Table of Contents
423 relations: Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori, Abjad, Aceh, Acehnese language, Adygea, Adyghe language, Aer language, Afghanistan, Afrikaans, Ajami script, Albanian language, Algerian Arabic, Aljamiado, Alphabet, Anatolia, Andalusi Romance, Arabi Malayalam, Arabic, Arabic (Unicode block), Arabic Afrikaans, Arabic alphabet, Arabic calligraphy, Arabic diacritics, Arabic Extended-A, Arabic Extended-B, Arabic Extended-C, Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols, Arabic Presentation Forms-A, Arabic Presentation Forms-B, Arabic script, Arabic script in Unicode, Arabic Supplement, Arabs, Aragonese language, Aramaic, Aramaic alphabet, Arebica, Arwi, Aspirated consonant, Assam, Assamese language, Assyrian people, Atatürk's reforms, Austronesian languages, Avar language, Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani language, İske imlâ alphabet, Źim, ... Expand index (373 more) »
- Abjad writing systems
- Arabic orthography
- Right-to-left writing systems
Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori
Abdul Rahman Ibrahima ibn Sori (عبد الرحمن ابراهيمسوري; 1762 – July 6, 1829) was a Fula prince and Amir (commander) from the Fouta Djallon region of Guinea, West Africa, who was captured and sold to slave traders and transported to the United States in 1788.
See Arabic script and Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori
Abjad
An abjad (أبجد), also abgad, is a writing system in which only consonants are represented, leaving the vowel sounds to be inferred by the reader. Arabic script and abjad are abjad writing systems and arabic orthography.
Aceh
Aceh (Acèh, Jawoë: اچيه), officially the Province of Aceh (Provinsi Aceh, Nanggroë Acèh, Jawoë: نڠڬرواي اچيه), is the westernmost province of Indonesia.
Acehnese language
Acehnese or Achinese (Jawoë) is an Austronesian language natively spoken by the Acehnese people in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia.
See Arabic script and Acehnese language
Adygea
The Republic of Adygea, also known as the Adygean Republic, is a republic of Russia.
Adyghe language
Adyghe (or; also known as West Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians.
See Arabic script and Adyghe language
Aer language
Aer is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by around 100 people in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India.
See Arabic script and Aer language
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.
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Afrikaans
Afrikaans is a West Germanic language, spoken in South Africa, Namibia and (to a lesser extent) Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
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Ajami script
Ajami (عجمي) or Ajamiyya (عجمية), which comes from the Arabic root for 'foreign' or 'stranger', is an Arabic-derived script used for writing African languages, particularly Songhai, Mandé, Hausa and Swahili, although many other languages are also written using the script, including Mooré, Pulaar, Wolof, and Yoruba.
See Arabic script and Ajami script
Albanian language
Albanian (endonym: shqip, gjuha shqipe, or arbërisht) is an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid branch, which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group.
See Arabic script and Albanian language
Algerian Arabic
Algerian Arabic (الدارجة الجزائرية, romanized: ad-Dārja al-Jazairia), natively known as Dziria, Darja or Derja, is a variety of Arabic spoken in Algeria.
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Aljamiado
doi-access.
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Alphabet
An alphabet is a standard set of letters written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language.
See Arabic script and Alphabet
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
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Andalusi Romance
Andalusi Romance, also called Mozarabic or Ajami, refers to the varieties of Ibero-Romance that developed in Al-Andalus, the parts of the medieval Iberian Peninsula under Islamic control.
See Arabic script and Andalusi Romance
Arabi Malayalam
Arabi Malayalam (also called Mappila Malayalam and Moplah Malayalam) is the traditional Dravidian language of the Mappila Muslim community.
See Arabic script and Arabi Malayalam
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Arabic (Unicode block)
Arabic is a Unicode block, containing the standard letters and the most common diacritics of the Arabic script, and the Arabic-Indic digits.
See Arabic script and Arabic (Unicode block)
Arabic Afrikaans
Arabic Afrikaans (Afrikaans: Arabies Afrikaans, Arabic Afrikaans: عربس افركانس) or Lisan-e-Afrikaans (لسانِ افرکانس) was a form of Afrikaans written in the Arabic script.
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Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet (الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة, or الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. Arabic script and Arabic alphabet are arabic orthography.
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Arabic calligraphy
Arabic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy based on the Arabic alphabet. Arabic script and Arabic calligraphy are arabic orthography.
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Arabic diacritics
The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include consonant pointing known as (إِعْجَام), and supplementary diacritics known as (تَشْكِيل).
See Arabic script and Arabic diacritics
Arabic Extended-A
Arabic Extended-A is a Unicode block encoding Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages.
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Arabic Extended-B
Arabic Extended-B is a Unicode block encoding Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages.
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Arabic Extended-C
Arabic Extended-C is a Unicode block encoding Qur'anic marks used in Turkey.
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Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols
Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols is a Unicode block encoding characters used in Arabic mathematical expressions.
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Arabic Presentation Forms-A
Arabic Presentation Forms-A is a Unicode block encoding contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages.
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Arabic Presentation Forms-B
Arabic Presentation Forms-B is a Unicode block encoding spacing forms of Arabic diacritics, and contextual letter forms.
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Arabic script
The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa. Arabic script and Arabic script are abjad writing systems, arabic orthography and right-to-left writing systems.
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Arabic script in Unicode
Many scripts in Unicode, such as Arabic, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms.
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Arabic Supplement
Arabic Supplement is a Unicode block that encodes Arabic letter variants used for writing non-Arabic languages, including languages of Pakistan and Africa, and old Persian.
See Arabic script and Arabic Supplement
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
Aragonese language
Aragonese (in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon, Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza/Ribagorça.
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Aramaic
Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.
Aramaic alphabet
The ancient Aramaic alphabet was used to write the Aramaic languages spoken by ancient Aramean pre-Christian tribes throughout the Fertile Crescent. Arabic script and Aramaic alphabet are abjad writing systems and right-to-left writing systems.
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Arebica
Arebica (Bosnian: arabica) is a variant of the Arabic script used to write the Bosnian language.
Arwi
Arwi (أَرْوِيُّ) or Arabu-Tamil (அரபுத்தமிழ், عَرَبُتَّمِۻْ) is an Arabic-influenced dialect of the Tamil language written with an extension of the Arabic alphabet, with extensive lexical and phonetic influences from the Arabic language.
Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.
See Arabic script and Aspirated consonant
Assam
Assam is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys.
Assamese language
Assamese or Asamiya (অসমীয়া) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the north-eastern Indian state of Assam, where it is an official language.
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Assyrian people
Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.
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Atatürk's reforms
Atatürk's reforms (Atatürk İnkılâpları or Atatürk Devrimleri) were a series of political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes, designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular nation-state, implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in accordance with the Kemalist framework.
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Austronesian languages
The Austronesian languages are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples).
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Avar language
Avar (магӏарул мацӏ,, "language of the mountains" or авар мацӏ,, "Avar language"), also known as Avaric, is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan.
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Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (17011773), also known as Job Ben Solomon, was a prominent Fulani Muslim prince from West Africa who was kidnapped and trafficked to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade, having previously owned and sold slaves himself.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.
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Azerbaijani language
Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch.
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İske imlâ alphabet
İske imlâ (İske imlâ: ايسكی املا, Иске имлә İske imlä,, "Old Orthography") is a variant of the Arabic script, used for the Tatar language before 1920, as well as for the Old Tatar language.
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Źim
,,, or (ځ) is a Pashto letter representing the sibilant affricative (IPA) sound.
Že
Že or Zhe (ژ), used to represent the phoneme, is a letter in the Persian alphabet, based on zayn (ز) with two additional diacritic dots.
Ƴ
Ƴ (minuscule: ƴ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from Y with the addition of a hook.
Baṛī ye
Baṛī ye (بَڑی يے,; lit. "greater ye") is a letter in the Urdu alphabet (and other Indo-Iranian language alphabets based on it) directly based on the alternative "returned" variant of the final form of the Arabic letter ye/yāʾ (known as yāʾ mardūda) found in the Hijazi, Kufic, Thuluth, Naskh, and Nastaliq scripts.
