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Table of Contents

1. 636 relations: ABC News (Australia), Abolitionism, Abolitionism in the United States, Acne, Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, Adam Jones (Canadian scholar), Afonso I of Kongo, African diaspora religions, African empires, Afro-Eurasia, Agaja, Agence France-Presse, Agona, Aja people, Akan people, Ambundu, Amelia Island affair, American Civil War, American Colonization Society, American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission, American Revolutionary War, Americas, Ana Lucia Araujo, Ancestry.com, Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Angola, Annius of Viterbo, Annual Customs of Dahomey, Antimalarial medication, Antonio Negri, Arab slave trade, Arabs, Archibald Dalzel, Aro Confederacy, Asante Empire, Asante people, Asiento de Negros, Associated Press, Atlantic history, Atlantic slave trade to Brazil, Azores, Aztecs, Baga people, Balanta people, Balkan slave trade, Bamana Empire, Bamileke people, Bank of England, Bantu peoples, Baqt, ... Expand index (586 more) » « Shrink index

2. 1525 establishments
3. 1870 disestablishments
4. Death marches
5. European colonisation in Africa
6. European colonization of the Americas
7. Genocide of indigenous peoples in Africa
8. Genocides in North America
9. History of English colonialism
10. Slavery in North America
11. Slavery in South America
12. Slavery in the British Empire
13. Slavery in the Caribbean

ABC News (Australia)

ABC News, also known as ABC News and Current Affairs and overseas as ABC Australia, is a public news service produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

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Abolitionism

Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate slaves around the world.

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Abolitionism in the United States

In the United States, abolitionism, the movement that sought to end slavery in the country, was active from the colonial era until the American Civil War, the end of which brought about the abolition of American slavery, except as punishment for a crime, through the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (ratified 1865).

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Acne

Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin condition that occurs when dead skin cells and oil from the skin clog hair follicles.

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Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves

The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves of 1807 (enacted March 2, 1807) is a United States federal law that prohibited the importation of slaves into the United States.

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Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)

Adam Jones is a political scientist, writer, and photojournalist based at the University of British Columbia Okanagan in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.

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Afonso I of Kongo

Mvemba a Nzinga, Nzinga Mbemba, Funsu Nzinga Mvemba or Dom Alfonso (c. 1456–1542 or 1543), also known as King Afonso I, was the sixth ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo from the Lukeni kanda dynasty and ruled in the first half of the 16th century.

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African diaspora religions

African diaspora religions, also described as Afro-American religions, are a number of related beliefs that developed in the Americas in various nations of the Caribbean, Latin America and the Southern United States.

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African empires

African empires is an umbrella term used in African studies to refer to a number of pre-colonial African kingdoms in Africa with multinational structures incorporating various populations and polities into a single entity, usually through conquest.

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Afro-Eurasia

Afro-Eurasia (also Afroeurasia and Eurafrasia) is a landmass comprising the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe.

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Agaja

Agaja (also spelled Agadja and also known as Trudo Agaja or Trudo Audati) was a king of the Kingdom of Dahomey, in present-day Benin, who ruled from 1718 until 1740.

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Agence France-Presse

Agence France-Presse (AFP) is a French international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.

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Agona

Agona is a small town in Ghana.

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Aja people

The Aja or Adja are an ethnic group native to south-western Benin and south-eastern Togo.

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Akan people

The Akan people are a Kwa group living primarily in present-day Ghana and in parts of Ivory Coast and Togo in West Africa.

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Ambundu

The Ambundu or Mbundu (Mbundu: Ambundu or Akwambundu, singular: Mumbundu (distinct from the Ovimbundu) are a Bantu people who live on a high plateau in present-day Angola just north of the Kwanza River. The Ambundu speak Kimbundu, and most also speak the official language of the country, Portuguese. They are the second biggest ethnic group in the country and make up 25% of the total population of Angola.

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Amelia Island affair

The Amelia Island affair was an episode in the history of Spanish Florida.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union.

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American Colonization Society

The American Colonization Society (ACS), initially the Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, was an American organization founded in 1816 by Robert Finley to encourage and support the repatriation of freeborn people of color and emancipated slaves to the continent of Africa.

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American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission

The American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission was charged by U.S. Secretary of War Edwin McMasters Stanton in March 1863 with investigating the status of the slaves and former slaves who were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation.

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American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

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Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.

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Ana Lucia Araujo

Ana Lucia Araujo is an American historian, art historian, author, and professor of history at Howard University.

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Ancestry.com

Ancestry.com LLC is an American genealogy company based in Lehi, Utah.

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Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814

The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 (also known as the Convention of London; Verdrag van Londen) was signed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands in London on 13 August 1814.

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Angola

Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-central coast of Southern Africa.

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Annius of Viterbo

Annius of Viterbo (Joannes Annius Viterb(i)ensis; 5 January 143713 November 1502) was an Italian Dominican friar, scholar, and historian, born Giovanni Nanni in Viterbo.

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Annual Customs of Dahomey

The Annual Customs of Dahomey (xwetanu or huetanu in Fon) were the main yearly celebration in the Kingdom of Dahomey, held at the capital, Abomey.

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Antimalarial medication

Antimalarial medications or simply antimalarials are a type of antiparasitic chemical agent, often naturally derived, that can be used to treat or to prevent malaria, in the latter case, most often aiming at two susceptible target groups, young children and pregnant women.

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Antonio Negri

Antonio Negri (1 August 1933 – 16 December 2023) was an Italian political philosopher known as one of the most prominent theorists of autonomism, as well as for his co-authorship of Empire with Michael Hardt.

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Arab slave trade

Arab slave trade refers to various periods in which a slave trade has been carried out under the auspices of Arab peoples or Arab countries. Atlantic slave trade and Arab slave trade are African slave trade.

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Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

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Archibald Dalzel

Archibald Dalzel (–) was a Scottish colonial administrator and slave trader who served as governor of the Gold Coast from 1792 to 1802.

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Aro Confederacy

The Aro Confederacy (1640–1902) was a political union orchestrated by the Aro people, an Igbo subgroup, centered in Arochukwu in present-day southeastern Nigeria.

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Asante Empire

The Ashanti Empire (Asante Twi: Asanteman), sometimes called the Asante Empire, was an Akan state that lasted from 1701 to 1901, in what is now modern-day Ghana.

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Asante people

The Asante, also known as Ashanti in English, are part of the Akan ethnic group and are native to the Ashanti Region of modern-day Ghana.

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Asiento de Negros

The Asiento de Negros was a monopoly contract between the Spanish Crown and various merchants for the right to provide enslaved Africans to colonies in the Spanish Americas. Atlantic slave trade and Asiento de Negros are slavery in North America and slavery in South America.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Atlantic history

Atlantic history is a specialty field in history that studies the Atlantic World in the early modern period.

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Atlantic slave trade to Brazil

The Atlantic slave trade to Brazil occurred during the period of history in which there was a forced migration of Africans to Brazil for the purpose of slavery.

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Azores

The Azores (Açores), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira).

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Aztecs

The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.

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Baga people

The Baga are a West African ethnic group who live in the southern swampy lands of Guinea Atlantic coastline.

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Balanta people

The Balanta (Guinea-Bissau Creole and Portuguese: balanta;; lit. “those who resist” in Mandinka) are an ethnic group found in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Senegal, Cape Verde and The Gambia.

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Balkan slave trade

The Balkan slave trade was the trade in slaves from the Balkans via Venetian slave traders across the Adriatic and Aegean Seas to Italy, Spain, and the Islamic Middle East, from the 7th century during the Early Middle Ages until the mid-15th century. Atlantic slave trade and Balkan slave trade are trade routes.

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Bamana Empire

The Bamana Empire (also Bambara Empire or Ségou Empire, Banbaran Fāmala) was one of the largest states of West Africa in the 18th century.

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Bamileke people

The Bamiléké are a group of 90 closely related peoples who inhabit the Western High Plateau of Cameroon.

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Bank of England

The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.

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Bantu peoples

The Bantu peoples are an ethnolinguistic grouping of approximately 400 distinct native African ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages.

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Baqt

The Baqt (or Bakt) (بقط) was a 7th-century treaty between the Christian state of Makuria and the new Muslim rulers of Egypt. Atlantic slave trade and Baqt are African slave trade.

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017.

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Barbados

Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region next to North America and north of South America, and is the most easterly of the Caribbean islands.

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Barbary pirates

The Barbary pirates, Barbary corsairs, Ottoman corsairs, or naval mujahideen (in Muslim sources) were mainly Muslim pirates and privateers who operated from the largely independent Ottoman Barbary states.

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Barbary slave trade

The Barbary slave trade involved the capture and selling of European slaves at African slave markets in the largely independent Ottoman Barbary states. Atlantic slave trade and Barbary slave trade are African slave trade.

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Basic Books

Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1950 and located in New York City, now an imprint of Hachette Book Group.

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Basingstoke

Basingstoke is a town in Hampshire, situated in south-central England across a valley at the source of the River Loddon on the western edge of the North Downs.

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Bay of Arguin

The Bay of Arguin (Baie d'Arguin; Baía de Arguim) is a bay on the Atlantic shore of Mauritania and the former mouth of the Tamanrasset River, now a Paleo-river.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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BBC History

BBC History is a British magazine devoted to both British and world history, and aimed at readers of all levels of knowledge and interest.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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Beacon Press

Beacon Press is an American left-wing non-profit book publisher.

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Benguela

Benguela (Umbundu: Luombaka) is a city in western Angola, capital of Benguela Province.

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Benin

Benin (Bénin, Benɛ, Benen), officially the Republic of Benin (République du Bénin), and also known as Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.

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Bight of Benin

The Bight of Benin or Bay of Benin is a bight in the Gulf of Guinea area on the western African coast that derives its name from the historical Kingdom of Benin.

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Bight of Biafra

The Bight of Biafra, also known as the Bight of Bonny, is a bight off the west-central African coast, in the easternmost part of the Gulf of Guinea.

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Birmingham

Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England.

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Bissagos Islands

The Bissagos Islands, also spelled Bijagós (Arquipélago dos Bijagós), are a group of about 88 islands and islets located in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Guinea-Bissau.

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Black Loyalist

Black Loyalists were people of African descent who sided with the Loyalists during the American Revolutionary War.

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Black people

Black is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion.

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Black Sea slave trade

The Black Sea slave trade trafficked people across the Black Sea from Europe and the Caucasus to slavery in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Atlantic slave trade and Black Sea slave trade are forced migration and trade routes.

