium
Cabbage
Cabbage, comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea, is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads.
Caesar's civil war
Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) was a civil war during the late Roman Republic between two factions led by Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey), respectively.
See Ancient Rome and Caesar's civil war
Caledonians
The Caledonians (Caledones or Caledonii; Καληδῶνες, Kalēdōnes) or the Caledonian Confederacy were a Brittonic-speaking (Celtic) tribal confederacy in what is now Scotland during the Iron Age and Roman eras.
See Ancient Rome and Caledonians
Calends
The calends or kalends (kalendae) is the first day of every month in the Roman calendar.
Caligula
Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula, was Roman emperor from AD 37 until his assassination in AD 41.
Campaign history of the Roman military
From its origin as a city-state on the peninsula of Italy in the 8th century BC, to its rise as an empire covering much of Southern Europe, Western Europe, Near East and North Africa to its fall in the 5th century AD, the political history of Ancient Rome was closely entwined with its military history.
See Ancient Rome and Campaign history of the Roman military
Camulodunum
Camulodunum (camvlodvnvm), the Ancient Roman name for what is now Colchester in Essex, was an important castrum and city in Roman Britain, and the first capital of the province.
See Ancient Rome and Camulodunum
Cantabrian Wars
The Cantabrian Wars (29–19 BC) (Bellum Cantabricum), sometimes also referred to as the Cantabrian and Asturian Wars (Bellum Cantabricum et Asturicum), were the final stage of the two-century long Roman conquest of Hispania, in what today are the provinces of Cantabria, Asturias and León in northwestern Spain.
See Ancient Rome and Cantabrian Wars
Capitoline Brutus
The Capitoline Brutus is an ancient Roman bronze bust traditionally but probably wrongly thought to be an imagined portrait of the Roman consul Lucius Junius Brutus (d. 509 BC).
See Ancient Rome and Capitoline Brutus
Capitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill (Campidoglio; Mons Capitolinus), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Capitoline Hill
Capitoline Wolf
The Capitoline Wolf (Italian: Lupa Capitolina) is a bronze sculpture depicting a scene from the legend of the founding of Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Capitoline Wolf
Cappadocia
Cappadocia (Kapadokya, Greek: Καππαδοκία) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey.
See Ancient Rome and Cappadocia
Capri
Capri (adjective Caprese) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrento Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy.
Capsicum
Capsicum is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae, native to the Americas, cultivated worldwide for their edible fruit.
Caracalla
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla, was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD.
See Ancient Rome and Caracalla
Cardoon
The cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), also called the artichoke thistle, is a thistle in the family Asteraceae.
Cassius Dio
Lucius Cassius Dio, also known as Dio Cassius (Δίων Κάσσιος), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin.
See Ancient Rome and Cassius Dio
Catiline
Lucius Sergius Catilina (– January 62 BC), known in English as Catiline, was a Roman politician and soldier, best known for instigating the Catilinarian conspiracy, a failed attempt to violently seize control of the Roman state in 63 BC.
Cato the Elder
Marcus Porcius Cato (234–149 BC), also known as Cato the Censor (Censorius), the Elder and the Wise, was a Roman soldier, senator, and historian known for his conservatism and opposition to Hellenization.
See Ancient Rome and Cato the Elder
Cato the Younger
Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis ("of Utica";,; 95 BC – April 46 BC), also known as Cato the Younger (Cato Minor), was an influential conservative Roman senator during the late Republic.
See Ancient Rome and Cato the Younger
Cádiz
Cádiz is a city in Spain and the capital of the Province of Cádiz, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.
Celery
Celery (Apium graveolens Dulce Group or Apium graveolens var. dulce) is a cultivated plant belonging to the species Apium graveolens in the family Apiaceae that has been used as a vegetable since ancient times.
Celtiberian Wars
The First Celtiberian War (181–179 BC) and Second Celtiberian War (154–151 BC) were two of the three major rebellions by the Celtiberians (a loose alliance of Celtic tribes living in east central Hispania, among which we can name the Pellendones, the Arevaci, the Lusones, the Titti and the Belli) against the presence of the Romans in Hispania.
See Ancient Rome and Celtiberian Wars
Celtic Britons
The Britons (*Pritanī, Britanni), also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were an indigenous Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from at least the British Iron Age until the High Middle Ages, at which point they diverged into the Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons (among others).
See Ancient Rome and Celtic Britons
Celts
The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.
Cena
In Ancient Roman culture, cena or coena was the main meal of the day.
Central Italy
Central Italy (Italia centrale or Centro Italia) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first-level NUTS region, and a European Parliament constituency.
See Ancient Rome and Central Italy
Centuriate assembly
The Centuriate Assembly (Latin: comitia centuriata) of the Roman Republic was one of the three voting assemblies in the Roman constitution.
See Ancient Rome and Centuriate assembly
Chard
Chard or Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, Cicla Group and Flavescens Group) is a green leafy vegetable.
Chariot racing
Chariot racing (ἁρματοδρομία, harmatodromía; ludi circenses) was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine sports.
See Ancient Rome and Chariot racing
Christians
A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
See Ancient Rome and Christians
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.
Cimbri
The Cimbri (Κίμβροι,; Cimbri) were an ancient tribe in Europe.
Circus Maximus
The Circus Maximus (Latin for "largest circus"; Italian: Circo Massimo) is an ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue in Rome, Italy.
See Ancient Rome and Circus Maximus
Citrus
Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae.
City-state
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.
See Ancient Rome and City-state
Civic Crown
The Civic Crown (corona civica) was a military decoration during the Roman Republic and the subsequent Roman Empire, given to Romans who saved the lives of fellow citizens.
See Ancient Rome and Civic Crown
Class conflict
In political science, the term class conflict, or class struggle, refers to the political tension and economic antagonism that exist among the social classes of society, because of socioeconomic competition for resources among the social classes, between the rich and the poor.
See Ancient Rome and Class conflict
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Ancient Rome and Classical antiquity
Classical architecture
Classical architecture usually denotes architecture which is more or less consciously derived from the principles of Greek and Roman architecture of classical antiquity, or sometimes more specifically, from De architectura (c. 10 AD) by the Roman architect Vitruvius.
See Ancient Rome and Classical architecture
Classical Latin
Classical Latin is the form of Literary Latin recognized as a literary standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Classical Latin
Classical order
An order in architecture is a certain assemblage of parts subject to uniform established proportions, regulated by the office that each part has to perform.
See Ancient Rome and Classical order
Classical republicanism
Classical republicanism, also known as civic republicanism or civic humanism, is a form of republicanism developed in the Renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of classical antiquity, especially such classical writers as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero.
See Ancient Rome and Classical republicanism
Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (1 August – 13 October) was a Roman emperor, ruling from to 54.
Claudius Gothicus
Marcus Aurelius Claudius "Gothicus" (10 May 214 – August/September 270), also known as Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270.
See Ancient Rome and Claudius Gothicus
Cleopatra
Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Κλεοπάτρα Θεά ΦιλοπάτωρThe name Cleopatra is pronounced, or sometimes in British English, see, the same as in American English.. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology);Also "Thea Neotera", lit.
See Ancient Rome and Cleopatra
Cloaca Maxima
The Cloaca Maxima (Cloāca Maxima) or, less often, Maxima Cloaca, was one of the world's earliest sewage systems.
See Ancient Rome and Cloaca Maxima
Clodius Albinus
Decimus Clodius Albinus (150 – 19 February 197) was a Roman imperial pretender between 193 and 197.
See Ancient Rome and Clodius Albinus
Coin
A coin is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender.
Coins of the pound sterling
The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories is denominated in pennies and pounds sterling (symbol "£", commercial GBP), and ranges in value from one penny sterling to two pounds.
See Ancient Rome and Coins of the pound sterling
Colchester
Colchester is a city in northeastern Essex, England.
See Ancient Rome and Colchester
Collegium (ancient Rome)
A collegium (collegia) or college was any association in ancient Rome that acted as a legal entity.
See Ancient Rome and Collegium (ancient Rome)
Colonies in antiquity
Colonies in antiquity were post-Iron Age city-states founded from a mother-city or metropolis rather than a territory-at-large. Ancient Rome and Colonies in antiquity are ancient history.
See Ancient Rome and Colonies in antiquity
Colosseum
The Colosseum (Colosseo) is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, just east of the Roman Forum.
See Ancient Rome and Colosseum
Columbian exchange
The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries.
See Ancient Rome and Columbian exchange
Comes
Comes (comites), often translated as count, was a Roman title or office.
Comitatenses
The comitatenses and later the palatini were the units of the field armies of the late Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Comitatenses
Commentarii de Bello Civili
Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War), or Bellum Civile, is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Roman Senate.
See Ancient Rome and Commentarii de Bello Civili
Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Commentarii de Bello Gallico (italic), also Bellum Gallicum (italic), is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative.
See Ancient Rome and Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Commodity
In economics, a commodity is an economic good, usually a resource, that specifically has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.
See Ancient Rome and Commodity
Commodus
Commodus (31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 until his assassination in 192.
Compassion
Compassion is a social feeling that motivates people to go out of their way to relieve the physical, mental, or emotional pains of others and themselves.
See Ancient Rome and Compassion
Composite order
The Composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order.
See Ancient Rome and Composite order
Constantine the Great
Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
See Ancient Rome and Constantine the Great
Constantinian dynasty
The Constantinian dynasty is an informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus (died 306) to the death of Julian in 363.
See Ancient Rome and Constantinian dynasty
Constantinople
Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.
See Ancient Rome and Constantinople
Constantius Chlorus
Flavius Valerius Constantius (– 25 July 306), also called Constantius I, was a Roman emperor from 305 to 306.
See Ancient Rome and Constantius Chlorus
Constitutio Antoniniana
The Constitutio Antoniniana (Latin for "Constitution of Antoninus"), also called the Edict of Caracalla or the Antonine Constitution, was an edict issued in AD 212 by the Roman emperor Caracalla.
See Ancient Rome and Constitutio Antoniniana
Constitution of the Roman Republic
The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of uncodified norms and customs which, together with various written laws, guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic.
See Ancient Rome and Constitution of the Roman Republic
Constitutional reforms of Augustus
The constitutional reforms of Augustus were a series of laws that were enacted by the Roman Emperor Augustus between 30 BC and 2 BC, which transformed the Constitution of the Roman Republic into the Constitution of the Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Constitutional reforms of Augustus
Constitutional reforms of Sulla
The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.
See Ancient Rome and Constitutional reforms of Sulla
Cornu (horn)
A cornu or cornum (cornū, cornūs or cornum, "horn", sometimes translated misleadingly as "cornet";: cornua) was an ancient Roman brass instrument about long in the shape of a letter 'G'.
See Ancient Rome and Cornu (horn)
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions.
See Ancient Rome and Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
Corpus Juris Civilis
The Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, enacted from 529 to 534 by order of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. It is also sometimes referred to metonymically after one of its parts, the Code of Justinian.
See Ancient Rome and Corpus Juris Civilis
Corvus (boarding device)
The corvus (Latin for "crow" or "raven") was a Roman ship mounted boarding ramp or drawbridge for naval boarding, first introduced during the First Punic War in sea battles against Carthage.
See Ancient Rome and Corvus (boarding device)
Cosa
Cosa was an ancient Roman city near the present Ansedonia in southwestern Tuscany, Italy.
Craft
A craft or trade is a pastime or an occupation that requires particular skills and knowledge of skilled work.
Crimea
Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov.
Crisis of the Third Century
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.
See Ancient Rome and Crisis of the Third Century
Crop rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons.
See Ancient Rome and Crop rotation
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.
Ctesiphon
Ctesiphon (𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭, Tyspwn or Tysfwn; تیسفون; Κτησιφῶν,; ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢThomas A. Carlson et al., “Ctesiphon — ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified July 28, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/58.) was an ancient Mesopotamian city, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and about southeast of present-day Baghdad.
See Ancient Rome and Ctesiphon
Cucumber
The cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely-cultivated creeping vine plant in the family Cucurbitaceae that bears cylindrical to spherical fruits, which are used as culinary vegetables.
Culture of ancient Rome
The culture of ancient Rome existed throughout the almost 1,200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Culture of ancient Rome
Cura annonae
In Imperial Rome, Cura Annonae ("care of Annona") was the import and distribution of grain to the residents of the cities of Rome and, after its foundation, Constantinople.
See Ancient Rome and Cura annonae
Curiate assembly
The Curiate Assembly (comitia curiata) was the principal assembly that evolved in shape and form over the course of the Roman Kingdom until the Comitia Centuriata organized by Servius Tullius.
See Ancient Rome and Curiate assembly
Cursus honorum
The paren, or more colloquially 'ladder of offices') was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in the Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The cursus honorum comprised a mixture of military and political administration posts; the ultimate prize for winning election to each "rung" in the sequence was to become one of the two consuls in a given year.