Bakhtiari dialect
Bakhtiari dialect is a distinct dialect of Southern Luri spoken by Bakhtiari people in Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari, Bushehr, eastern Khuzestan and parts of Isfahan and Lorestan provinces.
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Balanta languages
Balanta (or Balant) is a group of two closely related Bak languages of West Africa spoken by the Balanta people.
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Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
Balochi language
Balochi (rtl, romanized) is a Northwestern Iranian language, spoken primarily in the Balochistan region of Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan.
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Balochi Standard Alphabet
The Balochi Standard Alphabet or Balòrabi(Arabic Scripts), Balòtin(Latin Scripts) (بلۏچی استانداردݔن سیاھگ, Balòci Estàndàrdèn Siyàhag), also known as Balorabi, is an abjad-based writing system developed from the Arabic script, used for the Balochi language spoken in the Balochistan region of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran.
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Balti language
Balti (Nastaʿlīq script:, Tibetan script: སྦལ་ཏི།) is a Tibetic language natively spoken by the ethnic Balti people in the Baltistan region of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, Nubra Valley of the Leh district and in the Kargil district of Ladakh, India.
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Banjarese language
The Banjar or Banjarese (basa Banjar; jaku Banjar, Jawi) is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken by the Banjarese—an indigenous ethnic group native to Banjar regions— in the southeastern Kalimantan of Indonesia.
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Bashkir language
Bashkir or Bashkort (translit) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch.
See Arabic script and Bashkir language
Basilan
Basilan, officially the Province of Basilan (Provincia de Basilan; Wilayah Basilanin; Wilaya' sin Basilan; Lalawigan ng Basilan), is an island province of the Philippines located primarily in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region.
Beja language
Beja (Bidhaawyeet or Tubdhaawi) is an Afroasiatic language of the Cushitic branch spoken on the western coast of the Red Sea by the Beja people.
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Belarusian Arabic alphabet
The Belarusian Arabic alphabet (Biełaruski arabski ałfavit) or Belarusian Arabitsa (بَلاروُسقایا ارابیࢯا, Беларуская Арабіца)Maxime Seveleu-Dubrovnik, The Belarusian Arabic alphabet initiative at the FIAS.
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Belarusian language
Belarusian (label) is an East Slavic language.
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Bengal
Geographical distribution of the Bengali language Bengal (Bôṅgo) or endonym Bangla (Bāṅlā) is a historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal.
Bengali language
Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia.
See Arabic script and Bengali language
Berber Arabic alphabet
The Berber Arabic alphabet (Berber: or or; Abjad berbèro arabe; الابجدية العربية الأمازيغية) is an Arabic-based alphabet that was used to write various Berber languages in the Middle Ages.
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Berber languages
The Berber languages, also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight, are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
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Berber Latin alphabet
The Berber Latin alphabet (Agemmay Amaziɣ Alatin) is the version of the Latin alphabet used to write the Berber languages.
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Berbers
Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also called by their endonym Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migrations to the Maghreb.
Bhadarwahi language
Bhadarwahi (Bhadrawahi) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Western Pahari group spoken by the Bhadarwahi people of the Bhadarwah region of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.
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Bihar
Bihar is a state in Eastern India.
Bilali Document
The Bilali Muhammad Document is a handwritten, Arabic manuscript on West African Islamic law.
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B̤ē
B̤ē (ٻ) is an additional letter of the Arabic script, derived from bāʼ (ب) with an additional dot.
Bosnian language
Bosnian (bosanski / босански), sometimes referred to as Bosniak language, is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by ethnic Bosniaks.
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Brahmic scripts
The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems.
See Arabic script and Brahmic scripts
Brahui language
Brahui (براہوئی|; also known as Brahvi or Brohi) is a Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui people who are mainly found in the central Balochistan Province of Pakistan, with smaller communities of speakers scattered in parts of Iranian Baluchestan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan (around Merv) and by expatriate Brahui communities in Iraq, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.
See Arabic script and Brahui language
Brunei
Brunei, officially Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.
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Burundi
Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley at the junction between the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa.
Burushaski
Burushaski is a language isolate, spoken by the Burusho people, who predominantly reside in northern Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
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Cape Malays
Cape Malays (کاپز ملیس in Arabic script) also known as Cape Muslims or Malays, are a Muslim community or ethnic group in South Africa.
See Arabic script and Cape Malays
Cappadocian Greek
Cappadocian Greek (Καππαδοκικά, Καππαδοκική Διάλεκτος), also known as Cappadocian is a dialect of modern Greek, originally spoken in Cappadocia (modern-day Central Turkey) by the descendants of the Byzantine Greeks of Anatolia.
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Casamance
Casamance (Casamance; Wolof: Kasamansa; Kasamansa; Casamansa or Casamança) is the area of Senegal south of the Gambia, including the Casamance River.
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Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
See Arabic script and Caucasus
Celadet Alî Bedirxan
Celadet Elî Bedirxan (translit; 26 April 1893 – 15 July 1951), also known as Mîr Celadet, was a Kurdish diplomat, writer, linguist, journalist and political activist.
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Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
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Central Atlas Tamazight
Central Atlas Tamazight or Atlasic (native name: Tamazight) is a Berber languageCentral Atlas Tamazight may be referred to as either a Berber language or a Berber dialect.
See Arabic script and Central Atlas Tamazight
Chagatai language
Chagatai (چغتای, Čaġatāy), also known as Turki, Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic (Čaġatāy türkīsi), is an extinct Turkic language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia.
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Cham language
Cham (Cham: ꨌꩌ, Jawi: چام) is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian family, spoken by the Chams of Southeast Asia.
See Arabic script and Cham language
Cham script
The Cham script is a Brahmic abugida used to write Cham, an Austronesian language spoken by some 245,000 Chams in Vietnam and Cambodia.
See Arabic script and Cham script
Che (Persian letter)
Che or cheem is a letter of the Persian alphabet, used to represent, and which derives from by the addition of two dots.
See Arabic script and Che (Persian letter)
Chechen language
Chechen (Нохчийн мотт, Noxçiyn mott) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic and by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of Europe, Jordan, Austria, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) and Georgia.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Chinese characters
Chinese characters are logographs used to write the Chinese languages and others from regions historically influenced by Chinese culture.
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Chinese language
Chinese is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China.
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Chittagong
Chittagong, officially Chattogram (Côṭṭôgrām, Chittagonian: চাটগাঁও Sāṭgão), is the second-largest city in Bangladesh.
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Chittagonian language
Chittagonian (চাটগাঁইয়া saṭgãia or চিটাইঙ্গা siṭaiṅga) or Chittagonian Bengali is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of the Chittagong Division in Bangladesh.
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Close back rounded vowel
The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Close back rounded vowel
Close front unrounded vowel
The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet—and often called long-e in American English.
See Arabic script and Close front unrounded vowel
Close-mid front rounded vowel
The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Close-mid front rounded vowel
Comorian languages
Comorian (Shikomori, or Shimasiwa, the "language of islands") is the name given to a group of four Bantu languages spoken in the Comoro Islands, an archipelago in the southwestern Indian Ocean between Mozambique and Madagascar.
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Comoros
The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean.
Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract, except for the h, which is pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.
See Arabic script and Consonant
Coptic language
Coptic (Bohairic Coptic) is a group of closely related Egyptian dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third century AD in Roman Egypt.
See Arabic script and Coptic language
Crimean Tatar language
Crimean Tatar, also called Crimean, is a moribund Kipchak Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey, Romania, and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada.
See Arabic script and Crimean Tatar language
Cursive
Cursive (also known as joined-up writing) is any style of penmanship in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to block letters.
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.
See Arabic script and Cyrillic script
Dagestan
Dagestan (Дагестан), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea.
See Arabic script and Dagestan
Dargwa language
Dargwa (дарган мез, dargan mez) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Dargin people in the Russian republic Dagestan.
See Arabic script and Dargwa language
Dari
Dari (endonym: دری), Dari Persian (فارسی دری,, or), or Eastern Persian is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan.
Delhi
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi (ISO: Rāṣṭrīya Rājadhānī Kṣētra Dillī), is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India.