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Black studies

Black studies or Africana studies (with nationally specific terms, such as African American studies and Black Canadian studies), is an interdisciplinary academic field that primarily focuses on the study of the history, culture, and politics of the peoples of the African diaspora and Africa.

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BMC Ecology and Evolution

BMC Ecology and Evolution (since January 2021), previously BMC Evolutionary Biology (2001–2020), is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all fields of evolutionary biology, including phylogenetics and palaeontology.

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Bob Riley

Robert Renfroe Riley (born October 3, 1944) is an American retired politician and businessman who served as the 52nd governor of Alabama from 2003 to 2011.

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Bolivia

Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America.

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Bonny, Nigeria

Bonny (originally Okoloama) is a traditional, coastal town and a Local Government Area (LGA) in Rivers State in Southern Nigeria, on the Bight of Bonny.

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Bono state

Bono State (or Bonoman) was a trading state created by the Bono people, located in what is now southern Ghana.

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Boston

Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.

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Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

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Bridgetown

Bridgetown (UN/LOCODE: BB BGI) is the capital and largest city of Barbados.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Bristol

Bristol is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region.

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Bristol slave trade

toppled in 2020 Bristol, a port city in the South West of England, on the banks of the River Avon, has been an important location for maritime trade for centuries. Atlantic slave trade and Bristol slave trade are black British history, history of the Atlantic Ocean, slavery in the British Empire and slavery in the Caribbean.

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British America

British America comprised the colonial territories of the English Empire, and the successor British Empire, in the Americas from 1607 to 1783.

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British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

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British Guiana

British Guiana was a British colony, part of the mainland British West Indies.

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British Honduras

British Honduras was a Crown colony on the east coast of Central America, south of Mexico, from 1783 to 1964, then a self-governing colony, renamed Belize in June 1973,, Caribbean Community.

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British Overseas Territories

The British Overseas Territories (BOTs) are the 14 territories with a constitutional and historical link with the United Kingdom that, while not forming part of the United Kingdom itself, are part of its sovereign territory.

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British West Indies

The British West Indies (BWI) were colonised British territories in the West Indies: Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, British Guiana (now Guyana) and Trinidad and Tobago.

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Brown University

Brown University is a private Ivy League research university in Providence, Rhode Island.

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Bryan Edwards (politician)

Bryan Edwards, FRS (21 May 1743 – 15/16 July 1800) was an English politician and historian born in Westbury, Wiltshire.

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Bubonic plague

Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

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Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires, officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the capital and primate city of Argentina.

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Cambria Press

Cambria Press is an independent academic publisher based in Amherst, New York.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Cameroon

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa.

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Campeche (city)

San Francisco de Campeche (Ahk'ìin Pech), 19th c., also known simply as Campeche, is a city in Campeche Municipality in the Mexican state of Campeche, on the shore of the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico.

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Canadian Museum for Human Rights

The Canadian Museum for Human Rights (CMHR) is a Canadian Crown corporation and national museum located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, adjacent to The Forks.

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Canary Islands

The Canary Islands (Canarias), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Candomblé

Candomblé is an African diasporic religion that developed in Brazil during the 19th century.

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Cape Coast Castle

Cape Coast Castle (Carolusborg) is one of about forty "slave castles", or large commercial forts, built on the Gold Coast of West Africa (now Ghana) by European traders.

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Cape Verde

Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about.

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Capitalism and Slavery

Capitalism and Slavery is the published version of the doctoral dissertation of Eric Williams, who was the first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago in 1962.

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Caravel

The caravel (Portuguese: caravela) is a small maneuverable sailing ship that uses both lateen and square sails and was known for its agility and speed and its capacity for sailing windward (beating).

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Caribbean

The Caribbean (el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are sometimes also included in the region.

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Cartagena, Colombia

Cartagena, known since the colonial era as Cartagena de Indias, is a city and one of the major ports on the northern coast of Colombia in the Caribbean Coast Region, along the Caribbean sea.

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Cassare

Cassare or calissare (from Portuguese casar, "to marry") was the term applied to the marriage alliances, largely in West Africa, set up between European and African slave traders; the "husband" was European and the wife/concubine African. Atlantic slave trade and Cassare are African slave trade.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Côte d'Ivoire

Côte d'Ivoire, also known as Ivory Coast and officially known as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa.

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Ceará

Ceará is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast.

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Central Africa

Central Africa is a subregion of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions.

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Central America

Central America is a subregion of North America.

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Charles II of Spain

Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), also known as the Bewitched (El Hechizado), was King of Spain from 1665 to 1700.

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Charleston, South Carolina

Charleston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston metropolitan area.

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Chicago Review Press

Chicago Review Press, or CRP, is a U.S. book publisher and an independent company founded in 1973.

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Chicago Tribune

The Chicago Tribune is an American daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, owned by Tribune Publishing.

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Children of the plantation

"Children of the plantation" is a euphemism used to refer to people with ancestry tracing back to the time of slavery in the United States in which the offspring was born to black African female slaves (either still in the state of slavery or freed) in the context of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and Non-Black men, usually the slave's owner, one of the owner's relatives, or the plantation overseer.

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Chinese export porcelain

Chinese export porcelain includes a wide range of Chinese porcelain that was made (almost) exclusively for export to Europe and later to North America between the 16th and the 20th century.

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Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

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Civil War History

Civil War History is an academic journal of the American Civil War.

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Cline Town

Cline Town is an area in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

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Clotilda (slave ship)

The schooner Clotilda (often misspelled Clotilde) was the last known U.S. slave ship to bring captives from Africa to the United States, arriving at Mobile Bay, in autumn 1859 or on July 9, 1860, with 110 African men, women, and children.

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Coffeehouse

A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment that serves various types of coffee, espresso, latte, americano and cappuccino.

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College of Charleston

The College of Charleston (CofC or Charleston) is a public university in Charleston, South Carolina.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.

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Colonial Brazil

Colonial Brazil (Brasil Colonial) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal.

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Colonial empire

A colonial empire is a collective of territories (often called colonies), either contiguous with the imperial center or located overseas, settled by the population of a certain state and governed by that state.

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Colonial Nigeria

Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1 October 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence.

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Columbia University

Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Columbian exchange

The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries. Atlantic slave trade and Columbian exchange are history of the Atlantic Ocean.

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Compagnie du Sénégal

The Compagnie du Sénégal (French for the "Senegal Company" or, more literally, the "Company of the Senegal") was a 17th-century French chartered company that administered the territories of Saint-Louis and Gorée island as part of French Senegal.

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Concord, Massachusetts

Concord is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.

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Conquest of the Canary Islands

The conquest of the Canary Islands by the Crown of Castile took place between 1402 and 1496 and described as the first instance of European settler colonialism in Africa. Atlantic slave trade and conquest of the Canary Islands are Genocide of indigenous peoples in Africa.

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Conquistador

Conquistadors or conquistadores (lit 'conquerors') was a term used to refer to Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period.

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Converso

A converso (feminine form conversa), "convert", was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendants.

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Costa Rica

Costa Rica (literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in the Central American region of North America.

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Cowpox

Cowpox is an infectious disease caused by the cowpox virus (CPXV).

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CRC Press

The CRC Press, LLC is an American publishing group that specializes in producing technical books.

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Crimes against humanity

Crimes against humanity are certain serious crimes committed as part of a large-scale attack against civilians.

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, archipelagos, 4,195 islands and cays surrounding the main island.

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Cudjoe Lewis

Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis (– July 17, 1935), born Oluale Kossola, and also known as Cudjo Lewis, was the third-to-last adult survivor of the Atlantic slave trade between Africa and the United States. Atlantic slave trade and Cudjoe Lewis are African slave trade.

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Curaçao

Curaçao (or, or, Papiamentu), officially the Country of Curaçao (Land Curaçao; Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea, specifically the Dutch Caribbean region, about north of Venezuela.

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Curse of Ham

In the Book of Genesis, the curse of Ham is described as a curse which was imposed upon Ham's son Canaan by the patriarch Noah.

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Dahomey

The Kingdom of Dahomey was a West African kingdom located within present-day Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904.

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Danish National Archives

The Danish National Archives (Rigsarkivet) is the national archive system of Denmark.

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Danish overseas colonies

Danish overseas colonies and Dano-Norwegian colonies (De danske kolonier) were the colonies that Denmark–Norway (Denmark after 1814) possessed from 1536 until 1953.

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Danish West Indies

The Danish West Indies (Dansk Vestindien) or Danish Virgin Islands (Danske Jomfruøer) or Danish Antilles were a Danish colony in the Caribbean, consisting of the islands of Saint Thomas with; Saint John (St.) with; and Saint Croix with.

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Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire.

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Das Kapital

Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (Das Kapital.), also known as Capital and Das Kapital, is a foundational theoretical text in materialist philosophy and critique of political economy written by Karl Marx, published as three volumes in 1867, 1885, and 1894.

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David Brion Davis

David Brion Davis (February 16, 1927 – April 14, 2019) was an American intellectual and cultural historian, and a leading authority on slavery and abolition in the Western world.

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David Livingstone

David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, and an explorer in Africa.

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David Stannard

David Edward Stannard (born 1941) is an American historian and Professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii.

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De Nederlandsche Bank

De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) is the Dutch member of the Eurosystem and has been the monetary authority for the Netherlands from 1814 to 1998, issuing the Dutch guilder.

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Decree

A decree is a legal proclamation, usually issued by a head of state, judge, royal figure, or other relevant authorities, according to certain procedures.

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Deep South

The Deep South or the Lower South is a cultural and geographic subregion of the Southern United States.

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Demarcation line

A political demarcation line is a geopolitical border, often agreed upon as part of an armistice or ceasefire.

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Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, Congo-Zaire, or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country in Central Africa.

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Denmark Vesey

Denmark Vesey (also Telemaque) (July 2, 1822) was a free Black man and community leader in Charleston, South Carolina, who was accused and convicted of planning a major slave revolt in 1822.

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Dhow

Dhow (translit) is the generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts with settee or sometimes lateen sails, used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean region.

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Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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Disfigurement

Disfigurement is the state of having one's appearance deeply and persistently harmed medically, such as from a disease, birth defect, or wound.

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Dominican Order

The Order of Preachers (Ordo Prædicatorum; abbreviated OP), commonly known as the Dominican Order, is a Catholic mendicant order of pontifical right that was founded in France by a Castilian-French priest named Dominic de Guzmán.

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Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is a North American country on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north.