See Ancient Rome and Cursus honorum
Cursus publicus
The cursus publicus (Latin: "the public way"; δημόσιος δρόμος, dēmósios drómos) was the state mandated and supervised courier and transportation service of the Roman Empire, whose use continued into the Eastern Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Cursus publicus
Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Dalmacija; Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Central Croatia, Slavonia, and Istria, located on the east shore of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia.
Dalmatia (Roman province)
Dalmatia was a Roman province. Ancient Rome and Dalmatia (Roman province) are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
See Ancient Rome and Dalmatia (Roman province)
Dalmatic
The dalmatic is a long, wide-sleeved tunic, which serves as a liturgical vestment in the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, United Methodist, and some other churches.
De architectura
De architectura (On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture) is a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects.
See Ancient Rome and De architectura
Death of Cleopatra
Cleopatra VII, the last ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, died on either 10 or 12 August, 30 BC, in Alexandria, when she was 39 years old.
See Ancient Rome and Death of Cleopatra
Decadence
The word decadence refers to a late 19th century movement emphasizing the need for sensationalism, egocentricity; bizarre, artificial, perverse, and exotic sensations and experiences.
See Ancient Rome and Decadence
Denarius
The denarius (dēnāriī) was the standard Roman silver coin from its introduction in the Second Punic War to the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–244), when it was gradually replaced by the antoninianus.
Didius Julianus
Marcus Didius Julianus (29 January 133 – 2 June 193) was Roman emperor from March to June 193, during the Year of the Five Emperors.
See Ancient Rome and Didius Julianus
Diocletian
Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, Diokletianós; 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed Jovius, was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305.
See Ancient Rome and Diocletian
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Διονύσιος ἈλεξάνδρουἉλικαρνασσεύς,; – after 7 BC) was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of Emperor Augustus.
See Ancient Rome and Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Divi filius
Divi filius is a Latin phrase meaning "son of a god", and was a title much used by the emperor Augustus, the grand-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar.
See Ancient Rome and Divi filius
Dome
A dome is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere.
Dominus (title)
Dominus is the Latin word for master or owner.
See Ancient Rome and Dominus (title)
Domitian
Domitian (Domitianus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was Roman emperor from 81 to 96.
Donations of Alexandria
The Donations of Alexandria (autumn 34 BC) was a political act by Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony in which they distributed lands held by Rome and Parthia among Cleopatra's children and gave them many titles, especially for Caesarion, the son of Julius Caesar.
See Ancient Rome and Donations of Alexandria
Donativum
The donativum (plural donativa) was a gift of money by the Roman emperors to the soldiers of the Roman legions or to the Praetorian Guard.
See Ancient Rome and Donativum
Druid
A druid was a member of the high-ranking priestly class in ancient Celtic cultures.
Dux
Dux (ducēs) is Latin for "leader" (from the noun dux, ducis, "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms (doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, dux could refer to anyone who commanded troops, both Roman generals and foreign leaders, but was not a formal military rank.
East Anglia
East Anglia is an area in the East of England.
See Ancient Rome and East Anglia
Economic collapse
Economic collapse, also called economic meltdown, is any of a broad range of bad economic conditions, ranging from a severe, prolonged depression with high bankruptcy rates and high unemployment (such as the Great Depression of the 1930s), to a breakdown in normal commerce caused by hyperinflation (such as in Weimar Germany in the 1920s), or even an economically caused sharp rise in the death rate and perhaps even a decline in population (such as in countries of the former USSR in the 1990s).
See Ancient Rome and Economic collapse
Edema
Edema (AmE), also spelled oedema (BrE), and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue.
Edict of Milan
The Edict of Milan (Edictum Mediolanense; Διάταγμα τῶν Μεδιολάνων, Diatagma tōn Mediolanōn) was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Edict of Milan
Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon (8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English essayist, historian, and politician.
See Ancient Rome and Edward Gibbon
Eggplant
Eggplant (US, CA, AU, NZ, PH), aubergine (UK, IE), brinjal (IN, SG, MY, ZA), or baigan (IN, GY) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
Elagabalus
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus and Heliogabalus, was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager.
See Ancient Rome and Elagabalus
Emancipation
Emancipation has many meanings; in political terms, it often means to free a person from a previous restraint or legal disability that violates basic human rights, such as Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
See Ancient Rome and Emancipation
Empire of Nicaea
The Empire of Nicaea (Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων) or the Nicene Empire was the largest of the three Byzantine GreekA Short history of Greece from early times to 1964 by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire." rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled when Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian armed forces during the Fourth Crusade, a military event known as the Sack of Constantinople. Ancient Rome and empire of Nicaea are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Empire of Nicaea
Endive
Endive is a leaf vegetable belonging to the genus Cichorium, which includes several similar bitter-leafed vegetables.
Epic poetry
An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.
See Ancient Rome and Epic poetry
Equites
The equites (though sometimes referred to as "knights" in English) constituted the second of the property-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class.
Espejo, Spain
Espejo is a municipality in the province of Córdoba, Spain.
See Ancient Rome and Espejo, Spain
Esquiline Hill
The Esquiline Hill (Collis Esquilinus; Esquilino) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Esquiline Hill
Etruscan civilization
The Etruscan civilization was an ancient civilization created by the Etruscans, a people who inhabited Etruria in ancient Italy, with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states.
See Ancient Rome and Etruscan civilization
Fall of Constantinople
The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Fall of Constantinople
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.
See Ancient Rome and Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Farm (revenue leasing)
Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contractor.
See Ancient Rome and Farm (revenue leasing)
Festival
A festival is an event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures.
Ficus
Ficus is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae.
First Bulgarian Empire
The First Bulgarian Empire (blŭgarĭsko tsěsarǐstvije; Първо българско царство) was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans. Ancient Rome and First Bulgarian Empire are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and First Bulgarian Empire
First Jewish–Roman War
The First Jewish–Roman War (66–74 CE), sometimes called the Great Jewish Revolt (ha-Mered Ha-Gadol), or The Jewish War, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire fought in the province of Judaea, resulting in the destruction of Jewish towns, the displacement of its people and the appropriation of land for Roman military use, as well as the destruction of the Jewish Temple and polity.
See Ancient Rome and First Jewish–Roman War
First Punic War
The First Punic War (264–241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC.
See Ancient Rome and First Punic War
First Triumvirate
The First Triumvirate was an informal political alliance among three prominent politicians in the late Roman Republic: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gaius Julius Caesar.
See Ancient Rome and First Triumvirate
Flamen
A flamen (plural flamines) was a priest of the ancient Roman religion who was assigned to one of fifteen deities with official cults during the Roman Republic.
Flavian dynasty
The Flavian dynasty, lasting from AD 69 to 96, was the second dynastic line of emperors to rule the Roman Empire following the Julio-Claudians, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian and his two sons, Titus and Domitian.
See Ancient Rome and Flavian dynasty
Flush toilet
A flush toilet (also known as a flushing toilet, water closet (WC); see also toilet names) is a toilet that disposes of human waste (principally urine and feces) by using the force of water to channel it through a drainpipe to another location for treatment, either nearby or at a communal facility.
See Ancient Rome and Flush toilet
Foederati
Foederati (singular: foederatus) were peoples and cities bound by a treaty, known as foedus, with Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Foederati
Forum (Roman)
A forum (Latin: forum, "public place outdoors",: fora; English: either fora or forums) was a public square in a Roman municipium, or any civitas, reserved primarily for the vending of goods; i.e., a marketplace, along with the buildings used for shops and the stoas used for open stalls.
See Ancient Rome and Forum (Roman)
Forum Boarium
The Forum Boarium (Foro Boario) was the cattle market or forum venalium of ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Forum Boarium
Founding of Rome
The founding of Rome was a prehistoric event or process later greatly embellished by Roman historians and poets.
See Ancient Rome and Founding of Rome
Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III.
See Ancient Rome and Fourth Crusade
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.
Franks
Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.
Free trade
Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports.
See Ancient Rome and Free trade
Freedman
A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.
Fresco
Fresco (or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster.
Gaius Asinius Pollio
Gaius Asinius Pollio (75 BC – AD 4) was a Roman soldier, politician, orator, poet, playwright, literary critic, and historian, whose lost contemporaneous history provided much of the material used by the historians Appian and Plutarch.
See Ancient Rome and Gaius Asinius Pollio
Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)
Gaius Calpurnius Piso (died AD 65) was a Roman senator in the first century.
See Ancient Rome and Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)
Gaius Cassius Longinus
Gaius Cassius Longinus (– 3 October 42 BC) was a Roman senator and general best known as a leading instigator of the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC.
See Ancient Rome and Gaius Cassius Longinus
Gaius Julius Vindex
Gaius Julius Vindex (c. AD 2568), was a Roman governor in the province of Gallia Lugdunensis.
See Ancient Rome and Gaius Julius Vindex
Gaius Maecenas
Gaius Cilnius Maecenas (13 April 68 BC – 8 BC) was a friend and political advisor to Octavian (who later reigned as emperor Augustus).
See Ancient Rome and Gaius Maecenas
Gaius Marius
Gaius Marius (– 13 January 86 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.
See Ancient Rome and Gaius Marius
Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
Gaius Suetonius Paulinus (fl. AD 40–69) was a Roman general best known as the commander who defeated Boudica and her army during the Boudican revolt.
See Ancient Rome and Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
Galba
Galba (born Servius Sulpicius Galba; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January AD 69) was Roman emperor, ruling from AD 68 to 69.
Galerius
Galerius Valerius Maximianus (Greek: Γαλέριος; 258 – May 311) was Roman emperor from 305 to 311.
Gallaecia
Gallaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province in the north-west of Hispania, approximately present-day Galicia, northern Portugal, Asturias and Leon and the later Kingdom of Gallaecia.
See Ancient Rome and Gallaecia
Gallia Aquitania
Gallia Aquitania, also known as Aquitaine or Aquitaine Gaul, was a province of the Roman Empire. Ancient Rome and Gallia Aquitania are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
See Ancient Rome and Gallia Aquitania
Gallia Narbonensis
Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Occitania and Provence, in Southern France. Ancient Rome and Gallia Narbonensis are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
See Ancient Rome and Gallia Narbonensis
Gallic Empire
The Gallic Empire or the Gallic Roman Empire are names used in modern historiography for a breakaway part of the Roman Empire that functioned de facto as a separate state from 260 to 274. Ancient Rome and Gallic Empire are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Gallic Empire
Gallic Wars
The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland).
See Ancient Rome and Gallic Wars
Gallienus
Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and alone from 260 to 268.
See Ancient Rome and Gallienus
Gambling
Gambling (also known as betting or gaming) is the wagering of something of value ("the stakes") on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted.
Gaul
Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.
Gauls
The Gauls (Galli; Γαλάται, Galátai) were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD).
Genius (mythology)
In Roman religion, the genius (genii) is the individual instance of a general divine nature that is present in every individual person, place, or thing.
See Ancient Rome and Genius (mythology)
Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (or,;: gentes) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same ''nomen gentilicium'' and who claimed descent from a common ancestor.
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
See Ancient Rome and Germanic peoples
Germanicus
Germanicus Julius Caesar (24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was an ancient Roman general and politician most famously known for his campaigns in Germania.
See Ancient Rome and Germanicus
Geta (emperor)
Publius Septimius Geta (7 March 189 – 26 December 211) was Roman emperor with his father Septimius Severus and older brother Caracalla from 209 to 211.
See Ancient Rome and Geta (emperor)
Ghetto
A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure.
Gladiator
A gladiator (gladiator, "swordsman", from gladius, "sword") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals.
See Ancient Rome and Gladiator
Glassblowing
Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten glass into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a blowpipe (or blow tube).
See Ancient Rome and Glassblowing
Gnaeus Octavius (consul 87 BC)
Gnaeus Octavius (died 87 BC) was a Roman senator who was elected consul of the Roman Republic in 87 BC alongside Lucius Cornelius Cinna.
See Ancient Rome and Gnaeus Octavius (consul 87 BC)
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (ca. 75 BC – 12 April 45 BC) was a Roman politician and general from the late Republic (1st century BC).
See Ancient Rome and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (son of Pompey)
Gordian I
Gordian I (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus; 158 – April 238 AD) was Roman emperor for 22 days with his son Gordian II in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors.
See Ancient Rome and Gordian I
Gordian II
Gordian II (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus; 192 – April 238) was Roman emperor with his father Gordian I in 238 AD, the Year of the Six Emperors.
See Ancient Rome and Gordian II
Gothic War (535–554)
The Gothic War between the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy took place from 535 to 554 in the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Corsica.
See Ancient Rome and Gothic War (535–554)
Goths
The Goths (translit; Gothi, Gótthoi) were Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe.
Gracchi brothers
The Gracchi brothers were two brothers who lived during the beginning of the late Roman Republic: Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus.
See Ancient Rome and Gracchi brothers
Graffiti
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is writing or drawings made on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view.