Devanagari
Devanagari (देवनागरी) is an Indic script used in the northern Indian subcontinent.
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Diacritic
A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph.
See Arabic script and Diacritic
Digraph (orthography)
A digraph or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
See Arabic script and Digraph (orthography)
Dobhashi
Dobhashi (bilingual) or Dobhashi Bengali is a neologism used to refer to a historical register of the Bengali language which borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian.
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Dobrujan Tatar
Dobrujan Tatar is the Tatar language of Romania.
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Dobrujan Tatar alphabet
The Dobrujan Tatar alphabet (Dobrujan Tatar: Tatar elipbesĭ) is the writing system of Dobrujan Tatar.
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Dogri language
Dogri (Devanagari: label; Name Dogra Akkhar: 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮|label.
See Arabic script and Dogri language
Dongolawi language
Dongolawi is a Nubian language of northern Sudan.
See Arabic script and Dongolawi language
Dravidian languages
The Dravidian languages (sometimes called Dravidic) are a family of languages spoken by 250 million people, mainly in southern India, north-east Sri Lanka, and south-west Pakistan, with pockets elsewhere in South Asia.
See Arabic script and Dravidian languages
Dungan language
Dungan is a Sinitic language spoken primarily in Kazakhstan, Russia and Kyrgyzstan by the Dungan people, an ethnic group related to the Hui people of China.
See Arabic script and Dungan language
Dyula language
Dyula (or Jula, Dioula, Julakan ߖߎ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ߲) is a language of the Mande language family spoken mainly in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Mali, and also in some other countries, including Ghana, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau.
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Eastern Arabic numerals
The Eastern Arabic numerals, also called Indo-Arabic numerals, are the symbols used to represent numerical digits in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Mashriq (the east of the Arab world), the Arabian Peninsula, and its variant in other countries that use the Persian numerals on the Iranian plateau and in Asia.
See Arabic script and Eastern Arabic numerals
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Arabic script and Egyptian hieroglyphs are abjad writing systems.
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Elifba alphabet
The Elifba alphabet (Elifbaja, from Elifbâ, Elifba Albanian: ئەلیفبایا ئارابوَ-شچیپ) was the main writing system for the Albanian language during the time of the Ottoman Empire from 14th century to 1911.
See Arabic script and Elifba alphabet
Epigraphy
Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions, or epigraphs, as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers.
See Arabic script and Epigraphy
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.
See Arabic script and Ethiopia
Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.
See Arabic script and Fertile Crescent
French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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Fula language
Fula,Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh also known as Fulani or Fulah (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular; Adlam: 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤬𞤵𞤤𞤣𞤫, 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤪; Ajami: ࢻُلْࢻُلْدٜ, ݒُلَارْ, بُۛلَر), is a Senegambian language spoken by around 36.8 million people as a set of various dialects in a continuum that stretches across some 18 countries in West and Central Africa.
See Arabic script and Fula language
Fur language
The Fur language (or For; Fur: bèle fòòr or fòòraŋ bèle, Poor'íŋ belé; فوراوي, Fûrâwî; sometimes called Konjara by linguists, after a former ruling clan) is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Fur of Darfur in Western Sudan and Chad.
See Arabic script and Fur language
Gaf
Gaf (گاف), is the name of different Perso-Arabic letters, all representing.
Galician–Portuguese
Galician–Portuguese (lingua vulgar; galego–portugués or galaico–portugués; galego–português or galaico–português), also known as Old Galician–Portuguese, Old Galician or Old Portuguese, Medieval Galician or Medieval Portuguese when referring to the history of each modern language, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula.
See Arabic script and Galician–Portuguese
Garshuni
Garshuni or Karshuni (Syriac alphabet: ܓܪܫܘܢܝ, Arabic alphabet: كرشوني) are Arabic writings using the Syriac alphabet.
See Arabic script and Garshuni
Gawri language
Gawri (ګاوری), also known as Kalami (کالامي), or Bashkarik, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Swat Kohistan (also called Kalam) region in the upper Swat District and in the upper Panjkora river valley of Upper Dir District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
See Arabic script and Gawri language
Geʽez script
Geʽez (Gəʽəz) is a script used as an abugida (alphasyllabary) for several Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
See Arabic script and Geʽez script
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.
See Arabic script and Germanic languages
Glottal stop
The glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.
See Arabic script and Glottal stop
Grapheme
In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system.
See Arabic script and Grapheme
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.
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Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Arabic script and Greek language
Gueh
Gueh is an additional letter of the Arabic script, used in Sindhi and Saraiki to represent a voiced velar implosive.
Gurmukhi
Gurmukhī (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ,, Shahmukhi: گُرمُکھی|rtl.
See Arabic script and Gurmukhi
Hamza
The hamza (هَمْزَة) is an Arabic script character that, in the Arabic alphabet, denotes a glottal stop and, in non-Arabic languages, indicates a diphthong, vowel, or other features, depending on the language.
Hanifi Rohingya script
The Hanifi Rohingya script is a unified script for the Rohingya language. Arabic script and Hanifi Rohingya script are right-to-left writing systems.
See Arabic script and Hanifi Rohingya script
Harari language
Harari is an Ethiopian Semitic language spoken by the Harari people of Ethiopia.
See Arabic script and Harari language
Harari people
The Harari people (Harari: ጌይ ኡሱኣች Gēy Usuach, "People of the City") are a Semitic-speaking ethnic group which inhabits the Horn of Africa.
See Arabic script and Harari people
Harari Region
The Harari Region (Harari: ሀረሪ ሑስኒ), officially the Harari People's National Regional State (የሐረሪ ሕዝብ ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግሥት; Mootummaa Naannoo Ummata Hararii; Harari: ዚሀረሪ ኡምመት ሑስኒ ሑኩማ), is a regional state in eastern Ethiopia, covering the homeland of the Harari people.
See Arabic script and Harari Region
Hausa language
Hausa (Harshen/Halshen Hausa; Ajami: هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا) is a Chadic language that is spoken by the Hausa people in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo, and the southern parts of Niger, and Chad, with significant minorities in Ivory Coast.
See Arabic script and Hausa language
He (letter)
He is the fifth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician hē 𐤄, Hebrew hē ה, Aramaic hē 𐡄, Syriac hē ܗ, and Arabic hāʾ ه.
See Arabic script and He (letter)
Hebrew alphabet
The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is traditionally an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian. Arabic script and Hebrew alphabet are abjad writing systems and right-to-left writing systems.
See Arabic script and Hebrew alphabet
Hebrew language
Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.
See Arabic script and Hebrew language
Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh ("Snow-laden Mountain Province") is a state in the northern part of India.
See Arabic script and Himachal Pradesh
Hindustani language
Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India, Pakistan and the Deccan and used as the official language of India and Pakistan. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic).
See Arabic script and Hindustani language
History of the Arabic alphabet
It is thought that the Arabic alphabet is a derivative of the Nabataean variation of the Aramaic alphabet, which descended from the Phoenician alphabet, which among others also gave rise to the Hebrew alphabet and the Greek alphabet, the latter one being in turn the base for the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.
See Arabic script and History of the Arabic alphabet
Hui people
The Hui people (回族|p.
See Arabic script and Hui people
Idaʼan language
The Idaʼan (also Idahan) language is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Idaʼan people on the east coast of Sabah, Malaysia.
See Arabic script and Idaʼan language
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.
See Arabic script and Indian subcontinent
Indic Siyaq Numbers
Indic Siyaq Numbers is a Unicode block containing a specialized subset of the Arabic script that was used for accounting in India under the Mughals by the 17th century through the middle of the 20th century.
See Arabic script and Indic Siyaq Numbers
Indo-Aryan languages
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.
See Arabic script and Indo-Aryan languages
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.
See Arabic script and Indonesia
Indonesian language
Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia.
See Arabic script and Indonesian language
Ingush language
Ingush (Гӏалгӏай мотт,, pronounced) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 500,000 people, known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya.
See Arabic script and Ingush language
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
See Arabic script and Iranian languages
Iranian Persian
Iranian Persian (translit), Western Persian or Western Farsi, natively simply known as Persian (translit), refers to the varieties of the Persian language spoken in Iran and by others in neighboring countries, as well as by Iranian communities throughout the world.