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Duke University Press

Duke University Press is an academic publisher and university press affiliated with Duke University.

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Dum Diversas

Dum Diversas (english: Until different) is a papal bull issued on 18 June 1452 by Pope Nicholas V. It authorized King Afonso V of Portugal to conquer "Saracens (Muslims) and pagans" in a disputed territory in Africa and consign them to "perpetual servitude". Atlantic slave trade and Dum Diversas are African slave trade.

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Durban

Durban (eThekwini, from itheku meaning "bay, lagoon") is the third-most populous city in South Africa, after Johannesburg and Cape Town, and the largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal.

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Durham, North Carolina

Durham is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina and the county seat of Durham County.

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Dutch Brazil

Dutch Brazil (Nederlands-Brazilië), also known as New Holland (Nieuw-Holland), was a colony of the Dutch Republic in the northeastern portion of modern-day Brazil, controlled from 1630 to 1654 during Dutch colonization of the Americas.

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Dutch Caribbean

The Dutch Caribbean (historically known as the Dutch West Indies) are the New World territories, colonies, and countries (former and current) of the Dutch Empire and the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean Sea, mainly the northern and southwestern regions of the Lesser Antilles archipelago.

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Dutch colonial empire

The Dutch colonial empire (Nederlandse koloniale rijk) comprised the overseas territories and trading posts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies—mainly the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company—and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and by the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815.

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Dutch colonization of the Americas

The Netherlands began its colonization of the Americas with the establishment of trading posts and plantations, which preceded the much wider known colonization activities of the Dutch in Asia. Atlantic slave trade and Dutch colonization of the Americas are European colonization of the Americas.

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Dutch Republic

The United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden) and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

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Dysentery

Dysentery, historically known as the bloody flux, is a type of gastroenteritis that results in bloody diarrhea.

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Economic history

Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena.

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Economic History Association

The Economic History Association (EHA) was founded in 1940 to "encourage and promote teaching, research, and publication on every phase of economic history and to help preserve and administer materials for research in economic history".

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Economic history of the United Kingdom

The economic history of the United Kingdom relates the economic development in the British state from the absorption of Wales into the Kingdom of England after 1535 to the modern United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of the early 21st century.

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Edinburgh

Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.

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Edward Colston

Edward Colston (2 November 1636 – 11 October 1721) was an English merchant, slave trader, philanthropist, and Tory Member of Parliament.

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Efik people

The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon.

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El Salvador

El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America.

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Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.

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Elmina

Elmina, also known as Edina by the local Fante, is a town and the capital of the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem District on the south coast of Ghana in the Central Region, situated on a bay on the Atlantic Ocean, west of Cape Coast.

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Elmina Castle

Elmina Castle was erected by the Portuguese in 1482 as Castelo de São Jorge da Mina (St. George of the Mine Castle), also known as Castelo da Mina or simply Mina (or Feitoria da Mina), in present-day Elmina, Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast.

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Emigration

Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country).

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Encounter Books

Encounter Books is a book publisher in the United States known for publishing conservative authors.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is the company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia.

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English overseas possessions

The English overseas possessions comprised a variety of overseas territories that were colonised, conquered, or otherwise acquired by the Kingdom of England before 1707. Atlantic slave trade and English overseas possessions are history of English colonialism.

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Epidemic

An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time.

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Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea (Guinea Ecuatorial; Guinée équatoriale; Guiné Equatorial), officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (República de Guinea Ecuatorial, République de Guinée équatoriale, República da Guiné Equatorial), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of.

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Eric Williams

Eric Eustace Williams (25 September 1911 – 29 March 1981) was a Trinidad and Tobago politician.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European colonization of the Americas

During the Age of Discovery, a large scale colonization of the Americas, involving a number of European countries, took place primarily between the late 15th century and the early 19th century. Atlantic slave trade and European colonization of the Americas are history of the Atlantic Ocean.

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Eusébio de Queirós Law

The Eusébio de Queirós Law, officially Law No.

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Ewe people

The Ewe people (Eʋeawó, lit. "Ewe people"; or Mono Kple Amu (Volta) Tɔ́sisiwo Dome, lit. "Between the Rivers Mono and Volta"; Eʋenyígbá Eweland) are a Gbe-speaking ethnic group.

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Factor (agent)

A factor is a type of trader who receives and sells goods on commission, called factorage.

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Fall of the Western Roman Empire

The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.

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Fante people

The modern Mfantsefo or Fante ("Fanti" is an older spelling) confederacy is a combination of Akan people and aboriginal Guan people.

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Female slavery in the United States

Living in a wide range of circumstances and possessing the intersecting identity of both black and female, enslaved women of African descent had nuanced experiences of slavery.

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Fenda Lawrence

Fenda Lawrence (1742 – after 1780), was an African slave trader who operated in the Saloum town of Kaur.

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First wave of European colonization

The first wave of European colonization began with Spanish and Portuguese conquests and explorations, and primarily involved the European colonization of the Americas, though it also included the establishment of European colonies in India and in Maritime Southeast Asia. Atlantic slave trade and first wave of European colonization are European colonization of the Americas.

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Florida

Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Fon people

The Fon people, also called Dahomeans, Fon nu or Agadja are a Gbe ethnic group.

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Forced displacement

Forced displacement (also forced migration or forced relocation) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region. Atlantic slave trade and forced displacement are forced migration.

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Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, or February 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman.

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Freetown

Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone.

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French colonial empire

The French colonial empire comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.

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French West Indies

The French West Indies or French Antilles (Antilles françaises,; Antiy fwansé) are the parts of France located in the Antilles islands of the Caribbean.

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was a law passed by the 31st United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern interests in slavery and Northern Free-Soilers.

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Fugitive slaves in the United States

In the United States, fugitive slaves or runaway slaves were terms used in the 18th and 19th centuries to describe people who fled slavery.

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Futa Tooro

Futa Toro (Wolof and Fuuta Tooro,,; فوتا تورو), often simply the Futa, is a semidesert region around the middle run of the Senegal River.

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Gabon

Gabon (Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (République gabonaise), is a country on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, on the equator, bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west.

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Gadsden's Wharf

Gadsden's Wharf is a wharf located in Charleston, South Carolina.

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Galveston Island

Galveston Island is a barrier island on the Texas Gulf Coast in the United States, about southeast of Houston.

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Gbe languages

The Gbe languages (pronounced) form a cluster of about twenty related languages stretching across the area between eastern Ghana and western Nigeria.

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Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

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Genome Biology

Genome Biology is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering research in genomics.

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Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia, officially the State of Georgia, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Ghana

Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa.

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Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries

The global silver trade between the Americas, Europe, and China from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries was a spillover of the Columbian exchange which had a profound effect on the world economy.

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Gold Coast (British colony)

The Gold Coast was a British Crown colony on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa from 1821 until its independence in 1957 as Ghana.

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Gold Coast (region)

The Gold Coast was the name for a region on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa that was rich in gold, petroleum, sweet crude oil and natural gas.

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Golden Stool

The Golden Stool (Ashanti-dwa; full title, Sika Dwa Kofi "the Golden Stool born on a Friday") is the royal and divine throne of kings of the Asante people and the ultimate symbol of power in Asante.

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Google News

Google News is a news aggregator service developed by Google.

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Gorée

italic ("Gorée Island"; Beer Dun) is one of the 19 communes d'arrondissement (i.e. districts) of the city of Dakar, Senegal.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.

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Guanches

The Guanche were the indigenous inhabitants of the Spanish Canary Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean some to the west of modern Morocco and the North African coast.

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Guatemala

Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America.

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Guinea

Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea (République de Guinée), is a coastal country in West Africa.

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Guinea (region)

Guinea is a traditional name for the region of the coast of West Africa which lies along the Gulf of Guinea.

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Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau (Guiné-Bissau; script; Mandinka: ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫ ߓߌߛߊߥߏ߫ Gine-Bisawo), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (República da Guiné-Bissau), is a country in West Africa that covers with an estimated population of 2,026,778.

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Gullah Jack

Gullah Jack (died July 12, 1822), also known as Couter Jack and sometimes referred to as "Gullah" Jack Pritchard, was an African Methodist and Hoodoo conjurer, who Paul Pritchard enslaved in Charleston, South Carolina.

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Gun Quarter

The Gun Quarter is a district of the city of Birmingham, England, which was for many years a centre of the world's gun-manufacturing industry, specialising in the production of military firearms and sporting guns.

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Habsburg Spain

Habsburg Spain refers to Spain and the Hispanic Monarchy, also known as the Catholic Monarchy, in the period from 1516 to 1700 when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg.

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Haiti

Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas.

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Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (révolution haïtienne or La guerre de l'indépendance; Lagè d Lendependans) was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. Atlantic slave trade and Haitian Revolution are history of sugar.

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HarperCollins

HarperCollins Publishers LLC is a British-American publishing company that is considered to be one of the "Big Five" English-language publishers, along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, Macmillan, and Simon & Schuster.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Hassanamisco Nipmuc

The Hassanamisco Nipmuc Band is the sole state-recognized tribe in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

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Havana

Havana (La Habana) is the capital and largest city of Cuba.

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Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux

Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, (19 September 1778 – 7 May 1868) was a British statesman who became Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain and played a prominent role in passing the Reform Act 1832 and Slavery Abolition Act 1833.

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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865), known as Lord Palmerston, was a British statesman and politician who was twice prime minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century.

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Hernán Cortés

Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (December 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

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Hispanic America

The region known as Hispanic America (Hispanoamérica or América Hispana) and historically as Spanish America (América Española) is all the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (also) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles.

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History of Boston

The written history of Boston begins with a letter drafted by the first European inhabitant of the Shawmut Peninsula, William Blaxton.

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History of slavery

The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day.

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Honduras

Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America.

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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) is an American publisher of textbooks, instructional technology materials, assessments, and reference works.

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House of Slaves

The House of Slaves (Maison des Esclaves) and its Door of No Return is a museum and memorial to the victims of the Atlantic slave trade on Gorée Island, 3 km off the coast of the city of Dakar, Senegal.

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How Europe Underdeveloped Africa

How Europe Underdeveloped Africa is a 1972 book written by Walter Rodney that describes how Africa was deliberately exploited and underdeveloped by European colonial regimes.

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Howard University Press

Howard University Press (HUP) was a publisher that was part of Howard University, founded in 1972.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

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Iberian Union

The Iberian Union is a historiographical term used to describe the dynastic union of the Monarchy of Spain, which in turn was itself a personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, and the Kingdom of Portugal, and of their respective colonial empires, that existed between 1580 and 1640 and brought the entire Iberian Peninsula except Andorra, as well as Portuguese and Spanish overseas possessions, under the Spanish Habsburg monarchs Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV.

