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286 relations: Aconcagua River, Agustín de Jáuregui, Aillarehue, Ainavillo, Alejo, Alonso de Cordova y Figueroa, Alonso de Figueroa y Córdoba, Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo, Alonso de Reinoso, Alonso de Ribera, Alonso de Sotomayor, Alonso García de Ramón, Ambrosio de Benavides, Ambrosio O'Higgins, 1st Marquess of Osorno, Andalién River, Andalicán, Anganamón, Angol, Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga, Araucanía (historic region), Araucanization of Patagonia, Arauco Province, Arauco, Chile, Ayllicuriche, Ángel de Peredo, Ñuble River, Barque, Battle of Andalien, Battle of Angol, Battle of Catirai, Battle of Curalaba, Battle of Lagunillas, Battle of Marihueñu, Battle of Mataquito, Battle of Millarapue, Battle of Penco, Battle of Peteroa, Battle of Quiapo, Battle of Quilacura, Battle of Reynogüelén, Battle of Tucapel, Bay of Concepción, Bernardo O'Higgins, Biobío River, Bolivia, Brigadier, Bueno River, Butapichón, Cañete, Chile, Cacique, ..., Cadeguala, Cannibalism, Captain general, Captaincy General 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Francisco Laso de la Vega, Francisco López de Zúñiga, 2nd Marquis of Baides, Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán, Gabino Gaínza, Gabriel Cano de Aponte, Galvarino, García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, Gregorio Urrutia, Gualemo, Guanoalca, Guaqui River, Guerra a muerte, Guerrilla warfare, Gulf of Ancud, Hacienda, Huenecura, Huilliche people, Illangulién, Impalement, Imperial River (Chile), Inca road system, Indian auxiliaries, Investment (military), Itata River, Janequeo (lonco), Jerónimo de Alderete, Jerónimo de Vivar, José de Garro, José de San Martín, José Joaquín Pérez, Juan Bautista Pastene, Juan de Balmaseda y Censano Beltrán, Juan de la Jaraquemada, Juan de Lebu, Juan Godínez, Juan Henríquez de Villalobos, Juan Jufré, Juan Perez de Zurita, Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia, La Frontera, Chile, La Imperial, Chile, Laja River (Chile), Lautaro, Lautaro, Chile, Lebian, Lebu, Chile, Lientur, Lima, List of Viceroys of Peru, Llanganabal, Loble, Lonko, Lontué River, Lope García de Castro, Lora, Chile, Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado, Luis de Valdivia, Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce, Luis Merlo de la Fuente, Lumaco, Machi (shaman), Maestre de campo, Malón, Malleco River, Manuel de Amat y Junyent, Mapuche, Mapuche conflict, Marihueñu, Martín de Mujica y Buitrón, Martín García Óñez de Loyola, Martín Ruiz de Gamboa, Mataquito River, Maule River, Maullín, Melchor Bravo de Saravia, Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata, Mestizo, Michimalonco, Millalelmo, Mocha Island, Monarchy of Spain, Mulchén, Nangoniel, Nueva Imperial, Occupation of Araucanía, Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, Osorno, Chile, Pailacar, Paillaeco, Paillamachu, Paillataru, Paineñamcu, Panama, Parliament of Malloco, Parliament of Negrete (1726), Parliament of Negrete (1793), Pedro de Avendaño, Pedro de Valdivia, Pedro de Villagra, Pedro de Viscarra, Pedro Hernández de Córdova, Pedro Mariño de Lobera, Pedro Osores de Ulloa, Pedro Porter Casanate, Pehuenche, Pelantaro, Penco, Perquilauquén River, Peru, Peteroa, Philip II of Spain, Philip III of Spain, Picunche, Pinus radiata, Piracy, Placer mining, Promaucae, Pucón, Punitive expedition, Purén, Quepe River, Quepuantú, Quiapo, Chile, Quilacahuín, Quilacoya River, Quilapán, Quintero, Quintuguenu, Quiriquina Island, Ramón Freire, Ranco Lake, Río Bueno, Chile, Real Audiencia, Real Audiencia of Concepción, Reductions, Rele River, Repartimiento, Rodrigo de Quiroga, Royal Governor of Chile, Ruka (Mapuche), San Fabián de Conueo, San Jerónimo de Millapoa, Santa Cruz de Coya, Santa Cruz de Oñez, Santa Fe (fort), Santísima Trinidad (fort), Santiago, Santo Árbol de la Cruz, Sargento mayor, Siege, Siege of Concepción, Smallpox, Society of Jesus, South America, Spain, Strait of Magellan, Tasa de Gamboa, Tasa de Santillán, Tavolevo River, Túpac Amaru, Temuco, Teno, Thomas Cavendish, Toltén River, Tomás Marín de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa, Toqui, Tucapel, Typhus, Valdivia, Valparaíso, Vicente Benavides, Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche, Viceroyalty of Peru, Villarrica Lake, Villarrica, Chile, Vilumilla, War of the Pacific, Yanakuna, 1570 Concepción earthquake, 1575 Valdivia earthquake, 1647 Santiago earthquake, 1751 Concepción earthquake. 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Aconcagua River
The Aconcagua River is a river in Chile that rises from the conflux of two minor tributary rivers at above sea level in the Andes, Juncal River from the east (which rise in the Nevado Juncal) and Blanco River from the south east.
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Agustín de Jáuregui
Agustín de Jáuregui y Aldecoa (May 17, 1711 (some sources say 1708) – April 29, 1784) was a Spanish politician and soldier who served as governor of Chile (1772–80) and viceroy of Peru (1780–84).
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Aillarehue
Aillarehue or Ayllarehue (from the (mapudungun: ayllarewe/ayjarewe: " nine rehues"); a confederation of rehues or familiar clans (lof) that dominated a region or province. It was the old administrative and territorial division of the Mapuche, Huilliche and the extinct Picunche people. Aillarehue acted as a unit only on special festive, religious, political and especial military occasions. Several aillarehues formed the Butalmapu, the largest military and political organization of the Mapuche.
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Ainavillo
Ainavillo, Aynabillo, Aillavilu or Aillavilú, (in Mapudungun, ailla, nine and filu, snake) was the toqui of the Mapuche army from the provinces of "Ñuble, Itata, Renoguelen, Guachimavida, Marcande, Gualqui, Penco and Talcaguano." They tried to stop Pedro de Valdivia from invading their lands in 1550.
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Alejo
Alejo (1635 – 1660) was a Chilean mestizo, who fought in the Arauco War.