See Arabic script and Iranian Persian
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.
Ishkashimi language
Ishkashimi (Ishkashimi: škošmī zəvuk/rənīzəvuk) is an Iranian language spoken by who live predominantly in the Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan and in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan.
See Arabic script and Ishkashimi language
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Jambi
Jambi is a province of Indonesia.
Jammu and Kashmir (state)
Jammu and Kashmir was a region formerly administered by India as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, Pakistan and China since the mid-20th century.
See Arabic script and Jammu and Kashmir (state)
Javanese language
Javanese (basa Jawa, Javanese script: ꦧꦱꦗꦮ, Pegon: باسا جاوا, IPA) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, Indonesia.
See Arabic script and Javanese language
Jawi script
Jawi (جاوي; Jawoë; Kelantan-Pattani: Yawi) is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia, such as Acehnese, Malay, Mëranaw, Minangkabau, Tausūg, and Ternate.
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand is a state in eastern India.
See Arabic script and Jharkhand
Jola-Fonyi language
Jola (Diola; Jola: Joola), also called Jola-Fonyi (Diola-Fogny) and Kujamataak, is a language spoken by 475,000 people in the Casamance region of Senegal, and neighboring countries.
See Arabic script and Jola-Fonyi language
Jordan
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.
Judaeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol, Hebrew script), also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish.
See Arabic script and Judaeo-Spanish
Judeo-Arabic dialects
Judeo-Arabic dialects (ערביה יהודיה) are ethnolects formerly spoken by Jews throughout the Arab world.
See Arabic script and Judeo-Arabic dialects
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, also known as Judeo-Tunisian, is a variety of Tunisian Arabic mainly spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Tunisia.
See Arabic script and Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
Kalimantan
Kalimantan is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo.
See Arabic script and Kalimantan
Karachay-Balkar
Karachay–Balkar (Къарачай-Малкъар тил, Qaraçay-Malqar til), or Mountain Turkic (Таулу тил, page), is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey.
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Karakalpak language
Karakalpak is a Turkic language spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan.
See Arabic script and Karakalpak language
Kashmiri language
Kashmiri or Koshur (Kashmiri) is a Dardic Indo-Aryan language spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region, primarily in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian-administrated union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, over half the population of that territory.
See Arabic script and Kashmiri language
Kazakh language
Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs.
See Arabic script and Kazakh language
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.
See Arabic script and Kazakhstan
Kedah
Kedah, also known by its honorific Darul Aman and historically as Queda, is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia.
Kelantan
Kelantan (Jawi: کلنتن; Kelantanese Malay: Klate) is a state in Malaysia.
See Arabic script and Kelantan
Kerala
Kerala (/), called Keralam in Malayalam, is a state on the Malabar Coast of India.
Khē
Khē, or Keheh, is a letter of the Arabic script, used to write in Sindhi.
Khowar
Khowar (کھووار زبان|translit.
Khowar alphabet
The Khowar alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Khowar language.
See Arabic script and Khowar alphabet
Kinyarwanda
Kinyarwanda, Rwandan or Rwanda, officially known as Ikinyarwanda, is a Bantu language and the national language of Rwanda.
See Arabic script and Kinyarwanda
Kirundi
Kirundi, also known as Rundi, is a Bantu language and the national language of Burundi.
Kufic
The Kufic script (Romanized) is a style of Arabic script that gained prominence early on as a preferred script for Quran transcription and architectural decoration, and it has since become a reference and an archetype for a number of other Arabic scripts.
Kumyk language
Kumyk (къумукъ тил,L. S. Levitskaya, "Kumyk language", in Languages of the world. Turkic languages (1997). qumuq til, قموق تیل) is a Turkic language spoken by about 426,212 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation.
See Arabic script and Kumyk language
Kurdish alphabets
Kurdish is written using either of two alphabets: the Latin-based Bedirxan or Hawar alphabet, introduced by Celadet Alî Bedirxan in 1932 and popularized through the Hawar magazine, and the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet.
See Arabic script and Kurdish alphabets
Kurdish language
Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria.
See Arabic script and Kurdish language
Kurmanji
Kurmanji (lit), also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions.
See Arabic script and Kurmanji
Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia.
See Arabic script and Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges.
See Arabic script and Kyrgyzstan
Ladakhi language
The Ladakhi language is a Tibetic language spoken in the Indian union territory of Ladakh.
See Arabic script and Ladakhi language
Lak language
Lak (лакку маз) is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family.
See Arabic script and Lak language
Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep is a union territory of India.
See Arabic script and Lakshadweep
Languages of Algeria
Arabic, particularly the Algerian Arabic dialect, is the most widely spoken language in Algeria, but a number of regional and foreign languages are also spoken.
See Arabic script and Languages of Algeria
Languages of India
Languages spoken in the Republic of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians; both families together are sometimes known as Indic languages.
See Arabic script and Languages of India
Languages of Indonesia
More than 700 living languages are spoken in Indonesia.
See Arabic script and Languages of Indonesia
Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
See Arabic script and Latin alphabet
Latin script
The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia.
See Arabic script and Latin script
Latinisation in the Soviet Union
Latinisation or latinization (latinizatsiya) was a campaign in the Soviet Union to adopt the Latin script during the 1920s and 1930s.
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Lām with bar
ݪ (Unicode name: Arabic Letter Lam With Bar, code point U+076A) is an additional letter of the Arabic script, derived from lām (ل) with the addition of a bar.
See Arabic script and Lām with bar
Letter case
Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (or more formally majuscule) and smaller lowercase (or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages.
See Arabic script and Letter case
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
Lezgian language
Lezgian, also called Lezgi or Lezgin, is a Northeast Caucasian language.
See Arabic script and Lezgian language
Lipka Tatars
The Lipka Tatars (Lipka – refers to Lithuania, also known as Lipkas, Lithuanian Tatars; later also – Polish Tatars, Polish–Lithuanian Tatars, Belarusian Tatars, Lipkowie, Lipcani, Muślimi, Lietuvos totoriai) are a Turkic ethnic group who originally settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the beginning of the 14th century.
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List of writing systems
Writing systems are used to record human language, and may be classified according to certain common features.
See Arabic script and List of writing systems
Loanword
A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing.
See Arabic script and Loanword
Luri language
Luri (لری, لری) is a Southwestern Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lurs, an Iranian people native to Western Asia.
See Arabic script and Luri language
Madagascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar and the Fourth Republic of Madagascar, is an island country comprising the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands.
See Arabic script and Madagascar
Madrasa
Madrasa (also,; Arabic: مدرسة, pl. مدارس), sometimes transliterated as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning.
Madurese language
Madurese is a language of the Madurese people, native to the Madura Island and Eastern Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely the eastern salient of Java (comprising Pasuruan, Surabaya, Malang to Banyuwangi), the Masalembu Islands and even some on Kalimantan.
See Arabic script and Madurese language
Maghreb
The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.
Maguindanao language
Maguindanaon (Basa Magindanawn, Jawi: باس مڬندنون), or Magindanawn is an Austronesian language spoken by Maguindanaon people who form majority of the population of eponymous provinces of Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur in the Philippines.
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Malagasy language
Malagasy (Sorabe: مَلَغَسِ) is an Austronesian language and dialect continuum spoken in Madagascar.
See Arabic script and Malagasy language
Malay language
Malay (Bahasa Melayu, Jawi: بهاس ملايو) is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand.
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Malayalam
Malayalam is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people.
See Arabic script and Malayalam
Malaysia
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia.
See Arabic script and Malaysia
Mali
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa.
Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin is a group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China.
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Mande languages
The Mande languages (Mandén, Manding) are a group of languages spoken in several countries in West Africa by the Mandé peoples.
See Arabic script and Mande languages
Mandinka language
The Mandinka language (Ajami: مَانْدِينْكَا كَانْجَوْ), or Mandingo, is a Mande language spoken by the Mandinka people of Guinea, northern Guinea-Bissau, the Casamance region of Senegal, and in The Gambia where it is one of the principal languages.