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Igala people

The Igala people are a Yoruboid ethnolinguistic group native to the region immediately south of the confluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers in central Nigeria.

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Igbo people

The Igbo people (also spelled Ibo" and historically also Iboe, Ebo, Eboe, / / Eboans, Heebo; natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò) are an ethnic group in Nigeria.

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Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade

The Igbo of Igboland (in present-day Nigeria) became one of the principal ethnic groups to be enslaved during the Atlantic slave trade. Atlantic slave trade and Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade are African slave trade, black British history, European colonisation in Africa, forced migration and slavery in North America.

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Illinois State University

Illinois State University (ISU) is a public research university in Normal, Illinois.

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Imbangala

The Imbangala or Mbangala were divided groups of warriors and marauders who worked as hired mercenaries in 17th-century Angola and later founded the Kasanje Kingdom.

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Indentured servitude

Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years.

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Indian indenture system

The Indian indenture system was a system of indentured servitude, by which more than 1.6million workers from British India were transported to labour in European colonies, as a substitute for slave labor, following the abolition of the trade in the early 19th century. Atlantic slave trade and Indian indenture system are slavery in the British Empire.

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Indian Ocean slave trade

The Indian Ocean slave trade, sometimes known as the East African slave trade, was multi-directional slave trade and has changed over time. Atlantic slave trade and Indian Ocean slave trade are African slave trade, forced migration and trade routes.

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Indiana University Press

Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.

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Indigenous peoples of South America

The Indigenous peoples of South America or South American Indigenous peoples, are the pre-Columbian peoples of South America and their descendants.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution.

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Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.

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Institutional racism

Institutional racism, also known as systemic racism, is defined as policies and practices that exist throughout a whole society or organization that result in and support a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race or ethnic group.

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Inter caetera

Inter caetera ('Among other ') was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on the 4 May 1493, which granted to the Catholic Monarchs King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile all lands to the "west and south" of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde islands.

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International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition

The International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition is an international day celebrated August 23 of each year, the day designated by UNESCO to memorialize the transatlantic slave trade.

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International migration

International migration occurs when people cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum length of the time.

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International Slavery Museum

The International Slavery Museum is a museum located in Liverpool, UK, that focuses on the history and legacy of the transatlantic slave trade.

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Islands of Africa

The islands of Africa are a major geographical sub-region of Africa, and represent a distinct demographic and historical cultural sphere of influence on the continent.

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Italian city-states

The Italian city-states were numerous political and independent territorial entities that existed in the Italian Peninsula from antiquity to the formation of the Kingdom of Italy in the late 19th century.

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007.

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Jamaica

Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At, it is the third largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the island containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and south-east of the Cayman Islands (a British Overseas Territory).

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James Forten

James Forten (September 2, 1766March 4, 1842) was an American abolitionist and businessman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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James Stephen (British politician)

James Stephen (30 June 1758 – 10 October 1832) was the principal English lawyer associated with the movement for the abolition of slavery.

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James Watt

James Watt (30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.

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Jamestown, Virginia

The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

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Jean Lafitte

Jean Lafitte (–) was a French pirate and privateer who operated in the Gulf of Mexico in the early 19th century.

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Jerry Rawlings

Jerry John Rawlings (22 June 194712 November 2020) was a Ghanaian military coup leader, aviator and politician who led the country for a brief period in 1979, and then from 1981 to 2001.

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Jesse Jackson

Jesse Louis Jackson (né Burns; born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist, politician, and ordained Baptist minister.

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Jesus of Lübeck

Jesus of Lübeck was a carrack built in the Free City of Lübeck in the early 16th century.

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John Beecroft

John Beecroft (1790 – 10 June 1854) was an explorer, governor of Fernando Po and British Consul of the Bight of Benin and Biafra.

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John Carter Brown Library

The John Carter Brown Library is an independently funded research library of history and the humanities on the campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island.

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John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library

The John D. Rockefeller Jr.

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John Eliot (missionary)

John Eliot (– 21 May 1690) was a Puritan missionary to the American Indians who some called "the apostle to the Indians" and the founder of Roxbury Latin School in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1645.

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John Fage

John Donnelly Fage (3 June 1921–6 August 2002) was a British historian who was among the first academics to specialise in African history, especially of the pre-colonial period, in the United Kingdom and West Africa.

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John Hawkins (naval commander)

Admiral Sir John Hawkins (also spelled Hawkyns) (1532 – 12 November 1595) was an English naval commander, naval administrator, privateer and slave trader.

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John Hull (merchant)

John Hull (December 18, 1624October 1, 1683) was an English-born merchant, silversmith, slave trader and politician who spent the majority of his life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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John III of Portugal

John III (João III; 7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557), nicknamed The Pious (Portuguese: o Piedoso), was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1521 until his death in 1557.

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John Newton

John Newton (– 21 December 1807) was an English evangelical Anglican cleric and slavery abolitionist.

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John Thornton (historian)

John K. Thornton is an American historian specializing in the history of Africa, the African Diaspora and the Atlantic world.

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Jola people

The Jola or Diola (endonym: Ajamat) are an ethnic group found in Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau.

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Joseph C. Miller

Joseph Calder Miller (April 30, 1939 – March 12, 2019) was an American historian and academic. Atlantic slave trade and Joseph C. Miller are African slave trade.

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Journal of Black Studies

The Journal of Black Studies is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the fields of social sciences and ethnic studies concerning African and African diaspora culture, with particular interest in African-American culture.

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Journal of Interdisciplinary History

The Journal of Interdisciplinary History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the MIT Press.

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Journal of the Early Republic

The Journal of the Early Republic is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal which focuses on the early culture and history of the United States from 1776 to 1861.

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Kaabu

Kaabu (1537–1867), also written Gabu, Ngabou, and N'Gabu, was a federation of Mandinka kingdoms in the Senegambia region centered within modern northeastern Guinea-Bissau, large parts of today's Gambia, and extending into Koussanar, Koumpentoum, and the Casamance in Senegal.

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Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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Ken Livingstone

Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945) is an English retired politician who served as the Leader of the Greater London Council (GLC) from 1981 until the council was abolished in 1986, and as Mayor of London from the creation of the office in 2000 until 2008.

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Khasso

Khasso or Xaaso is a region and former West African kingdom of the 17th to 19th centuries, occupying territory in what is today the Kayes Region of Mali.

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Kimpa Vita

Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita, also known as Kimpa Mvita, Cimpa Vita or Tsimpa Vita (1684 – 2 July 1706), was a Kongolese prophet and leader of her own Christian movement, Antonianism; this movement taught that Jesus and other early Christian figures were from the Kongo Kingdom.

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Kingdom of Benin

The Kingdom of Benin, also known as the Edo Kingdom or Benin Kingdom (Bini: Arriọba ẹdo), is a kingdom within what is now southern Nigeria.

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Kingdom of Castile

The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

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Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 886, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period.

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Kingdom of Kongo

The Kingdom of Kongo (Kongo Dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo; Reino do Congo) was a kingdom in Central Africa.

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Kingdom of Portugal

The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic.

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Kingston, Jamaica

Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island.

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Kongo Civil War

The Kongo Civil War (1665–1709) was a war of succession between rival houses of the Kingdom of Kongo.

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Kongo people

The Kongo people (Bisi Kongo., EsiKongo, singular: Musi Kongo; also Bakongo, singular: Mukongo or M'kongo) are a Bantu ethnic group primarily defined as the speakers of Kikongo.

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Laws of Burgos

The Laws of Burgos (Leyes de Burgos), promulgated on 27 December 1512 in Burgos, Crown of Castile (Spain), was the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spaniards in the Americas, particularly with regard to the Indigenous people of the Americas ("native Caribbean Indians").

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Le Monde diplomatique

(meaning "The Diplomatic World", and shortened as Le Diplo in French) is a French monthly newspaper founded in 1954 offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs.

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Leeward Islands

The Leeward Islands are a group of islands situated where the northeastern Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean.

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Leiden

Leiden (in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands.

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Liberia

Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast.

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Lima

Lima, founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (Spanish for "City of Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.

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Limpieza de sangre

Limpieza de sangre, also known as limpeza de sangue or neteja de sang, literally 'cleanliness of blood' and meaning 'blood purity', was a racially discriminatory term used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires during the early modern period to refer to those who were considered to be Old Christians by virtue of not having Muslim, Jewish, Romani, or Agote ancestors.

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Lincoln–Douglas debates

The Lincoln–Douglas debates were a series of seven debates in 1858 between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican Party candidate for the United States Senate from Illinois, and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate.

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Lisbon

Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.

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Lisbon, Ohio

Lisbon is the county seat of Columbiana County, Ohio, United States.

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List of governors of Alabama

The governor of Alabama is the head of government of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Liverpool

Liverpool is a cathedral, port city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England.

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Liverpool City Council

Liverpool City Council is the local authority for the city of Liverpool in Merseyside, England.

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Liverpool slave trade

Liverpool, a port city in north-west England, was involved in the transatlantic slave trade. Atlantic slave trade and Liverpool slave trade are black British history.

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Loango slavery harbour

Loango Slavery Harbour is a Republic of the Congo cultural site included in World Heritage Tentative Lists in 2008–09. Atlantic slave trade and Loango slavery harbour are African slave trade, early modern period, European colonisation in Africa, European colonization of the Americas, forced migration, history of the Atlantic Ocean and trade routes.

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Luc Gnacadja

Luc-Marie Constant Gnacadja or simply Luc Gnacadja is a Beninese politician and architect.

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M. E. Sharpe

M.

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Macumba

Macumba is a generic term for various Afro-Brazilian religions, the practitioners of which are them called macumbeiros.

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Madagascar

Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar and the Fourth Republic of Madagascar, is an island country comprising the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands.

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Makua people

The Makua people, also known as Makhuwa or Wamakua, are a Bantu ethnic group found in northern Mozambique and the southern border provinces of Tanzania such as the Mtwara Region.

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Makuria

Makuria (Old Nubian: ⲇⲱⲧⲁⲩⲟ, Dotawo; Makouria; al-Muqurra) was a medieval Nubian kingdom in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt.

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.

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Malê revolt

The Malê revolt (Revolta dos Malês,,, also known as the Great Revolt and the Ramadan Revolt) was a Muslim slave rebellion that broke out during the regency period in the Empire of Brazil.