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Alonso de Cordova y Figueroa
Alonso de Cordova y Figueroa (? - August 9, 1698) Spanish soldier born in Concepción, Chile, son of Alonso de Figueroa y Córdoba and father of the historian Pedro de Cordova y Figueroa.
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Alonso de Figueroa y Córdoba
Alonso de Figueroa y Cordova (1589? Spain – 1652); Spanish soldier who, in the days of the reign of Philip IV of Spain, temporarily carried out the position of Captain General and Royal Governor of Chile, besides president of its Real Audiencia of Chile.
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Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo
Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo (1523–1575) was a Spanish conquistador and chronicler of the early conquest and settlement of the Captaincy General of Chile, and the start of the Arauco War.
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Alonso de Reinoso
Alonso de Reinoso (or Reynoso) (1518–1567) was a Spanish Conquistador in Honduras, Mexico, Peru and Chile.
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Alonso de Ribera
Alonso de Ribera de Pareja (1560 – March 9, 1617) was a Spanish soldier and twice Spanish royal governor of Chile (1601–1605 and 1612–1617).
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Alonso de Sotomayor
Alonso de Sotomayor y Valmediano (1545–1610) was a Spanish conquistador from Extremadura, and a Royal Governor of Chile.
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Alonso García de Ramón
Alonso García de Ramón (c. 1552 – August 5, 1610) was a Spanish soldier and twice Royal Governor of Chile: first temporarily from July 1600 to February 1601, and then from March 1605 to August 1610.
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Ambrosio de Benavides
Ambrosio de Benavides Medina Liñán y Torres (January 20, 1718 – April 27, 1787) was a Spanish colonial administrator who served as Royal Governor of Puerto Rico, Royal Governor of Charcas and Royal Governor of Chile.
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Ambrosio O'Higgins, 1st Marquess of Osorno
Ambrosio Bernardo O'Higgins, 1st Marquess of Osorno (c. 1720 – March 19, 1801) born Ambrose Bernard O'Higgins (Ambrós Bearnárd Ó hUiginn, in Irish), was a Spanish colonial administrator and a member of the O'Higgins family.
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Andalién River
The Andalién River is a river in the province of Concepción, in the Bío Bío Region of Chile.
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Andalicán
Andalicán during the era of conquest and colonial times in Chile was the name of the high hill in the middle of two ravines and site of a fortress built by the Mapuche in 1557 to prevent García Hurtado de Mendoza from invading La Araucanía north of Marihueñu and the valley of Colcura.
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Anganamón
Anganamón, also known as Ancanamon or Ancanamun, was a prominent war leader of the Mapuche during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries and a Toqui from (1612 - 1613).
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Angol
Angol is a commune and capital city of the Malleco Province in the Araucanía Region of southern Chile.
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Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga
Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga (died August 24, 1768) was a Spanish colonial administrator who served as Royal Governor of Panama and Royal Governor of Chile.
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Araucanía (historic region)
Araucanía or Araucana was the Spanish name given to the region of Chile inhabited by the Mapuche peoples known as the Moluche (also known as Araucanos by the Spanish) in the 18th century.
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Araucanization of Patagonia
The Araucanization of Patagonia (Araucanización de la Patagonia) was the process of the expansion of Mapuche culture, influence, and its Mapudungun language from Araucanía across the Andes into the plains of Patagonia.
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Arauco Province
Arauco Province (Provincia de Arauco) is one of four provinces of the Chilean region of Bío Bío (VIII).
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Arauco, Chile
Arauco is a city and commune (comuna) in Chile, located in Arauco Province in the Bío Bío Region.
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Ayllicuriche
Ayllicuriche or Huaillacuriche was a Mapuche Toqui, holding that command from 1672 to his death in 1673.
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Ángel de Peredo
Ángel de Peredo (1623 in the small town of Queveda in Cantabria, Spain –?) a Knight of the Order of Santiago.
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Ñuble River
The Ñuble River or Rio Ñuble is a river of the province of Ñuble, located in southern Chile in the Bío Bío Region.
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Barque
A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen (the aftmost mast) rigged fore-and-aft.
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Battle of Andalien
The battle of Andalien, fought in early February 1550, was a night action between 20,000 Mapuche under the command of their toqui Ainavillo and Pedro de Valdivia's 200 Spaniards on horse and afoot with a large number of yanakuna including 300 Mapochoes auxiliaries under their leader Michimalonco.
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Battle of Angol
Battle of Angol was a battle fought between the Mapuche and the Spanish conquerors in March 1564.
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Battle of Catirai
The Battle of Catirai took place on January 7, 1569 near Catirai, Chile between the Mapuche army of Toqui Llanganabal and the Spanish army led by Martín Ruiz de Gamboa that resulted in a Mapuche victory.
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Battle of Curalaba
The Battle of Curalaba is the name given to the battle and ambush where Mapuche people led by Pelantaru soundly defeated Spanish conquerors led by Martín García Óñez de Loyola at Curalaba, southern Chile.
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Battle of Lagunillas
The Battle of Lagunillas was a battle in the Arauco War on November 8, 1557, between the army of García Hurtado de Mendoza and the Mapuche army near some shallow lakes a league south of the Bio-Bio River.
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Battle of Marihueñu
Battle of Marihueñu was one of the early decisive battles of the Arauco War between the Mapuche leader Lautaro and the Spanish general Francisco de Villagra on 23 February 1554.
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Battle of Mataquito
The Battle of Mataquito was fought in the Arauco War on April 30, 1557, between the Spanish forces of the governor, Francisco de Villagra, and Mapuche headed by their toqui Lautaro.
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Battle of Millarapue
The Battle of Millarapue that occurred November 30, 1557 was intended by the Toqui Caupolicán as a Mapuche ambush of the Spanish army of García Hurtado de Mendoza that resulted in a Spanish victory when the ambush failed.
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Battle of Penco
The Battle of Penco, on March 12, 1550 was a battle between 60,000 Mapuche under the command of their toqui Ainavillo with his Araucan and Tucapel allies and Pedro de Valdivia's 200 Spaniards on horse and afoot with a large number of yanakuna inclucing 300 Mapochoes auxiliaries under their leader Michimalonco defending their newly raised fort at Penco.
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Battle of Peteroa
Battle of Peteroa was a battle in the Arauco War in 1556, in a plain beside a river in the Mataquito River valley, called Peteroa.