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Marwari language
Marwari (मारवाड़ी) is a language within the Rajasthani language family of the Indo-Aryan languages.
See Arabic script and Marwari language
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
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Mesopotamian Arabic
Mesopotamian Arabic (لهجة بلاد ما بين النهرين), also known as Iraqi Arabic (اللهجة العراقية), is a group of varieties of Arabic spoken in the Mesopotamian basin of Iraq, as well as in Syria, southeastern Turkey, Iran, Kuwait and Iraqi diaspora communities.
See Arabic script and Mesopotamian Arabic
Minangkabau language
Minangkabau (Minangkabau: Baso Minangkabau, Jawi script:; Bahasa Minangkabau) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau.
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Mooré
Mooré, also called More or Mossi, is a Gur language of the Oti–Volta branch and one of four official languages of Burkina Faso.
Morocco
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent is conventionally said to have started in 712, after the conquest of Sindh and Multan by the Umayyad Caliphate under the military command of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934 (1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938.
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Myanmar
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest.
N'Ko script
NKo (ߒߞߏ), also spelled N'Ko, is an alphabetic script devised by Solomana Kanté in 1949, as a modern writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa. Arabic script and N'Ko script are right-to-left writing systems.
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Nabataean Arabic
Nabataean Arabic was the dialect of Arabic spoken by the Nabataeans in antiquity.
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Nabataean script
The Nabataean script is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) that was used to write Nabataean Aramaic and Nabataean Arabic from the second century BC onwards. Arabic script and Nabataean script are abjad writing systems and right-to-left writing systems.
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Nabataeans
The Nabataeans or Nabateans (translit) were an ancient Arab people who inhabited northern Arabia and the southern Levant.
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Naskh (script)
Naskh is a smaller, round script of Islamic calligraphy.
See Arabic script and Naskh (script)
Nastaliq
Nastaliq, also romanized as Nastaʿlīq or Nastaleeq, is one of the main calligraphic hands used to write the Perso-Arabic script and it is used for some Indo-Iranian languages, predominantly Classical Persian, Kashmiri, Punjabi (Shahmukhi) and Urdu.
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Ng (Arabic letter)
Ng or Naf is an additional letter of the Arabic script, derived from kāf with the addition of three dots above the letter.
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Nobiin language
Nobiin, also known as Halfawi, Mahas, is a Nubian language of the Nilo-Saharan language family.
See Arabic script and Nobiin language
Nogai language
Nogai (Ногай тили, Nogay tili, Ногайша, Nogayşa) also known as Noğay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.
See Arabic script and Nogai language
North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
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Northeast Africa
Northeast Africa, or Northeastern Africa, or Northern East Africa as it was known in the past, is a geographic regional term used to refer to the countries of Africa situated in and around the Red Sea.
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Northeast Caucasian languages
The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Nakh-Daghestani or Vainakh-Daghestani, or sometimes Caspian languages (from the Caspian Sea, in contrast to Pontic languages for the Northwest Caucasian languages), is a family of languages spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia and in Northern Azerbaijan as well as in Georgia and diaspora populations in Western Europe and the Middle East.
See Arabic script and Northeast Caucasian languages
Northwest Caucasian languages
The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhazo-Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages, is a family of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region,Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) chiefly in three Russian republics (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia), the disputed territory of Abkhazia, Georgia, and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East.
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Nubian languages
The Nubian languages are a group of related languages spoken by the Nubians.
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Nun (letter)
Nun is the fourteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician nūn 𐤍, Hebrew nūn נ, Aramaic nūn 𐡍, Syriac nūn ܢ, and Arabic nūn ن (in abjadi order).
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October Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.
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Old Spanish
Old Spanish, also known as Old Castilian (castellano antiguo; roman, romançe, romaz), or Medieval Spanish (español medieval), was originally a dialect of Vulgar Latin spoken in the former provinces of the Roman Empire.
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Omar ibn Said
Omar ibn Said (or Omar ben Saeed; –1864) was a Fula Muslim scholar from Futa Toro in West Africa (present-day Senegal), who was enslaved and transported to the United States in 1807.
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Open-mid back rounded vowel
The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Open-mid back rounded vowel
Ormuri
Ormuri (Pashto: اورموړی ژبه; زبان ارموری; literally, "Ormuri language") also known as Baraki, Ormur, Ormui or Bargista is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in Southeast Afghanistan and Waziristan.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
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Ottoman Siyaq Numbers
Ottoman Siyaq Numbers is a Unicode block containing a specialized subset of the Arabic script that was used for accounting in Ottoman Turkish documents.
See Arabic script and Ottoman Siyaq Numbers
Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish (Lisân-ı Osmânî,; Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE).
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Ottoman Turkish alphabet
The Ottoman Turkish alphabet (الفبا) is a version of the Perso-Arabic script used to write Ottoman Turkish until 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.
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Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.
See Arabic script and Pakistan
Palatalization (phonetics)
In phonetics, palatalization or palatization is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate.
See Arabic script and Palatalization (phonetics)
Papyrus
Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface.
Pashto alphabet
The Pashto alphabet (Pəx̌tó alfbâye) is the right-to-left abjad-based alphabet developed from the Arabic script, used for the Pashto language in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
See Arabic script and Pashto alphabet
Pe (Persian letter)
Pe (پ) is a letter in the Persian alphabet and the Kurdish alphabet used to represent the voiceless bilabial plosive ⟨p⟩.
See Arabic script and Pe (Persian letter)
Pe (Semitic letter)
Pe is the seventeenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician pē 𐤐, Hebrew pē פ, Aramaic pē 𐡐, Syriac pē ܦ, and Arabic fāʾ ف (in abjadi order).
See Arabic script and Pe (Semitic letter)
Pegon script
Pegon (Javanese and Sundanese: اَكسارا ڤَيڮَون,; also known as اَبجَد ڤَيڮَون,, Madurese:, Abjâd Pèghu) is a modified Arabic script used to write the Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese languages, as an alternative to the Latin script or the Javanese script and the Old Sundanese script.
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Persian alphabet
The Persian alphabet (translit), also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language.
See Arabic script and Persian alphabet
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
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Pesantren
Pesantren is a traditional Islamic boarding school in Indonesia.
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Petra
Petra (Al-Batrāʾ; Πέτρα, "Rock"), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu (Nabataean: or, *Raqēmō), is a historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan.
Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.
See Arabic script and Philippines
Phoenician alphabet
The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) used across the Mediterranean civilization of Phoenicia for most of the 1st millennium BC. Arabic script and Phoenician alphabet are right-to-left writing systems.
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Phoneme
In linguistics and specifically phonology, a phoneme is any set of similar phones (speech sounds) that is perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single distinct unit, a single basic sound, which helps distinguish one word from another.
Phonology
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.
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Polish language
Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.
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Portuguese language
Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
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Proto-Sinaitic script
The Proto-Sinaitic script is a Middle Bronze Age writing system known from a small corpus of about 30-40 inscriptions and fragments from Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai Peninsula, as well as two inscriptions from Wadi el-Hol in Middle Egypt. Arabic script and Proto-Sinaitic script are abjad writing systems and right-to-left writing systems.
See Arabic script and Proto-Sinaitic script
Punjabi language
Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.
See Arabic script and Punjabi language
Qoph
Qoph is the nineteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician qōp 𐤒, Hebrew qūp̄ ק, Aramaic qop 𐡒, Syriac qōp̄ ܩ, and Arabic qāf ق.
Quran
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).
Rakhine State
Rakhine State (Rakhine and), formerly known as Arakan State, is a state in Myanmar (Burma).
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Rasm
Rasm (رَسْم) is an Arabic writing script often used in the early centuries of Classical Arabic literature (7th century – early 11th century AD).
Rā with two dots vertically above
ݫ (Unicode name: Arabic Letter Reh With Two Dots Vertically Above) is an additional letter of the Arabic script, derived from rāʾ (ر) with the addition of two dots above the letter.
See Arabic script and Rā with two dots vertically above
Riau
Riau (Jawi) is a province of Indonesia.
Riau Islands
The Riau Islands (Kepulauan Riau, Jawi) is a province of Indonesianot to be confused with neighbouring Riau Province from which the Riau Islands Province were separated in 2002.