Grammar
In linguistics, a grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers.
Great Fire of Rome
The Great Fire of Rome (incendium magnum Romae) began on the 18th of July 64 AD.
See Ancient Rome and Great Fire of Rome
Greco-Roman world
The Greco-Roman civilization (also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans. Ancient Rome and Greco-Roman world are classical civilizations.
See Ancient Rome and Greco-Roman world
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.
See Ancient Rome and Greek alphabet
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Ancient Rome and Greek language
Greek literature
Greek literature dates back from the ancient Greek literature, beginning in 800 BC, to the modern Greek literature of today.
See Ancient Rome and Greek literature
Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology.
See Ancient Rome and Greek mythology
Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians including recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces.
See Ancient Rome and Guerrilla warfare
Gymnasium (ancient Greece)
The gymnasium (gymnásion) in Ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games.
See Ancient Rome and Gymnasium (ancient Greece)
Hadrian
Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.
Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall (Vallum Hadriani, also known as the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or Vallum Aelium in Latin) is a former defensive fortification of the Roman province of Britannia, begun in AD 122 in the reign of the Emperor Hadrian.
See Ancient Rome and Hadrian's Wall
Hannibal
Hannibal (translit; 247 – between 183 and 181 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in their battle against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War.
Hastati
Hastati (hastatus) were a class of infantry employed in the armies of the early Roman Republic, who originally fought as spearmen and later as swordsmen.
Hatra
Hatra (الحضر; ܚܛܪܐ) was an ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia located in present-day eastern Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq.
Hegemony
Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.
Heliciculture
Heliciculture, commonly known as snail farming, is the process of raising edible land snails, primarily for human consumption or cosmetic use.
See Ancient Rome and Heliciculture
Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
See Ancient Rome and Hellenistic period
Hellenistic religion
The concept of Hellenistic religion as the late form of Ancient Greek religion covers any of the various systems of beliefs and practices of the people who lived under the influence of ancient Greek culture during the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire (300 BCE to 300 CE).
See Ancient Rome and Hellenistic religion
Hellenistic-era warships
From the 4th century BC on, new types of oared warships appeared in the Mediterranean Sea, superseding the trireme and transforming naval warfare.
See Ancient Rome and Hellenistic-era warships
Herculaneum
Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town, located in the modern-day comune of Ercolano, Campania, Italy.
See Ancient Rome and Herculaneum
Herodian
Herodian or Herodianus (Ἡρωδιανός) of Syria, sometimes referred to as "Herodian of Antioch" (c. 170 – c. 240), was a minor Roman civil servant who wrote a colourful history in Greek titled History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus (τῆς μετὰ Μάρκον βασιλείας ἱστορία) in eight books covering the years 180 to 238.
Hiero II of Syracuse
Hiero II (Ἱέρων Β΄; c. 308 BC – 215 BC), also called Hieron II, was the Greek tyrant of Syracuse, Greek Sicily, from 275 to 215 BC, and the illegitimate son of a Syracusan noble, Hierocles, who claimed descent from Gelon.
See Ancient Rome and Hiero II of Syracuse
Hispania
Hispania (Hispanía; Hispānia) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Ancient Rome and Hispania are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
Hispania Baetica
Hispania Baetica, often abbreviated Baetica, was one of three Roman provinces created in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) on 27 BC. Ancient Rome and Hispania Baetica are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
See Ancient Rome and Hispania Baetica
Historia Augusta
The Historia Augusta (English: Augustan History) is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284.
See Ancient Rome and Historia Augusta
Histories (Tacitus)
Histories (Historiae) is a Roman historical chronicle by Tacitus.
See Ancient Rome and Histories (Tacitus)
Historiography
Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension, the term historiography is any body of historical work on a particular subject.
See Ancient Rome and Historiography
History of Islam in southern Italy
The history of Islam in Sicily and southern Italy began with the first Arab settlement in Sicily, at Mazara, which was captured in 827.
See Ancient Rome and History of Islam in southern Italy
History of Rome (Livy)
The History of Rome, perhaps originally titled Annales, and frequently referred to as Ab Urbe Condita (From the Founding of the City), is a monumental history of ancient Rome, written in Latin between 27 and 9 BC by the Roman historian Titus Livius, better known in English as "Livy".
See Ancient Rome and History of Rome (Livy)
Honorius (emperor)
Honorius (9 September 384 – 15 August 423) was Roman emperor from 393 to 423.
See Ancient Rome and Honorius (emperor)
Hoplite
Hoplites (hoplîtai) were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields.
Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8 BC),Suetonius,. commonly known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as the only Latin lyrics worth reading: "He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words."Quintilian 10.1.96.
Hostilian
Hostilian (Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus; died 251) was briefly Roman emperor in 251.
See Ancient Rome and Hostilian
House
A house is a single-unit residential building.
Howard Hayes Scullard
Howard Hayes Scullard (9 February 1903 – 31 March 1983) was a British historian specialising in ancient history, notable for editing the Oxford Classical Dictionary and for his many published works.
See Ancient Rome and Howard Hayes Scullard
Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD. Ancient Rome and Huns are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
Hyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is a very high and typically accelerating inflation.
See Ancient Rome and Hyperinflation
Iceni
The Iceni or Eceni were an ancient tribe of eastern Britain during the Iron Age and early Roman era.
Idealism
Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered "real".
Ides of March
The Ides of March (Idus Martiae, Medieval Latin: Idus Martii) is the day on the Roman calendar marked as the Idus, roughly the midpoint of a month, of Martius, corresponding to 15 March on the Gregorian calendar.
See Ancient Rome and Ides of March
Illyricum (Roman province)
Illyricum was a Roman province that existed from 27 BC to sometime during the reign of Vespasian (69–79 AD).
See Ancient Rome and Illyricum (Roman province)
Imperator
The title of imperator originally meant the rough equivalent of commander under the Roman Republic.
See Ancient Rome and Imperator
Imperium
In ancient Rome, imperium was a form of authority held by a citizen to control a military or governmental entity.
Indiction
An indiction (indictio, impost) was a periodic reassessment of taxation in the Roman Empire which took place every fifteen years.
See Ancient Rome and Indiction
Infant exposure
In ancient times, exposition (from the Latin expositus, "exposed") was a method of infanticide or child abandonment in which infants were left in a wild place either to die due to hypothermia, hunger, animal attackJustin Martyr, First Apology. or to be collected by slavers or by those unable to produce children.
See Ancient Rome and Infant exposure
Insula (Roman city)
The Latin word insula (insulae) was used in Roman cities to mean either a city block in a city plan (i.e. a building area surrounded by four streets) or later a type of apartment building that occupied such a city block specifically in Rome and nearby Ostia.
See Ancient Rome and Insula (Roman city)
Insulated glazing
Insulating glass (IG) consists of two or more glass window panes separated by a space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the building envelope.
See Ancient Rome and Insulated glazing
Invasion
An invasion is a military offensive of combatants of one geopolitical entity, usually in large numbers, entering territory controlled by another similar entity.
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.
Italian cuisine
Italian cuisine is a Mediterranean cuisineDavid 1988, Introduction, pp.101–103 consisting of the ingredients, recipes, and cooking techniques developed in Italy since Roman times and later spread around the world together with waves of Italian diaspora.
See Ancient Rome and Italian cuisine
Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana), also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula or Italian Boot, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south, which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.
See Ancient Rome and Italian Peninsula
Italian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance (Rinascimento) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
See Ancient Rome and Italian Renaissance
Italic languages
The Italic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken on the Italian Peninsula in the first millennium BC.
See Ancient Rome and Italic languages
Italic peoples
The concept of Italic peoples is widely used in linguistics and historiography of ancient Italy.
See Ancient Rome and Italic peoples
Italica
Italica (Itálica) was an ancient Roman city in Hispania; its site is close to the town of Santiponce in the province of Seville, Spain.
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
Ivory
Ivory is a hard, white material from the tusks (traditionally from elephants) and teeth of animals, that consists mainly of dentine, one of the physical structures of teeth and tusks.
J. B. Bury
John Bagnell Bury (16 October 1861 – 1 June 1927) was an Anglo-Irish historian, classical scholar, Medieval Roman historian and philologist.
See Ancient Rome and J. B. Bury
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
See Ancient Rome and Jerusalem
John of Gischala
John of Gischala (Ἰωάννης,; יוחנן בן לוי, 70) was a leader of the first Jewish revolt against the Romans.
See Ancient Rome and John of Gischala
Joseph-Noël Sylvestre
Joseph-Noël Sylvestre (24 June 1847 – 29 October 1926) was a French artist, notable for his studies of classic scenes from antiquity.
See Ancient Rome and Joseph-Noël Sylvestre
Josephus
Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.
Judaea (Roman province)
Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.
See Ancient Rome and Judaea (Roman province)
Jugurtha
Jugurtha or Jugurthen (Libyco-Berber Yugurten or Yugarten, c. 160 – 104 BC) was a king of Numidia.
Jugurthine War
The Jugurthine War (Bellum Iugurthinum; 112–106 BC) was an armed conflict between the Roman Republic and King Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria.
See Ancient Rome and Jugurthine War
Julia (daughter of Caesar)
Julia (76 BC – August 54 BC) was the daughter of Julius Caesar and his first or second wife Cornelia, and his only child from his marriages.
See Ancient Rome and Julia (daughter of Caesar)
Julian (emperor)
Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus; Ἰουλιανός; 331 – 26 June 363) was the Caesar of the West from 355 to 360 and Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.
See Ancient Rome and Julian (emperor)
Julio-Claudian dynasty
The Julio-Claudian dynasty comprised the first five Roman emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero.
See Ancient Rome and Julio-Claudian dynasty
Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.
See Ancient Rome and Julius Caesar
Julius Nepos
Julius Nepos (died 9 May 480), or simply Nepos, ruled as Roman emperor of the West from 24 June 474 to 28 August 475.
See Ancient Rome and Julius Nepos
Jumping
Jumping or leaping is a form of locomotion or movement in which an organism or non-living (e.g., robotic) mechanical system propels itself through the air along a ballistic trajectory.
Jus gentium
The ius gentium or jus gentium (Latin for "law of nations") is a concept of international law within the ancient Roman legal system and Western law traditions based on or influenced by it.
See Ancient Rome and Jus gentium
Justinian I
Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.
See Ancient Rome and Justinian I
Kale
Kale, also called leaf cabbage, belongs to a group of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) cultivars primarily grown for their edible leaves.
King of Kings
King of Kings was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.
See Ancient Rome and King of Kings
Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD. Ancient Rome and kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Kitos War
The Kitos War (115–117; mered ha-galuyot, or מרד התפוצות mered ha-tfutzot; "rebellion of the diaspora" Tumultus Iudaicus) was one of the major Jewish–Roman wars (66–136).
See Ancient Rome and Kitos War
Kuusankoski
Kuusankoski is a neighbourhood of city of Kouvola, former industrial town and municipality of Finland, located in the region of Kymenlaakso in the province of Southern Finland.
See Ancient Rome and Kuusankoski
Land reform
Land reform is a form of agrarian reform involving the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership.
See Ancient Rome and Land reform
Language
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.
Latifundium
A latifundium (Latin: latus, "spacious", and fundus, "farm", "estate") was originally the term used by ancient Romans for great landed estates specialising in agriculture destined for sale: grain, olive oil, or wine.
See Ancient Rome and Latifundium
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
See Ancient Rome and Latin alphabet
Latin grammar
Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order.
See Ancient Rome and Latin grammar
Latin literature
Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language.
See Ancient Rome and Latin literature
Latin rights
Latin rights or Latin citizenship (ius Latii or ius latinum) were a set of legal rights that were originally granted to the Latins and therefore in their colonies (Latium adiectum).
See Ancient Rome and Latin rights
Lead poisoning
Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body.
See Ancient Rome and Lead poisoning
Leapfrog
Leapfrog is a children's game in which players vault over each other's stooped backs.
Leek
A leek is a vegetable, a cultivar of Allium ampeloprasum, the broadleaf wild leek (syn. Allium porrum).
Legal tender
Legal tender is a form of money that courts of law are required to recognize as satisfactory payment for any monetary debt.
See Ancient Rome and Legal tender
Legatus
A legatus (anglicised as legate) was a high-ranking Roman military officer in the Roman army, equivalent to a high-ranking general officer of modern times.
Lepidus
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (89 BC – late 13 or early 12 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who formed the Second Triumvirate alongside Octavian and Mark Antony during the final years of the Roman Republic.
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
Lex Claudia de nave senatoris
The lex Claudia also known as the plebiscitum Claudianum or the lex Claudia de nave senatoris, was a Roman law passed in 218 BC.
See Ancient Rome and Lex Claudia de nave senatoris
Licinius
Valerius Licinianus Licinius (Greek: Λικίνιος; c. 265 – 325) was Roman emperor from 308 to 324.