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Battle of Quiapo
Battle of Quiapo in the Arauco War was the final battle in the campaign of García Hurtado de Mendoza against the Mapuche under the toqui known as Lemucaguin or Caupolicán the younger.
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Battle of Quilacura
Battle of Quilacura was a battle in the Arauco War, fought at night, four leagues from the Bio-Bio River, between the Spanish expedition of Pedro de Valdivia and a force of Mapuche warriors led by Malloquete on February 11, 1546.
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Battle of Reynogüelén
The Battle of Reynogüelén was a battle between Spanish conquistadors and Mapuche soldiers, thought to have occurred near the confluence of the Ñuble and Itata Rivers, in Chile.
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Battle of Tucapel
The Battle of Tucapel (also known as the Disaster of Tucapel) is the name given to a battle fought between Spanish conquistador forces led by Pedro de Valdivia and Mapuche (Araucanian) Indians under Lautaro that took place at Tucapel, Chile on December 25, 1553.
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Bay of Concepción
The Bay of Concepción is a natural bay on the coast of the Province of Concepción in the Bío Bío Region of Chile.
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Bernardo O'Higgins
Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (1778–1842) was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence.
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Biobío River
The Biobío River (also known as Bío Bío or Bio-Bio) is the second largest river in Chile.
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Bolivia
Bolivia (Mborivia; Buliwya; Wuliwya), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is a landlocked country located in western-central South America.
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Brigadier
Brigadier is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country.
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Bueno River
Bueno River (Spanish: Río Bueno) is a river in southern Chile.
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Butapichón
Butapichón or Butapichún or Putapichon was the Mapuche toqui from 1625 to 1631, as successor to Lientur.
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Cañete, Chile
Cañete is a city and commune in Chile, located in the Arauco Province of the Biobío Region.
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Cacique
A cacique (feminine form: cacica) is a leader of an indigenous group, derived from the Taíno word kasikɛ for the pre-Columbian tribal chiefs in the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles.
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Cadeguala
Cadeguala or Cadiguala was a Mapuche toqui elected in 1585 following the death in battle of the previous toqui Nangoniel.
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Cannibalism
Cannibalism is the act of one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food.
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Captain general
Captain general (and its literal equivalent in several languages) is a high military rank of general officer grade, and a gubernatorial title.
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Captaincy General of Chile
The General Captaincy of Chile (Capitanía General de Chile) or Gobernación de Chile, was a territory of the Spanish Empire, from 1541 to 1818.
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Carahue
Carahue is a city and commune in southern Chile.
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Castro, Chile
Castro is a city and commune on Chiloé Island in Chile.
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Catalina de Erauso
Catalina de Erauso (in Spanish) or Katalina Erauso (in Basque), also known in Spanish as La Monja Alférez (English, The Nun Lieutenant) (San Sebastián, Spain, 10 February 15921592 according to the record of her baptism; 1585, according to her supposed autobiography. See. — Cuetlaxtla (near Orizaba), New Spain, 1650), was a personality of the Basque Country, Spain and Spanish America in the first half of the 17th century.
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Catirai
Catirai or Catiray is the region of the Moluche Aillarehue of Catiray in old Araucanía.
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Caupolicán
Caupolican (meaning ‘polished flint’ (queupu) or ‘blue quartz stone’ (Kallfulikan) in Mapudungun) was a mapuche toqui, or war leader of the Mapuche people, who led the resistance of his people against the Spanish Conquistadors who invaded the territory of today's Chile during the sixteenth century.
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Caupolicán the Younger
Caupolicán the Younger according to Juan Ignacio Molina was the son of the toqui Caupolicán.
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Cayancura
Cayancura or Cayeucura, a Mapuche native to the region of Marigüenu, chosen as toqui in 1584, to replace the captured Paineñamcu.
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Central Chile
Central Chile (Zona central) is one of the three natural regions into which CORFO divided continental Chile in 1950.
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Charles II of Spain
Charles II of Spain (Carlos II; 6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), also known as El Hechizado or the Bewitched, was the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire.
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Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
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Chilean War of Independence
The Chilean War of Independence was a war between pro-independence Chilean criollos seeking political and economic independence from Spain and royalist criollos supporting continued allegiance to the Captaincy General of Chile and membership of the Spanish Empire.
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Chillán
Chillán is a city in the Bío Bío Region of Chile located about south of the country's capital, Santiago, near the geographical center of the country.
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Chillán Viejo
Chillán Viejo is a city and commune (Spanish: comuna) in the Ñuble Province of Chile's eighth region of Biobío (VIII Región de Biobío).
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Chiloé Archipelago
The Chiloé Archipelago (Archipiélago de Chiloé) is a group of islands lying off the coast of Chile, in the Los Lagos Region.
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Chiloé Island
Chiloé Island (Spanish: Isla de Chiloé), also known as Greater Island of Chiloé (Isla Grande de Chiloé), is the largest island of the Chiloé Archipelago off the coast of Chile, in the Pacific Ocean.
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Coastal defence of colonial Chile
In Colonial times the Spanish Empire diverted significant resources to fortify the Chilean coast as consequence of Dutch and English raids.
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Coelemu
Coelemu is a Chilean commune and city in Ñuble Province, Biobío Region.
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Colocolo (tribal chief)
Colocolo (from Mapudungun "colocolo", mountain cat) was a Mapuche leader ("cacique lonco") in the early period of the Arauco War.
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Concepción, Chile
Concepción (in full: Concepción de la Madre Santísima de la Luz, "Conception of the Blessed Mother of Light") is a Chilean city and commune belonging to the metropolitan area of Greater Concepción, it is one of the largest urban conurbations of Chile.
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Conquest of Chile
The Conquest of Chile is a period in Chilean historiography that starts with the arrival of Pedro de Valdivia to Chile in 1541 and ends with the death of Martín García Óñez de Loyola in the Battle of Curalaba in 1598, and the destruction of the Seven Cities in 1600 in the Araucanía region.
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Conquistador
Conquistadors (from Spanish or Portuguese conquistadores "conquerors") is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense.
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Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco
Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco (CAM) is a Mapuche organization dedicated to, what they call, the revindication and recovery of former Mapuche lands.
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Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez
Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1821 – April 7, 1891) was a Chilean politician and military figure who played a major role in the Occupation of the Araucanía.
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Culenco River
Culenco a river of moderate volume that runs from the southern part of the commune of Santa Juana, through the northwestern part of the commune of Nacimiento to its confluence with the Nicodahue River.