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Right-to-left script
In a script (commonly shortened to right to left or abbreviated RTL, RL-TB or R2L), writing starts from the right of the page and continues to the left, proceeding from top to bottom for new lines. Arabic script and right-to-left script are right-to-left writing systems.
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Rohingya language
Rohingya (Hanifi Rohingya:,,,Muhammad Ibrahim, (2013) Rohingya Text Book I. رُحَ࣪ڠۡگِ࣭ࢬ فࣤنَّ࣪رۡ كِتَفۡ لࣤمۡبࣤ࣪رۡ (١), Published by Rohingya fonna) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Rohingya people of Rakhine State, Myanmar.
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Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.
Romanization of Arabic
The romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Arabic script and romanization of Arabic are arabic orthography.
See Arabic script and Romanization of Arabic
Rumi Numeral Symbols
Rumi Numeral Symbols is a Unicode block containing numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries.
See Arabic script and Rumi Numeral Symbols
Rwanda
Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Sabah
Sabah, or given nickname Sabah Bumi Di Bawah Bayu (means Sabah Land Below The Wind) is a state of Malaysia located on the northern portion of Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia.
Sahel
The Sahel region or Sahelian acacia savanna is a biogeographical region in Africa.
Salar language
Salar is a Turkic language spoken by the Salar people, who mainly live in the provinces of Qinghai and Gansu in China; some also live in Ili, Xinjiang.
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Salar people
The Salar people are a Turkic ethnic minority in China who speak Salar, a Turkic language of the Oghuz sub-branch.
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Samuel Noah Kramer
Samuel Noah Kramer (September 28, 1897 – November 26, 1990) was one of the world's leading Assyriologists, an expert in Sumerian history and Sumerian language.
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Saraiki alphabet
There are three writing systems for Saraiki.
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Saraiki language
Saraiki (سرائیکی.; also spelt Siraiki, or Seraiki) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by more than 30 million people primarily in the south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan.
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Sīn with four dots above
ݜ (Unicode name: Arabic Letter Seen With Four Dots Above) is an additional letter of the Arabic script, derived from sīn (ﺱ) with the addition of four dots or two horizontal lines above the letter.
See Arabic script and Sīn with four dots above
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Arabic script and Semitic languages
Senegal
Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country.
Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian – also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.
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Shahmukhi
Shahmukhi is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.
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Sharada script
The Śāradā, Sarada or Sharada script is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts.
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Shilha language
Shilha (from its name in Moroccan Arabic), now more commonly known as Tashelhiyt, Tachelhit (from the endonym), is a Berber language spoken in southwestern Morocco.
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Shin (letter)
Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first and penultimate letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician šīn 𐤔, Hebrew šīn ש, Aramaic šīn 𐡔, Syriac šīn ܫ, and Arabic sīn س.
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Shina language
Shina (ݜݨیاٗ,شِْنْیٛا) is a Dardic language of Indo-Aryan language family spoken by the Shina people.
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Shona language
Shona (chiShona) is a Bantu language of the Shona people of Zimbabwe.
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Sindh
Sindh (سِنْدھ,; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind) is a province of Pakistan.
Sindhi language
Sindhi (or सिन्धी) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official status.
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Singapore
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.
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Sini (script)
Sini (from ٱلْخَطُ ٱلصِّينِيُّ) is a calligraphic style used in China for the Arabic script.
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Sinitic languages
The Sinitic languages, often synonymous with the Chinese languages, are a group of East Asian analytic languages that constitute a major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
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Sino-Tibetan languages
Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers.
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Somali alphabets
A number of writing systems have been used to transcribe the Somali language.
See Arabic script and Somali alphabets
Somali language
Somali (Latin script: Af-Soomaali; Wadaad:; Osmanya: 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch.
See Arabic script and Somali language
Somalia
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa.
Songhay languages
The Songhay, Songhai or Ayneha languages are a group of closely related languages/dialects centred on the middle stretches of the Niger River in the West African countries of Mali, Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso and Nigeria.
See Arabic script and Songhay languages
Sorabe alphabet
Sorabe or Sora-be (سُرَبِ) is an abjad based on Arabic, formerly used to transcribe the Malagasy language (belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family) and the Antemoro Malagasy dialect, dating from the 15th century.
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Sorani
Sorani Kurdish (rtl, Kurmancîy Xwarû), also known as Central Kurdish, is a Kurdish dialect or a language spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan in western Iran.
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania.
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Southern Thailand
Southern Thailand, Southern Siam or Tambralinga is a southernmost cultural region of Thailand, separated from Central Thailand region by the Kra Isthmus.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
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Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
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Spread of Islam
The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years.
See Arabic script and Spread of Islam
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.
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Strikethrough
Strikethrough is a typographical presentation of words with a horizontal line through their center, resulting in text like this.
See Arabic script and Strikethrough
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa, Subsahara, or Non-Mediterranean Africa is the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara.
See Arabic script and Sub-Saharan Africa
Sudan
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia.
Swahili Ajami
Swahili Ajami script refers to the alphabet derived from Arabic script that is used for the writing of Swahili language.
See Arabic script and Swahili Ajami
Swahili language
Swahili, also known by its local name Kiswahili, is a Bantu language originally spoken by the Swahili people, who are found primarily in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique (along the East African coast and adjacent littoral islands).
See Arabic script and Swahili language
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
Syriac alphabet
The Syriac alphabet (ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language since the 1st century AD. Arabic script and Syriac alphabet are abjad writing systems and right-to-left writing systems.
See Arabic script and Syriac alphabet
Tadaksahak
Tadaksahak (also Daoussahak, Dausahaq and other spellings, after the Tuareg name for its speakers, Dăwsăhak) is a Songhay language spoken by the pastoralist Idaksahak of the Ménaka Region and Gao Region of Mali.
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Tajik language
Tajik, or Tajiki Persian, also called Tajiki, is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by Tajiks.
See Arabic script and Tajik language
Tajikistan
Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.
See Arabic script and Tajikistan
Taliq script
The taʿlīq script is a calligraphic hand in Islamic calligraphy typically used for official documents written in Persian.
See Arabic script and Taliq script
Tamil language
Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (TN) is the southernmost state of India.
See Arabic script and Tamil Nadu
Tat language (Caucasus)
Tat, also known as Caucasian Persian, Tat/Tati Persian,Gernot Windfuhr, "Persian Grammar: history and state of its study", Walter de Gruyter, 1979.
See Arabic script and Tat language (Caucasus)
Tatar language
Tatar (татар теле, tatar tele or татарча, tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia and Crimea.
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Tatars
The Tatars, in the Collins English Dictionary formerly also spelt Tartars, is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia. Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes.
Tausug language
Tausūg (Bahasa Sūg; Jawi: بَهَسَ سُوگ; lit) is an Austronesian language spoken in the province of Sulu in the Philippines and in the eastern area of the state of Sabah, Malaysia as well as in the Nunukan Regency, province of North Kalimantan, Indonesia by the Tausūg people.
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Telangana
Telangana (ISO) is a state in India situated in the southern-central part of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau.
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Thaana
Thaana, Tãnaa, Taana or Tāna (&thinsp) is the present writing system of the Maldivian language spoken in the Maldives. Arabic script and Thaana are right-to-left writing systems.
Tibetan script
The Tibetan script is a segmental writing system, or abugida, derived from of Brahmic scripts and Gupta script, and used to write certain Tibetic languages, including Tibetan, Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Ladakhi, Jirel and Balti.
See Arabic script and Tibetan script
Tifinagh
Tifinagh (Tuareg Berber language:; Neo-Tifinagh:; Berber Latin alphabet: Tifinaɣ) is a script used to write the Berber languages.
See Arabic script and Tifinagh
Timbuktu
Timbuktu (Tombouctou; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; Tin Bukt) is an ancient city in Mali, situated north of the Niger River.
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Torwali language
Torwali is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Torwali people, and concentrated in the Bahrain and Chail areas of the Swat District in Pakistan.
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Tuareg languages
The Tuareg languages constitute a group of closely related Berber languages and dialects.