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Manchester

Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England, which had a population of 552,000 at the 2021 census.

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Mandé peoples

The Mandé peoples are an ethnolinguistic grouping of native African ethnic groups who speak Mande languages.

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Manikongo

Manikongo (also called Awenekongo or Mwenekongo) was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, a kingdom that existed from the 14th to the 19th centuries and consisted of land in present-day Angola, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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Manomet, Massachusetts

Manomet is a seaside village of Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States.

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Mark Rutte

Mark Rutte (born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 2010 and 2024.

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Maroons

Maroons are descendants of Africans in the Americas and Islands of the Indian Ocean who escaped from slavery, through flight or manumission, and formed their own settlements.

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Martinique

Martinique (Matinik or Matnik; Kalinago: Madinina or Madiana) is an island in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the eastern Caribbean Sea.

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Marxists Internet Archive

Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a non-profit online encyclopedia that hosts a multilingual library (created in 1990) of the works of communist, anarchist, and socialist writers, such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Rosa Luxemburg, Mikhail Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as well as that of writers of related ideologies, and even unrelated ones (for instance, Sun Tzu).

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Maryland

Maryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691), more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around the Massachusetts Bay, one of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

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Matanzas

Matanzas (Cuban; Ayá Áta) is the capital of the Cuban province of Matanzas.

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Mathieu Kérékou

Mathieu Kérékou (2 September 1933 – 14 October 2015) was a Beninese politician who served as president of the People's Republic of Benin from 1972 to 1991 and the Republic of Benin from 1996 to 2006.

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Matilda McCrear

Matilda McCrear (c. 1857 – January 13, 1940) was the last known survivor in the United States of the transatlantic slave trade and the ship Clotilda.

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Mauritania

Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a sovereign country in Northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest. By land area Mauritania is the 11th-largest country in Africa and 28th-largest in the world; 90% of its territory is in the Sahara.

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Maya civilization

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period.

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Mayor of London

The mayor of London is the chief executive of the Greater London Authority.

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Measles

Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus.

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Mediterranean Basin

In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin, also known as the Mediterranean Region or sometimes Mediterranea, is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have mostly a Mediterranean climate, with mild to cool, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.

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Memphis, Tennessee

Memphis is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

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Mendoza, Argentina

Mendoza, officially the City of Mendoza (Ciudad de Mendoza), is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina.

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Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City.

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Michael Hardt

Michael Hardt (born 1960) is an American political philosopher and literary theorist.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Middle Passage

The Middle Passage was the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade. Atlantic slave trade and Middle Passage are history of the Atlantic Ocean.

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Middlebury, Vermont

Middlebury is the shire town (county seat) of Addison County, Vermont, United States.

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Milton Meltzer

Milton Meltzer (May 8, 1915 – September 19, 2009) was an American historian and author best known for his nonfiction books on Jewish, African-American, and American history.

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Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is the primary river and second-longest river of the largest drainage basin in the United States.

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Mobile, Alabama

Mobile is a city and the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States.

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Molasses

Molasses is a viscous byproduct, principally obtained from the refining of sugarcane or sugar beet juice into sugar.

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Morisco

Moriscos (mouriscos; Spanish for "Moorish") were former Muslims and their descendants whom the Catholic Church and Habsburg Spain commanded to forcibly convert to Christianity or face compulsory exile after Spain outlawed Islam.

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Mortality rate

Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.

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Mossi Kingdoms

The Mossi Kingdoms, were a group of kingdoms in modern-day Burkina Faso that dominated the region of the upper Volta river for hundreds of years.

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Mount Wachusett

Mount Wachusett is a mountain in Massachusetts.

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Mozambique

Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest.

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Mungo Park (explorer)

Mungo Park (11 September 1771 – 1806) was a Scottish explorer of West Africa.

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Musket

A musket is a muzzle-loaded long gun that appeared as a smoothbore weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating plate armour.

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Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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National Geographic Society

The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.

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National Museums Liverpool

National Museums Liverpool, formerly National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, comprises several museums and art galleries in and around Liverpool in Merseyside, England.

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National Park Service

The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government, within the U.S. Department of the Interior.

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Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans, sometimes called American Indians, First Americans, or Indigenous Americans, are the Indigenous peoples native to portions of the land that the United States is located on.

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Natural History Museum, London

The Natural History Museum in London is a museum that exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC.

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New Christian

New Christian (Novus Christianus; Cristiano Nuevo; Cristão-Novo; Cristià Nou; Kristiano muevo) was a socio-religious designation and legal distinction in the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire.

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New Jersey State Library

The New Jersey State Library, based in Trenton, New Jersey, was established in 1796 to serve the information needs of New Jersey's Governor, Legislature and Judiciary.

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New Laws

The New Laws (Spanish: Leyes Nuevas), also known as the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians were issued on November 20, 1542, by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (King Charles I of Spain) and regard the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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New Orleans

New Orleans (commonly known as NOLA or the Big Easy among other nicknames) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana.

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New Spain

New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España; Nahuatl: Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain.

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New World

The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas. Atlantic slave trade and New World are European colonization of the Americas.

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New York University

New York University (NYU) is a private research university in New York City, United States.

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New York University Press

New York University Press (or NYU Press) is a university press that is part of New York University.

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Niger Delta

The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria.

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Niger River

The Niger River is the main river of West Africa, extending about. Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in south-eastern Guinea near the Sierra Leone border. It runs in a crescent shape through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean.

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Nigeria

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.

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North Carolina

North Carolina is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

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Nova Scotian Settlers

The Nova Scotian Settlers, or Sierra Leone Settlers (also known as the Nova Scotians or more commonly as the Settlers), were Black Canadians of African-American descent who founded the settlement of Freetown, Sierra Leone and the Colony of Sierra Leone, on March 11, 1792.

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NPR

National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.

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Nuno Tristão

Nuno Tristão was a 15th-century Portuguese explorer and slave trader, active in the early 1440s, traditionally thought to be the first European to reach the region of Guinea.

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Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba

Nzinga Ana de Sousa Mbande, Nzhinga (– 17 December 1663) was a southwest African ruler who ruled as queen of the Ambundu Kingdoms of Ndongo (1624–1663) and Matamba (1631–1663), located in present-day northern Angola.

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Office of the Historian

The Office of the Historian is an office of the United States Department of State within the Foreign Service Institute.

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Ohio University Press

Ohio University Press (OUP) is a university press associated with Ohio University.

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Old Christian

Old Christian (cristiano viejo, cristão-velho, cristià vell) was a social and law-effective category used in the Iberian Peninsula from the late 15th and early 16th century onwards, to distinguish Portuguese and Spanish people attested as having cleanliness of blood, known as Limpieza de sangre, from the populations categorized as New Christian.

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Old World

The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe after 1493, when Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas.

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Open University

The Open University (OU) is a public research university and the largest university in the United Kingdom by number of students.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Oxford

Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Oyo Empire

The Oyo Empire was a Yoruba empire in West Africa.

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Paganism

Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.

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Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.

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Palmares (quilombo)

Palmares, or Quilombo dos Palmares, was a quilombo, a community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil that developed from 1605 until its suppression in 1694.

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Panama

Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America.

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Papal bull

A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.

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Partus sequitur ventrem

Partus sequitur ventrem (also partus) was a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; the doctrine mandated that children of enslaved mothers would inherit the legal status of their mothers.

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Patriot (American Revolution)

Patriots, also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or Whigs, were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who opposed the Kingdom of Great Britain's control and governance during the colonial era, and supported and helped launch the American Revolution that ultimately established American independence.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Peace of Münster

The Peace of Münster was a treaty between the Lords States General of the Seven United Netherlands and the Spanish Crown, the terms of which were agreed on 30 January 1648.

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Peace of Utrecht

The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715.

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Penguin Books

Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.

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Penguin Group

Penguin Group is a British trade book publisher and part of Penguin Random House, which is owned by the German media conglomerate Bertelsmann.

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Pensacola, Florida

Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle.

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Pepper Coast

The Pepper Coast or Grain Coast was a coastal area of western Africa, between Cape Mesurado and Cape Palmas.

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Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River.

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Peter Faneuil

Peter Faneuil (June 20, 1700March 3, 1743) was a wealthy American colonial merchant, slave trader and philanthropist who donated Faneuil Hall to Boston.

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Pierre Chaunu

Pierre Chaunu (17 August 1923 – 22 October 2009) was a French historian.

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Piracy

Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods.

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Plantation

Plantations are farms specializing in cash crops, usually mainly planting a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on.

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Planter class

The planter class, also referred to as the planter aristocracy, was a racial and socioeconomic caste which emerged in the Americas during European colonization in the early modern period.

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Pluto Press

Pluto Press is a British independent book publisher based in London, founded in 1969.

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Plymouth Colony

Plymouth Colony (sometimes Plimouth) was the first permanent English colony in New England from 1620 and the third permanent English colony in America, after Newfoundland and the Jamestown Colony.

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Politics of the Netherlands

The Netherlands is a parliamentary representative democracy.

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Pope Alexander VI

Pope Alexander VI (born Rodrigo de Borja; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503) (epithet: Valentinus ("The Valencian")) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent Borgia family in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain), Rodrigo studied law at the University of Bologna.

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Portobelo, Colón

Portobelo (Modern Spanish: "Puerto Bello" ("beautiful port"), historically in Portuguese: Porto Belo) is a historic port and corregimiento in Portobelo District, Colón Province, Panama.

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Portuguese America

Portuguese America (América Portuguesa), sometimes called América Lusófona or Lusophone America in the English language, in contrast to Anglo-America, French America, or Hispanic America, is the Portuguese-speaking community of people and their diaspora, notably those tracing back origins to Brazil and the early Portuguese colonization of the Americas.

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Portuguese Angola

In southwestern Africa, Portuguese Angola was a historical colony of the Portuguese Empire (1575–1951), the overseas province Portuguese West Africa of Estado Novo Portugal (1951–1972), and the State of Angola of the Portuguese Empire (1972–1975).

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Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire (Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas or the Portuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and later overseas territories, governed by the Kingdom of Portugal, and later the Republic of Portugal.

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Portuguese people

The Portuguese people (– masculine – or Portuguesas) are a Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation indigenous to Portugal, a country in the west of the Iberian Peninsula in the south-west of Europe, who share a common culture, ancestry and language.

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Praying Indian

Praying Indian is a 17th-century term referring to Native Americans of New England, New York, Ontario, and Quebec who converted to Christianity either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Prentice Hall

Prentice Hall was a major American educational publisher.