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Cunco people
The Cuncos (kunkunche) are a sedentary native Chilean people, belonging to the southern group of Mapuche peoples, and that inhabited the coasts of Chile from Valdivia to the Chacao Channel, including the inhabitants of the northern portion of Chiloé Island and the bordering islands.
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Curiñancu
Curiñancu or Curignancu, Mapuche Toqui from 1766–1774 who led the Mapuche Uprising of 1766.
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De facto
In law and government, de facto (or;, "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised by official laws.
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De jure
In law and government, de jure (lit) describes practices that are legally recognised, whether or not the practices exist in reality.
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Destruction of Santiago
The Destruction of Santiago, Chile, located now in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, occurred on September 11th, 1541.
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Destruction of the Seven Cities
The Destruction of the Seven Cities (Destrucción de las siete ciudades) is a term used in Chilean historiography to refer to the destruction or abandonment of seven major Spanish outposts in southern Chile around 1600 caused by the Mapuche and Huilliche uprising of 1598.
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Diego Barros Arana
Diego Jacinto Agustín Barros Arana (August 16, 1830 – November 4, 1907) was a Chilean professor, legislator, minister and diplomat.
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Diego Dávila, 1st Marquis of Navamorcuende
Diego Dávila Coello y Pacheco, 1st Marquis of Navamorcuende, 17th Lord of Cardiel, El Bodón, Montalvo, El Hito and of Villar de Cañas (Diego Dávila Coello y Pacheco, primer Marqués de Navamorcuende, 17avo Señor de Cardiel, El Bodón, Montalvo, El Hito y Villar de Cañas) (c. 1621 – c. 1680) was a Spanish soldier and colonial administrator who served as Royal Governor of Chile from March 19, 1667 to February 18, 1670.
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Diego de Almagro
Diego de Almagro, (– July 8, 1538), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo, was a Spanish conquistador and a companion.
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Diego González Montero Justiniano
Diego González Montero Justiniano was interim Royal Governor of Chile twice, from February to May 1662 following the death of Pedro Porter Casanate and again from February to October 1670 succeeding the Diego Dávila, 1st Marquis of Navamorcuende until the arrival of Juan Henríquez de Villalobos.
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Domingo Santa María
Domingo Santa María González (August 4, 1825 – July 18, 1889) was a Chilean political figure.
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Douglas fir
Pseudotsuga menziesii, commonly known as Douglas fir, Douglas-fir and Oregon pine, is an evergreen conifer species native to western North America.
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Dysentery
Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon, which always results in severe diarrhea and abdominal pains.
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Encomienda
Encomienda was a labor system in Spain and its empire.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Epidemic
An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.
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Espíritu Santo (fort)
Espíritu Santo was a Spanish fortress that existed a little to the north of what is now the Nacimiento commune of Bío Bío Province, Bio-Bio Region of Chile.
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Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus globulus, the Tasmanian bluegum, southern blue-gum or blue gum, is an evergreen tree, one of the most widely cultivated trees native to Australia.
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Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, inflation, crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies.
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Fort Livén
Fort Livén was a fort with a small garrison built by Rodrigo de Quiroga in 1575, in the small valley of Livén, nearby the old city of Santa María Magdalena de Villa Rica.
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Francisco Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona
Francisco Antonio de Acuña Cabrera y Bayona (Spain; 1597 – Lima; 1662) was a Spanish, soldier and governor of the Captaincy General of Chile between 1650 and 1656.
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Francisco de Aguirre (conquistador)
Francisco de Aguirre (1507–1581) was a Spanish conquistador who participated in the conquest of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina.
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Francisco de Meneses Brito
Francisco de Meneses Brito (died 1672) was Royal Governor of Chile between 1664 and 1667.
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Francisco de Quiñónez
Francisco de Quiñónez (? - ? Leon †); Spanish soldier who was appointed as governor of Chile for thirteen months, between May 1599 and June 1600.
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Francisco de Villagra
Francisco de Villagra Velázquez (1511 – 22 July 1563) was a Spanish conquistador, and three times governor of Chile.
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Francisco Javier de Morales y Castejón de Arroyo
Francisco Javier de Morales y Castejón de Arroyo was a Spanish soldier and interim governor of Chile from March 1770 to March 1772.
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Francisco Laso de la Vega
Francisco Laso de la Vega y Alvarado (1568–1640) was a Spanish soldier who served as Royal Governor of Chile from December 1629 to May 1639.
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Francisco López de Zúñiga, 2nd Marquis of Baides
Francisco López de Zúñiga y Meneses, 2nd Marquis of Baides and Count of Pedrosa (Villa de Pedrosa, Spain; 1599–1655) was a Spanish soldier who served as Royal Governor of Chile from May 1639 to May 1646.
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Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán
Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán (1607–1682) was a Chilean writer and soldier.
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Gabino Gaínza
Gabino or Gavino Gaínza y Fernández de Medrano (October 20, 1753 or 1760, depending on the source, Guipúzcoa, País Vasco, Spain – c. 1829, México City) was a Spanish military officer and politician in Spain's American colonies.
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Gabriel Cano de Aponte
Gabriel Cano de Aponte (or Gabriel Cano y Aponte) was a Spanish soldier who served as Royal Governor of Chile from 1717 to 1733.
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Galvarino
Galvarino (died c. November 30, 1557) was a famous Mapuche warrior during the majority of the early part of the Arauco War.
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García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete
García Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique, 5th Marquis of Cañete (July 21, 1535 – May 19, 1609) was a Spanish soldier, governor of Chile, and later viceroy of Peru (from January 8, 1590 to July 24, 1596).
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Gregorio Urrutia
Gregorio Urrutia (1830 – September 10, 1897) was a Chilean military figure who played a major role in the later phase of the Occupation of Araucanía (1861–1883), leading Chilean forces that resisted and suppressed the Mapuche uprising of 1881.
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Gualemo
Gualemo was the name by which the Spaniards knew the tribe of Promaucaes inhabiting the Lontué River valley of Chile and was the name early Spaniards gave to that region.
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Guanoalca
Guanoalca (or Huenualca) (died 1590) was the Mapuche toqui (leader) elected in 1586 following the death in battle of the previous toqui, Cadeguala, killed in a duel with the garrison commander of the Spanish fort at Purén in 1586.
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Guaqui River
Guaqui or Guaque River is a tributary of the Bío Bío River in the Bío Bío Region of Chile.