See Arabic script and Tuareg languages
Tunisian Arabic
Tunisian Arabic, or simply Tunisian, is a variety of Arabic spoken in Tunisia.
See Arabic script and Tunisian Arabic
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
See Arabic script and Turkic languages
Turkish language
Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.
See Arabic script and Turkish language
Turkmen language
Turkmen (türkmençe, түркменче, تۆرکمنچه, or türkmen dili, түркмен дили, تۆرکمن ديلی), is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia.
See Arabic script and Turkmen language
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
See Arabic script and Turkmenistan
Urdu
Urdu (اُردُو) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia.
Urdu alphabet
The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for writing Urdu.
See Arabic script and Urdu alphabet
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh ('North Province') is a state in northern India.
See Arabic script and Uttar Pradesh
Uyghur Arabic alphabet
The Uyghur Arabic alphabet (or UEY) is a version of the Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
See Arabic script and Uyghur Arabic alphabet
Uyghur language
Uyghur or Uighur (ئۇيغۇر تىلى, Уйғур тили, Uyghur tili, Uyƣur tili, or ئۇيغۇرچە, Уйғурчә, Uyghurche, Uyƣurqə,, CTA: Uyğurçä; formerly known as Eastern Turki) is a Turkic language written in a Uyghur Perso-Arabic script with 8–13 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China.
See Arabic script and Uyghur language
Uzbek language
Uzbek (pronounced), formerly known as Turki, is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks.
See Arabic script and Uzbek language
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.
See Arabic script and Uzbekistan
ڄ
ڄ, Arabic letter dyeh (U+0684), is an additional letter of the Arabic script, not used in the Arabic alphabet itself but used in Sindhi and Saraiki to represent a voiced palatal implosive,.
ڱ
ڱ, Arabic letter ngoeh (U+06B1), is an additional letter of the Arabic script, not used in the Arabic alphabet itself but used in Sindhi to represent a voiced velar nasal,.
ڼ
ڼ is the twenty-ninth letter of Pashto alphabet.
Valencian language
Valencian (valencià) or the Valencian language (llengua valenciana) is the official, historical and traditional name used in the Valencian Community of Spain to refer to the Romance language also known as Catalan, 20 minutos, 7 January 2008.
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Ve (Arabic letter)
Ve (based on name of the letter ف) is a letter of the Arabic-based Kurdish, Comoro, Wakhi, and Karakhanid alphabets.
See Arabic script and Ve (Arabic letter)
Voiced alveolar implosive
The voiced alveolar implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced alveolar implosive
Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
Voiced bilabial implosive
The voiced bilabial implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced bilabial implosive
Voiced bilabial plosive
The voiced bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced bilabial plosive
Voiced labiodental fricative
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced labiodental fricative
Voiced palatal lateral approximant
The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced palatal lateral approximant
Voiced palatal nasal
The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced palatal nasal
Voiced postalveolar fricative
The voiced postalveolar or palato-alveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced postalveolar fricative
Voiced retroflex flap
The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced retroflex flap
Voiced retroflex implosive
The voiced retroflex implosive is a type of consonantal sound.
See Arabic script and Voiced retroflex implosive
Voiced retroflex lateral approximant
The voiced retroflex lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced retroflex lateral approximant
Voiced retroflex lateral flap
The voiced retroflex lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced retroflex lateral flap
Voiced retroflex nasal
The voiced retroflex nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced retroflex nasal
Voiced retroflex plosive
The voiced retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced retroflex plosive
Voiced velar implosive
The voiced velar implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced velar implosive
Voiced velar nasal
The voiced velar nasal, also known as eng, engma, or agma (from Greek ἆγμα 'fragment'), is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced velar nasal
Voiced velar plosive
The voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiced velar plosive
Voiceless alveolar affricate
A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth.
See Arabic script and Voiceless alveolar affricate
Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
Voiceless bilabial plosive
The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiceless bilabial plosive
Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
Voiceless retroflex fricative
The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiceless retroflex fricative
Voiceless retroflex plosive
The voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
See Arabic script and Voiceless retroflex plosive
Wadaad's writing
Wadaad's writing, also known as Wadaad's Arabic (lit), is the traditional Somali adaptation of written Arabic as well as the Arabic script as historically used to transcribe the Somali language.
See Arabic script and Wadaad's writing
Waw (letter)
Waw ("hook") is the sixth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician wāw 𐤅, Aramaic waw 𐡅, Hebrew vav ו, Syriac waw ܘ and Arabic wāw و (sixth in abjadi order; 27th in modern Arabic order).
See Arabic script and Waw (letter)
West Africa
West Africa, or Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R.
See Arabic script and West Africa
West Bengal
West Bengal (Bengali: Poshchim Bongo,, abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India.
See Arabic script and West Bengal
Western Iranian languages
The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median.
See Arabic script and Western Iranian languages
Wolof language
Wolof (Wolof làkk, وࣷلࣷفْ لࣵکّ) is a Niger–Congo language spoken by the Wolof people in much of West African subregion of Senegambia that is split between the countries of Senegal, Mauritania, and the Gambia.
See Arabic script and Wolof language
Wolofal alphabet
Wolofal is a derivation of the Arabic script for writing the Wolof language.
See Arabic script and Wolofal alphabet
Writing system
A writing system comprises a particular set of symbols, called a script, as well as the rules by which the script represents a particular language.
See Arabic script and Writing system
Xiao'erjing
Xiao'erjing, often shortened to Xiaojing (the 'original script' being the Perso-Arabic script), is a Perso-Arabic script used to write Sinitic languages, including Lanyin Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin, Northeastern Mandarin, and Dungan.
See Arabic script and Xiao'erjing
Xinjiang
Xinjiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia.
See Arabic script and Xinjiang
Yaña imlâ alphabet
Yaña imlâ (Yaña imlâ: ياڭا ئيملە, Яңа имлә, Yaña imlä,, lit. "New orthography") was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in use for the Tatar language between 1920 and 1927.
See Arabic script and Yaña imlâ alphabet
Yañalif
Jaꞑalif, Yangalif or Yañalif (Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif,, Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages.
Yakan language
Yakan is an Austronesian language primarily spoken in Basilan in the Philippines.
See Arabic script and Yakan language
Yodh
Yodh (also spelled jodh, yod, or jod) is the tenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician yōd 𐤉, Hebrew yud י, Aramaic yod 𐡉, Syriac yōḏ ܝ, and Arabic yāʾ ي.
Yoruba language
Yoruba (Yor. Èdè Yorùbá,; Ajami: عِدعِ يوْرُبا) is a language that is spoken in West Africa, primarily in Southwestern and Central Nigeria.
See Arabic script and Yoruba language
ݙ
ݙ is an additional letter of the Arabic script, not used in the Arabic alphabet itself but used in Saraiki to represent a voiced alveolar implosive,.
ݨ
ݨ, (Arabic letter noon with small tah (U+0768), ṇūṇ), is an additional letter of the Arabic script, not used in the Arabic alphabet itself but used in Saraiki, Shina and Shahmukhi Punjabi to represent a retroflex nasal consonant,.
ݭ
ݭ is an additional letter of the Arabic script, derived from sīn (س) with the addition of two vertically aligned dots above the letter.
Zarma language
Zarma (Zarma Ciine/Sanni; Ajami: زَرْمَ ݘِينٜ / زَرْمَ سَنِّ) is one of the Songhay languages.
See Arabic script and Zarma language
Zawiya (institution)
A zawiya or zaouia (translit;; also spelled zawiyah or zawiyya) is a building and institution associated with Sufis in the Islamic world.
See Arabic script and Zawiya (institution)
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe, relief map Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east.