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President of the United States

The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

Dom Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu (4 March 1394 – 13 November 1460), better known as Prince Henry the Navigator (Infante Dom Henrique, o Navegador), was a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion. Atlantic slave trade and Prince Henry the Navigator are history of the Atlantic Ocean.

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Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Project Muse

Project MUSE (Museums Uniting with Schools in Education), a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books.

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Quakers

Quakers are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations.

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Quilombo

A quilombo (from the Kimbundu word kilombo) is a Brazilian hinterland settlement founded by people of African origin, and others sometimes called Carabali.

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Quinine

Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.

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Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Rastafari

Rastafari, sometimes called Rastafarianism, is an Abrahamic religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s.

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Reconstruction era

The Reconstruction era was a period in United States history following the American Civil War, dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of abolishing slavery and reintegrating the eleven former Confederate States of America into the United States.

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Red Sea slave trade

The Red Sea slave trade, sometimes known as the Islamic slave trade, Arab slave trade, or Oriental slave trade, was a slave trade across the Red Sea trafficking Africans from the African continent to slavery in the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East from antiquity until the mid-20th-century. Atlantic slave trade and Red Sea slave trade are African slave trade, forced migration and trade routes.

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Redoshi

Redoshi (1848 – 1937) was a West African woman who was enslaved and smuggled to the U.S. state of Alabama as a girl in 1860.

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Reggae

Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s.

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Republic of the Congo

The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, West Congo, Congo Republic, ROC, ROTC, or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country located on the western coast of Central Africa to the west of the Congo River.

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Rhode Island

Rhode Island (pronounced "road") is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

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Richard Pares

Richard Pares (25 August 1902 – 3 May 1958) was a British historian.

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Richmond Examiner

The Richmond Examiner, a newspaper which was published before and during the American Civil War under the masthead of Daily Richmond Examiner, was one of the newspapers published in the Confederate capital of Richmond.

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Richmond, Virginia

Richmond is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.

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Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro.

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Ritual warfare

Ritual warfare (sometimes called endemic warfare) is a state of continual or frequent warfare, such as is found in (but not limited to) some tribal societies.

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Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, (18 June 1769 – 12 August 1822), usually known as Lord Castlereagh, derived from the courtesy title Viscount Castlereagh by which he was styled from 1796 to 1821, was a British statesman and politician.

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Roger van Boxtel

Roger Henri Ludovic Maria van Boxtel (born 8 February 1954) is a retired Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 (D66) party and businessman.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Romanus Pontifex

Romanus Pontifex (from Latin: "The Roman Pontiff") is the title of at least three papal bulls.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Royal African Company

The Royal African Company (RAC) was an English trading company established in 1660 by the House of Stuart and City of London merchants to trade along the West African coast.

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Royal Museums Greenwich

Royal Museums Greenwich is an organisation comprising four museums in Greenwich, east London, illustrated below.

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Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, and a component of His Majesty's Naval Service.

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Sagres school

The School of Sagres (Escola de Sagres in Portuguese), also called Court of Sagres is supposed to have been a group of figures associated with fifteenth century Portuguese navigation, gathered by prince Henry of Portugal in Sagres near Cape St. Vincent, the southwestern end of the Iberian Peninsula, in the Algarve.

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Sahara

The Sahara is a desert spanning across North Africa.

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Saidiya Hartman

Saidiya Hartman (born 1961) is an American academic and writer focusing on African-American studies.

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Saint Helena

Saint Helena is one of the three constituent parts of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, a remote British overseas territory.

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Saint-Domingue

Saint-Domingue was a French colony in the western portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, in the area of modern-day Haiti, from 1697 to 1804.

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San Miguel de Gualdape

San Miguel de Gualdape (sometimes San Miguel de Guadalupe) was a short-lived Spanish colony founded in 1526 by Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón.

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Santa Barbara, California

Santa Barbara (Santa Bárbara, meaning) is a coastal city in Santa Barbara County, California, of which it is also the county seat.

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Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala

Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala ("St. James of the Knights of Guatemala") was the name given to the capital city of the Spanish colonial Captaincy General of Guatemala in Central America.

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Saracen

German woodcut depicting Saracens Saracen was a term used both in Greek and Latin writings between the 5th and 15th centuries to refer to the people who lived in and near what was designated by the Romans as Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta.

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São Tomé

São Tomé is the capital and largest city of the Central African island country of São Tomé and Príncipe.

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Scandinavian Journal of History

The Scandinavian Journal of History is a peer-reviewed journal in English, published since 1976 under the auspices of the historical associations of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.

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Scientific racism

Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.

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Scramble for Africa

The Scramble for Africa was the conquest and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the era of "New Imperialism" (1833–1914): Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Atlantic slave trade and Scramble for Africa are European colonisation in Africa.

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Seasoning (slavery)

Seasoning, or the Seasoning, was the period of adjustment that slave traders and slaveholders subjected African slaves to following their arrival in the Americas. Atlantic slave trade and Seasoning (slavery) are European colonization of the Americas, slavery in North America, slavery in South America and slavery in the Caribbean.

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Senegal

Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country.

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Senegambia

The Senegambia (other names: Senegambia region or Senegambian zone,Barry, Boubacar, Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade, (Editors: David Anderson, Carolyn Brown; trans. Ayi Kwei Armah; contributors: David Anderson, American Council of Learned Societies, Carolyn Brown, University of Michigan. Digital Library Production Service, Christopher Clapham, Michael Gomez, Patrick Manning, David Robinson, Leonardo A.

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Seville

Seville (Sevilla) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville.

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Seymour Drescher

Seymour Drescher (born 1934) is an American historian and a professor at the University of Pittsburgh, known for his studies on Alexis de Tocqueville and slavery and his published work Econocide.

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Shortage

In economics, a shortage or excess demand is a situation in which the demand for a product or service exceeds its supply in a market.

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Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone, (also,; Salone) officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa.

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Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate

The Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone (informally British Sierra Leone) was the British colonial administration in Sierra Leone from 1808 to 1961, part of the British Empire from the abolitionism era until the decolonisation era.

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Sierra Leone Company

The Sierra Leone Company was the corporate body involved in founding the second British colony in Africa on 11 March 1792 through the resettlement of Black Loyalists who had initially been settled in Nova Scotia (the Nova Scotian Settlers) after the American Revolutionary War.

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Simon & Schuster

Simon & Schuster LLC is an American publishing company owned by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.

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Slate (magazine)

Slate is an online magazine that covers current affairs, politics, and culture in the United States.

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Slave breeding in the United States

Slave breeding was the practice in slave states of the United States of slave owners systematically forcing slaves to have children to increase their wealth.

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Slave Coast of West Africa

The Slave Coast is a historical name formerly used for that part of coastal West Africa along the Bight of Biafra and the Bight of Benin that is located between the Volta River and the Lagos Lagoon.

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Slave fort

A slave fort or slave castle was a fortification designed to provide an area in which enslaved victims would be kept until sails were ready to set them aboard and forcefully migrate the enslaved people during the atlantic slave trade.

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Slave market

A slave market is a place where slaves are bought and sold.

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Slave plantation

A slave plantation was an agricultural farm that used enslaved people for labour. Atlantic slave trade and slave plantation are slavery in the Caribbean.

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Slave raiding

Slave raiding is a military raid for the purpose of capturing people and bringing them from the raid area to serve as slaves.

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Slave rebellion

A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves, as a way of fighting for their freedom.

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Slave ship

Slave ships were large cargo ships specially built or converted from the 17th to the 19th century for transporting slaves. Atlantic slave trade and slave ship are African slave trade.

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Slave Trade Act

Slave Trade Act is a stock short title used for legislation in the United Kingdom and the United States that relates to the slave trade.

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Slave Trade Act 1807

The Slave Trade Act 1807, officially An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom prohibiting the slave trade in the British Empire. Atlantic slave trade and slave Trade Act 1807 are history of sugar.

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Slave Trade Act of 1794

The Slave Trade Act of 1794 was a law passed by the United States Congress that prohibited the building or outfitting of ships in U.S. ports for the international slave trade.

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Slave trade in the United States

The internal slave trade in the United States, also known as the domestic slave trade, the Second Middle Passage and the interregional slave trade, was the mercantile trade of enslaved people within the United States.

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Slavery Abolition Act 1833

The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 73) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in most parts of the British Empire. Atlantic slave trade and slavery Abolition Act 1833 are black British history and slavery in the British Empire.

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Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

Slavery among Native Americans in the United States includes slavery by and enslavement of Native Americans roughly within what is currently the United States of America.

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Slavery in Africa

Slavery has historically been widespread in Africa. Atlantic slave trade and Slavery in Africa are African slave trade.

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Slavery in Britain

Slavery in Britain existed before the Roman occupation (which occurred from approximately AD 43 to AD 410) and endured until the 11th century, when the Norman conquest of England resulted in the gradual merger of the pre-conquest institution of slavery into serfdom. Atlantic slave trade and slavery in Britain are black British history and slavery in the British Empire.

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Slavery in Canada

Slavery in Canada includes historical practices of enslavement practised by both the First Nations until the latter half of the 19th century, and by colonists during the period of European colonization. Atlantic slave trade and Slavery in Canada are slavery in North America and slavery in the British Empire.

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Slavery in colonial Spanish America

Slavery in the Spanish American viceroyalties was an economic and social institution which existed throughout the Spanish Empire including Spain itself.

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Slavery in contemporary Africa

The continent of Africa is one of the regions most rife with contemporary slavery.

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Slavery in Cuba

Slavery in Cuba was a portion of the larger Atlantic Slave Trade that primarily supported Spanish plantation owners engaged in the sugarcane trade.

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Slavery in Libya

Slavery in Libya has a long history and a lasting impact on the Libyan culture.

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Slavery in medieval Europe

Slavery in medieval Europe was widespread.

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Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States refers to the institution of slavery that existed in the European colonies in North America which eventually became part of the United States of America. Atlantic slave trade and slavery in the colonial history of the United States are slavery in the British Empire.

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Slavery in the Ottoman Empire

Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a major institution and a significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and traditional society.

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Slavery in the United States

The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Atlantic slave trade and slavery in the United States are slavery in North America.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.

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Smithsonian (magazine)

Smithsonian is a science and nature magazine (and associated website, SmithsonianMag.com), and is the official journal published by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., although editorially independent from its parent organization.

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Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Institution, or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government.

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Social Science History

Social Science History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal.