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Guerra a muerte
Guerra a muerte (lit. English: War to the death) is a term coined by Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna and used in Chilean historiography to describe the irregular, no-quarter warfare that broke out from 1819 to 1821 during the Chilean War of Independence.
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Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.
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Gulf of Ancud
Gulf of Ancud (Golfo de Ancud) is a large body of water separating the Chiloé Island from the mainland of Chile.
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Hacienda
An hacienda (or; or), in the colonies of the Spanish Empire, is an estate, similar in form to a Roman villa.
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Huenecura
Huenecura or Huenencura was the Mapuche Toqui from 1604 to 1610.
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Huilliche people
The Huilliche, Huiliche or Huilliche-Mapuche are the southern partiality of the Mapuche macroethnic group of Chile.
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Illangulién
Illangulién, Quiromanite, Queupulien or Antiguenu, was the Mapuche toqui (war leader) elected to replace Lemucaguin or Caupolicán the younger in 1559 following the Battle of Quiapo to his death in battle in the Battle of Angol in 1564.
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Impalement
Impalement, as a method of execution and also torture, is the penetration of a human by an object such as a stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by complete or partial perforation of the torso.
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Imperial River (Chile)
Imperial River is a river located in the La Araucanía Region of Chile.
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Inca road system
The Inca road system was the most extensive and advanced transportation system in pre-Columbian South America.
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Indian auxiliaries
Indian auxiliaries or indios auxiliares is the term used in old Spanish chronicles and historical texts for the indigenous peoples who were integrated into the armies of the Spanish conquistadors with the purpose of supporting their advance and combat operations during the Conquest of America.
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Investment (military)
Investment is the military process of surrounding an enemy fort (or town) with armed forces to prevent entry or escape.
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Itata River
The Itata River flows in the Bío Bío Region, southern Chile.
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Janequeo (lonco)
Janequeo or Yanequén, was a woman lonco and heroine of the Mapuche-Pehuenche people.
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Jerónimo de Alderete
Jerónimo de Alderete y Mercado (c. 1518 – April 7, 1556) was a Spanish conquistador who was later named governor of Chile, but died before he could assume his post.
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Jerónimo de Vivar
Jerónimo de Vivar was a Spanish historian of the early conquest and settlement of the Kingdom of Chile, and author of Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile.
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José de Garro
Marcos José de Garro Senei de Artola, nicknamed "El Santo" ("The Saint"), (1623–1702) was a Spanish military man who served in many positions in the colonial administration of the Spanish Empire.
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José de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), known simply as José de San Martín or El Libertador of Argentina, Chile and Peru, was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru.
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José Joaquín Pérez
José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano (6 May 1801 – 1 July 1889) was a Chilean political figure.
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Juan Bautista Pastene
Giovanni Battista Pastene (1507–1580) was a Genoese maritime explorer who, while in the service of the Spanish crown, explored the coasts of Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile as far south as to the archipelago of Chiloé.
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Juan de Balmaseda y Censano Beltrán
Juan de Balmaseda y Censano Beltrán (April 16, 1702, Galilea, La Rioja – May 30, 1778), interim Royal Governor of Chile.
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Juan de la Jaraquemada
Juan de la Jaraquemada, (Canary Islands ? – † Santiago of Chile, April 1612); Spanish soldier, designated by the viceroy of Peru Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marquess of Montesclaros, Captain General and Governor of Chile, and president of the Real Audiencia of Santiago.
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Juan de Lebu
Juan de Lebú was a Moluche cacique or Ulmen of the Lebu region, captured by the Spanish sometime before 1568.
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Juan Godínez
Juan Godíñez (1517 - 1571) Conquistador Juan Godínez, was born in the city of Úbeda, Spain.
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Juan Henríquez de Villalobos
Juan Henríquez de Villalobos (1630 – Madrid, 1689); Spanish soldier and administrator who, after participation in various European wars, was designated as governor of Chile by Mariana of Austria.
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Juan Jufré
Juan Jufré de Loayza y Montesa (1516–1578) was a Spanish conquistador who participated in the 1541 expedition of Pedro de Valdivia to Chile.
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Juan Perez de Zurita
Juan Pérez de Zurita (1516 - c. 1595) was a Spanish Conquistador, the son of Alonso Díaz de Zurita, native of Cañete de las Torres and Inés Fernández de Córdova.
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Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
The Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (Reino de la Araucanía y de la Patagonia; Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie, sometimes referred to as New France) was a proposed state and kingdom conceived in the 19th century by a French lawyer and adventurer named Orélie-Antoine de Tounens.
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La Frontera, Chile
La Frontera is the name given to a geographical region in Chile.
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La Imperial, Chile
La Imperial or Ciudad Imperial was a city founded by Pedro de Valdivia on 16 April 1552 and named in honor of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, then (also) king of Spain.
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Laja River (Chile)
Laja River (Río De La Laja) is a river in Chile, along which can be found the Laja Falls.
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Lautaro
Lautaro (Lef-Traru "swift hawk") (1534? – April 29, 1557) was a young Araucanian toqui who achieved notoriety for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in Chile.
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Lautaro, Chile
Lautaro is a city and commune of the Cautín Province in Chile's Araucanía Region.
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Lebian
Lebian (Lebiantu) (died September 1776) was toqui from 1769 to 1774, who led the Pehuenche against the Spanish Empire in Chile following the Mapuche Uprising of 1766 during the Arauco War.
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Lebu, Chile
Lebu is a port city and commune in central Chile administered by the Municipality of Lebu.
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Lientur
Lientur was the Mapuche toqui from 1618 to 1625.
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Lima
Lima (Quechua:, Aymara) is the capital and the largest city of Peru.
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List of Viceroys of Peru
The following is a list of Viceroys of Peru.
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Llanganabal
Llanganabal was a Moluche toqui who led the Mapuche army that defeated the Spanish led by Martín Ruiz de Gamboa in the Battle of Catirai in 1569.
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Loble
Loble, also known as Lig-lemu or Lillemu,(d. ca. 1565) was the Mapuche vice-toqui of the Moluche north of the Bio-Bio River who led the second Mapuche revolt during the Arauco War.
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Lonko
A lonco, or lonko (from Mapudungun longko, literally "head"), is a tribal chief of the Mapuches.
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Lontué River
The Lontué River is a river in the province of Curicó in Chile.
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Lope García de Castro
Lope García de Castro (1516 - 8 January 1576) was a Spanish colonial administrator, member of the Council of the Indies and of the Audiencias of Panama and Lima.