Limitanei
The limitanei (Latin, also called ripenses), meaning respectively "the soldiers in frontier districts" (from the Latin word limes meaning frontier) or "the soldiers on the riverbank" (from the Rhine and Danube), were an important part of the late Roman and early Byzantine army after the reorganizations of the late 3rd and early 4th centuries.
See Ancient Rome and Limitanei
List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
The following is a partial list of adjectival forms of place names in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these places.
See Ancient Rome and List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
List of ancient Romans
This an alphabetical list of ancient Romans, including citizens of ancient Rome remembered in history.
See Ancient Rome and List of ancient Romans
List of aqueducts in the city of Rome
This article lists ancient Roman aqueducts in the city of Rome.
See Ancient Rome and List of aqueducts in the city of Rome
List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region
The following very incomplete list features women from the ancient Mediterranean region and adjacent areas who are attested primarily through archaeological evidence.
See Ancient Rome and List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region
List of dice games
Dice games are games that use or incorporate one or more dice as their sole or central component, usually as a random device.
See Ancient Rome and List of dice games
List of Greek mythological figures
The following is a list of gods, goddesses, and many other divine and semi-divine figures from ancient Greek mythology and ancient Greek religion.
See Ancient Rome and List of Greek mythological figures
List of largest empires
Several empires in human history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement. Ancient Rome and List of largest empires are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and List of largest empires
List of Roman civil wars and revolts
This list of Roman civil wars and revolts includes civil wars and organized civil disorder, revolts, and rebellions in ancient Rome (Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, and Roman Empire) until the fall of the Western Roman Empire (753 BC – AD 476).
See Ancient Rome and List of Roman civil wars and revolts
List of Roman emperors
The Roman emperors were the rulers of the Roman Empire from the granting of the name and title Augustus to Octavian by the Roman Senate in 27 BC onward.
See Ancient Rome and List of Roman emperors
List of Roman laws
This is a partial list of Roman laws.
See Ancient Rome and List of Roman laws
List of sieges of Constantinople
The following is a list of sieges of Constantinople, a historic city located in an area which is today part of Istanbul, Turkey.
See Ancient Rome and List of sieges of Constantinople
List of slaves
Slavery is a social-economic system under which people are enslaved: deprived of personal freedom and forced to perform labor or services without compensation.
See Ancient Rome and List of slaves
Literary language
Literary language is the form (register) of a language used when writing in a formal, academic, or particularly polite tone; when speaking or writing in such a tone, it can also be known as formal language.
See Ancient Rome and Literary language
Lituus
The word lituus originally meant a curved augural staff, or a curved war-trumpet in the ancient Latin language.
Livia
Livia Drusilla (30 January 59 BC – 28 September 29) was Roman empress from 27 BC to AD 14 as the wife of emperor Augustus.
Livy
Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy, was a Roman historian.
Lombards
The Lombards or Longobards (Longobardi) were a Germanic people who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774.
Londinium
Londinium, also known as Roman London, was the capital of Roman Britain during most of the period of Roman rule.
See Ancient Rome and Londinium
Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)
Lucius Antonius was the younger brother and supporter of Mark Antony, a Roman politician.
See Ancient Rome and Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)
Lucius Cornelius Cinna
Lucius Cornelius Cinna (before 130 BC – early 84 BC) was a four-time consul of the Roman republic.
See Ancient Rome and Lucius Cornelius Cinna
Lucius Junius Brutus
Lucius Junius Brutus (6th century BC) was the semi-legendary founder of the Roman Republic, and traditionally one of its first consuls in 509 BC.
See Ancient Rome and Lucius Junius Brutus
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (died 495 BC) was the legendary seventh and final king of Rome, reigning 25 years until the popular uprising that led to the establishment of the Roman Republic.
See Ancient Rome and Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Lucius Varius Rufus
Lucius Varius Rufus (14 BC) was a Roman poet of the early Augustan age.
See Ancient Rome and Lucius Varius Rufus
Lucius Verus
Lucius Aurelius Verus (15 December 130 – January/February 169) was Roman emperor from 161 until his death in 169, alongside his adoptive brother Marcus Aurelius.
See Ancient Rome and Lucius Verus
Lycia
Lycia (Lycian: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 Trm̃mis; Λυκία,; Likya) was a historical region in Anatolia from 15–14th centuries BC (as Lukka) to 546 BC.
Lyon
Lyon (Franco-Provençal: Liyon), formerly spelled in English as Lyons, is the second largest city of France by urban area It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, northeast of Saint-Étienne.
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. Ancient Rome and Macedonia (ancient kingdom) are ancient history and former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macrinus
Marcus Opellius Macrinus (– June 218) was a Roman emperor who reigned from April 217 to June 218, jointly with his young son Diadumenianus.
Magistrate
The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law.
See Ancient Rome and Magistrate
Magna Graecia
Magna Graecia is a term that was used for the Greek-speaking areas of Southern Italy, in the present-day Italian regions of Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania and Sicily; these regions were extensively populated by Greek settlers starting from the 8th century BC.
See Ancient Rome and Magna Graecia
Maniple (military unit)
Maniple (manipulus) was a tactical unit of the Roman Republican armies, adopted during the Samnite Wars (343–290 BC).
See Ancient Rome and Maniple (military unit)
Manumission
Manumission, or enfranchisement, is the act of freeing slaves by their owners.
See Ancient Rome and Manumission
Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate minerals (most commonly calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)) that have crystallized under the influence of heat and pressure.
Marcomannic Wars
The Marcomannic Wars (Latin: bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum, "German and Sarmatian War") were a series of wars lasting from about 166 until 180 AD.
See Ancient Rome and Marcomannic Wars
Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (English:; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher.
See Ancient Rome and Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Furius Camillus
Marcus Furius Camillus (possibly –) is a semi-legendary Roman statesman and politician during the early Roman republic who is most famous for his capture of Veii and defence of Rome from Gallic sack after the Battle of the Allia.
See Ancient Rome and Marcus Furius Camillus
Marcus Junius Brutus
Marcus Junius Brutus (85 BC – 23 October 42 BC) was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar.
See Ancient Rome and Marcus Junius Brutus
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Marcus Licinius Crassus (115 – 53 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Marcus Licinius Crassus
Marcus Livius Drusus (reformer)
Marcus Livius Drusus (before 122 BC – 91 BC) was a Roman politician and reformer.
See Ancient Rome and Marcus Livius Drusus (reformer)
Marcus Terentius Varro
Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC) was a Roman polymath and a prolific author.
See Ancient Rome and Marcus Terentius Varro
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (BC – 12 BC) was a Roman general, statesman and architect who was a close friend, son-in-law and lieutenant to the Roman emperor Augustus.
See Ancient Rome and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Mardonius (philosopher)
Mardonius, also spelled Mardonios, was a Roman rhetorician, philosopher and educator of Gothic descent.
See Ancient Rome and Mardonius (philosopher)
Mark Antony
Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autocratic Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Mark Antony
Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
See Ancient Rome and Market economy
Marsh
In ecology, a marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous plants rather than by woody plants.
Mary Beard (classicist)
Dame Winifred Mary Beard, (born 1 January 1955) is an English classicist specialising in Ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Mary Beard (classicist)
Masonry
Masonry is the craft of building a structure with brick, stone, or similar material, including mortar plastering which are often laid in, bound, and pasted together by mortar.
Mauretania
Mauretania is the Latin name for a region in the ancient Maghreb.
See Ancient Rome and Mauretania
Maxentius
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius (283 – 28 October 312) was a Roman emperor from 306 until his death in 312.
See Ancient Rome and Maxentius
Maximian
Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus), nicknamed Herculius, was Roman emperor from 286 to 305.
Maximinus Thrax
Maximinus Thrax was a Roman emperor from 235 to 238.
See Ancient Rome and Maximinus Thrax
Mediolanum
Mediolanum, the ancient city where Milan now stands, was originally an Insubrian city, but afterwards became an important Roman city in Northern Italy.
See Ancient Rome and Mediolanum
Meditations
Meditations is a series of personal writings by Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor from AD 161 to 180, recording his private notes to himself and ideas on Stoic philosophy.
See Ancient Rome and Meditations
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See Ancient Rome and Mediterranean Sea
Mehmed II
Mehmed II (translit; II.,; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (lit; Fâtih Sultan Mehmed), was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481.
See Ancient Rome and Mehmed II
Menai Strait
The Menai Strait is a strait which separates the island of Anglesey from Gwynedd, on the mainland of Wales.
See Ancient Rome and Menai Strait
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.
See Ancient Rome and Mercantilism
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
See Ancient Rome and Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia (Roman province)
Mesopotamia was the name of a Roman province, initially a short-lived creation of the Roman emperor Trajan in 116–117 and then re-established by Emperor Septimius Severus in c. 198.
See Ancient Rome and Mesopotamia (Roman province)
Messina
Messina (Missina) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. Ancient Rome and Messina are 8th-century BC establishments in Italy.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City.
See Ancient Rome and Metropolitan Museum of Art
Michael Grant (classicist)
Michael Grant (21 November 1914 – 4 October 2004) was an English classicist, numismatist, and author of numerous books on ancient history.
See Ancient Rome and Michael Grant (classicist)
Michael Kremer
Michael Robert Kremer (born November 12, 1964) is an American development economist currently serving as University Professor in Economics at the University of Chicago and Director of the Development Innovation Lab at the Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics.
See Ancient Rome and Michael Kremer
Michael Rostovtzeff
Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzeff, or Rostovtsev (Михаи́л Ива́нович Росто́вцев; – October 20, 1952), was a Russian historian whose career straddled the 19th and 20th centuries and who produced important works on ancient Roman and Greek history.
See Ancient Rome and Michael Rostovtzeff
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
See Ancient Rome and Middle Ages
Migration Period
The Migration Period (circa 300 to 600 AD), also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms.
See Ancient Rome and Migration Period
Military dictatorship
A military dictatorship, or a military regime, is a type of dictatorship in which power is held by one or more military officers.
See Ancient Rome and Military dictatorship
Military history of ancient Rome
The military history of ancient Rome is inseparable from its political system, based from an early date upon competition within the ruling elite.
See Ancient Rome and Military history of ancient Rome
Military of ancient Rome
The military of ancient Rome was one of largest pre-modern professional standing armies that ever existed.
See Ancient Rome and Military of ancient Rome
Military settlement
Military settlements (Военные поселения) represented a special organization of the Russian military forces in 1810–1857, which allowed the combination of military service and agricultural employment.
See Ancient Rome and Military settlement
Militia
A militia is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional or part-time soldiers; citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel; or, historically, to members of a warrior-nobility class (e.g.
Mithraism
Mithraism, also known as the Mithraic mysteries or the Cult of Mithras, was a Roman mystery religion centered on the god Mithras.
See Ancient Rome and Mithraism
Mithridates VI Eupator
Mithridates or Mithradates VI Eupator (-->Μιθριδάτης; 135–63 BC) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus in northern Anatolia from 120 to 63 BC, and one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and determined opponents.
See Ancient Rome and Mithridates VI Eupator
Mixed government
Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, ostensibly making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived in Aristotle's ''Politics'' as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny.
See Ancient Rome and Mixed government
Moldova
Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.
Monochrome
A monochrome or monochromatic image, object or palette is composed of one color (or values of one color).
See Ancient Rome and Monochrome
Mosaic
A mosaic is a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface.
Mullet (fish)
The mullets or grey mullets are a family (Mugilidae) of ray-finned fish found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and some species in fresh water.
See Ancient Rome and Mullet (fish)
Murus Romuli
Murus Romuli (Latin for "the Wall of Romulus") is the name given to a wall built to protect the Palatine Hill, the centermost of the Seven Hills of Rome, in one of the oldest parts of the city of Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Murus Romuli
Music of ancient Greece
Music was almost universally present in ancient Greek society, from marriages, funerals, and religious ceremonies to theatre, folk music, and the ballad-like reciting of epic poetry.
See Ancient Rome and Music of ancient Greece
Music of ancient Rome
The music of ancient Rome was a part of Roman culture from the earliest of times.
See Ancient Rome and Music of ancient Rome
Muslim conquest of Armenia
The Muslim conquest of Armenia was a part of the Muslim conquests after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632 CE.
See Ancient Rome and Muslim conquest of Armenia
Muslim conquest of the Levant
The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Fatḥ al-šām; lit. "Conquest of Syria"), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate.
See Ancient Rome and Muslim conquest of the Levant
Naevius Sutorius Macro
Quintus Naevius Cordus Sutorius Macro (21 BC – AD 38) was a prefect of the Praetorian Guard, from 31 until 38, serving under the Roman Emperors Tiberius and Caligula.
See Ancient Rome and Naevius Sutorius Macro
Names of the days of the week
In many languages, the names given to the seven days of the week are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astronomy, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced by the Sumerians and later adopted by the Babylonians from whom the Roman Empire adopted the system during late antiquity.
See Ancient Rome and Names of the days of the week
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
Natural History (Pliny)
The Natural History (Naturalis Historia) is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder.