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Somali people

The Somali people (Soomaalida, Osmanya: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖, Wadaad) are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who share a common ancestry, culture and history.

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Somerset v Stewart

Somerset v Stewart (1772) (also known as Sommersett v Steuart, Somersett's case, and the Mansfield Judgment) is a judgment of the English Court of King's Bench in 1772, relating to the right of an enslaved person on English soil not to be forcibly removed from the country and sent to Jamaica for sale.

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South Carolina

South Carolina is a state in the coastal Southeastern region of the United States.

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South Sea Company

The South Sea Company (officially: The Governor and Company of the merchants of Great Britain, trading to the South Seas and other parts of America and for the encouragement of the Fishery) was a British joint-stock company founded in January 1711, created as a public-private partnership to consolidate and reduce the cost of the national debt.

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Southeast Africa

Southeast Africa, or Southeastern Africa, is an African region that is intermediate between East Africa and Southern Africa.

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Southeast Alaska

Southeast Alaska, often abbreviated to southeast or southeastern, and sometimes called the Alaska(n) panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east and north by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia (and a small part of Yukon).

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Spaniards

Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a people native to Spain.

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Spanish America

Spanish America refers to the Spanish territories in the Americas during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

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Spanish Florida

Spanish Florida (La Florida) was the first major European land-claim and attempted settlement-area in northern America during the European Age of Discovery.

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St. George Tucker

St.

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Stanford University Press

Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.

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Stanley Engerman

Stanley Lewis Engerman (March 14, 1936 – May 11, 2023) was an American economist and economic historian.

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Stephen A. Douglas

Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician and lawyer from Illinois.

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Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa, Subsahara, or Non-Mediterranean Africa is the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara.

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Sugar plantations in the Caribbean

Sugar plantations in the Caribbean were a major part of the economy of the islands in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Atlantic slave trade and Sugar plantations in the Caribbean are slavery in the Caribbean.

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Surinam (Dutch colony)

Surinam (Suriname), also unofficially known as Dutch Guiana, was a Dutch plantation colony in the Guianas, bordered by the equally Dutch colony of Berbice to the west, and the French colony of Cayenne to the east.

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Swahili people

The Swahili people (WaSwahili, وَسوَحِيلِ) comprise mainly Bantu, Afro-Arab, and Comorian ethnic groups inhabiting the Swahili coast, an area encompassing the Zanzibar archipelago and mainland Tanzania's seaboard, littoral Kenya, northern Mozambique, the Comoros Islands, and northwest Madagascar.

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Swedish slave trade

The Swedish slave trade mainly occurred in the early history of Sweden when the trade of thralls (Old Norse: þræll) was one of the pillars of the Norse economy. Atlantic slave trade and Swedish slave trade are African slave trade.

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Swivel gun

A swivel gun (or simply swivel) is a small cannon mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement.

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Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the most populous state in the South Central region of the United States.

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The American Historical Review

The American Historical Review is a quarterly academic history journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association, for which it is its official publication.

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The Anti-Slavery Bugle

The Anti-Slavery Bugle was an abolitionist newspaper published in Ohio from June 20, 1845, to May 4, 1861.

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The Florida Historical Quarterly

The Florida Historical Quarterly is an American academic journal, published four times a year by the Florida Historical Society.

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The Gambia

The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Hispanic American Historical Review

The Hispanic American Historical Review is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal of Latin American history, the official publication of the Conference on Latin American History, the professional organization of Latin American historians.

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The Journal of African History

The Journal of African History (JAH) is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal.

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The Journal of Economic History

The Journal of Economic History is an academic journal of economic history which has been published since 1941.

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The National Archives (United Kingdom)

The National Archives (TNA; Yr Archifau Cenedlaethol) is a non-ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.

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The New England Quarterly

The New England Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal consisting of articles on New England's cultural, literary, political, and social history.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Slave Route Project

The Slave Route Project is a UNESCO initiative that was officially launched in 1994 in Ouidah, Benin.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), also referred to simply as the Journal, is an American newspaper based in New York City, with a focus on business and finance.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Thomas Clarkson

Thomas Clarkson (28 March 1760 – 26 September 1846) was an English abolitionist, and a leading campaigner against the slave trade in the British Empire.

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Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, planter, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

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Thomas Kitchin

Thomas Kitchin (also Kitchen; 1718–1784) was an English engraver and cartographer, who became hydrographer to the king.

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Tide

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon (and to a much lesser extent, the Sun) and are also caused by the Earth and Moon orbiting one another.

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Tikar people

The Tikar (also Tikari, Tika, Tikali, Tige, Tigare, and Tigre) are a Central African people who inhabit the Adamawa Region and Northwest Region of Cameroon.

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Timeline of historic inventions

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions and their inventors, where known.

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Tlingit

The Tlingit or Lingít are Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America and constitute two of the two-hundred thirty-one (231, as of 2022) federally recognized Tribes of Alaska.

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Tobacco and Slaves

Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800, is a book written by historian Allan Kulikoff.

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Togo

Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa.

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Tony Blair

Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.

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Traditional African religions

The beliefs and practices of African people are highly diverse, including various ethnic religions.

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Trans-Saharan slave trade

The trans-Saharan slave trade, part of the Arab slave trade, was a slave trade in which slaves were mainly transported across the Sahara. Atlantic slave trade and trans-Saharan slave trade are African slave trade and trade routes.

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Trans-Saharan trade

Trans-Saharan trade is trade between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa that requires travel across the Sahara. Atlantic slave trade and Trans-Saharan trade are trade routes.

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Treaty of Paris (1814)

The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 April between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies.

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Treaty of Stockholm (1813)

The 1813 Treaty of Stockholm was a "treaty of concert and subsidy" between Great Britain and Sweden.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.

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Triangular trade

Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Atlantic slave trade and Triangular trade are history of sugar, history of the Atlantic Ocean and slavery in North America.

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Tribal chief

A tribal chief, chieftain, or headman is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom.

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Trinidad

Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago.

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Tropical disease

Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions.

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Tupi people

The Tupi people, a subdivision of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic families, were one of the largest groups of indigenous peoples in Brazil before its colonization.

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Typhus

Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus.

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U.S. state

In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50.

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Umbanda

Umbanda is a religion that emerged in Brazil in the 1920s.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations Slavery Memorial

The United Nations Slavery Memorial, officially known as The Ark of Return – The Permanent Memorial at the United Nations in Honour of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, is an installation at the Visitors' Plaza of the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City, intended as a permanent reminder of the long-lasting effects of slavery and the Transatlantic slave trade.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States and the Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) and the subsequent emancipation of Haiti as an independent state provoked mixed reactions in the United States.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States labor law

United States labor law sets the rights and duties for employees, labor unions, and employers in the US.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress.

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University College London

University College London (branded as UCL) is a public research university in London, England.

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University of Alabama Press

The University of Alabama Press is a university press founded in 1945 and is the scholarly publishing arm of the University of Alabama.

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University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge is a public collegiate research university in Cambridge, England.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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University of Helsinki

The University of Helsinki (Helsingin yliopisto, Helsingfors universitet; UH) is a public university in Helsinki, Finland.

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University of Miami

The University of Miami (UM, UMiami, Miami, U of M, and The U) is a private research university in Coral Gables, Florida.

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University of Missouri–Kansas City

The University of Missouri–Kansas City (UMKC or Kansas City) is a public research university in Kansas City, Missouri.

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University of Nebraska Press

The University of Nebraska Press (UNP) was founded in 1941 and is an academic publisher of scholarly and general-interest books.

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University of North Carolina Press

The University of North Carolina Press (or UNC Press), founded in 1922, is a not-for-profit university press associated with the University of North Carolina.

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University of Pennsylvania Press

The University of Pennsylvania Press, also known as Penn Press, is a university press affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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University of South Carolina Press

The University of South Carolina Press is an academic publisher associated with the University of South Carolina.

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University of Washington Press

The University of Washington Press is an American academic publishing house.

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University of Wisconsin Press

The University of Wisconsin Press (sometimes abbreviated as UW Press) is a non-profit university press publishing peer-reviewed books and journals.

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University Press of Florida

The University Press of Florida (UPF) is the scholarly publishing arm of the State University System of Florida, representing Florida's twelve state universities.

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Upland South

The Upland South and Upper South are two overlapping cultural and geographic subregions in the inland part of the Southern United States.

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Upper Guinea

Upper Guinea is a geographical term used in several contexts.

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Variolation

Variolation was the method of inoculation first used to immunize individuals against smallpox (Variola) with material taken from a patient or a recently variolated individual, in the hope that a mild, but protective, infection would result.

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Verso Books

Verso Books (formerly New Left Books) is a left-wing publishing house based in London and New York City, founded in 1970 by the staff of New Left Review (NLR) and includes Tariq Ali and Perry Anderson on its board of directors.

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Vicksburg, Mississippi

Vicksburg is a historic city in Warren County, Mississippi, United States.

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Virginia

Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains.

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Virginia General Assembly

The Virginia General Assembly is the legislative body of the Commonwealth of Virginia, the oldest continuous law-making body in the Western Hemisphere, and the first elected legislative assembly in the New World.

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Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database

Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database is a database hosted at Rice University that aims to present all documentary material pertaining to the transatlantic slave trade. Atlantic slave trade and Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database are early modern period, European colonisation in Africa, European colonization of the Americas, forced migration, history of sugar, history of the Atlantic Ocean, slavery in North America, slavery in South America, slavery in the British Empire and trade routes.

See Atlantic slave trade and Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database

W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute

The W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute, formerly the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research, is part of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research located at Harvard University.

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Walter Rodney

Walter Anthony Rodney (23 March 1942 – 13 June 1980) was a Guyanese historian, political activist and academic.

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War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714.

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West Africa

West Africa, or Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R.

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West Africa Squadron

The West Africa Squadron, also known as the Preventative Squadron, was a squadron of the British Royal Navy whose goal was to suppress the Atlantic slave trade by patrolling the coast of West Africa. Atlantic slave trade and West Africa Squadron are slavery in the British Empire.

See Atlantic slave trade and West Africa Squadron

West Indies

The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, which comprises 13 independent island countries and 19 dependencies in three archipelagos: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Lucayan Archipelago.

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White supremacy

White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them.

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Whooping cough

Whooping cough, also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough, is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable bacterial disease.

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Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands

Willem-Alexander (Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand; born 27 April 1967) is King of the Netherlands.