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Lora, Chile
Lora is a town on the Mataquito River, in the Licantén commune of the Curicó Province, Maule Region, in Chile.
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Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado
Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado (1530–1593) was a Spanish captain who was one of the more successful soldiers in the Arauco War in Chile rising to the rank of Maestre de Campo and temporary Capitán General of the Captaincy General of Chile.
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Luis de Valdivia
Luis de Valdivia (1560 – November 5, 1642) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary who defended the rights of the natives of Chile and pleaded for the reduction of the hostilities with the Mapuches in the Arauco War.
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Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce
Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce was a Spanish sailor and military man who was Governor of Chile between May 1625 and December 1629.
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Luis Merlo de la Fuente
Luis Merlo de la Fuente Ruiz de Beteta was a Spanish colonial official who briefly served as the Royal Governor of Chile, in 1610–11.
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Lumaco
Lumaco is a town and commune in Malleco Province in the Araucanía Region of Chile.
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Machi (shaman)
A machi is a traditional healer and religious leader in the Mapuche culture of Chile and Argentina.
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Maestre de campo
Maestre de campo was a rank created in 1534 by the Emperor Carlos V, inferior in rank only to the capitán general and acted as a chief of staff.
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Malón
Malón is the name given to the raids of Mapuche bands into Spanish, Chilean and Argentine territory from the 17th to the 19th centuries, as well as to attacks to rival Mapuche factions.
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Malleco River
Malleco River is a river in Malleco Province, La Araucanía Region, southern Chile.
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Manuel de Amat y Junyent
Manuel de Amat y Junyent Planella Aymerich y Santa Pau (Manuel d'Amat i de Junyent) (March 1707 – February 14, 1782) was a Spanish military officer and colonial administrator.
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Mapuche
The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of present-day Patagonia.
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Mapuche conflict
Mapuche conflict (also referred to as the "conflict between the Chilean State and the Mapuche people") is a collective name for the revival and reorganization of Mapuche communities for greater autonomy, recognition of rights and the recovery of land since the Chilean transition to democracy.
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Marihueñu
Marihueñu or Marigueno is a large hill in the Nahuelbuta Range near the coast in the Lota commune of the Bío Bío Region of southern Chile.
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Martín de Mujica y Buitrón
Martin de Mujica y Buitrón, (also known as Martin de Mogica or Muxica) was a Spanish Basque military man who was named by king Philip IV of Spain, to be Captain General and Royal Governor of Chile, besides president of its Real Audiencia.
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Martín García Óñez de Loyola
Don Martín García Óñez de Loyola (1549 in Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa – December 24, 1598 at Curalaba) was a Spanish Basque soldier and Royal Governor of the Captaincy General of Chile.
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Martín Ruiz de Gamboa
Martín Ruiz de Gamboa de Berriz (1533 – 1590) was a Spanish Basque conquistador, and served as a Royal Governor of Chile.
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Mataquito River
Mataquito is a river located in the Province of Curicó, Maule Region of Chile and formed by the union of rivers Teno and Lontué about 10 kilometers west of Curicó near the locality of Sagrada Familia and empties into the Pacific Ocean south of the town of Iloca, Licantén.
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Maule River
The Maule river or Río Maule (Mapudungun: rainy) is one of the most important rivers of Chile.
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Maullín
Maullín is Chilean town and commune in Llanquihue Province which is part of Los Lagos Region.
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Melchor Bravo de Saravia
Melchor Bravo de Saravia y Sotomayor (1512 – 1577) was a Spanish conquistador, interim viceroy of Peru, and Royal Governor of Chile.
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Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata
Don Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull, jure uxoris Duke of Palata, Prince of Massalubrense (sometimes Melchor de Navarra y Rocaful) (1626 in Aragón – April 13, 1691 in Portobelo, Panamá) was a Spanish politician.
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Mestizo
Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Spain, Latin America, and the Philippines that originally referred a person of combined European and Native American descent, regardless of where the person was born.
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Michimalonco
Michima Lonco (fl. mid-16th century) (michima means "foreigner" and lonco means "head" or "chief" in Mapudungun language) was an indigenous chief said to be a great warrior, born in the Aconcagua Valley and educated in Cusco by the Inca Empire.
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Millalelmo
Millalelmo or Millarelmo (died 1570) was a Mapuche military leader in the second great Mapuche rebellion that began in 1561 during the Arauco War.
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Mocha Island
Mocha (Isla Mocha) is a small Chilean island located west of the coast of Arauco Province in the Pacific Ocean.
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Monarchy of Spain
The monarchy of Spain (Monarquía de España), constitutionally referred to as the Crown (La Corona), is a constitutional institution and historic office of Spain.
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Mulchén
Mulchén is a city and commune in Bío Bío Province of Bío Bío Region, Chile.
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Nangoniel
Nangoniel was the Mapuche Toqui in 1585, and son of the previous toqui Cayancaru.
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Nueva Imperial
Nueva Imperial is a city and commune in the south of Chile.
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Occupation of Araucanía
The Occupation of Araucanía or Pacification of Araucanía (1861–1883) was a series of military campaigns, agreements and penetrations by the Chilean army and settlers into Mapuche territory which led to the incorporation of Araucanía into Chilean national territory.
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Orélie-Antoine de Tounens
Orélie-Antoine de Tounens (May 12, 1825 – September 17, 1878) was a French lawyer, and adventurer, who assumed the title of King of Araucanía and Patagonia.
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Osorno, Chile
Osorno is a city and commune in southern Chile and capital of Osorno Province in the Los Lagos Region.
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Pailacar
Pailacar or Paylacar was a leader of Purén, who led a force of 2000 warriors in the defeat of the Spanish army of Don Miguel Avendaño de Velasco in the Battle of Purén in September 1570.
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Paillaeco
Paillaeco was elected Toqui in 1592 in place of Quintuguenu after his defeat and death.
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Paillamachu
Paillamachu (died 1604), was the Mapuche toqui from 1592 to 1603 in what is now Chile.
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Paillataru
Paillataru was the toqui of the Mapuche from 1564 to 1574.
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Paineñamcu
Paineñamcu or Paynenancu or Alonso Diaz, was the Mapuche toqui from 1574 to 1584.
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Panama
Panama (Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south.
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Parliament of Malloco
The Parliament of Malloco was held between governor Juan Henríquez de Villalobos and leaders of the Mapuche in January 1671, at Malloco southwest of Santiago, Chile.