See Ancient Rome and Natural History (Pliny)
Navarch
Navarch (ναύαρχος) is an Anglicisation of a Greek word meaning "leader of the ships", which in some states became the title of an office equivalent to that of a modern admiral.
Nîmes
Nîmes (Nimes; Latin: Nemausus) is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France.
Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68.
Nero Claudius Drusus
Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus (38–9 BC), also called Drusus the Elder, was a Roman politician and military commander.
See Ancient Rome and Nero Claudius Drusus
Nerva
Nerva (born Marcus Cocceius Nerva; 8 November 30 – 27 January 98) was a Roman emperor from 96 to 98.
Nerva–Antonine dynasty
The Nerva–Antonine dynasty comprised seven Roman emperors who ruled from AD 96 to 192: Nerva (96–98), Trajan (98–117), Hadrian (117–138), Antoninus Pius (138–161), Marcus Aurelius (161–180), Lucius Verus (161–169), and Commodus (177–192).
See Ancient Rome and Nerva–Antonine dynasty
New World
The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.
See Ancient Rome and New World
Nexum
Nexum was a debt bondage contract in the early Roman Republic.
Nobility
Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy.
Nones (liturgy)
Nones, also known as None (Nona, "Ninth"), the Ninth Hour, or the Midafternoon Prayer, is a fixed time of prayer of the Divine Office of almost all the traditional Christian liturgies.
See Ancient Rome and Nones (liturgy)
North Africa during classical antiquity
The history of North Africa during the period of classical antiquity (c. 8th century BCE – 5th century CE) can be divided roughly into the history of Egypt in the east, the history of ancient Libya in the middle and the history of Numidia and Mauretania in the west.
See Ancient Rome and North Africa during classical antiquity
Novus homo
Novus homo or homo novus (novi homines or homines novi) was the term in ancient Rome for a man who was the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or, more specifically, to be elected as consul.
See Ancient Rome and Novus homo
Numa Pompilius
Numa Pompilius (753–672 BC; reigned 715–672 BC) was the legendary second king of Rome, succeeding Romulus after a one-year interregnum.
See Ancient Rome and Numa Pompilius
Numen
Numen (plural numina) is a Latin term for "divinity", "divine presence", or "divine will".
Nundinae
The nundinae, sometimes anglicized to nundines,.
Nusaybin
Nusaybin is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.
Oared vessel tactics
Oared vessel tactics were the dominant form of naval tactics used from antiquity to the late 16th century when sailing ships began to replace galleys and other types of oared ships as the principal form of warships.
See Ancient Rome and Oared vessel tactics
Odeon (building)
Odeon or Odeum (lit. "singing place") is the name for several ancient Greek and Roman buildings built for musical activities such as singing, musical shows, and poetry competitions.
See Ancient Rome and Odeon (building)
Odoacer
Odoacer (– 15 March 493 AD), also spelled Odovacer or Odovacar, was a barbarian soldier and statesman from the Middle Danube who deposed the Western Roman child emperor Romulus Augustulus and became the ruler of Italy (476–493). Ancient Rome and Odoacer are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
Old Italic scripts
The Old Italic scripts are a family of ancient writing systems used in the Italian Peninsula between about 700 and 100 BC, for various languages spoken in that time and place.
See Ancient Rome and Old Italic scripts
Oligarchy
Oligarchy is a conceptual form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.
See Ancient Rome and Oligarchy
Olive
The olive, botanical name Olea europaea, meaning 'European olive', is a species of small tree or shrub in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin.
Olive oil
Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained by pressing whole olives, the fruit of Olea europaea, a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin, and extracting the oil.
See Ancient Rome and Olive oil
Optimates and populares
Optimates (Latin for "best ones") and populares (Latin for "supporters of the people") are labels applied to politicians, political groups, traditions, strategies, or ideologies in the late Roman Republic.
See Ancient Rome and Optimates and populares
Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)
OrestesJ.R. Martindale The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire vol.
See Ancient Rome and Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)
Origin myth
An origin myth is a type of myth that explains the beginnings of a natural or social aspect of the world.
See Ancient Rome and Origin myth
Ostia Antica
Ostia Antica is an ancient Roman city and the port of Rome located at the mouth of the Tiber.
See Ancient Rome and Ostia Antica
Otho
Otho (born Marcus Salvius Otho; 28 April 32 – 16 April 69) was Roman emperor, ruling for three months from 15 January to 16 April 69.
Outline of ancient Rome
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome: Ancient Rome – former civilization that thrived on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC.
See Ancient Rome and Outline of ancient Rome
Outline of classical studies
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to classical studies: Classical studies (Classics for short) – earliest branch of the humanities, which covers the languages, literature, history, art, and other cultural aspects of the ancient Mediterranean world.
See Ancient Rome and Outline of classical studies
Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
The overthrow of the Roman monarchy was an event in ancient Rome that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries BC where a political revolution replaced the then-existing Roman monarchy under Lucius Tarquinius Superbus with a republic.
See Ancient Rome and Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid, was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus.
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Ancient Rome and Oxford University Press
Oyster farming
Oyster farming is an aquaculture (or mariculture) practice in which oysters are bred and raised mainly for their pearls, shells and inner organ tissue, which is eaten.
See Ancient Rome and Oyster farming
Pack animal
A pack animal, also known as a sumpter animal or beast of burden, is an individual or type of working animal used by humans as means of transporting materials by attaching them so their weight bears on the animal's back, in contrast to draft animals which pull loads but do not carry them.
See Ancient Rome and Pack animal
Paedagogus (occupation)
In the Roman Republic, the paedagogus, plural paedagogi or paedagogiani, was a slave or a freedman who taught the sons of Roman citizens the Greek language.
See Ancient Rome and Paedagogus (occupation)
Paenula
The paenula or casula was a cloak worn by the Romans, akin to the poncho (i.e., a large piece of material with a hole for the head to go through, hanging in ample folds round the body).
Palatine Hill
The Palatine Hill (Classical Latin: Palatium; Neo-Latin: Collis/Mons Palatinus; Palatino), which relative to the seven hills of Rome is the centremost, is one of the most ancient parts of the city; it has been called "the first nucleus of the Roman Empire".
See Ancient Rome and Palatine Hill
Pallium (Roman cloak)
The pallium was a Roman cloak.
See Ancient Rome and Pallium (Roman cloak)
Palmyra
Palmyra (Palmyrene:, romanized: Tadmor; Tadmur) is an ancient city in the eastern part of the Levant, now in the center of modern Syria.
Palmyrene Empire
The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century. Ancient Rome and Palmyrene Empire are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Palmyrene Empire
Paludamentum
In Republican and Imperial Rome, the paludamentum was a cloak or cape fastened at one shoulder, worn by military commanders (e.g., the legatus) and rather less often by their troops.
See Ancient Rome and Paludamentum
Pannonia
Pannonia was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia.
Pannonia Superior
Pannonia Superior was a Roman province created from the division of Pannonia in 103 AD, its capital in Carnuntum.
See Ancient Rome and Pannonia Superior
Pantheon, Rome
The Pantheon (Pantheum,Although the spelling Pantheon is standard in English, only Pantheum is found in classical Latin; see, for example, Pliny, Natural History: "Agrippas Pantheum decoravit Diogenes Atheniensis". See also Oxford Latin Dictionary, s.v. "Pantheum"; Oxford English Dictionary, s.v.: "post-classical Latin pantheon a temple consecrated to all the gods (6th cent.; compare classical Latin pantheum)".
See Ancient Rome and Pantheon, Rome
Parallel Lives
The Parallel Lives (Βίοι Παράλληλοι, Bíoi Parállēloi; Vītae Parallēlae) is a series of 48 biographies of famous men written by the Greco-Roman philosopher, historian, and Apollonian priest Plutarch, probably at the beginning of the second century.
See Ancient Rome and Parallel Lives
Parsnip
The parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) is a root vegetable closely related to carrot and parsley, all belonging to the flowering plant family Apiaceae.
Parthia
Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. Ancient Rome and Parthian Empire are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Parthian Empire
Pater familias
The pater familias, also written as paterfamilias (patres familias), was the head of a Roman family.
See Ancient Rome and Pater familias
Pater Patriae
Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae) was an honorific title in ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Pater Patriae
Patriarch
The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Catholic Church (above major archbishop and primate), the Hussite Church, Church of the East, and some Independent Catholic Churches are termed patriarchs (and in certain cases also popes – such as the Pope of Rome or Pope of Alexandria, and catholicoi – such as Catholicos Karekin II, and Baselios Thomas I Catholicos of the East).
See Ancient Rome and Patriarch
Patrician (ancient Rome)
The patricians (from patricius) were originally a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Patrician (ancient Rome)
Patronage in ancient Rome
Patronage (clientela) was the distinctive relationship in ancient Roman society between the patronus ('patron') and their cliens ('client').
See Ancient Rome and Patronage in ancient Rome
Pax Romana
The (Latin for "Roman peace") is a roughly 200-year-long period of Roman history which is identified as a golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonic power, and regional expansion.
See Ancient Rome and Pax Romana
Pea
Pea (pisum in Latin) is a pulse, vegetable or fodder crop, but the word often refers to the seed or sometimes the pod of this flowering plant species.
Persecution of Christians
The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day.
See Ancient Rome and Persecution of Christians
Pertinax
Publius Helvius Pertinax (1 August 126 – 28 March 193) was Roman emperor for the first three months of 193.
Pescennius Niger
Gaius Pescennius Niger (c. 135 – 194) was a Roman usurper from 193 to 194 during the Year of the Five Emperors.
See Ancient Rome and Pescennius Niger
Philosophy
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.
See Ancient Rome and Philosophy
Pietas
Pietas, translated variously as "duty", "religiosity" or "religious behavior", "loyalty", "devotion", or "filial piety" (English "piety" derives from the Latin), was one of the chief virtues among the ancient Romans.
Pileus (hat)
The pileus (πῖλος, pîlos; also pilleus or pilleum in Latin) was a brimless felt cap worn in Ancient Greece, Etruria, Illyria (especially Pannonia), later also introduced in Ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Pileus (hat)
Plague of Cyprian
The Plague of Cyprian was a pandemic which afflicted the Roman Empire from about AD 249 to 262, or 251/2 to 270.
See Ancient Rome and Plague of Cyprian
Plague of Justinian
The plague of Justinian or Justinianic plague (AD 541–549) was an epidemic that afflicted the entire Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Near East, severely affecting the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire, especially Constantinople.
See Ancient Rome and Plague of Justinian
Plebeians
In ancient Rome, the plebeians or plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words "commoners".
See Ancient Rome and Plebeians
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
See Ancient Rome and Pliny the Elder
Plutarch
Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos;; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.
Po Valley
The Po Valley, Po Plain, Plain of the Po, or Padan Plain (Pianura Padana, or Val Padana) is a major geographical feature of Northern Italy.
See Ancient Rome and Po Valley
Polenta
Polenta is an Italian dish of boiled cornmeal that was historically made from other grains.
Political institutions of ancient Rome
Various lists regarding the political institutions of ancient Rome are presented.
See Ancient Rome and Political institutions of ancient Rome
Politician
A politician is a person who has political power in the government of a state, a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government.
See Ancient Rome and Politician
Polybius
Polybius (Πολύβιος) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period.
Pompeian Styles
The Pompeian Styles are four periods which are distinguished in ancient Roman mural painting.
See Ancient Rome and Pompeian Styles
Pompeii
Pompeii was an ancient city in what is now the comune (municipality) of Pompei, near Naples, in the Campania region of Italy.
Pompey
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.
Pont du Gard
The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge built in the first century AD to carry water over to the Roman colony of Nemausus (Nîmes).
See Ancient Rome and Pont du Gard
Pontifex maximus
The pontifex maximus (Latin for "supreme pontiff") was the chief high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) in ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Pontifex maximus
Pontus (region)
Pontus or Pontos (translit) is a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in the modern-day eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey.
See Ancient Rome and Pontus (region)
Postumus
Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus (259 – 269) was a Roman commander of Batavian origin, who ruled as emperor of the splinter state of the Roman Empire known to modern historians as the Gallic Empire.
Pozzolana
Pozzolana or pozzuolana, also known as pozzolanic ash (pulvis puteolanus), is a natural siliceous or siliceous-aluminous material which reacts with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water at room temperature (cf. pozzolanic reaction).
See Ancient Rome and Pozzolana
Praetor
Praetor, also pretor, was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties.
Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard (Latin: cohortes praetoriae) was an elite unit of the Imperial Roman army that served as personal bodyguards and intelligence agents for the Roman emperors.
See Ancient Rome and Praetorian Guard
Praetorian prefect
The praetorian prefect (praefectus praetorio; ἔπαρχος/ὕπαρχος τῶν πραιτωρίων) was a high office in the Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Praetorian prefect
Precious metal
Precious metals are rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical elements of high economic value.