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William Ansah Sessarakoo

William Ansah Sessarakoo (1736 – 1770), a prominent 18th-century Fante royal and diplomat, best known for his enslavement in the West Indies and diplomatic mission to England.

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William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville

William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, (25 October 175912 January 1834) was a British Pittite Tory politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1806 to 1807, but was a supporter of the Whigs for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars.

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William Hawkins (died c. 1554)

William Hawkins or Hawkyns (– 1554–55) was an English sea-captain and merchant and the first Englishman to sail to Brazil.

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William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield

William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, (2 March 1705 – 20 March 1793), was a British judge, politician, lawyer and peer best known for his reforms to English law. Atlantic slave trade and William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield are black British history.

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William Pitt the Younger

William Pitt (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British statesman, the youngest and last prime minister of Great Britain from 1783 until the Acts of Union 1800, and then first prime minister of the United Kingdom from January 1801.

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William Wilberforce

William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833) was a British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade.

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Windward Coast

The Windward Coast was used to describe an area of West Africa located on the coast between Cape Mount and Assini, i.e. the coastlines of the modern states of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Ivory Coast, to the west of what was called the Gold Coast.

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Wolof people

The Wolof people are a West African ethnic group found in northwestern Senegal, the Gambia, and southwestern coastal Mauritania.

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Women's History Review

Women's History Review is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal of women's history published by Routledge.

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World Conference against Racism

The World Conference Against Racism (WCAR) is a series of international events organized by UNESCO to promote struggle against racism ideologies and behaviours.

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Yaa Asantewaa

Yaa Asantewaa I (born October 17, 1840 – October 17, 1921) was the Queen Mother of Ejisu in the Ashanti Empire, now part of modern-day Ghana.

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Yale University Press

Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.

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Yellow fever

Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.

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Yoruba people

The Yoruba people (Ọmọ Odùduwà, Ọmọ Káàárọ̀-oòjíire) are a West African ethnic group who mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo.

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Zephaniah Kingsley

Zephaniah Kingsley Jr. (December 4, 1765 – September 14, 1843) was a plantation owner, born in England, who moved as a child with his family to South Carolina, and became a planter, slave trader, and merchant.

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Zong massacre

The Zong massacre was a mass killing of more than 130 enslaved African people by the crew of the British slave ship Zong on and in the days following 29 November 1781.

See Atlantic slave trade and Zong massacre

See also

1525 establishments

• Atlantic slave trade
• San Salvador

1870 disestablishments

• American Anti-Slavery Society
• Atlantic slave trade
• Dundalk Steam Packet Company
• First Vatican Council
• National Anti-Slavery Standard
• Nauvoo Legion
• Utah Territorial Militia

Death marches

• 1917 Jaffa deportation
• 1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle
• Armenian genocide
• Atlantic slave trade
• Atrocities in the Congo Free State
• Battle of Chustenahlah
• Battle of Dunbar (1650)
• Battle of Nicopolis
• Carolean Death March
• Circassian genocide
• Dangrek genocide
• Death march
• Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
• Fall of Phnom Penh
• Greek genocide
• Horsemeat March
• Jingkang incident
• Libyan genocide
• Long Walk of the Navajo
• Mawza Exile
• National Defense Corps incident
• Pontic Greek genocide
• Samsun deportations
• Sunchon tunnel massacre
• Trail of Blood on Ice
• Trail of Tears
• Yavapai Wars

European colonisation in Africa

• Africa–Europe relations
• African Origins
• African independence movements
• Agadir Crisis
• Assault on Osu
• Atlantic slave trade
• Berlin Conference
• Bombardment of Casablanca
• Christian Thams
• Colonial Africa
• Colonisation of Africa
• Colonization of the Congo Basin
• Curonian colonisation
• Danish Gold Coast
• Decolonisation of Africa
• European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
• European exploration of Africa
• Fashoda Incident
• Gentlemanly capitalism
• German attempts to colonise the Somali Coast
• German colonial projects before 1871
• History of Seychelles
• Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade
• Jellaz Affair
• List of African dependencies
• List of European colonies in Africa
• List of colonial governors and administrators of Seychelles
• List of colonial governors of the Danish Gold Coast
• Loango slavery harbour
• Maafa
• Military history of Africa
• Neocolonialism
• New Imperialism
• Sagallo
• Scramble for Africa
• Spanish Africa
• Suez Crisis
• Thala-Kasserine Disturbances
• Tunis tram boycott
• Uganda Martyrs
• Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
• Wars of national liberation
• White Africans of European ancestry
• White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923

European colonization of the Americas

• African Origins
• Age of Discovery
• American settlers
• Anthony Parkhurst
• Atlantic slave trade
• Basque colonization of the Americas
• British colonization of the Americas
• Cassard expedition
• Colonial molasses trade
• Conquistadores: Adventvm
• Creole nationalism
• Curonian colonisation
• Danish colonization of the Americas
• Decolonization of the Americas
• Discovery doctrine
• Dutch colonization of the Americas
• Ecological imperialism
• Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis
• European colonization of North America
• European colonization of the Americas
• First wave of European colonization
• First white child
• French colonization of the Americas
• German colonization of the Americas
• Great Migration Study Project
• Guns, Germs, and Steel
• Indigenous decolonization
• Indios Bárbaros
• Italy and the colonization of the Americas
• Loango slavery harbour
• New Netherland
• New World
• New World Scene
• Portuguese colonization of the Americas
• Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
• Scottish colonization of the Americas
• Seasoning (slavery)
• Spanish colonization of the Americas
• Swedish colonies in the Americas
• The fourth part of the world
• Transatlantic migration
• Treaty of Breda (1667)
• Treaty of Whitehall
• Utilitarian genocide
• Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
• Welser family
• Welsh settlement in the Americas

Genocide of indigenous peoples in Africa

• Atlantic slave trade
• Atrocities in the Congo Free State
• Conquest of the Canary Islands
• Darfur genocide
• Effacer le tableau
• French conquest of Algeria
• Herero and Nama genocide
• Herero and Namaqua genocide
• Libyan genocide
• Maji Maji Rebellion
• Pacification of Algeria
• Second Italo-Senussi War
• Southern Kaduna genocide
• Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands

Genocides in North America

• 1804 Haitian massacre
• Atlantic slave trade
• Beothuk
• Black genocide in the United States
• Caste War of Yucatán
• Cultural genocide in the United States
• Parsley massacre
• Spiral case
• Taíno
• Violence against women in the United States
• We Charge Genocide

History of English colonialism

• Anthony Parkhurst
• Atlantic slave trade
• English colonization of the Americas
• English overseas possessions
• First Period
• List of public statues of individuals linked to the Atlantic slave trade
• Navigation Acts
• Rights of Englishmen

Slavery in North America

• African Origins
• African diaspora in the Americas
• American slave trade
• Asiento de Negros
• Atlantic Creole
• Atlantic slave trade
• Blockade of Africa
• Born a slave
• Code Noir
• Corps of Colonial Marines
• Country mark
• Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery
• European enslavement of Indigenous Americans
• Flying Africans
• Holing cane
• House slave
• Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade
• Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)
• Maroons (people)
• Negro cloth
• Plaçage
• Plantation economy
• Scramble (slave auction)
• Seasoning (slavery)
• Slave bell
• Slave codes
• Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography
• Slavery in Canada
• Slavery in Latin America
• Slavery in Mexico
• Slavery in the British Empire
• Slavery in the Caribbean
• Slavery in the United States
• Task system
• Triangular trade
• Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database

Slavery in South America

• African Origins
• African diaspora in the Americas
• American slave trade
• Asiento de Negros
• Atlantic slave trade
• Blockade of Africa
• Coartación (slavery)
• European enslavement of Indigenous Americans
• Felipa Larrea
• Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)
• Mapuche slavery
• Miguel de Buría
• Mit'a
• Post-abolition in Brazil
• Scramble (slave auction)
• Seasoning (slavery)
• Slave bell
• Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography
• Slavery in Brazil
• Slavery in Colombia
• Slavery in Latin America
• Slavery in Suriname
• Task system
• Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database

Slavery in the British Empire

• African Origins
• Amazing Grace (2006 film)
• Anson Street African Burial Ground
• Atlantic slave trade
• Blockade of Africa
• Bristol slave trade
• Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery
• Christian Ritual and the Creation of British Slave Societies, 1650-1780
• Codrington Plantations
• Country mark
• Edinburgh Ladies' Emancipation Society
• First Africans in Virginia
• Georgia Experiment
• History of slavery in Connecticut
• History of slavery in Georgia
• History of slavery in Maryland
• History of slavery in Massachusetts
• History of slavery in Michigan
• History of slavery in New Jersey
• History of slavery in North Carolina
• History of slavery in Virginia
• Indian Slavery Act, 1843
• Indian indenture system
• List of public statues of individuals linked to the Atlantic slave trade
• Maria and Harriet Falconar
• Mary Smart
• Slave codes
• Slavery Abolition Act 1833
• Slavery in Australia
• Slavery in Belize
• Slavery in Britain
• Slavery in British America
• Slavery in Canada
• Slavery in Madras Presidency
• Slavery in the United Kingdom
• Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
• The 1619 Project
• The White Lion
• Tobacco colonies
• Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
• West Africa Squadron

Slavery in the Caribbean

• 1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt
• 1733 slave insurrection on St. John
• Atlantic slave trade
• Blockade of Africa
• Bristol slave trade
• Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795
• Danish slave trade
• Enslaved women's resistance in the United States and Caribbean
• Hacienda Lealtad
• Moravian slaves
• Nantes slave trade
• Negro cloth
• Plaçage
• Rebecca's Revival
• Scramble (slave auction)
• Seasoning (slavery)
• Slave bell
• Slave plantation
• Slavery in Belize
• Slavocracy
• Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
• Task system
• The Sugar Cane
• Wallblake House

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade

Also known as Atlantic Ocean slave trade, Atlantic Trade, Atlantic economy, Atlantic economym, Black slave, Black slave trade, Black slaves, British Transatlantic Slave Trade, Enslaved Africans, Euro-American slave trade, Immigration of slaves to America, Immigration of slaves to the United States, Importation of slaves to America, Importation of slaves to the United States, International slave trade, Negro slave, Negro slaves, Slave immigration to America, Slave immigration to the United States, Slave trade (Americas), Slave trade in the Americas, Slave triangle, The Atlatnic EConomy, Tobacco and the Atlantic slave trade, Trans Atlantic Slave Trade, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Trans-Atlantic slavery, Transatlantic Slave Trade, Tri-Atlantic slave trade.

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