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Parliament of Negrete (1726)
The 1726 Parliament of Negrete was a diplomatic meeting between Mapuches and Spanish authorities held in Negrete.
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Parliament of Negrete (1793)
The 1793 Parliament of Negrete was a diplomatic meeting between Mapuches and Spanish authorities held in Negrete.
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Pedro de Avendaño
Pedro de Avendaño a Spanish soldier that had arrived in Chile with the army of García Hurtado de Mendoza in 1557.
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Pedro de Valdivia
Pedro Gutiérrez de Valdivia or Valdiva (April 17, 1497 – December 25, 1553) was a Spanish missionary and the first Cardinal of Chile.
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Pedro de Villagra
Pedro de Villagra y Martínez (Mombeltrán, Ávila Province; 1513 - Lima; September 11, 1577) was a Spanish soldier who participated in the conquest of Chile, being appointed its Royal Governor between 1563 and 1565.
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Pedro de Viscarra
Pedro de Viscarra de la Barrera, twice Royal Governor of Chile, was an old lawyer who had arrived in the Captaincy General of Chile from Spain in 1590.
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Pedro Hernández de Córdova
Pedro Hernández de Córdova,(? -?), Spanish soldier who was occupied in the Arauco War.
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Pedro Mariño de Lobera
Pedro Mariño de Lobera (1528–1594) was a Galician soldier and chronicler of the Arauco War in the Captaincy General of Chile.
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Pedro Osores de Ulloa
Pedro Osores de Ulloa (Saa, Vigo, 1554 – Concepcion, Chile, September 18, 1624) was Royal Governor of Chile from November 1621 to September 1624.
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Pedro Porter Casanate
Admiral Pedro Porter y Casanate (April 30, 1611 – February 27, 1662) was a Spanish sailor, soldier, explorer of California and Royal Governor of Chile from 1656 to 1662.
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Pehuenche
Pehuenche (or Pewenche, people of the "pehuen" or "pewen" in Mapudungun) are an indigenous people of South America.
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Pelantaro
Pelantaro or Pelantarú (from the Mapuche pelontraru or "Shining Caracara") was one of the vice toquis of Paillamachu, the toqui or military leader of the Mapuche people during the Mapuche uprising in 1598.
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Penco
Penco (Mapudungun: "Peumo water") is a Chilean city and commune in Concepción Province, Bío Bío Region on the Bay of Concepción.
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Perquilauquén River
The Perquilauquén River (mapudungun: for "purgative") is a tributary of the Loncomilla river, in the Maule Region of Chile.
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Peru
Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.
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Peteroa
Peteroa is a small town west southwest of the town of Sagrada Familia, Chile.
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Philip II of Spain
Philip II (Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), called "the Prudent" (el Prudente), was King of Spain (1556–98), King of Portugal (1581–98, as Philip I, Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554–58).
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Philip III of Spain
Philip III (Felipe; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain.
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Picunche
The Picunche (a Mapudungun word meaning "North People"), also referred to as picones by the Spanish, were a Mapudungun-speaking Chilean people living to the north of the Mapuches or Araucanians (a name given to those Mapuche living between the Itata and Toltén rivers) and south of the Choapa River and the Diaguitas.
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Pinus radiata
Pinus radiata, family Pinaceae, the Monterey pine, insignis pine or radiata pine, is a species of pine native to the Central Coast of California and Mexico (Guadalupe Island and Cedros island).
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Piracy
Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties.
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Placer mining
Placer mining is the mining of stream bed (alluvial) deposits for minerals.
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Promaucae
Promaucae, also spelled as Promaucas or Purumaucas (from Quechua purum awqa: wild enemy), were an indigenous pre-Columbian Mapuche tribal group that lived in the present territory of Chile, south of the Maipo River basin of Santiago, Chile and the Itata River.
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Pucón
Pucón (Mapudungun: "entrance to the cordillera") is a Chilean city and commune administered by the municipality of Pucón.
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Punitive expedition
A punitive expedition is a military journey undertaken to punish a state or any group of persons outside the borders of the punishing state.
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Purén
Purén is a city (2002 pop. 12,868) and commune in Malleco Province of La Araucanía Region, Chile.
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Quepe River
Quepe River is a river of Chile located in the La Araucanía Region.
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Quepuantú
Quepuantú (died 1632) was an indigenous Chilean Moluche toqui (military leader) in the 17th century.
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Quiapo, Chile
Quiapo (Mapudungun; cuya.
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Quilacahuín
Quilacahuín was a Huilliche aillarehue, that is a confederation of familial clans, of the Chawra kawin Butalmapu located south of the Bueno River, between the Rahue River and the sea, in southern Chile.
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Quilacoya River
Quilacoya River is located in the Hualqui commune of Concepcion Province of Chile.
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Quilapán
José Santos Quilapán or simply Quilapán was a Mapuche chief active in the Mapuche resistance to the Occupation of Araucanía (1861–1883).
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Quintero
Quintero is a Chilean city and commune in Valparaíso Province, in the Valparaíso Region, 30 kilometers north of Valparaíso.
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Quintuguenu
Quintuguenu the Mapuche Toqui in the Arauco War elected in 1591 following the death of the old toqui Guanoalca.
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Quiriquina Island
Quiriquina Island, Chile is located at the entrance to the Bay of Concepción, 11 km north of Talcahuano.
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Ramón Freire
Ramón Freire Serrano (November 29, 1787 – December 9, 1851) was a Chilean political figure.
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Ranco Lake
Ranco Lake (Lago Ranco) is located in Ranco Province of Chile.
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Río Bueno, Chile
Río Bueno is a city and commune in southern Chile administered by the Municipality of Río Bueno.
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Real Audiencia
The Real Audiencia, or simply Audiencia (Reial Audiència, Audiència Reial, or Audiència), was an appellate court in Spain and its empire.
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Real Audiencia of Concepción
Before 1565, the highest court of Chile was the justicia mayor, whose sentences were appealed before the Royal Audiencia of Lima.
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Reductions
Reductions or reducciones (Spanish for "congregations") (Portuguese: redução, plural reduções) were settlements created by Spanish rulers in Latin America.
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Rele River
Rele River is a river in the commune of Santa Juana.
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Repartimiento
The Repartimiento (Spanish, "distribution, partition, or division") was a colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines.
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Rodrigo de Quiroga
Rodrigo de Quiroga López de Ulloa (c. 1512 – February 20, 1580) was a Spanish conquistador of Galician origin.