See Ancient Rome and Precious metal
Prefect
Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, substantive adjectival form of praeficere: "put in front", meaning in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but essentially refers to the leader of an administrative area.
Princeps
Princeps (plural: principes) is a Latin word meaning "first in time or order; the first, foremost, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble; the first person".
Principate
The Principate was the form of imperial government of the Roman Empire from the beginning of the reign of Augustus in 27 BC to the end of the Crisis of the Third Century in AD 284, after which it evolved into the Dominate.
See Ancient Rome and Principate
Principes
Principes (princeps) were spearmen, and later swordsmen, in the armies of the early Roman Republic.
See Ancient Rome and Principes
Promagistrate
In ancient Rome, a promagistrate (pro magistratu) was a person who was granted the power via prorogation to act in place of an ordinary magistrate in the field.
See Ancient Rome and Promagistrate
Proscription
Proscription (proscriptio) is, in current usage, a 'decree of condemnation to death or banishment' (Oxford English Dictionary) and can be used in a political context to refer to state-approved murder or banishment.
See Ancient Rome and Proscription
Ptolemaic Kingdom
The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.
See Ancient Rome and Ptolemaic Kingdom
Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between the Roman Republic and Ancient Carthage.
See Ancient Rome and Punic Wars
Purdue University
Purdue University is a public land-grant research university in West Lafayette, Indiana, and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system.
See Ancient Rome and Purdue University
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus (Πύρρος; 319/318–272 BC) was a Greek king and statesman of the Hellenistic period.
See Ancient Rome and Pyrrhus of Epirus
Quaestor
A quaestor ("investigator") was a public official in ancient Rome.
Quarry
A quarry is a type of open-pit mine in which dimension stone, rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground.
Quintus Aemilius Laetus
Quintus Aemilius Laetus (died 193) was a prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard, known as the Praetorian Guard, from 191 until his death in 193.
See Ancient Rome and Quintus Aemilius Laetus
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus was an ancient Roman statesman and general, he was a leader of the Optimates, the conservative faction of the Roman Senate.
See Ancient Rome and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio (c. 95 – 46 BC), often referred to as Metellus Scipio, was a Roman senator and military commander.
See Ancient Rome and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio
Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, surnamed Cunctator (280 – 203 BC), was a Roman statesman and general of the third century BC.
See Ancient Rome and Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
Racing
In sports, racing is a competition of speed, in which competitors try to complete a given task in the shortest amount of time.
Radish
The radish (Raphanus sativus) is a flowering plant in the mustard family, Brassicaceae.
Raetia
Raetia or Rhaetia was a province of the Roman Empire named after the Rhaetian people. Ancient Rome and Raetia are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
Ravenna
Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.
Realism (arts)
Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative and supernatural elements.
See Ancient Rome and Realism (arts)
Realm
A realm is a community or territory over which a sovereign rules.
Regia
The Regia ("Royal house") was a two-part structure in Ancient Rome lying along the Via Sacra at the edge of the Roman Forum that originally served as the residence or one of the main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as the office of the pontifex maximus, the highest religious official of Rome.
Reign of Cleopatra
The reign of Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt began with the death of her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, by March 51 BC.
See Ancient Rome and Reign of Cleopatra
Relief
Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.
Religion in ancient Rome
Religion in ancient Rome consisted of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both by the people of Rome as well as those who were brought under its rule.
See Ancient Rome and Religion in ancient Rome
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
See Ancient Rome and Renaissance
Res publica
(also spelled rēs pūblica to indicate vowel length) is a Latin phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'.
See Ancient Rome and Res publica
Rex Sacrorum
In ancient Roman religion, the rex sacrorum ("king of the sacred things", also sometimes rex sacrificulus) was a senatorial priesthood reserved for patricians.
See Ancient Rome and Rex Sacrorum
Rhône
The Rhône is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea.
Rhea Silvia
Rhea (or Rea) Silvia, also known as Ilia, (as well as other names) was the mythical mother of the twins Romulus and Remus, who founded the city of Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Rhea Silvia
Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of persuasion.
Roma quadrata
Roma quadrata (Latin;; Τετράγωνος Ῥώμη, Tetrágōnos Rhṓmē) was an area or structure within the original pomerium of the ancient city of Rome, probably the Palatine Hill with both its Palatium and Cermalus peaks and their slopes.
See Ancient Rome and Roma quadrata
Roman amphitheatre
Roman amphitheatres are theatres — large, circular or oval open-air venues with tiered seating — built by the ancient Romans.
See Ancient Rome and Roman amphitheatre
Roman aqueduct
The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Republic and later Empire, to bring water from outside sources into cities and towns.
See Ancient Rome and Roman aqueduct
Roman architectural revolution
The Roman architectural revolution, also known as the concrete revolution, is the name sometimes given to the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the arch, vault, and dome.
See Ancient Rome and Roman architectural revolution
Roman army
The Roman army (Latin: exercitus Romanus) was the armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC) to the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC) and the Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD), and its medieval continuation, the Eastern Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Roman army
Roman art
The art of Ancient Rome, and the territories of its Republic and later Empire, includes architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work.
See Ancient Rome and Roman art
Roman assemblies
The Roman Assemblies were institutions in ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Roman assemblies
Roman bridge
The ancient Romans were the first civilization to build large, permanent bridges.
See Ancient Rome and Roman bridge
Roman Britain
Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain. Ancient Rome and Roman Britain are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Britain
Roman censor
The censor was a magistrate in ancient Rome who was responsible for maintaining the census, supervising public morality, and overseeing certain aspects of the government's finances.
See Ancient Rome and Roman censor
Roman citizenship
Citizenship in ancient Rome (civitas) was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance.
See Ancient Rome and Roman citizenship
Roman concrete
Roman concrete, also called opus caementicium, was used in construction in ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Roman concrete
Roman conquest of Anglesey
The Roman conquest of Anglesey refers to two separate invasions of Anglesey in North West Wales that occurred during the early decades of the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century CE.
See Ancient Rome and Roman conquest of Anglesey
Roman conquest of Britain
The Roman conquest of Britain was the Roman Empire's conquest of most of the island of Britain, which was inhabited by the Celtic Britons.
See Ancient Rome and Roman conquest of Britain
Roman Constitution
The Roman Constitution was an uncodified set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Constitution
Roman consul
A consul was the highest elected public official of the Roman Republic (to 27 BC).
See Ancient Rome and Roman consul
Roman dictator
A Roman dictator was an extraordinary magistrate in the Roman Republic endowed with full authority to resolve some specific problem to which he had been assigned.
See Ancient Rome and Roman dictator
Roman Egypt
Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Egypt
Roman emperor
The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC.
See Ancient Rome and Roman emperor
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome. Ancient Rome and Roman Empire are former empires and states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Empire
Roman expansion in Italy
The Roman expansion in Italy covers a series of conflicts in which Rome grew from being a small Italian city-state to be the ruler of the Italian region.
See Ancient Rome and Roman expansion in Italy
Roman Forum
The Roman Forum, also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum (Foro Romano), is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the centre of the city of Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Forum
Roman imperial cult
The Roman imperial cult (cultus imperatorius) identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority (auctoritas) of the Roman State.
See Ancient Rome and Roman imperial cult
Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)
The Roman invasion of Caledonia was launched in 208 by the Roman emperor Septimius Severus.
See Ancient Rome and Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)
Roman Italy
Italia (in both the Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy, was the homeland of the ancient Romans. Ancient Rome and Roman Italy are states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Italy
Roman Kingdom
The Roman Kingdom, also referred to as the Roman monarchy or the regal period of ancient Rome, was the earliest period of Roman history when the city and its territory were ruled by kings. Ancient Rome and Roman Kingdom are 8th-century BC establishments in Italy.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Kingdom
Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.
See Ancient Rome and Roman law
Roman legion
The Roman legion (legiō), the largest military unit of the Roman army, was composed of Roman citizens serving as legionaries.
See Ancient Rome and Roman legion
Roman magistrate
The Roman magistrates were elected officials in ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Roman magistrate
Roman military engineering
Roman military engineering was of a scale and frequency far beyond that of its contemporaries.
See Ancient Rome and Roman military engineering
Roman mythology
Roman mythology is the body of myths of ancient Rome as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans, and is a form of Roman folklore.
See Ancient Rome and Roman mythology
Roman naming conventions
Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the Romans and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of a combination of personal and family names.
See Ancient Rome and Roman naming conventions
Roman navy
The naval forces of the ancient Roman state (lit) were instrumental in the Roman conquest of the Mediterranean Basin, but it never enjoyed the prestige of the Roman legions.
See Ancient Rome and Roman navy
Roman people
The Roman people was the body of Roman citizens (Rōmānī; Ῥωμαῖοι) during the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Roman people
Roman province
The Roman provinces (pl.) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Roman province
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Republic
Roman roads
Roman roads (viae Romanae; singular: via Romana; meaning "Roman way") were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Roman roads
Roman Senate
The Roman Senate (Senātus Rōmānus) was the highest and constituting assembly of ancient Rome and its aristocracy. Ancient Rome and Roman Senate are 8th-century BC establishments in Italy.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Senate
Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.
See Ancient Rome and Roman Syria
Roman theatre (structure)
Roman theatres derive from and are part of the overall evolution of earlier Greek theatres.
See Ancient Rome and Roman theatre (structure)
Roman villa
A Roman villa was typically a farmhouse or country house in the territory of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, sometimes reaching extravagant proportions.
See Ancient Rome and Roman villa
Roman–Gallic wars
Over the course of nearly four centuries, the Roman Republic fought a series of wars against various Celtic tribes, whom they collectively described as Galli, or Gauls.
See Ancient Rome and Roman–Gallic wars
Romance languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.
See Ancient Rome and Romance languages
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.
Rome
Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy. Ancient Rome and Rome are 8th-century BC establishments in Italy.
Romulus and Remus
In Roman mythology, Romulus and Remus are twin brothers whose story tells of the events that led to the founding of the city of Rome and the Roman Kingdom by Romulus, following his fratricide of Remus.
See Ancient Rome and Romulus and Remus
Romulus Augustulus
Romulus Augustus (after 511), nicknamed Augustulus, was Roman emperor of the West from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476.
See Ancient Rome and Romulus Augustulus
Ronald Syme
Sir Ronald Syme, (11 March 1903 – 4 September 1989) was a New Zealand-born historian and classicist.
See Ancient Rome and Ronald Syme
Saône
The Saône (Sona; Arar) is a river in eastern France.
Sack of Constantinople
The Sack of Constantinople occurred in April 1204 and marked the culmination of the Fourth Crusade.
See Ancient Rome and Sack of Constantinople
Sack of Rome (410)
The Sack of Rome on 24 August 410 AD was undertaken by the Visigoths led by their king, Alaric.
See Ancient Rome and Sack of Rome (410)
Sacred grove
Sacred groves or sacred woods are groves of trees that have special religious importance within a particular culture.
See Ancient Rome and Sacred grove
Sallust
Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (86 –), was a historian and politician of the Roman Republic from a plebeian family.
Sanitary sewer
A sanitary sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings (but not stormwater) to a sewage treatment plant or disposal.
See Ancient Rome and Sanitary sewer
Sanitation
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.
See Ancient Rome and Sanitation
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries. Ancient Rome and Sasanian Empire are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Sasanian Empire
Sausage
A sausage is a type of meat product usually made from ground meat—often pork, beef, or poultry—along with salt, spices and other flavourings.
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
See Ancient Rome and Science (journal)
Scipio Aemilianus
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (185 BC – 129 BC), known as Scipio Aemilianus or Scipio Africanus the Younger, was a Roman general and statesman noted for his military exploits in the Third Punic War against Carthage and during the Numantine War in Spain.
See Ancient Rome and Scipio Aemilianus
Scotland
Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
Second Punic War
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC.
See Ancient Rome and Second Punic War
Second Triumvirate
The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created for Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power.
See Ancient Rome and Second Triumvirate
Sejanus
Lucius Aelius Sejanus (c. 20 BC – 18 October AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus, was a Roman soldier, friend, and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius.
Seleucia
Seleucia (Σελεύκεια), also known as or or Seleucia ad Tigrim, was a major Mesopotamian city, located on the west bank of the Tigris River within the present-day Baghdad Governorate in Iraq.
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. Ancient Rome and Seleucid Empire are former empires.
See Ancient Rome and Seleucid Empire
Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually law-making, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinguishable and articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each.
See Ancient Rome and Separation of powers
Septimius Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus (11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was a Roman politician who served as emperor from 193 to 211.
See Ancient Rome and Septimius Severus
Seven hills of Rome
The seven hills of Rome (Septem colles/montes Romae, Sette colli di Roma) east of the river Tiber form the geographical heart of Rome, within the walls of the city.
See Ancient Rome and Seven hills of Rome
Severan dynasty
The Severan dynasty, sometimes called the Septimian dynasty, was an Ancient Roman imperial dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235, during the Roman imperial period.