See Arabic script and Zimbabwe
See also
Abjad writing systems
- Abjad
- Ancient South Arabian script
- Arabic script
- Aramaic alphabet
- Celestial Alphabet
- Egyptian hieroglyphs
- Elymaic
- Hebrew alphabet
- Inscriptional Pahlavi
- Inscriptional Parthian
- Mandaic alphabet
- Manichaean script
- Nabataean script
- Pahlavi scripts
- Palmyrene alphabet
- Pitman shorthand
- Proto-Sinaitic script
- Psalter Pahlavi
- Rashi script
- Samaritan script
- Sogdian alphabet
- Syriac alphabet
- Ugaritic alphabet
Arabic orthography
- 'Ilm al-huruf
- Abjad
- Arabic alphabet
- Arabic calligraphy
- Arabic script
- List of Arabic letter components
- Romanization of Arabic
Right-to-left writing systems
- Adlam script
- Ancient North Arabian
- Ancient South Arabian script
- Arabic script
- Aramaic alphabet
- Avestan alphabet
- Byblos syllabary
- Cypriot syllabary
- Garay alphabet
- Hanifi Rohingya script
- Hebrew alphabet
- Indus script
- Kharosthi
- List of Arabic letter components
- Lydian alphabet
- Mandaic alphabet
- Manichaean script
- Mende Kikakui script
- N'Ko script
- Nabataean script
- Oduduwa script
- Old Hungarian script
- Old Turkic script
- Pahlavi scripts
- Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
- Phoenician alphabet
- Proto-Sinaitic script
- Right-to-left script
- Rohingya Arabic Alphabet
- Rovas script
- Samaritan script
- Sogdian alphabet
- Syriac alphabet
- Thaana
References
Also known as Arab (script), Arabic (script), Arabic Alphabets, Arabic orthography, Arabic scripts, Arabic text, Arabic-based alphabets, Arabo-Persian, Arabo-Persian script, ISO 15924:Arab, , ٿ.
, Že, Ƴ, Baṛī ye, Bakhtiari dialect, Balanta languages, Balkans, Balochi language, Balochi Standard Alphabet, Balti language, Banjarese language, Bashkir language, Basilan, Beja language, Belarusian Arabic alphabet, Belarusian language, Bengal, Bengali language, Berber Arabic alphabet, Berber languages, Berber Latin alphabet, Berbers, Bhadarwahi language, Bihar, Bilali Document, B̤ē, Bosnian language, Brahmic scripts, Brahui language, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burundi, Burushaski, Cape Malays, Cappadocian Greek, Casamance, Caucasus, Celadet Alî Bedirxan, Central Asia, Central Atlas Tamazight, Chagatai language, Cham language, Cham script, Che (Persian letter), Chechen language, China, Chinese characters, Chinese language, Chittagong, Chittagonian language, Close back rounded vowel, Close front unrounded vowel, Close-mid front rounded vowel, Comorian languages, Comoros, Consonant, Coptic language, Crimean Tatar language, Cursive, Cyrillic script, Dagestan, Dargwa language, Dari, Delhi, Devanagari, Diacritic, Digraph (orthography), Dobhashi, Dobrujan Tatar, Dobrujan Tatar alphabet, Dogri language, Dongolawi language, Dravidian languages, Dungan language, Dyula language, Eastern Arabic numerals, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Elifba alphabet, Epigraphy, Ethiopia, Fertile Crescent, French language, Fula language, Fur language, Gaf, Galician–Portuguese, Garshuni, Gawri language, Geʽez script, Germanic languages, Glottal stop, Grapheme, Greece, Greek alphabet, Greek language, Gueh, Gurmukhi, Hamza, Hanifi Rohingya script, Harari language, Harari people, Harari Region, Hausa language, He (letter), Hebrew alphabet, Hebrew language, Himachal Pradesh, Hindustani language, History of the Arabic alphabet, Hui people, Idaʼan language, India, Indian subcontinent, Indic Siyaq Numbers, Indo-Aryan languages, Indonesia, Indonesian language, Ingush language, Iran, Iranian languages, Iranian Persian, Iraq, Ishkashimi language, Islam, Jambi, Jammu and Kashmir (state), Javanese language, Jawi script, Jharkhand, Jola-Fonyi language, Jordan, Judaeo-Spanish, Judeo-Arabic dialects, Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, Kalimantan, Karachay-Balkar, Karakalpak language, Kashmiri language, Kazakh language, Kazakhstan, Kedah, Kelantan, Kerala, Khē, Khowar, Khowar alphabet, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kufic, Kumyk language, Kurdish alphabets, Kurdish language, Kurmanji, Kyrgyz language, Kyrgyzstan, Ladakhi language, Lak language, Lakshadweep, Languages of Algeria, Languages of India, Languages of Indonesia, Latin alphabet, Latin script, Latinisation in the Soviet Union, Lām with bar, Letter case, Levant, Lezgian language, Lipka Tatars, List of writing systems, Loanword, Luri language, Madagascar, Madrasa, Madurese language, Maghreb, Maguindanao language, Malagasy language, Malay language, Malayalam, Malaysia, Mali, Mandarin Chinese, Mande languages, Mandinka language, Marwari language, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian Arabic, Minangkabau language, Mooré, Morocco, Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Myanmar, N'Ko script, Nabataean Arabic, Nabataean script, Nabataeans, Naskh (script), Nastaliq, Ng (Arabic letter), Nobiin language, Nogai language, North Africa, Northeast Africa, Northeast Caucasian languages, Northwest Caucasian languages, Nubian languages, Nun (letter), October Revolution, Old Spanish, Omar ibn Said, Open-mid back rounded vowel, Ormuri, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Siyaq Numbers, Ottoman Turkish, Ottoman Turkish alphabet, Pakistan, Palatalization (phonetics), Papyrus, Pashto alphabet, Pe (Persian letter), Pe (Semitic letter), Pegon script, Persian alphabet, Persian language, Pesantren, Petra, Philippines, Phoenician alphabet, Phoneme, Phonology, Polish language, Portuguese language, Proto-Sinaitic script, Punjabi language, Qoph, Quran, Rakhine State, Rasm, Rā with two dots vertically above, Riau, Riau Islands, Right-to-left script, Rohingya language, Romania, Romanization of Arabic, Rumi Numeral Symbols, Rwanda, Sabah, Sahel, Salar language, Salar people, Samuel Noah Kramer, Saraiki alphabet, Saraiki language, Sīn with four dots above, Semitic languages, Senegal, Serbo-Croatian, Shahmukhi, Sharada script, Shilha language, Shin (letter), Shina language, Shona language, Sindh, Sindhi language, Singapore, Sini (script), Sinitic languages, Sino-Tibetan languages, Somali alphabets, Somali language, Somalia, Songhay languages, Sorabe alphabet, Sorani, Southeast Asia, Southern Thailand, Soviet Union, Spanish language, Spread of Islam, Sri Lanka, Strikethrough, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, Sumatra, Swahili Ajami, Swahili language, Syria, Syriac alphabet, Tadaksahak, Tajik language, Tajikistan, Taliq script, Tamil language, Tamil Nadu, Tat language (Caucasus), Tatar language, Tatars, Tausug language, Telangana, Thaana, Tibetan script, Tifinagh, Timbuktu, Torwali language, Tuareg languages, Tunisian Arabic, Turkey, Turkic languages, Turkish language, Turkmen language, Turkmenistan, Urdu, Urdu alphabet, Uttar Pradesh, Uyghur Arabic alphabet, Uyghur language, Uzbek language, Uzbekistan, ڄ, ڱ, ڼ, Valencian language, Ve (Arabic letter), Voiced alveolar implosive, Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate, Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative, Voiced bilabial implosive, Voiced bilabial plosive, Voiced labiodental fricative, Voiced palatal lateral approximant, Voiced palatal nasal, Voiced postalveolar fricative, Voiced retroflex flap, Voiced retroflex implosive, Voiced retroflex lateral approximant, Voiced retroflex lateral flap, Voiced retroflex nasal, Voiced retroflex plosive, Voiced velar implosive, Voiced velar nasal, Voiced velar plosive, Voiceless alveolar affricate, Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate, Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative, Voiceless bilabial plosive, Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives, Voiceless retroflex fricative, Voiceless retroflex plosive, Wadaad's writing, Waw (letter), West Africa, West Bengal, Western Iranian languages, Wolof language, Wolofal alphabet, Writing system, Xiao'erjing, Xinjiang, Yaña imlâ alphabet, Yañalif, Yakan language, Yodh, Yoruba language, ݙ, ݨ, ݭ, Zarma language, Zawiya (institution), Zimbabwe.