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Royal Governor of Chile
The Royal Governor of Chile ruled over the Spanish colonial administrative district called the Captaincy General of Chile, and as a result the Royal Governor also held the title of a Captain General.
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Ruka (Mapuche)
A ruka or ruca is a traditional Mapuche house type.
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San Fabián de Conueo
San Fabián de Conueo a fort four kilometers south of the town of Rafael, Chile.
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San Jerónimo de Millapoa
San Jerónimo de Millapoa was a fort founded by Alonso de Sotomayor in 1585.
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Santa Cruz de Coya
Santa Cruz de Coya was a city established by the governor of Chile Martín García Oñez de Loyola on the site of the fort of Santa Cruz de Oñez, in 1595.
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Santa Cruz de Oñez
Santa Cruz de Oñez was a fort founded by Martín García Oñez de Loyola in May 1594, near the confluence of the Bio-Bio and Laja Rivers on the right bank of the upper reach of the Rele River in Catiray, ten kilometers south of the Bio-Bio.
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Santa Fe (fort)
Santa Fe de la Ribera was a fort constructed in 1602, by Alonso de Ribera at the confluence of the Biobio River and Vergara River, near the island of Diego Diaz.
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Santísima Trinidad (fort)
Santísima Trinidad or Most Holy Trinity was a fortress in the Captaincy General of Chile that existed on the north shore of the Bio-Bio River in what is now the Bío Bío Province.
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Santiago
Santiago, also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas.
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Santo Árbol de la Cruz
Santo Arbol de la Cruz was a fort constructed in 1585 by the Royal Governor of Chile Alonso de Sotomayor.
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Sargento mayor
Sargento mayor ("sergeant major") was a rank immediately below that of maestre de campo in the Spanish tercios of the 16th and 17th centuries.
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Siege
A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault.
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Siege of Concepción
During the Siege of Concepcion of the Arauco War, 20,000 warriors of the army of the Mapuche laid siege to the Spanish garrison and civil population in the fortress of Concepcion, Chile.
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Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.
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Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.
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South America
South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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Strait of Magellan
The Strait of Magellan, also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south.
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Tasa de Gamboa
Tasa de Gamboa or Rate of Gamboa was a money tax rate applied to the indigenous peoples in the Captaincy General of Chile by the Governor Martin Ruiz de Gamboa, in place of the tribute of personal service in the encomienda system, as desired by the kings of Spain.
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Tasa de Santillán
Tasa de Santillán or Rate of Santillán was a rate of indigenous labor applied in the Captaincy General of Chile by Spanish governor García Hurtado de Mendoza, the first formal regulation of the system of encomiendas in Chile.
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Tavolevo River
Tavolevo River, a tributary of the Biobío River.
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Túpac Amaru
Túpac Amaru or Thupa Amaro (from Quechua: Tupaq Amaru) (1545 – 24 September 1572) was the last indigenous monarch (Sapa Inca) of the Neo-Inca State, remnants of the Inca Empire in Vilcabamba, Peru.
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Temuco
Temuco is a city and commune, capital of the Cautín Province and of the Araucanía Region in southern Chile.
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Teno
No description.
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Thomas Cavendish
Sir Thomas Cavendish (19 September 1560Judkins, 2003 – May 1592) was an English explorer and a privateer known as "The Navigator" because he was the first who deliberately tried to emulate Sir Francis Drake and raid the Spanish towns and ships in the Pacific and return by circumnavigating the globe.
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Toltén River
Toltén River is a river located in the La Araucanía Region of Chile.
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Tomás Marín de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa
Tomás López Marín y González de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa (Tomás López Marín y González de Poveda, primer Marqués de Cañada Hermosa) (February 26, 1650 – October 8, 1703) was a Spanish colonial administrator who served as Royal Governor of Chile.
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Toqui
Toqui (Mapudungun for axe or axe-bearer) is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean people) on those chosen as leaders during times of war.
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Tucapel
Tucapel is a town and commune in the Arauco Province, Bío Bío Region, Chile.
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Typhus
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus and murine typhus.
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Valdivia
Valdivia is a city and commune in southern Chile, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia.
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Valparaíso
Valparaíso is a major city, seaport, and educational center in the commune of Valparaíso, Chile.
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Vicente Benavides
Vicente Benavides Llanos (Quirihue, 1777 – Santiago, Chile, February 23, 1822) was a Chilean soldier who fought in the Chilean War of Independence.
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Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche
Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche (1742–1816) was a Chilean soldier, author and historian of Basque descent, born in Valdivia.
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Viceroyalty of Peru
The Viceroyalty of Peru (Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima.
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Villarrica Lake
Lake Villarrica, also known as Mallalafquén (its pre-Hispanic name in Mapudungun), is located about 700 kilometers south of Santiago in Chile’s Lake District in the southeast area of the Province of Cautín.
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Villarrica, Chile
Villarrica is a city and commune in southern Chile located on the western shore of Villarrica Lake in the Province of Cautín, Araucanía Region south of Santiago and close to the Villarrica Volcano ski center to the south east.
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Vilumilla
Vilumilla was the Mapuche Toqui elected in 1722 to lead the Mapuche Uprising of 1723 against the Spanish for their violation of the peace.
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War of the Pacific
The War of the Pacific (Guerra del Pacífico), also known as the Salpeter War (Guerra del Salitre) and by multiple other names (see the etymology section below) was a war between Chile on one side and a Bolivian-Peruvian alliance on the other.
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Yanakuna
Yanakuna (Quechua, from the verb yanapa to help, -kuna, a suffix to indicate the plural, "servants" or "slaves", hispanicized spelling Yanacona, also Yanaconas) were originally individuals in the Inca Empire who left the ayllu system and worked full-time at a variety of tasks for the Inca, the quya (Inca queen) or the religious establishment.
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1570 Concepción earthquake
The 1570 Concepción earthquake occurred at 9:00, on February 8, 1570.
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1575 Valdivia earthquake
The 1575 Valdivia earthquake occurred at 14:30 local time on December 16.
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1647 Santiago earthquake
The 1647 Santiago earthquake struck Santiago, Chile on the night of 13 May (22:30 local time, 02:30 UTC on 14 May) and is said to have brought virtually every building in the city to the ground.
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1751 Concepción earthquake
The 1751 Concepción earthquake was one of the strongest and most destructive recorded quakes in Chilean history.
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Redirects here:
Arauco war, The Frontier (Chilean History), War of Arauco.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauco_War