See Ancient Rome and Severan dynasty
Severus Alexander
Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – March 235), also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235.
See Ancient Rome and Severus Alexander
She-wolf (Roman mythology)
In the Roman foundation myth, the she-wolf (lupa in Italian) was an Italian wolf who nursed and sheltered the twins Romulus and Remus after they were abandoned in the wild by decree of King Amulius of Alba Longa.
See Ancient Rome and She-wolf (Roman mythology)
Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.
Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
The Siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), in which the Roman army led by future emperor Titus besieged Jerusalem, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the Roman province of Judaea.
See Ancient Rome and Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
Simon bar Giora
Simon bar Giora (alternatively known as Simeon bar Giora or Simon ben Giora or Shimon bar Giora, שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר גִּיּוֹרָא or שִׁמְעוֹן בֵּן גִּיּוֹרָא; died 71 CE) was the leader of one of the major Judean rebel factions during the First Jewish–Roman War in 1st-century Roman Judea, who vied for control of the Jewish polity while attempting to expel the Roman army, but incited a bitter internecine war in the process.
See Ancient Rome and Simon bar Giora
Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.
Slavery in ancient Rome
Slavery in ancient Rome played an important role in society and the economy.
See Ancient Rome and Slavery in ancient Rome
Slavery in antiquity
Slavery in the ancient world, from the earliest known recorded evidence in Sumer to the pre-medieval Antiquity Mediterranean cultures, comprised a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war. Ancient Rome and slavery in antiquity are ancient history.
See Ancient Rome and Slavery in antiquity
Smallholding
A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model.
See Ancient Rome and Smallholding
Social norm
Social norms are shared standards of acceptable behavior by groups.
See Ancient Rome and Social norm
Social stratification
Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political).
See Ancient Rome and Social stratification
Spinach
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and Western Asia.
Spoken language
A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds or (depending on one's definition) manual gestures, as opposed to a written language.
See Ancient Rome and Spoken language
SPQR
SPQR, an initialism for Senatus Populusque Romanus, is an emblematic phrase referring to the government of the Roman Republic.
SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome is a 2015 book by English classicist Mary Beard that was published in the United Kingdom by Profile Books and elsewhere by Liveright & Company.
See Ancient Rome and SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
St Albans
St Albans is a cathedral city in Hertfordshire, England, east of Hemel Hempstead and west of Hatfield, north-west of London, south-west of Welwyn Garden City and south-east of Luton.
See Ancient Rome and St Albans
Standing army
A standing army is a permanent, often professional, army.
See Ancient Rome and Standing army
Stilicho
Stilicho (– 22 August 408) was a military commander in the Roman army who, for a time, became the most powerful man in the Western Roman Empire.
Stipend
A stipend is a regular fixed sum of money paid for services or to defray expenses, such as for scholarship, internship, or apprenticeship.
Suebi
The Suebi (also spelled Suevi) or Suebians were a large group of Germanic peoples originally from the Elbe river region in what is now Germany and the Czech Republic.
Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly referred to as Suetonius (– after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire.
See Ancient Rome and Suetonius
Sulla
Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.
Sulla's civil war
The Sulla's civil war was fought between the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla and his opponents, the Cinna-Marius faction (usually called the Marians or the Cinnans after their former leaders Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna), in the years 83–82 BC.
See Ancient Rome and Sulla's civil war
Sulla's proscription
The proscription of Sulla was a reprisal campaign by the Roman proconsul and later dictator, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, to eliminate his enemies in the aftermath of his victory in the civil war of 83–82 BC.
See Ancient Rome and Sulla's proscription
Sundial
A sundial is a horological device that tells the time of day (referred to as civil time in modern usage) when direct sunlight shines by the apparent position of the Sun in the sky.
Suruç
Suruç (script; Sruḡ) is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey.
Syracuse, Sicily
Syracuse (Siracusa; Sarausa) is a historic city on the Italian island of Sicily, the capital of the Italian province of Syracuse. Ancient Rome and Syracuse, Sicily are 8th-century BC establishments in Italy.
See Ancient Rome and Syracuse, Sicily
Syria Palaestina
Syria Palaestina (Syría hē Palaistínē) was a Roman province in the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD.
See Ancient Rome and Syria Palaestina
Taberna
A taberna (tabernae) was a type of shop or stall in Ancient Rome.
Tacitus
Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus (–), was a Roman historian and politician.
Tap water
Tap water (also known as running water, piped water or municipal water) is water supplied through a tap, a water dispenser valve.
See Ancient Rome and Tap water
Taranto
Taranto (Tarde) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. Ancient Rome and Taranto are 8th-century BC establishments in Italy.
Tavern
A tavern is a type of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and be served food such as different types of roast meats and cheese, and (mostly historically) where travelers would receive lodging.
Temple of Apollo Palatinus
The Temple of Apollo Palatinus ('Palatine Apollo'), sometimes called the Temple of Actian Apollo, was a temple of the god Apollo in Rome, constructed on the Palatine Hill on the initiative of Augustus (known as "Octavian" until 27 BCE) between 36 and.
See Ancient Rome and Temple of Apollo Palatinus
Temple of Divus Augustus
The Temple of Divus Augustus was a major temple originally built to commemorate the deified first Roman emperor, Augustus.
See Ancient Rome and Temple of Divus Augustus
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, also known as the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini; Tempio di Giove Ottimo Massimo), was the most important temple in Ancient Rome, located on the Capitoline Hill.
See Ancient Rome and Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Temple of Peace, Rome
The Temple of Peace (Templum Pacis), also known as the Forum of Vespasian (Forum Vespasiani), was built in Rome in 71 AD under Emperor Vespasian in honour to Pax, the Roman goddess of peace.
See Ancient Rome and Temple of Peace, Rome
Tetrarchy
The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the augusti, and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the caesares.
See Ancient Rome and Tetrarchy
Teutons
The Teutons (Teutones, Teutoni, Τεύτονες) were an ancient northern European tribe mentioned by Roman authors.
The Histories (Polybius)
Polybius' Histories (Ἱστορίαι Historíai) were originally written in 40 volumes, only the first five of which are extant in their entirety.
See Ancient Rome and The Histories (Polybius)
The History of Rome (Mommsen)
The History of Rome (Römische Geschichte) is a multi-volume history of ancient Rome written by Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903).
See Ancient Rome and The History of Rome (Mommsen)
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, sometimes shortened to Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is a six-volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon.
See Ancient Rome and The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
The Jewish War
The Jewish War is a work of Jewish history written by Josephus, a first-century Roman-Jewish historian.
See Ancient Rome and The Jewish War
The Twelve Caesars
De vita Caesarum (Latin; "About the Life of the Caesars"), commonly known as The Twelve Caesars, is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus.
See Ancient Rome and The Twelve Caesars
Theodor Mommsen
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist.
See Ancient Rome and Theodor Mommsen
Theodosian dynasty
The Theodosian dynasty was a Roman imperial family that produced five Roman emperors during Late Antiquity, reigning over the Roman Empire from 379 to 457.
See Ancient Rome and Theodosian dynasty
Theodosius I
Theodosius I (Θεοδόσιος; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was a Roman emperor from 379 to 395.
See Ancient Rome and Theodosius I
Thermae
In ancient Rome, (from Greek, "hot") and (from Greek) were facilities for bathing.
Third Punic War
The Third Punic War (149–146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Third Punic War
Thracia
Thracia or Thrace (Thrakē) is the ancient name given to the southeastern Balkan region, the land inhabited by the Thracians.
Tiber
The Tiber (Tevere; Tiberis) is the third-longest river in Italy and the longest in Central Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing through Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, where it is joined by the River Aniene, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino.
Tiberius
Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37.
Tiberius Gemellus
Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero, known as Tiberius Gemellus (10 October AD 19 – 37/38), was the son of Drusus and Livilla, the grandson of the Emperor Tiberius, and the cousin of the Emperor Caligula.
See Ancient Rome and Tiberius Gemellus
Timeline of Roman history
This is a timeline of Roman history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the Roman Kingdom and Republic and the Roman and Byzantine Empires.
See Ancient Rome and Timeline of Roman history
Timgad
Timgad (translit, known as Marciana Traiana Thamugadi) was a Roman city in the Aurès Mountains of Algeria.
Titus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus (30 December 39 – 13 September AD 81) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81.
Toga
The toga, a distinctive garment of ancient Rome, was a roughly semicircular cloth, between in length, draped over the shoulders and around the body.
Torture
Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including punishment, extracting a confession, interrogation for information, intimidating third parties, or entertainment.
Trade secret
Trade secrets are a type of intellectual property that includes formulas, practices, processes, designs, instruments, patterns, or compilations of information that have inherent economic value because they are not generally known or readily ascertainable by others, and which their owner takes reasonable measures to keep secret.
See Ancient Rome and Trade secret
Tragedy
Tragedy (from the τραγῳδία, tragōidia) is a genre of drama based on human suffering and, mainly, the terrible or sorrowful events that befall a main character or cast of characters.
Trajan
Trajan (born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, adopted name Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.
Trajan's Column
Trajan's Column (Colonna Traiana, Columna Traiani) is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.
See Ancient Rome and Trajan's Column
Trajan's Dacian Wars
Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–102, 105–106) were two military campaigns fought between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Emperor Trajan's rule.
See Ancient Rome and Trajan's Dacian Wars
Trajan's Forum
Trajan's Forum (Forum Traiani; Foro di Traiano) was the last of the Imperial fora to be constructed in ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Trajan's Forum
Trajan's Market
Trajan's Market is a large complex of ruins in the city of Rome, Italy, located on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, at the opposite end to the Colosseum.
See Ancient Rome and Trajan's Market
Trajan's Parthian campaign
Trajan's Parthian campaign was engaged by Roman emperor Trajan in 115 against the Parthian Empire in Mesopotamia.
See Ancient Rome and Trajan's Parthian campaign
Triarii
Triarii (triarius) were one of the elements of the early Roman military manipular legions of the early Roman Republic (509 BC – 107 BC).
Tribal assembly
The Tribal Assembly (Comitia (Populi) Tributa) was an assembly consisting of all Roman citizens convened by tribes (tribus).
See Ancient Rome and Tribal assembly
Tribune
Tribune was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome.
Tribune of the plebs
Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune (tribunus plebis) was the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of the Roman Senate and magistrates.
See Ancient Rome and Tribune of the plebs
Trireme
A trireme (derived from trirēmis, "with three banks of oars"; cf. Ancient Greek: triērēs, literally "three-rower") was an ancient vessel and a type of galley that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the Mediterranean Sea, especially the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and Romans.
Trojan War
The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology that took place around the 12th or 13th century BC.
See Ancient Rome and Trojan War
Tunic
A tunic is a garment for the body, usually simple in style, reaching from the shoulders to a length somewhere between the hips and the ankles.
Tunisia
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa.
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
See Ancient Rome and Turkic peoples
Turnip
The turnip or white turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, fleshy taproot.
Tuscan order
The Tuscan order (Latin Ordo Tuscanicus or Ordo Tuscanus, with the meaning of Etruscan order) is one of the two classical orders developed by the Romans, the other being the composite order.
See Ancient Rome and Tuscan order
Twelve Tables
The Laws of the Twelve Tables was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law.
See Ancient Rome and Twelve Tables
Tyrant
A tyrant, in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty.
Ulpian Library
The Bibliotheca Ulpia ("Ulpian Library") was a Roman library founded by the Emperor Trajan in AD 114 in the Forum of Trajan, located in ancient Rome.
See Ancient Rome and Ulpian Library
United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
See Ancient Rome and United States
University of Notre Dame
The University of Notre Dame du Lac, known simply as Notre Dame (ND), is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame, Indiana.
See Ancient Rome and University of Notre Dame
Valens
Valens (Ouálēs; 328 – 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378.
Valentinian dynasty
The Valentinian dynasty was a ruling house of five generations of dynasts, including five Roman emperors during late antiquity, lasting nearly a hundred years from the mid fourth to the mid fifth century.
See Ancient Rome and Valentinian dynasty
Valerian (emperor)
Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus; c. 199 – 260 or 264) was Roman emperor from 253 to spring 260 AD.
See Ancient Rome and Valerian (emperor)
Vandal Kingdom
The Vandal Kingdom (Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, which is one of the barbarian kingdoms established under Gaiseric, a Vandal warrior.
See Ancient Rome and Vandal Kingdom
Vandalic War
The Vandalic War was a conflict fought in North Africa between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Vandalic Kingdom of Carthage in 533–534.
See Ancient Rome and Vandalic War
Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.
Velites
Velites were a class of infantry in the Roman army of the mid-Republic from 211 to 107 BC.
Verulamium
Verulamium was a town in Roman Britain.
See Ancient Rome and Verulamium
Vespasian
Vespasian (Vespasianus; 17 November AD 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman emperor from 69 to 79.
See Ancient Rome and Vespasian
Vexillatio
A vexillatio (vexillationes) was a detachment of a Roman legion formed as a temporary task force created by the Roman army of the Principate.
See Ancient Rome and Vexillatio
Victor Duruy
Jean Victor Duruy (10 September 1811 – 25 November 1894) was a French historian and statesman.
See Ancient Rome and Victor Duruy
Villa rustica
Villa rustica was the term used by the ancient Romans to denote a farmhouse or villa set in the countryside and with an agricultural section, which applies to the vast majority of Roman villas.
See Ancient Rome and Villa rustica
Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (traditional dates 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period.
Visigoths
The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity.
See Ancient Rome and Visigoths
Vitellius
Aulus Vitellius (24 September 1520 December 69) was Roman emperor for eight months, from 19 April to 20 December AD 69.
See Ancient Rome and Vitellius
Vitruvius
Vitruvius (–70 BC – after) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work titled De architectura.
See Ancient Rome and Vitruvius
Vocabulary
A vocabulary (also known as a lexicon) is a set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual.
See Ancient Rome and Vocabulary
Vulcan (mythology)
Vulcan (Vulcanus, in archaically retained spelling also Volcanus, both pronounced) is the god of fire including the fire of volcanoes, deserts, metalworking and the forge in ancient Roman religion and myth.
See Ancient Rome and Vulcan (mythology)
Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward.
See Ancient Rome and Vulgar Latin
Wales
Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
War of Actium
The War of Actium (32–30 BC) was the last civil war of the Roman Republic, fought between Mark Antony (assisted by Cleopatra and by extension Ptolemaic Egypt) and Octavian.
See Ancient Rome and War of Actium
Water organ
The water organ or hydraulic organ (ὕδραυλις) (early types are sometimes called hydraulos, hydraulus or hydraula) is a type of pipe organ blown by air, where the power source pushing the air is derived by water from a natural source (e.g. by a waterfall) or by a manual pump.
See Ancient Rome and Water organ
Week
A week is a unit of time equal to seven days.
Western Roman Empire
In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court. Ancient Rome and western Roman Empire are former empires and states and territories disestablished in the 5th century.
See Ancient Rome and Western Roman Empire
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.
See Ancient Rome and Western world
Women in ancient Rome
Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office.
See Ancient Rome and Women in ancient Rome
Word stem
In linguistics, a word stem is a part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning.
See Ancient Rome and Word stem
Wrestling
Wrestling is a martial art and combat sport that involves grappling with an opponent and striving to obtain a position of advantage through different throws or techniques, within a given ruleset.
See Ancient Rome and Wrestling
Year of the Five Emperors
The Year of the Five Emperors was AD 193, in which five men claimed the title of Roman emperor: Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus.
See Ancient Rome and Year of the Five Emperors
Year of the Four Emperors
The Year of the Four Emperors, AD 69, was the first civil war of the Roman Empire, during which four emperors ruled in succession: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.
See Ancient Rome and Year of the Four Emperors
Yeoman
Yeoman is a noun originally referring either to one who owns and cultivates land or to the middle ranks of servants in an English royal or noble household.
Zenobia
Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; 240 – c. 274) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria.
See also
8th-century BC establishments in Italy
- Ancient Rome
- Catania
- Foligno
- Giardini Naxos
- King of Rome
- Lega dei popoli
- Lentini
- Messina
- Motya
- Naxos (Sicily)
- Roman Kingdom
- Roman Senate
- Rome
- Sybaris
- Syracuse, Sicily
- Taormina
- Taranto
Ancient history
- A History of Babylonia and Assyria
- Ancestral civilisation
- Ancient Rome
- Ancient Warfare (magazine)
- Ancient cities
- Ancient culture
- Ancient history
- Ancient languages
- Ancient people
- Ancient science
- Ancient technology
- Ancient text corpora
- Ancient university
- Ancient warfare
- Banker (ancient)
- Canary Islands in pre-colonial times
- Clash of the Gods (TV series)
- Colonies in antiquity
- Conference of Carnuntum
- Cradle of civilization
- Descent from antiquity
- Epigraphia 3D
- Five thousand years of Chinese civilization
- Gilzan
- Hadad-yith'i
- Hellenistic Greece
- Historical ports
- Kingdom of Larantuka
- List of Classical Age states
- List of Iron Age states
- List of libraries in the ancient world
- Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
- Maijastina Kahlos
- Moral status of animals in the ancient world
- Outline of ancient history
- Pythia (machine learning)
- Seven Natural Wonders of Romania
- Seven Wonders of Romania
- Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
- Slavery in antiquity
- Suicide in antiquity
- Terry Jones' Barbarians
- Timeline of ancient history
- Titulus (inscription)
- Tomb of Nebamun
- Tributum
- Wonders of the World
Classical civilizations
- Ancient Rome
- Classical Greece
- Greco-Roman world
- Hellenistic civilization
- History of Western civilization before AD 500
States and territories disestablished in the 5th century
- Africa (Roman province)
- Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
- Alpes Maritimae
- Ancient Rome
- Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty
- Dalmatia (Roman province)
- Diocese of Africa
- Diocese of Gaul
- Eastern Ye
- Gallia Aquitania
- Gallia Belgica
- Gallia Lugdunensis
- Gallia Narbonensis
- Germania Inferior
- Germania Superior
- Hispania
- Hispania Baetica
- Hispania Tarraconensis
- Huns
- Indo-Scythians
- Noricum
- Odoacer
- Okjeo
- Pannonia Prima
- Pannonia Savia
- Pannonia Secunda
- Pannonia Valeria
- Raetia
- Roman Britain
- Roman Empire
- Roman Gaul
- Roman Italy
- Rugiland
- Sardinia and Corsica
- Septem Provinciae
- Sicilia (Roman province)
- Thamud
- Viennensis
- Western Roman Empire
- Western Satraps
References
Also known as Ancient Roma, Ancient Roman, Ancient Roman Government, Ancient Roman Society, Ancient Romans, Ancient history Rome, Ancient rmoe, Archaic Rome, Capitals of ancient Rome, Capitals of the Roman Empire, Capitols of ancient Rome, Capitols of the Roman Empire, Classical Roman, Classical Roman civilization, Classical Rome, First Rome, Genetic history of Rome, Government in ancient Rome, Government of ancient Rome, Population of ancient Rome, Roman Antiquity, Roman State, Roman Times, Roman age, Roman cities, Roman city state, Roman city-state, Roman era, Roman-era, State of Rome, The Ancient Rome.
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B. 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Livia, Livy, Lombards, Londinium, Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony), Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Lucius Junius Brutus, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius Varius Rufus, Lucius Verus, Lycia, Lyon, Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macrinus, Magistrate, Magna Graecia, Maniple (military unit), Manumission, Marble, Marcomannic Wars, Marcus Aurelius, Marcus Furius Camillus, Marcus Junius Brutus, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Livius Drusus (reformer), Marcus Terentius Varro, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Mardonius (philosopher), Mark Antony, Market economy, Marsh, Mary Beard (classicist), Masonry, Mauretania, Maxentius, Maximian, Maximinus Thrax, Mediolanum, Meditations, Mediterranean Sea, Mehmed II, Menai Strait, Mercantilism, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia (Roman province), Messina, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Michael Grant (classicist), Michael Kremer, Michael Rostovtzeff, Middle Ages, Migration Period, Military dictatorship, Military history of ancient Rome, Military of ancient Rome, Military settlement, Militia, Mithraism, Mithridates VI Eupator, Mixed government, Moldova, Monochrome, Mosaic, Mullet (fish), Murus Romuli, Music of ancient Greece, Music of ancient Rome, Muslim conquest of Armenia, Muslim conquest of the Levant, Naevius Sutorius Macro, Names of the days of the week, Napoleon, Natural History (Pliny), Navarch, Nîmes, Nero, Nero Claudius Drusus, Nerva, Nerva–Antonine dynasty, New World, Nexum, Nobility, Nones (liturgy), North Africa during classical antiquity, Novus homo, Numa Pompilius, Numen, Nundinae, Nusaybin, Oared vessel tactics, Odeon (building), Odoacer, Old Italic scripts, Oligarchy, Olive, Olive oil, Optimates and populares, Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus), Origin myth, Ostia Antica, Otho, Outline of ancient Rome, Outline of classical studies, Overthrow of the Roman monarchy, Ovid, Oxford University Press, Oyster farming, Pack animal, Paedagogus (occupation), Paenula, Palatine Hill, Pallium (Roman cloak), Palmyra, Palmyrene Empire, Paludamentum, Pannonia, Pannonia Superior, Pantheon, Rome, Parallel Lives, Parsnip, Parthia, Parthian Empire, Pater familias, Pater Patriae, Patriarch, Patrician (ancient Rome), Patronage in ancient Rome, Pax Romana, Pea, Persecution of Christians, Pertinax, Pescennius Niger, Philosophy, Pietas, Pileus (hat), Plague of Cyprian, Plague of Justinian, Plebeians, Pliny the Elder, Plutarch, Po Valley, Polenta, Political institutions of ancient Rome, Politician, Polybius, Pompeian Styles, Pompeii, Pompey, Pont du Gard, Pontifex maximus, Pontus (region), Postumus, Pozzolana, Praetor, Praetorian Guard, Praetorian prefect, Precious metal, Prefect, Princeps, Principate, Principes, Promagistrate, Proscription, Ptolemaic Kingdom, Punic Wars, Purdue University, Pyrrhus of Epirus, Quaestor, Quarry, Quintus Aemilius Laetus, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Racing, Radish, Raetia, Ravenna, Realism (arts), Realm, Regia, Reign of Cleopatra, Relief, Religion in ancient Rome, Renaissance, Res publica, Rex Sacrorum, Rhône, Rhea Silvia, Rhetoric, Roma quadrata, Roman amphitheatre, Roman aqueduct, Roman architectural revolution, Roman army, Roman art, Roman assemblies, Roman bridge, Roman Britain, Roman censor, Roman citizenship, Roman concrete, Roman conquest of Anglesey, Roman conquest of Britain, Roman Constitution, Roman consul, Roman dictator, Roman Egypt, Roman emperor, Roman Empire, Roman expansion in Italy, Roman Forum, Roman imperial cult, Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211), Roman Italy, Roman Kingdom, Roman law, Roman legion, Roman magistrate, Roman military engineering, Roman mythology, Roman naming conventions, Roman navy, Roman people, Roman province, Roman Republic, Roman roads, Roman Senate, Roman Syria, Roman theatre (structure), Roman villa, Roman–Gallic wars, Romance languages, Romania, Rome, Romulus and Remus, Romulus Augustulus, Ronald Syme, Saône, Sack of Constantinople, Sack of Rome (410), Sacred grove, Sallust, Sanitary sewer, Sanitation, Sasanian Empire, Sausage, Science (journal), Scipio Aemilianus, Scotland, Second Punic War, Second Triumvirate, Sejanus, Seleucia, Seleucid Empire, Separation of powers, Septimius Severus, Seven hills of Rome, Severan dynasty, Severus Alexander, She-wolf (Roman mythology), Sicily, Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), Simon bar Giora, Slavery, Slavery in ancient Rome, Slavery in antiquity, Smallholding, Social norm, Social stratification, Spinach, Spoken language, SPQR, SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome, St Albans, Standing army, Stilicho, Stipend, Suebi, Suetonius, Sulla, Sulla's civil war, Sulla's proscription, Sundial, Suruç, Syracuse, Sicily, Syria Palaestina, Taberna, Tacitus, Tap water, Taranto, Tavern, Temple of Apollo Palatinus, Temple of Divus Augustus, Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Temple of Peace, Rome, Tetrarchy, Teutons, The Histories (Polybius), The History of Rome (Mommsen), The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The Jewish War, The Twelve Caesars, Theodor Mommsen, Theodosian dynasty, Theodosius I, Thermae, Third Punic War, Thracia, Tiber, Tiberius, Tiberius Gemellus, Timeline of Roman history, Timgad, Titus, Toga, Torture, Trade secret, Tragedy, Trajan, Trajan's Column, Trajan's Dacian Wars, Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market, Trajan's Parthian campaign, Triarii, Tribal assembly, Tribune, Tribune of the plebs, Trireme, Trojan War, Tunic, Tunisia, Turkic peoples, Turnip, Tuscan order, Twelve Tables, Tyrant, Ulpian Library, United States, University of Notre Dame, Valens, Valentinian dynasty, Valerian (emperor), Vandal Kingdom, Vandalic War, Vandals, Velites, Verulamium, Vespasian, Vexillatio, Victor Duruy, Villa rustica, Virgil, Visigoths, Vitellius, Vitruvius, Vocabulary, Vulcan (mythology), Vulgar Latin, Wales, War of Actium, Water organ, Week, Western Roman Empire, Western world, Women in ancient Rome, Word stem, Wrestling, Year of the Five Emperors, Year of the Four Emperors, Yeoman, Zenobia.